Plectrohyla és un gènere de granotes de la família Hylidae que es troba a l'Amèrica Central.
Plectrohyla és un gènere de granotes de la família Hylidae que es troba a l'Amèrica Central.
Spikethumb frogs are a genus (Plectrohyla) of frogs in the family Hylidae found in Central America from southern Mexico through Guatemala and northern El Salvador to central and northern Honduras. A major revision of the Hylidae moved an additional 21 species to this genus from the genus Hyla.[1] The additional species moved to Plectrohyla were identified as the Hyla bistincta group, also called the Plectrohyla bistincta group; a separate group from the initial Plectrohyla guatemalensis group.[2] This phylogenetic classification was later revised by moving the Plectrohyla bistincta group from the genus Plectrohyla into a new genus called Sarcohyla. Meanwhile, the guatemalensis group remained in Plectrohyla.[3] They are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs, which is called a prepollex. The genus name comes from the Greek word plēktron ("spur")[4] and hyla (the genus in which it was formerly placed).
The following species are recognized in the genus Plectrohyla:
Binomial name and author Common name Plectrohyla acanthodes (Duellman and Campbell, 1992) Thorny spikethumb frog Plectrohyla avia (Stuart, 1952) Greater spikethumb frog Plectrohyla calvata (McCranie, 2017) Plectrohyla chrysopleura (Wilson, McCranie & Cruz-Díaz, 1994) Plectrohyla dasypus (McCranie & Wilson, 1981) Honduras spikethumb frog Plectrohyla exquisita (McCranie & Wilson, 1998) Plectrohyla glandulosa (Boulenger, 1883) Forest spikethumb frog Plectrohyla guatemalensis (Brocchi, 1877) Guatemala spikethumb frog Plectrohyla hartwegi (Duellman, 1968) Hartweg's spikethumb frog Plectrohyla hazelae (Taylor, 1940) Hazel's tree frog Plectrohyla ixil (Stuart, 1942) Ixil spikethumb frog Plectrohyla lacertosa (Bumzahem & Smith, 1954) Pop-eyed spikethumb frog Plectrohyla matudai (Hartweg, 1941) Matuda's spikethumb frog Plectrohyla pokomchi (Duellman & Campbell, 1984) Rio Sananja spikethumb frog Plectrohyla psiloderma (McCranie & Wilson, 1999) Plectrohyla pycnochila (Rabb, 1959) Thick-lipped spikethumb frog Plectrohyla quecchi (Stuart, 1942) Las Palmas spikethumb frog Plectrohyla sagorum (Hartweg, 1941) Arcane spikethumb frog Plectrohyla tecunumani (Duellman & Campbell, 1984) Cave spikethumb frog Plectrohyla teuchestes (Duellman & Campbell, 1992) Alta Verapaz spikethumb frogSpikethumb frogs range from 44 to 90 mm in adults, and have thick, glandular skin. Coloration ranges between shades of green, brown, and red.[5] Plectrohyla have an enlarged prepollex, which is a rudimentary additional digit near the thumb, that contains a sharp projecting spine.[5] The premaxilla is a bone in the anterior portion of the skull that has a bony outgrowth called the alary process, which projects posteriorly and divides into two branches.[6] Secondary sex characteristics in males include elongated premaxillary and maxillary teeth, in addition to swelling of the upper lip during breeding.[5]
The genus Plectrohyla inhabit cold streams and ravines in montane and cloud forests.[5][7] Characteristics of these streams include many rocks, crevices, small waterfalls, and a current to maintain water oxygenation levels.[7] Species of Plectrohyla remain near these streams year-round, often utilizing the same rock crevices for feeding and reproduction.[5][7]
During copulation, external fertilization is exhibited. As a female spikethumb frog releases her eggs into the water, an amplectant male fertilizes her eggs.[3] Axillary amplexus is the process in which a male positions itself on the back of a female, using its arms to encircle the female's body, so that it can fertilize the female's eggs as they are released.[5] These fertilized eggs then develop along the edges and base of the mating site.[7]
Male spikethumb frogs of some species, such as P. guatemalensis, are often found calling from the crevices between rocks of streams. They utilize the same location along a stream for extended periods of time, where they can call for females, mate with females, and guard their fertilized eggs. The vocalizations of males have been recorded,[3] however further research is required to determine whether vocalizations are used for displaying aggression towards nearby males.[7] Vocalization is not universal amongst males in the genus however, as P. Hartwegi lack vocal sacs and vocal slits.[8]
Research suggests that males engage in male-male combat to maintain control of their mating sites, located within the crevices between rocks, as mating sites are likely a limiting resource.[7] The prepollex may be used during this combat, leaving scars on the head and forelimbs of males. These scars are not observed on females.[5]
Spikethumb frogs reproduce in streams using axillary amplexus, a process that can take hours or days.[5][8] Male spikethumb frogs display two secondary sexual characteristics that are used during reproduction. These include swollen upper lips and long premaxillary and maxillary teeth that protrude down beyond the lip.[9] The upper lip of females contains ordinary mucous glands, and these differ from the glands in the male's upper lip, which largely contains specialized mucous glands, also called breeding glands.[8] Ordinary glands are often found equally distributed throughout the body, which differ from specialized glands that are specifically located, often to perform a specific function.[10]
In Plectrohyla, the specialized mucous glands in the lips of males produce sodefrin precursor-like factors (SPF), which function as allohormones.[8] Allohormones are substances that are directly transmitted from one individual to another, circumventing the special senses, and can have various effects on copulation, including increased female receptivity, inhibition of remating, and altered sperm storage in females.[11] Male spikethumb frogs deliver allohormones via tramautic mating, in which the male presses its swollen upper lip and protruding premaxillary and maxillary teeth into the back of the female, leaving scratches on the females back.[5] These scratches allow for direct transmission of the SPF allohormone into the bloodstream of the female, preventing loss to the environment.[8] These differ from pheromones, which are released into the environment and detected via the special senses.[12] Upon transmission into the bloodstream, SPF allohormones function by shortening courtship duration, however the exact effect of SPF allohormones on the physiological and behavioral changes to the female have not been determined.[8] Shortened courtship duration reduces risks of predation during copulation, increasing fitness.[8]
This copulatory mechanism resembles the condition of the plethodontid salamander, in which males use their elongated teeth to scratch the backs of females to deliver allohormones directly from the mental glands on their chin.[5] These allohormones increase female receptivity, which results in increased probability that the female will accept the male's sperm.[11]
Spikethumb frogs are a genus (Plectrohyla) of frogs in the family Hylidae found in Central America from southern Mexico through Guatemala and northern El Salvador to central and northern Honduras. A major revision of the Hylidae moved an additional 21 species to this genus from the genus Hyla. The additional species moved to Plectrohyla were identified as the Hyla bistincta group, also called the Plectrohyla bistincta group; a separate group from the initial Plectrohyla guatemalensis group. This phylogenetic classification was later revised by moving the Plectrohyla bistincta group from the genus Plectrohyla into a new genus called Sarcohyla. Meanwhile, the guatemalensis group remained in Plectrohyla. They are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs, which is called a prepollex. The genus name comes from the Greek word plēktron ("spur") and hyla (the genus in which it was formerly placed).
Plectrohyla es un género de anfibios anuros de la familia Hylidae. 21 especies de este género pertenecía al género Hyla hasta la reestructuración del género realizada en 2005.[1]
Se distribuyen por la mitad sur de México y Centroamérica.[2]
Se reconocen las 42 siguientes según ASW:[2]
Plectrohyla es un género de anfibios anuros de la familia Hylidae. 21 especies de este género pertenecía al género Hyla hasta la reestructuración del género realizada en 2005.
Se distribuyen por la mitad sur de México y Centroamérica.
Plectrohyla est un genre d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae[1].
Les 18 espèces de ce genre se rencontrent sur les hauts plateaux d'Amérique centrale[1].
Selon Amphibian Species of the World (9 juin 2017)[2] :
Plectrohyla est un genre d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae.
Plectrohyla is een geslacht van kikkers uit de familie boomkikkers (Hylidae).[1] De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Paul Brocchi in 1877.
Lange tijd waren er meer dan veertig verschillende soorten, maar veel soorten zijn ondergebracht in andere geslachten, zoals Sarcohyla. Tegenwoordig worden er achttien soorten erkend. Alle soorten komen voor in zuidelijk Noord- en Midden-Amerika: van zuidelijk Mexico tot El Salvador en Honduras.
Plectrohyla is een geslacht van kikkers uit de familie boomkikkers (Hylidae). De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Paul Brocchi in 1877.
Lange tijd waren er meer dan veertig verschillende soorten, maar veel soorten zijn ondergebracht in andere geslachten, zoals Sarcohyla. Tegenwoordig worden er achttien soorten erkend. Alle soorten komen voor in zuidelijk Noord- en Midden-Amerika: van zuidelijk Mexico tot El Salvador en Honduras.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Plectrohyla – rodzaj płaza bezogonowego z podrodziny Hylinae w rodzinie rzekotkowatych (Hylidae).
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące na wyżynach północnej Ameryce Centralnej z Chiapas w Meksyku, na wschód przez Gwatemalę i północny Salwador do środkowego i północnego Hondurasu; nieokreślone kijanki i młodociane osobniki obserwowano w Cerro Saslaya, w Nikaragui[4].
Plectrohyla: gr. πληκτρον plēktron – kogucie ostrogi; rodzaj Hyla Laurenti, 1768[2].
Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[4]:
Plectrohyla – rodzaj płaza bezogonowego z podrodziny Hylinae w rodzinie rzekotkowatych (Hylidae).
Plectrohyla é um gênero de anfíbios da família Hylidae.
As seguintes espécies são reconhecidas:[1]
Plectrohyla é um gênero de anfíbios da família Hylidae.
As seguintes espécies são reconhecidas:
Plectrohyla acanthodes Duellman & Campbell, 1992 Plectrohyla ameibothalame (Canseco-Márquez, Mendelson & Gutiérrez-Mayén, 2002) Plectrohyla arborescandens (Taylor, 1939) Plectrohyla avia Stuart, 1952 Plectrohyla bistincta (Cope, 1877) Plectrohyla calthula (Ustach, Mendelson, McDiarmid & Campbell, 2000) Plectrohyla calvicollina (Toal, 1994) Plectrohyla celata (Toal & Mendelson, 1995) Plectrohyla cembra (Caldwell, 1974) Plectrohyla charadricola (Duellman, 1964) Plectrohyla chryses (Adler, 1965) Plectrohyla chrysopleura Wilson, McCranie & Cruz-Díaz, 1994 Plectrohyla crassa (Brocchi, 1877) Plectrohyla cyanomma (Caldwell, 1974) Plectrohyla cyclada (Campbell & Duellman, 2000) Plectrohyla dasypus McCranie & Wilson, 1981 Plectrohyla ephemera (Meik, Canseco-Márquez, Smith & Campbell, 2005) Plectrohyla exquisita McCranie & Wilson, 1998 Plectrohyla glandulosa (Boulenger, 1883) Plectrohyla guatemalensis Brocchi, 1877 Plectrohyla hartwegi Duellman, 1968 Plectrohyla hazelae (Taylor, 1940) Plectrohyla ixil Stuart, 1942 Plectrohyla labedactyla (Mendelson & Toal, 1996) Plectrohyla lacertosa Bumzahem & Smith, 1954 Plectrohyla matudai Hartweg, 1941 Plectrohyla miahuatlanensis Meik, Smith, Canseco-Márquez & Campbell, 2006 Plectrohyla mykter (Adler & Dennis, 1972) Plectrohyla pachyderma (Taylor, 1942) Plectrohyla pentheter (Adler, 1965) Plectrohyla pokomchi Duellman & Campbell, 1984 Plectrohyla psarosema (Campbell & Duellman, 2000) Plectrohyla psiloderma McCranie & Wilson, 1999 Plectrohyla pycnochila Rabb, 1959 Plectrohyla quecchi Stuart, 1942 Plectrohyla robertsorum (Taylor, 1940) Plectrohyla sabrina (Caldwell, 1974) Plectrohyla sagorum Hartweg, 1941 Plectrohyla siopela (Duellman, 1968) Plectrohyla tecunumani Duellman & Campbell, 1984 Plectrohyla teuchestes Duellman & Campbell, 1992 Plectrohyla thorectes (Adler, 1965)Plectrohyla là một chi động vật lưỡng cư trong họ Nhái bén, thuộc bộ Anura. Chi này có 42 loài và 90% bị đe dọa hoặc tuyệt chủng.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nhái bén (Hylidae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Plectrohyla là một chi động vật lưỡng cư trong họ Nhái bén, thuộc bộ Anura. Chi này có 42 loài và 90% bị đe dọa hoặc tuyệt chủng.
Каскоголовы (лат. Plectrohyla) — род бесхвостых земноводных из семейства квакш.
На ноябрь 2018 года в род включают 19 видов[1]:
Каскоголовы (лат. Plectrohyla) — род бесхвостых земноводных из семейства квакш.
