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Description of Crithidia

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Kinetoplastid flagellates, monogenetic, possessing the characteristic choanomastigote form; the kinetoplast large and lateral, close to the nucleus in both nectomonad and haptomonad phases; flagellar pocket wide and funnel-shaped, its mouth occupying most of the truncate anterior end; parasites in the gut of Diptera, Hemiptera, Trichoptera and Hymenoptera.
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Crithidia

provided by wikipedia EN

Crithidia is a genus of trypanosomatid Euglenozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.[3] At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.

The etymology of the genus name Crithidia derives from the Ancient Greek word κριθίδιον (krithídion), meaning "small grain of barley".[4][5]

Species

Impact on bumble bees

These parasites may be at least partially responsible for declining wild bumble bee populations. They cause the bumble bees to lose their ability to distinguish between flowers that contain nectar and those that don't. They make many mistakes by visiting nectar scarce flowers and in so doing, slowly starve to death. Commercially bred bumble bees are used in greenhouses to pollinate plants, for example tomatoes, and these bumble bees typically harbor the parasite, while wild bumble bees do not. It is believed that the commercial bumble bees transmitted the parasite to wild populations in some cases. They escape from the greenhouses through vents; a simple mesh could help prevent this.[11]

Bibliography

  1. ^ Léger, Louis. 1902. Sur un flagellé parasite de l'Anopheles maculipennis. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 54: 354-356, [1].
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Crithidia - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  3. ^ Boulanger; et al. (2001). "Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection of the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 31 (2): 129–37. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00096-5. PMID 11164335.
  4. ^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
  5. ^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  6. ^ Runckel, Charles; DeRisi, Joseph; Flenniken, Michelle L. (2014-04-17). "A Draft Genome of the Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite Crithidia mellificae". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95057. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995057R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095057. PMC 3990616. PMID 24743507.
  7. ^ Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel (2001). "Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris". Evolution. 55 (8): 1639–1643. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1639:ucopfp]2.0.co;2. PMID 11580023.
  8. ^ Erler, Silvio; Popp, Mario; Wolf, Stephan; Lattorff, H. Michael G. (2012-05-01). "Sex, horizontal transmission, and multiple hosts prevent local adaptation of Crithidia bombi, a parasite of bumblebees (Bombus spp.)". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (5): 930–940. doi:10.1002/ece3.250. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3399159. PMID 22837838.
  9. ^ Kostygov, Alexei Yu.; Grybchuk-Ieremenko, Anastasiia; Malysheva, Marina N.; Frolov, Alexander O.; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav (2014-09-01). "Molecular revision of the genus Wallaceina". Protist. 165 (5): 594–604. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.07.001. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 25113831.
  10. ^ Camargo; et al. (1992). "Ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and synthetic oligonucleotide probing in the identification of genera of lower trypanosomatids". The Journal of Parasitology. 78 (1): 40–8. doi:10.2307/3283683. JSTOR 3283683. PMID 1310733.
  11. ^ Colla, Sheila R.; Otterstatter, Michael C.; Gegear, Robert J.; Thomson, James D. (2006-05-01). "Plight of the bumble bee: Pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 461–467. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.013.

Further reading

E Riddell, Carolyn; D Lobaton Garces, Juan; Adams, Sally (27 November 2014). "Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1031. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031. PMC 4302123. PMID 25431190. open access

Otterstatter, Michael C.; Thomson, James D. (23 July 2008). "Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators?". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2771. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2771O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002771. PMC 2464710. PMID 18648661. open access

Daniel, Cariveau; Elijah, Powell; Hauke, Koch (April 2014). "Variation in gut microbial communities and its association with pathogen infection in wild bumble bees (Bombus)". The ISME Journal. 8 (12): 2369–2379. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.68. PMC 4260702. PMID 24763369.

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Crithidia: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Crithidia is a genus of trypanosomatid Euglenozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts. At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.

The etymology of the genus name Crithidia derives from the Ancient Greek word κριθίδιον (krithídion), meaning "small grain of barley".

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