Acraea esebria Hewitson 1861

Acraea esebria ist ein in Afrika vorkommender Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).

Merkmale

Falter

Die Flügelspannweite der Falter beträgt 20 bis 40 Millimeter.^[1] Die Weibchen sind etwas größer als die Männchen. Bei beiden Geschlechtern haben die Flügel eine schwarze Grundfarbe. Auf der Vorderflügeloberseite hebt sich eine weißliche Binde vom Vorderrand in Richtung Außenrand ab, erreicht diesen jedoch nicht. Am Innenrand beginnt ein flacher, heller, halbkreisförmiger Fleck. Ein weiterer großer, heller Fleck beginnt am Vorderrand der Hinterflügeloberseite. Bei der bevorzugten halbgeöffneten Flügelstellung der Falter verschmelzen die beiden hellen Flecke zu einer großen augenähnlichen Figur. Die Farbe der Flecke variiert von weißlich über gelblich bis hin zu blass orange. Von den cremeweißen Flügelunterseiten heben sich die dunklen Adern deutlich ab. In der orangegelben Basalregion befinden sich mehrere kleine schwarze Punkte. Kopf und Thorax sind schwarz und weiß punktiert. Vom dunklen Hinterleib hebt sich zu jeder Seite eine Reihe orangegelber, kreisrunder Flecke ab.

Raupe

Ausgewachsene Raupen haben eine olivgrüne Farbe und zeigen auf jedem Körpersegment einen hellgelben, schwarz eingefassten Ring, der mit jeweils vier stachelig verzweigte Dornen ausgestattet ist. Die Kopfkapsel ist schwarz.

Ähnliche Arten

Die Falter von Acraea aganice und Acraea cabira zeigen eine ähnliche Flügelzeichnung, jedoch ist der helle Fleck am Innenrand auf der Vorderflügeloberseite bei Acraea aganice kleiner oder fehlt und bei Acraea cabira größer als bei Acraea esebria.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Acraea esebria kommt im Südosten Afrikas vor, fehlt jedoch auf Madagaskar. Die Art besiedelt bevorzugt sonnige Graslandschaften.

Lebensweise

Die Falter fliegen das ganze Jahr hindurch. Am zahlreichsten treten sie von April bis Juni auf.^[2] Sie saugen gerne an Blüten, um Nektar aufzunehmen. Die Raupen ernähren sich in erster Linie von den Blättern von Brennnsssel- (Urticaceae) oder Commelinagewächsen (Commelinaceae).^[1]

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b} Dino J. Martins & Ateve Collins: Pocket Guide Butterflies of East Africa, Struik Nature, 2016, ISBN 978-1-77584-242-2
2. ↑ inaturalist.org Flugzeit und Fotos

Acraea esebria, the dusky acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae from southern and eastern Africa.

Description

The wingspan is 45–55 mm for males and 53–60 mm for females. Males and females both show the same range of colouration.^[2] The dusky acraea is a variable species, but the most common form is black with a white band across the forewing and a white patch on the lower forewing and on the hindwing.^[2] There are a number of described morphs (with white, yellow or orange patches) including:

• f. ertli
• f. esebria
• f. protea (black with creamy-yellow patches)
• f. monteironis (black with white patches)
• f. jacksoni

Description in Seitz

The numerous forms of A. esebria differ especially in the colour of the light markings, in the breadth of the subapical band and the hindmarginal spot of the forewing and in the development of the dark marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing. According to Trimen the larva is light ochre-brown; each segment in the middle with a black transverse streak edged with light yellow; head black; spines black, only the lateral spines on segments 5-11 yellow; lives on species of the genus Fleurya. Pupa white with slightly yellowish tone and fine black lines and small black spots; the first three segments of the abdomen with orange- yellow, black-bordered dorsal spots, in the middle of which is placed a small elevation; the points on the head short.

• esebria Hew. The hindmarginal spot of the forewing large and broad, almost reaching the base of cellules 1 a and 1 b and covering the base of cellule 2, brown-yellow; subapical band narrow, its spots in 5 and 6 shorter or at least not longer than the black basal part of these cellules, in the male light ochre-yellow or whitish yellow, in the female white. Hindwing brown-yellow above with a black marginal band about 4 mm. in breadth. Cape to the Congo and British East Africa.
• jacksoni E. Sharpe (57 d) is very similar to the type-form, only differing in having the subapical band of the forewing as dark as the hindmarginal spot and broader; in the female the subapical band is even broader and reaches vein 2, where it touches the hindmarginal spot; the breadth of the marginal band of the hindwing is very variable. Mashonaland to British East Africa.
• ab. ertli Auriv. closely approaches the form jacksoni, only differing materially in having the subapical band of the forewing still broader and white; the hindmarginal spot of the forewing and the ground-colour of the hindwing above are red-yellow in the female, light ochre-yellow in the male Usambara.
• f. pseudoprotea Btlr. closely approximates to the type-form, only differing in having the ground-colour of the hindwing above and the hindmarginal spot of the forewing lighter yellowish and the marginal band of the hindwing narrower. Angola.
• female-ab. amphiprotea Btlr. is also similar to the type-form, the only particular differences being that the dark marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing is not sharply defined proximally and the subapical band of the forewing is light brown-yellow like the other markings. Angola.
• female-f. metaprotea Btlr. The very broad subapical band and the large hindmarginal spot of the forewing touch in cellule 2 and are light brown-yellow; the hindwing is even lighter brown-yellow and has only a dark marginal line instead of the band; approximates to the form jacksoni. Angola.
• female-ab. nubilata Eltr. The darker areas are sepia black. The base of forewing cell, the inner-marginal patch, and the basal half of the hindwing are dark sepia grey. The forewing subapical band is greyish white. Zululand.

The three following forms differ from the preceding in the smaller and narrower hindmarginal spot of the forewing, which always leaves the base of cellules 1 a and 1 b free and also scarcely if at all covers the base of cellule 2.

• masaris Oberth. (57 c) [ this is now species Acraea masaris ] is on an average smaller than esebria; the light markings are red-yellow or brown-yellow in the male and white or light yellow in the female; the subapical band is scarcely broader than in the type-form. Comoro Islands and quite similar forms also in Usambara.
• protea Trim. (57 c) may be at once known by the small, not sharply defined hindmarginal spot of the forewing, which does not extend beyond vein 2; the subapical band of the forewing is narrow and its spots in cellules 4-6 are never longer than the black basal part of the cellules; the base of the hindwing above blackish, often as far as vein 2, and the marginal band of the hindwing broad; the light markings are light yellow in the male, light yellow or white in the female. Cape to Angola and British East Africa
• f. monteironis Btlr. (57 d) is similar to protea and like this has a small hindmarginal spot on the forewing, anteriorly bounded by vein 2; all the light markings are white, rarely light yellow; it differs from protea in the long, broad subapical band of the forewing which is about 6 mm. in breadth and has usually a spot in cellule 2 also. Angola, Mashonaland, German and British East Africa.^[3]

Differences between A. esebria and A. jodutta

• A. esebria
  • The dark marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing broad and not sharply defined, long black rays extending far beyond it proximally; the subapical band of the forewing more

than 3.5 mm. in breadth.

• A. jodutta
  • The subapical band and the anteriorly broad hindmarginal spot of the fore wing nearly touch at a point on vein 3. A smaller species with a wing expanse of at most 50 mm.

Distribution

This species is found from the Eastern Cape of South Africa to Zimbabwe and in Mozambique,^[2] Malawi, Zambia, southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba), Angola, Tanzania and eastern Kenya (east of the Rift Valley).

Life cycle

Eggs

The eggs are oval in shape.^[4]

Larvae

The larvae feed on Urtica, Laportea peduncularis, Urera trinervis, Urera hypselodendron, Obetia tenax, Pouzolzia procridioides, Pouzolzia parasitica and Fleurya mitis.^[5]

Adults

Adults are on wing year round but are more common in the warmer months,^[5] from December to April.^[2] These butterflies fly slowly in and around forests and feed from flowers.^[2]

Taxonomy

It is a member of the Acraea jodutta species group - but see also Pierre & Bernaud, 2014 ^[6]

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acraea_esebria&oldid=1115215345"

Insecten

Actinote esebria is een vlinder uit de familie van de Nymphalidae.^[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1861 door William Chapman Hewitson.

Ondersoorten

• Actinote esebria esebria
• Actinote esebria masaris (Oberthür, 1893)

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Telchinia esebria là một loài bướm ngày thuộc họ Nymphalidae from miền nam và miền đông Africa. Sải cánh dài 45–55 mm đối với con đực và 53–60 mm đối với con cái. Males và females both show the same range of colouration.^[1] This species is found from the Eastern Cape of Nam Phi to Zimbabwe và in Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, miền nam Zaire (Shaba), Angola, Tanzania và miền đông Kenya (east of the Rift Valley). Trứng có hình ô van.^[2] Ấu trùng ăn Urtica, Laprtea peduncularis, Urera trinervis, Urera hypselodendron, Obetia tenax, Pouzolzia procridioides, Pouzolzia parasitica và Fleurya mitis. Con trưởng thành bay quanh năm but are more common in the warmer months,^[3] từ tháng 12 đến tháng 4.^[1] These butterflies fly slowly và feed from flowers.^[1]

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Acraea esebria Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Acraea esebria