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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: zlezasta zamazanka - Habitat: Karst, mixed light deciduous forest, with scattered stony meadows Substratum: bark of a dead branch of a small Quercus petraea
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Slo.: ? Habitat: Light mixed karst forest and bushes, predominantly oak, stony ground, limestone, shaded by tree canopies, N oriented, cca. 1 m above ground, partly protected from rain, precipitations 1.500 -1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, altitude 280 m (920 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: partly debarked rotten trunk of a thick Hedera helix climbing a Quercus petraea and cut at the bottom by men.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: zlezasta zamazanka - Habitat: Karst, mixed light deciduous forest, with scattered stony meadows Substratum: bark of a dead branch of a small Quercus petraea
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Slo.: ? Habitat: Light mixed karst forest and bushes, predominantly oak, stony ground, limestone, shaded by tree canopies, N oriented, cca. 1 m above ground, partly protected from rain, precipitations 1.500 -1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, altitude 280 m (920 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: partly debarked rotten trunk of a thick Hedera helix climbing a Quercus petraea and cut at the bottom by men.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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2017 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
Exidia glandulosa, black witches' butter, black jelly roll, or warty jelly fungus is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae.
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Slo.: ? Habitat: Light mixed karst forest and bushes, predominantly oak, stony ground, limestone, shaded by tree canopies, N oriented, cca. 1 m above ground, partly protected from rain, precipitations 1.500 -1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, altitude 280 m (920 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: partly debarked rotten trunk of a thick Hedera helix climbing a Quercus petraea and cut at the bottom by men.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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2017 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
Exidia glandulosa, black witches' butter, black jelly roll, or warty jelly fungus is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae.
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Slo.: ? Habitat: Light mixed karst forest and bushes, predominantly oak, stony ground, limestone, shaded by tree canopies, N oriented, cca. 1 m above ground, partly protected from rain, precipitations 1.500 -1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, altitude 280 m (920 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: partly debarked rotten trunk of a thick Hedera helix climbing a Quercus petraea and cut at the bottom by men.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: ? Habitat: Light mixed karst forest and bushes, predominantly oak, stony ground, limestone, shaded by tree canopies, N oriented, cca. 1 m above ground, partly protected from rain, precipitations 1.500 -1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, altitude 280 m (920 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: partly debarked rotten trunk of a thick Hedera helix climbing a Quercus petraea and cut at the bottom by men.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: pecljata zamazanka - syn.: Tremella recisa Ditmar - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant Fagus Sylvatica, Picea abies; overgrown calcareous ground composed of old alluvial and glacial moraine scree, rocks and boulders, relatively warm and dry place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: fallen Fagus sylvatica trunk; mostly still in bark in its late initial stage of disintegration. - Comments: Three sporocarps found growing close together; fresh fruitbodies pinkish-brown, oac651, after two days in refrigerator becoming olive-brown, oac734; fruit body dimensions up to 5 x 4 x 2.5 cm; clumps spreading flat over the substratum and attached to it only at isolated spots resembling rudimentary short 'stalks'; context quite firm, gelatinous; taste indistinctive, smell none; SP not obtained, only a few (12) spores have been found. This observation looks at macroscopic level like Exidia recisa, but microscopy doesn't confirm this determination. Spores (which may eventually origin from somewhere else?) do not fit expectations. I was also unable to find small, longitudinally septate, almost globose basidia, which are characteristic to this species (see Ref.: 3). The surface of the blobs looks like a hymenium with 'regular' basidia, however without sterigmata. Have no explanation. Hence, this determination can be wrong. - Spores smooth. Dimensions:9,4 [10,4 ; 11,2] 12,3 x 5,5 [6,1 ; 6,5] 7,1 microns, Q = 1,5 [1,7 ; 1,8] 1,9; N = 12; C = 95%; Me = 10,8 x 6,3 microns, Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?post=Exidia&l=r&nom=Exidia%20recisa%20/%20Exidie%20obconique&tag=Exidia%20recisa&gro=109 (3) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. VerlagMykologia (1984), p64.
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Slo.: zlezasta zamazanka - Habitat: Karst, mixed light deciduous forest, with scattered stony meadows Substratum: bark of a dead branch of a small Quercus petraea
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Slo.: ? Habitat: Light mixed karst forest and bushes, predominantly oak, stony ground, limestone, shaded by tree canopies, N oriented, cca. 1 m above ground, partly protected from rain, precipitations 1.500 -1.600 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, altitude 280 m (920 feet), submediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: partly debarked rotten trunk of a thick Hedera helix climbing a Quercus petraea and cut at the bottom by men.