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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 10 years (wild)
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Brief Summary

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The white crappie (pronounced croppy), Promoxis annularis, is a popular freshwater angling fish from the sunfish family, Centrarchidae, native to a central strip of North America between the Appalachians and Minnesota, as far north as Ontario and south to the Gulf of Mexico. Its current range covers most of North America, as it has been widely introduced for game purposes. Morphologically very similar to its close relative the black crappie (P. nigromaculatus), with which it shares a range, the white crappie can be definitively distinguished by having 5 or 6 dorsal spines, whereas black crappie have 7 or 8. Hardy nocturnal carnivores, white crappies live in many types of waterways (ponds, lakes, creeks and rivers, occupying turbid waters more often than does the black crappie), eating mostly other fishes and invertebrates. Like other sunfish crappies travel in schools, and build mounded nests, often together in large colonies. Both species of crappies have a high reproductive rate, are fast growing and mature within 2-3 years so are often very abundant and regularly overpopulate their environment. Reaching a common size of 7-8 inches, white crappies are the state fish of Louisiana, a mild-tasting fish considered one of the top “pan fish,” and common in Cajun cuisine. (Texas Parks and Wildlife; Bridges; Hammerson 2009; Hammerson 2009; Wikipedia 2012(a); Wikipedia 2012(b))
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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs in sand-bottomed and mud-bottomed pools and backwaters of creeks and small to large rivers, and lakes and ponds. Often found in turbid water.
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Recorder
Pascualita Sa-a
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Life Cycle

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Deposits eggs in a variety of aquatic plants.
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Biology

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Occurs in sand-bottomed and mud-bottomed pools and backwaters of creeks and small to large rivers, and lakes and ponds. Often found in turbid water (Ref. 5723, 10294). Adult feeds on forage fishes such as shad (Ref. 10294). Younger crappie consumes small invertebrates, including microcrustaceans and small insects (Ref. 10294).
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Importance

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gamefish: yes
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Pomoxis annularis ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Dibuix de 1910

Pomoxis annularis és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels centràrquids.[3]

Descripció

  • Pot arribar a fer 53 cm de llargària màxima (normalment, en fa 25) i 2.350 g de pes.[4][5][6][7]

Alimentació

Els adults mengen peixos, mentre que els juvenils es nodreixen de petits invertebrats (com ara, microcrustacis i insectes petits).[8]

Depredadors

Als Estats Units és depredat pel lluç de riu (Esox lucius) i el luci masquinongi (Esox masquinongy).[9]

Hàbitat

És un peix d'aigua dolça, demersal i de clima temperat (40°N-35°N).[4][10]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a Nord-amèrica: des de les conques dels Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord, la badia de Hudson i el riu Mississipí fins a Minnesota, Dakota del Sud i el golf de Mèxic. També és present a les conques del golf de Mèxic des de la badia de Mobile (Geòrgia i Alabama) fins al riu Nueces (Texas).[11] Ha estat introduït a Panamà i Mèxic (entre els anys 1950 i 1959).[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

Longevitat

La seua esperança de vida és de 10 anys.[23][24]

Observacions

És inofensiu per als humans.[4]

Referències

  1. Rafinesque C. S., 1818. Description of three new genera of fluviatile fish, Pomoxis, Sarchirus and Exoglossum. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 1 (pt 2). 417-422.
  2. Rafinesque, C. S., 1818. Description of three new genera of fluviatile fish, Pomoxis, Sarchirus and Exoglossum. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 1 (pt 2): 417-422, Pl. 17.
  3. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 FishBase (anglès)
  5. Page, L.M. i B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 432 p.
  6. Hugg, D.O., 1996. MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. i Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater (Maryland), Estats Units.
  7. IGFA, 1991. World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, els Estats Units.
  8. Etnier, D.A. i W.C. Starnes, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville (Tennessee), Estats Units.
  9. FishBase (anglès)
  10. Eaton, J.G., J.H. McCormick, B.E. Goodno, D.G. O'Brien, H.G. Stefany, M. Hondzo i R.M. Scheller, 1995. A field information-based system for estimating fish temperature tolerances. Fisheries 20(4):10-18.
  11. Hassan-Williams, C. i T.H. Bonner, 2007. Texas freshwater fishes. Texas State University- San Marcos: Biology Department/ Aquatic Station.
  12. Contreras-Balderas, S. i M.A. Escalante-C., 1984. Distribution and known impacts of exotic fishes in Mexico. P. 102-130. A: W.R. Courtenay, Jr. i J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.). Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  13. FishBase (anglès)
  14. Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
  15. Coker, G.A., C.B. Portt i C.K. Minns, 2001. Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Núm. 2554. 89 p.
  16. Jenkins, R.E. i N.M. Burkhead, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Virginia. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 1079 p.
  17. Mitzner, L., 1972. Some vital statistics of the crappie population in Coralville Reservoir with an evaluation of management. Iowa Fish. Res. Tech. Ser. 72-1:35 p.
  18. Muoneke, M.I., C.C. Henry i O.E. Maughan, 1992. Population structure and food habits of white crappie Pomoxis annularis (Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque) in a turbid Oklahoma reservoir. J. Fish Biol. 41(4):647-654.
  19. Nelson, W.R., 1974. Age, growth and maturity of thirteen species of fish from Lake Oahe during the early years of impoundment, 1963-1968. U.S. Fish, Wildl. Serv. Tech. Pap. 77:1-29.
  20. Proffitt, M.A. i R.S. Benda, 1971. Growth and movement of fishes, and distribution of invertebrates, related to a heated discharge into the White River at Petersburg, Indiana. Indiana Univ. Water Resources Rep. Inves. 5:94 p.
  21. Scott, W.B. i E.J. Crossman, 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184:1-966.
  22. Swingle, W.E., 1965. Length-weight relationships of Alabama fishes. Auburn Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Zool.-Ent. Ser. Fish. 3:87 p.
  23. Hugg, D.O., 1996.
  24. Witt, A. Jr., 1952. Age and growth of the white crappie, Pomoxis annularis (Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque), in Missouri. PhD thesis, University of Missouri. 213 p.


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
  • Carlander, K.D., 1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 2. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
  • Clausen, R.G., 1936. Oxygen consumption in fresh water fishes. Ecology 17:216-226.
  • Elder, D.E. i W.M. Lewis, 1955. An investigation and comparison of the fish populations of two farm ponds. Am. Midl. Nat. 53(2):390-395.
  • Gold, J.R. i J.R. Ellison, 1983. Silver Staining for nucleolar organizing regions of vertebrate chromosomes. Stain Technol. 58(1):51-55.
  • Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
  • Roberts, F.L., 1964. A chromosome study of twenty species of Centrarchidae. J. Morph. 115:401-418.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
  • Rutledge, W.P. i J.C. Barron, 1972. The effects of the removal of stunted white crappie on the remaining crappie population of Meridian State Park Lake, Bosque, Texas. Texas Parks, Wildl. Dep. Techn. Ser. 12:41 p.
  • Vasil'ev, V.P., 1980. Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3): 1-38.
  • Welcomme, R.L., 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


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Pomoxis annularis: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Dibuix de 1910

Pomoxis annularis és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels centràrquids.

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Краппи ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Краппи.

Краппи (лат. Pomoxis annularis) — кулактуу алабугалардын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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White crappie

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The white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) is a freshwater fish found in North America, one of the two species of crappies.[3] Alternate common names for the species include goldring, silver perch,[4] white perch and sac-a-lait.[3] USS Goldring is named for the fish. The genus name Pomoxis refers to crappies' sharp operculum, while the species name annularis means 'having rings', i.e., it has vaguely vertical bars on the body.[5]

Description

White crappies are morphologically similar to black crappies (Pomoxis nigromaculatus).[6] They have 5–10 dark vertical bars along their bodies, rather than randomly scattered spots like those of the black crappie. The white crappie has a silvery color with green or brown shades along its back, with dark lateral bars along its side, and a white belly. The dorsal fins of the white crappie start farther back on the body than those of the black crappie. The anal fin is about the same size as the dorsal fin.[7] The white crappie has six dorsal fin spines, whereas the black crappie has seven or eight dorsal fin spines.[7] White crappies are also slightly more elongated than black crappies.[8] The white crappie is a deep-bodied fish with a flattened body, or a depth that is one-third of the length of the fish. White crappies have spinous rays and ctenoid fish scales found in advanced teleosts. The exposed part of the scale has tiny tooth-like projections (cteni). Both species of crappies have a terminal mouth position with many small, conical teeth in two rows along the mouth, which are called cardiform because they resemble a tool used for wool carding. Crappies belong to the family Centrarchidae in the order Perciformes within class Actinopterygii.[9]

The white crappie rarely exceeds 2 pounds (0.91 kg), and typically lives 2–7 years. The species is generally about 9–10 inches (23–25 cm) in length as an adult.[7] The current International Game Fish Association all-tackle world record for a white crappie is 2.35 kg (5.2 lb), caught on July 31, 1957 near Enid Dam, Mississippi by angler Fred Bright, while the IGFA all-tackle length world record is a 39-centimetre (15 in) fish, caught on October 14, 2022 in Grenada Lake, Mississippi by angler Doug Borries.[10]

Distribution

White crappies are native to the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi River basins expanding from New York and southern Ontario westward to South Dakota and southward to Texas. This species has a large geographic range in the United States and currently has a stable population. Currently, this species is listed as a least concern species for conservation efforts.[1][11]

Habitat

White crappies can be found in large rivers, reservoirs, and lakes. White crappies are more tolerant of turbid (murky) waters than black crappies, and the white crappie usually outnumbers the black crappie in turbid waters. White crappies also generally outnumber black crappies in areas with little rooted aquatic vegetation. [12] White crappies are most commonly found in rivers and low-velocity areas such as pools and backwaters of rivers. They are most abundant in lakes and reservoirs larger than 5 acres.[13] The white crappie can be found in the open water during the mornings and evenings, but during the day this species is found in shallower, quiet waters (6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 m) deep) surrounded by structure.[1]

Reproduction

White crappies spawn in May and June when the water temperature reaches 56 °F. Males construct nests by creating small, bowl-shaped depressions on the bottom around brush, rocks, and logs in the shallow water. During the spawning season, males develop dark coloration on their throats. Females lay 5,000 to 30,000 eggs. The males guard these nests until the fry swim away.[8] Males guard these nests because it helps ensure the success of their genes being passed on to the next generation. The white crappie typically grows 3–5 inches (7.6–12.7 cm) within the first year of its life and can grow an additional 3-4 in in the second year. The white crappies reach maturity around their second or third year.[3] The maximum lifespan of white crappies is 8 to 10 years with the average lifespan being 3 to 4 years in unmanaged waters and 6 years in managed waters.[14]

Diet

White crappies are neither cruise- nor ambush-feeding strategists. Instead, they swim intermittently and only search for prey when stationary. This strategy is considered saltatory, or pause-and-travel search. Using this strategy, juveniles can grow rapidly in the first few days of life. This strategy is energetically favored to reduce search time for the species. White crappies in the larval and juvenile stages of life eat zooplankton and continue to feed primarily on small invertebrates during their first year of life.[8][15][16]

When white crappies reach a length of 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in), they are considered adult. The adults feed mainly on small fish such as minnows and young American shad,[14] and large invertebrates such as crayfish and hellgrammites.[13][17] Their diet can vary depending on their location. They feed the most in June through October. In the spring, they feed moderately, with their activity slowing during the winter months. In Mississippi, they feed on mayflies such as Hexagenia atrocaudata and Pentagenia vittigera. In Illinois, and probably elsewhere, they feast on American gizzard shad. In Pennsylvania and Ohio, adults eat small common carp, yellow perch, bluegill, and other white crappies. The terminal mouth position, sometimes known as the normal position, allows for this species to feed on what is in front of it.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c NatureServe (2013). "Pomoxis annularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202602A18232424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202602A18232424.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis)". Texas Parks and Wildlife. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  4. ^ Simbeck, Rob (2010). "For Wildlife Watchers: Crappie". South Carolina Wildlife. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013.
  5. ^ Wallus, Robert; Simon, Thomas P. (2008). Reproductive Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage. Vol. 6. CRC Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-4200-0361-1. annularis, Latin: "having rings," probably in reference to the vague vertical bars on the body
  6. ^ "Comprehensive Report Species - Pomoxis annularis". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved June 29, 2006.
  7. ^ a b c "White Crappie". MDC Discover Nature. Missouri Department of Conservation.
  8. ^ a b c "Details: White Crappie". Iowa Department of Natural Resources.
  9. ^ NatureServe (3 February 2023). "Pomoxis annularis". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  10. ^ "White Crappie - (Pomoxis annularis)". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  11. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Pomoxis annularis" in FishBase. March 2006 version.
  12. ^ "White Crappie". Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
  13. ^ a b "Black Crappie, White Crappie". Chicago Area Paddling/Fishing Guide. Ripco.
  14. ^ a b c Tingle, April (2015). Powers, Karen (ed.). "Pomoxis annularis". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  15. ^ O'Brian, W. J.; Evans, B. I.; Howick, G. L. (2011). "A New View of the Predation Cycle of a Planktivorous Fish, White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis)" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 43 (10): 1894. doi:10.1139/f86-234.
  16. ^ Browman, Howard I.; O'Brien, W. John (1992). "The ontogeny of search behavior in the white crappie, Pomoxis annularis" (PDF). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 34 (2): 181–195. doi:10.1007/bf00002393. S2CID 23743046.
  17. ^ "Crappie Fishing Tips". Fishing Tips Depot.

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White crappie: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) is a freshwater fish found in North America, one of the two species of crappies. Alternate common names for the species include goldring, silver perch, white perch and sac-a-lait. USS Goldring is named for the fish. The genus name Pomoxis refers to crappies' sharp operculum, while the species name annularis means 'having rings', i.e., it has vaguely vertical bars on the body.

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Pomoxis annularis ( Basque )

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Pomoxis annularis Pomoxis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrarchidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Pomoxis annularis FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

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Pomoxis annularis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pomoxis annularis Pomoxis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrarchidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Pomoxis annularis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Pomoxis annularis is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1818 door Rafinesque.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Pomoxis annularis. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Pomoxis annularis ( Vietnamese )

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Cá Crappie trắng (Danh pháp khoa học: Pomoxis annularis) là một loài cá nước ngọt bản địa ở Bắc Mỹ và là một trong hai loài cá Crappie (chi Pomoxis) thuộc họ cá thái dương trong bộ cá vược[2] chúng còn được gọi là cá rô bạc (Silver perch)[3][4][5][6].

Đặc điểm

Cá Crappies trắng có hình thái tương tự như những con cá Crappies đen. Chúng có 5-10 thanh dọc dọc theo cơ thể, chứ không phải là các điểm phân tán ngẫu nhiên như Crappie đen. Crappie trắng có màu bạc với màu xanh lá cây hoặc nâu dọc theo lưng, với các thanh ngang màu đen bên cạnh và bụng trắng. Vây lưng của Crappie trắng bắt hiên trên cơ thể hơn so với Crappie đen. Vây hậu môn có cùng kích thước với vây lưng. Crappie trắng có 6 gai vây lưng, trong khi crappie đen có 7-8 gai vây lưng.

Cá Crappies trắng cũng dài hơn đôi chút so với người những con cá cái Crapie đen. Chúng là loài cá có thân hình dẹt với thân hình phẳng, hoặc chiều sâu bằng 1/3 chiều dài của toàn thân cá. Crappie trắng hiếm khi vượt quá hai cân Anh, và sống khoảng 2-7 năm. Crappies trắng thường có chiều dài 9-10 inch. Chúng đẻ trứng vào tháng Năm và tháng Sáu, chúng đẻ từ 5.000 đến 30.000 trứng. Những con đực này bảo vệ những tổ này cho đến khi con cá con bơi đi.

Phân bố

Crappies trắng có nguồn gốc ở Great Lakes, vịnh Hudson và các lưu vực sông Mississippi mở rộng từ New York và Nam Ontario về phía tây tới South Dakota và xuống phía nam tới tận Texas. Loài này có phạm vi địa lý lớn ở Hoa Kỳ và hiện đang có dân số ổn định. Hiện nay, loài này được liệt kê là ít quan tâm nhất đối với việc đòi hỏi các nỗ lực bảo tồn. Crappies trắng có thể tìm thấy trong những dòng sông, hồ chứa và hồ nước lớn. Crappie trắng thường gặp nhất ở các con sông và các khu vực có tốc độ thấp như hồ bơi và dòng chảy của sông. Crappie trắng có thể được tìm thấy vào buổi sáng và buổi tối, nhưng trong ngày, loài này sẽ được tìm thấy ở những vùng nước yên tĩnh cạn (6–12 feet) bao quanh bởi cấu trúc.

Chú thích

  1. ^ NatureServe (2015). Pomoxis annularis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 4.1 (4.1). Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 2 năm 2016.
  2. ^ http://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/wcp/
  3. ^ http://www.scwildlife.com/pubs/marapril2010/crappie.html
  4. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). “Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 9 năm 2012.
  5. ^ Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr (1991) A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico., Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.
  6. ^ FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 2011-06-14

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Pomoxis annularis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Cá Crappie trắng (Danh pháp khoa học: Pomoxis annularis) là một loài cá nước ngọt bản địa ở Bắc Mỹ và là một trong hai loài cá Crappie (chi Pomoxis) thuộc họ cá thái dương trong bộ cá vược chúng còn được gọi là cá rô bạc (Silver perch).

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白刺蓋太陽魚 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Pomoxis annularis
Rafinesque, 1818

白刺蓋太陽魚輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目太陽魚科的其中一,分布於北美洲美國加拿大的淡水流域,體長可達53公分,棲息在沙泥底質的池塘、湖泊、河流,屬肉食性,可作為遊釣魚。

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维基百科作者和编辑

白刺蓋太陽魚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

白刺蓋太陽魚為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目太陽魚科的其中一,分布於北美洲美國加拿大的淡水流域,體長可達53公分,棲息在沙泥底質的池塘、湖泊、河流,屬肉食性,可作為遊釣魚。

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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维基百科作者和编辑