Vision plays a role on what surfaces Carybdea sivickisi attaches. The developed rhopalial eyes have not been studied completely, but have a role in their reproductive behavior. These box jellies also have sexually dimorphic pigmentation patterns and distinctive banding patterns on their tentacles that may have a role in mate recognition.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Carybdea sivickisi is a small, bell shaped, transparent creature, with a bell diameter of about 1-4 mm, sometimes up to 14 mm, and a height of 7 mm. This species has four interradial compressed corners, each with pedalia (muscular adhesive pads) and yellow tentacles coming from them. The tentacles have nematocyst rings and swellings on the end. Also visible in the specimen are the velarial canals, manubrium, nerve ring, rhopalia, and the radial cyst. Females are distinguishable from males because they have orange spots on their bell. Cnidarians in general are polymorphic with alternating polyp and medusa stages.
Average length: 7 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; radial symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; female more colorful
The life cycle of this organism includes four days for embryonic development into a planula, four days of swimming around, and eight days for the planula to settle on a substrate to metamorphose. The actual metamorphosis process to become a polyp is 24 hours. The sessile polyp lives approximately 2-6 weeks after it settles on the substrate before they die. This makes a total of 4-8 weeks. Some organisms are able to survive the polyp stage, and after another three days become an elongated "creeper" stage which eventually metamorphs into a juvenile medusae stage. In lab experiments, the transitions from polyp to creeper and then to medusa was not observed, however it has been reported that the medusae die shortly after sexual reproduction.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 28 to 56 days.
Carybdea sivickisi is generally found in the shallower waters of the ocean, especially during the summer months due to their mating rituals. However, box jellies travel to deeper depths in open marine waters in search of food. This species resides in marine saltwater, mild temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; benthic
Carybdea sivickisi has been found in many temperate, tropical, and subtropical locations in the western Pacific from Japan in the north, the Indo-Pacific, to New Zealand in the south. Most specimens have been found in temperate regions around the end of August, and subtropical regions between April and August. These regions seem to have native strains of Carybdea sivickisi.
Biogeographic Regions: oceanic islands (Native )
Because Carybdea sivickisi is free swimming during the night, it feeds mainly on night swarming benthic organisms. This includes heteronereids, cumaceans, gammarid amphiods, and isopods. This jellyfish stings its prey to capture it.
Animal Foods: aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods)
There are no published studies on the role of Carybdea sivickisi on the ecosystem, but it feeds on benthic organisms and therefore is part of the food web for benthic populations.
Carybdea sivickisi is of special importance to scientists because of its unique mating rituals. This species is one of the only cubozoans to exhibit this "intimate" mating ritual. This species has also helped scientists study the rhopalia eyes found in cubozoans.
Positive Impacts: research and education
Like many species of Cubozoa, Carybdea sivickisi have cnidocytes that sting organisms. The cnidocytes are used to catch prey and can be harmful to humans, if they are stung. However, the stings are not known to be fatal for humans.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)
Carybdea sivickisi females have a long, gelatin like strand where they house their embryos that form only a few hours after fertilization. These embryos become planulae that swim for a few days and then settle on a substrate. After settling, they metamorphose into a sessile polyp. The polyps then form a creeper stage after a few more days. The creeper stage then eventually forms a juvenile medusa.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
Carybdea sivickisi requires no special conservation efforts.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
To avoid predators Carybdea sivickisi attaches to surfaces.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
The mating behavior of Carybdea sivickisi differs from most jellyfish. In what is termed 'the wedding dance', the male moves the female through the water by her tentacle. He positions her so their manubria (orifices) are close together and passes her a sac full of brightly colored red sperm. She then eats this sac and the eggs are fertilized. Males can pass a sperm sac to many different females, and females can accept many different sperm sacs from many males. Males may be able to choose their females based on their bright orange spots.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Carybdea sivickisi tends to mate in the spring and summer when the water is warmer. The gestational period is an average of 55 hours, and the embryos produced from a single fertilization event are approximately 3,000 in each strand. Each embryo strand weighs approximately 55 mg, and there is evidence that Carybdea sivickisi females only produce one embryo strand and die 16 days after. These embryos are held in the embryo strand for approximately 4 days and are released as planulae as the strand decomposes.
Breeding season: The breeding season for Carybdea sivickisi is spring and summer
Average number of offspring: 3000.
Average gestation period: 55 hours.
Average time to independence: 4 days.
Key Reproductive Features: year-round breeding ; fertilization (Internal ); ovoviviparous
Carybdea sivickisi puts effort into parental care through the formation of an embryo strand. This gelatinous strand holds all of the embryos together inside the female and ensures they are able to develop before they are released on their own to swim and attach to a surface to metamorphose.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Listen to the box jellyfish podcast on the EOL Learning + Education website, where you can also meet the featured scientist,view amazing jellyfish images, and find relevant educational activities.
Carybdea sivickisi is largely nocturnal . See Reproduction for a discussion of its mating behavior.
The following account is based on studies in the lab by Lewis and Long (2005): Around 4.5 days after the female has deposited an embryo strand into the substrate, the gelatinous membrane surrounding the embryo strand dissolves and by day 6 the spherical embryos develop into pear-shaped planulae (the typical cnidarian larvae), which are motile (move about). These larvae, each around 140 microns in diameter, settle on the substrate by day 9.5 and by day 14.5 develop into polyps (200 to 700 microns in diameter) with one to ten tentacles. By day 17.5, polyps elongate to become creepers. Lewis and Long (2005) report that in the lab, these creepers often aggregated into long chains (greater than a millimeter in length), which appear to function as a single unit, but the authors suggest that this phenomenon, which has not previously been reported, could be an artifact of rearing conditions. Successful metamorphosis of C. sivickisi polyps into juvenile medusae has not yet been seen in the lab, as the polyps have so far consistently died within a month of settlement on the substrate (Hartwick 1991; Lewis and Long 2005; Lewis et al. 2008).
When juvenile medusae (collected in situ) reach about 4 mm in bell diameter, gonadal development and sexual dimorphism begin to become apparent. Sexually mature females can be recognized (at least under the microscope) by the presence of dark orange markings, known as velar spots, that develop around the margin of the bell (Lewis and Long 2005).
Reported from a range of tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate localities in the Pacific, as well as one locality in the Indian Ocean west of Sumatra (see Lewis et al. 2008).
Lewis et al. (2008) note that the timing of maturation of C. sivickisi may vary geographically. In the subtropical waters off Okinawa (Japan), medusae are present between April and early August, when temperatures range between 23 C and 30 C (Lewis and Long 2005). By comparison, in temperate Seto, Wakayama (Japan) juveniles and small mature adults were present at the end of August, when temperatures approached 30 C.
Unlike most jellyfish, which mass spawn (releasing eggs and sperm into the water), Carybdea sivickisi exhibits complex courtship behavior and internal fertilization. Lewis and Long (2005) and Lewis et al. (2008) undertook a detailed investigation of courtship and reproductive behavior of Carybdea sivickisi in the lab. Courtship begins with a female and male swimming close to each other with tentacles fully extended. The male then attaches one of his tentacles to one of the female's tentacles, gaining control of her and pulling her around. The male then contracts his tentacle to bring the oral openings (manubria) of the two individuals into direct contact. Next, the area below each of the males gonads darkens and a strand of red-pigmented sperm is released from each of the eight gonads. These strands coalesce first into four strands in the stomach, and then into a single thick strand in the male's manubrium. Next, the strands are twisted together into a mass called a spermatophore inside the jellyfish's bell. The spermatophore is then transferred to one of the female's tentacles. The male releases the female and she inserts the spermatophore into her manubrium (typically within a few minutes). Two to three days after spermatophore ingestion, thousands of embryos can be seen circulating inside the female, turning the bell an opaque beige color. To expel the embryos, the female begins to pulsate rapidly, and a gelatinous, cream-colored embryo strand is released. Each strand contains over 3,000 embryos, each about 100 microns in diameter (Lewis and Long 2005).
Based on new data, and with the goal of maintaining the monophyly of Carybdea, Bentlage et al. (2010) suggested that the family Tripedaliidae should be amended to include all former Carybdeidae that have sexually dimorphic gonads, produce spermatophores, and in which at least the males have subgastral sacs/seminal vesicles (Hartwick 1991; Bentlage et al. 2010). Bentlage et al. designated a new genus, Copula, that is defined to contain tripedaliids that have adhesive pads on the exumbrellar apex with which they attach themselves to substrates (Hartwick 1991). The former Carybdea sivickisi would be the type species of this new genus: Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926).
Carybdea sivickisi is a small (no more than about 14 mm in diameter) sexually dimorphic cubozoan jellyfish with a keyhole rhopalar niche (external opening to the rhopalium) and four distinctive adhesive pads with which the animal attaches to algal substrates during the day (Hartwick 1991; Lewis and Long 2005; Lewis et al. 2008).
Copula is a monotypic genus of box jellyfish in the family Tripedaliidae of the phylum Cnidaria. The only species in the genus is Copula sivickisi, a very small gelatinous, bell-shaped jellyfish with four tentacles that is active only at night. It is unusual among box jellyfish in having a mating ritual and internal fertilization. Its scientific name honours the Lithuanian zoologist Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis.[3]
Copula sivickisi is a very small species of jellyfish, the medusa growing to about 10 mm (0.4 in) in diameter. The bell is a more "boxy" shape than that of the umbrella-like true jellyfishes. The eight gonads can be seen inside the transparent bell. In males these are orange hemispherical structures near the apex of the bell, and in females they are white-speckled, leaf-like structures. There is a central manubrium, a transparent tubular structure hanging down from the centre of the underside of the bell and there are four slender tentacles hanging from the rim, each banded with orange. In mature females, the edge of the bell is patterned with orange-brown markings.[4]
Copula sivickisi is found in shallow warm waters in the Pacific Ocean and one Indian Ocean location (the west coast of Sumatra). Its range extends from Japan and Taiwan to the Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand, northern Australia, New Zealand, Micronesia and Hawaii.[4]
Copula sivickisi is nocturnal and hides during the day. There are adhesive pads on the top of the bell and it can secure itself with these to objects. On sinking to the seabed soon after dawn it spends a few minutes selecting a good location and preferentially chooses the underside of a coral, stone or blade of seagrass. It then folds its tentacles inside the bell and flattens itself, making it very difficult for humans to observe it in its natural environment. It reactivates soon after dusk and rises in the water column before starting feeding. Most jellyfish liberate sperm and eggs into the sea and fertilisation is a chancy business, but this jellyfish has been observed to have a more elaborate mating ritual. A male will grab a female by one tentacle and start to pull her around. The pair entwine and place their manubria close together. The male then passes a red spermatophore (bundle of sperm) to one of the female's tentacles which thrusts it into her manubrium.[4] Females have been observed mating in this way with several different males, up to eight times in a two-hour period. Eggs inside the female's bell are fertilised by the sperm, and a mucous strand of embryos is produced and released into the sea some two or three days later. Here they develop into polyps, another stage in the complex life cycle of Cnidaria.[4]
Copula sivickisi has twenty-four eyes grouped on four stalked rhopalia situated on the rim of the bell. It is attracted to light and feeds on zooplankton including phosphorescent organisms. Its typical feeding mechanism is to rise to the surface and then sink through the water with its tentacles extended to catch prey. Typical prey items are copepods, hooded shrimps, zoea larvae and the bioluminescent dinoflagellate Noctiluca, all of which are present near the water surface at night.[5]
Copula is a monotypic genus of box jellyfish in the family Tripedaliidae of the phylum Cnidaria. The only species in the genus is Copula sivickisi, a very small gelatinous, bell-shaped jellyfish with four tentacles that is active only at night. It is unusual among box jellyfish in having a mating ritual and internal fertilization. Its scientific name honours the Lithuanian zoologist Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis.
Copula adalah genus monotipe dari ubur-ubur kotak dalam famili Tripedaliidae dari filum Cnidaria. Satu-satunya spesies dalam genus ini adalah Copula sivickisi, sebuah organisme menggudir yang sangat kecil, berbentuk lonceng dengan empat tentakel yang aktif hanya pada malam hari. Ritual kawin dan fertilisasi internal pada spesies ini merupakan hal yang tidak biasa di antara ubur-ubur kotak lainnya. Nama spesifik spesies ini dinamai untuk menghormati seoarang ahli zoologi Lithuania Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis.[3]
Copula sivickisi adalah spesies ubur-ubur yang sangat kecil, medusa tumbuh dengan diameter sekitar 10 mm (0,4 in). Bentuk bel lebih berbentuk kotak daripada bentuk payung, tidak seperti ubur-ubur sesungguhnya. Delapan gonad dapat dilihat dalam bel transparan. Terdapat struktur hemisferikal oranye dekat puncak bel pada ubur-ubur jantan, dan putih berbintik pada ubur-ubur betina, seperti struktur daun. Terdapat manubrium pusat, struktur tubular transparan menggantung dari pusat bawah bel dan terdapat empat tentakel ramping tergantung dari tepi, masing-masing terbalut dengan warna oranye. Pada ubur-ubur betina dewasa, di bagian tepi bel terdapat pola dengan tanda berwarna oranye-coklat.[4]
Copula sivickisi ditemukan di perairan hangat dangkal di Samudera Pasifik dan satu lokasi di Samudera Hindia (pantai barat Sumatra). Jangkauan meluas dari Jepang dan Taiwan ke Filipina, Vietnam dan Thailand, Australia bagian utara, Selandia Baru, Mikronesia, dan Hawaii.[4]
Copula sivickisi merupakan hewan nokturnal dan bersembunyi pada siang hari. Terdapat bantalan perekat di bagian atas bel yang dapat mengamankan dirinya. Ketika tenggelam ke dasar laut setelah fajar dapat menghabiskan beberapa menit untuk memilih lokasi yang baik dan lebih cenderung memilih bagian bawah dari karang, batu, atau helaian lamun. Kemudian tentakel dilipat ke dalam bel dan akan meratakan sendiri, sehingga sangat sulit bagi manusia untuk mengamatinya dalam lingkungan alam. Kemudian akan aktif kembali segera setelah senja dan naik ke perairan sebelum memulai makan. Kebanyakan ubur-ubur membebaskan sperma dan telur ke laut dan fertilisasi terjadi secara untung-untungan, tetapi ubur-ubur ini telah diamati memiliki ritual kawin yang lebih rumit. Jantan akan meraih betina dengan satu tentakel dan mulai menariknya. Pasangannya akan membelitkan dan menempatkan manubria mereka berdekatan. Jantan kemudian melewati spermatofor merah (berkas sperma) ke salah satu tentakel betina yang menyodorkan manubriumnya.[4] Betina telah diamati kawin dengan cara ini dengan beberapa jantan yang berbeda, hingga delapan kali dalam waktu dua jam. Telur di dalam bel betina dibuahi oleh sperma, dan untai lendir embrio yang dihasilkan akan dilepaskan ke laut sekitar dua atau tiga hari kemudian. Di sini mereka berkembang menjadi polip, tahap lain dalam siklus hidup kompleks Cnidaria.[4]
Copula sivickisi memiliki dua puluh empat mata yang mengelompok pada empat rhopalia yang terletak di tepi bel. Mata ini terarik pada cahaya dan memakan zooplankton termasuk organisme berpendar. Mekanisme makan yang umum adalah naik ke permukaan dan kemudian tenggelam ke dalam air dengan tentakel diperpanjang untuk menangkap mangsa. Mangsa yang umum adalah copepoda, udang bertudung, larva zoea, dan dinoflagellata bercahaya (Noctiluca), semua yang terdapat di dekat permukaan air di malam hari.[5]
Copula adalah genus monotipe dari ubur-ubur kotak dalam famili Tripedaliidae dari filum Cnidaria. Satu-satunya spesies dalam genus ini adalah Copula sivickisi, sebuah organisme menggudir yang sangat kecil, berbentuk lonceng dengan empat tentakel yang aktif hanya pada malam hari. Ritual kawin dan fertilisasi internal pada spesies ini merupakan hal yang tidak biasa di antara ubur-ubur kotak lainnya. Nama spesifik spesies ini dinamai untuk menghormati seoarang ahli zoologi Lithuania Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis.
Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926) è una cubomedusa appartenente alla famiglia Carybdeidae. È l'unica specie nel genere Copula (Bentlage, Cartwright, Yanagihara, Lewis, Richards & Collins, 2010).
La C. sivickisi è una cubomedusa di piccole dimensioni, con quattro tentacoli e attiva principalmente di notte. La caratteristica particolare della specie sta nel suo rituale di accoppiamento e nella fecondazione interna delle uova.
La specie vive nell'oceano Indiano (ad ovest di Sumatra) e nell'oceano Pacifico. La sua diffusione nel Pacifico va dal Giappone a Taiwan e le Filippine, lungo le coste del Vietnam e della Tailandia[1], fino all'Australia del nord, la Nuova Zelanda, la Micronesia ed Hawaii[2].
Il nome le è stato attribuito in onore allo zoologo lituano Pranciškus Baltrus Šivickis.
La C. sivickisi è fra le specie più piccole fra i cubozoi: può misurare fino a 13 mm di lunghezza e 10 mm di diametro della campana, la quale ha una forma "a scatola"[1]. Può raggomitolarsi tirando i tentacoli in dentro ed attaccarsi a supporti come le alghe per numerose ore grazie a un cuscinetto adesivo[3], un comportamento che usano di solito di giorno, aspettando le ore notturne per cacciare[2].
I giovani esemplari di C. sivickisi sono di colore giallo chiaro, con otto punti rossi sopra il margine radiale e non hanno tracce di verruche (gruppi di nematocisti) sull'ombrella, dispongono però di alcuni cirri gastrici nello stomaco, al contrario ad esempio delle giovani Carukia barnesi, che ne sono privi[4].
Nel caso le condizioni vitali peggiorino, per esempio se la temperatura dell'acqua scende al disotto di 20 °C, i polipi adulti si contraggono e racchiudono in uno strato di muco trasparente che si solidifica formando una ciste. Questo comportamento permette la sopravvivenza in condizioni ambientali sfavorevoli; è stato osservato che la ciste si disgrega quando la temperatura raggiunge i 28 °C. Un simile comportamento protettivo del polipo è stato osservato anche nella Tripedalia cystophora, nella Alatina alata, nella Carybdea marsupialis, nella Carybdea morandinii e nella Chironex fleckeri, in alcuni casi quando cambia la salinità dell'acqua ed in altri quando si abbassa la temperatura[5].
La specie è stata studiata sotto il nome di Carybdea sivickisi, ma recenti analisi molecolari filogenetiche suggeriscono che sia più vicina alla Tripedalia cystophora[6] piuttosto che alle altre meduse del genus Carybdea. La C. sivickisi ha un dimorfismo nelle gonadi e produce spermatofori, come la T. cystophora[7]; inoltre, i maschi hanno sacche seminali sub-gastriche. Le femmine hanno macchie scure sull'esombrella appena diventano mature. Per mantenere la monofilia del genere Carybdea, è stato creato il genere Copula per ospitare questa specie[7].
Il rituale di accoppiamento della specie è complesso per questo tipo di organismo e ne costituisce la caratteristica principale che dà anche il nome al genus. La danza nuziale inizia con il maschio che si aggrappa ad un tentacolo della femmina e le si avvicina. Il maschio produce uno spermatoforo, un agglomerato di sperma, di colore arancio-rosso e lo passa alla femmina. Il maschio si separa, mentre la femmina usa tre dei suoi tentacoli per spingerlo lungo il manubrio per fertilizzare le uova presenti nella campana[2]. Le femmine possono ricevere fino a otto spermatofori nell'arco di un paio d'ore. I maschi, da parte loro, possono produrre e trasmettere sei spermatofori nello stesso arco di tempo ed iniziare la danza nuziale quando la femmina è ancora attaccata ad un altro maschio[2].
Dopo un giorno, rilascerà un filamento biancastro lungo circa 30mm che contiene migliaia di embrioni e blastule accompagnati da nematocisti[8]. Nell'arco di cinque giorni, le blastule si trasformano in polipi primari che si sviluppano in polipi adulti nell'arco di 40 giorni[5]. Il polipo adulto, lungo circa 0.6 mm, è capace di spostarsi strisciando, per cambiare postazione. A loro volta i polipi inizieranno una metamorfosi per trasformarsi in meduse dopo circa 95 giorni dalla fertilizzazione[9]. A questo punto, le giovani meduse crescono rapidamente in dimensioni fino a divenire meduse adulte.
Copula sivickisi (Stiasny, 1926) è una cubomedusa appartenente alla famiglia Carybdeidae. È l'unica specie nel genere Copula (Bentlage, Cartwright, Yanagihara, Lewis, Richards & Collins, 2010).
La C. sivickisi è una cubomedusa di piccole dimensioni, con quattro tentacoli e attiva principalmente di notte. La caratteristica particolare della specie sta nel suo rituale di accoppiamento e nella fecondazione interna delle uova.
Copula sivickisi is een tropische kubuskwal uit de familie Tripedaliidae. De kwal komt uit het geslacht Copula. Copula sivickisi werd in 1926 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Stiasny.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Carybdea sivickisi é uma espécie de água-viva cúbica (Cubozoa) da família Carybdeidae.
