Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm 1879)

A. hilgendorfi has 4 pairs of legs. The body consists of 4 somites (segment); the first somite bears a proboscis in anteroventral side which used for ingestion, and compound eyes which have an ocular tube on the dorsal side. The last somite bears an abdomen which has an anal orifice. Ovigers , a pair of appendages on the ventral side are used for cleaning and carrying the egg are found in first somite. (Arnaud and Bamber, 1987)

A. hilgendorfi can be found in many coastal areas including; East Coast Pacific (California, Mexico) (Cole, 1904), Wast Coast Pacific (Japan) (Böhm, 1879) , Mid-Pacific (Society Island and Hawii) (Hilton, 1942; Child, 1970; Muller, 1989), Mediterranean Sea (Lagoon of Venice) (Krapp and Sconfetti ,1983) ,Atlantic (UK) (Bamber, 2012) and North sea (Netherland) (Fassee, 2013). They normally live on sediments, mussel clumps, algae such as kelp, etc. They can also be found on echinoderms (sea cucumber and starfish) (Ohshima,1927; Nakamura & Fujita, 2004) and Hydroid (Hedgpeth, 1940).

Adult A. hilgendorfi display external dimorphism. An example of this is the "Oviger ” which is used for carrying the egg in males. In male A.hilgendorfi , ovigers are larger than in the female. Male A.hilgendorfi usually mate with more than one female and vice versa, which is called polygynandrous (Andersson 1994). The male A.hilgendorfi will carry eggs from many females until they hatch. The eggs will develop to be “ Protonymphon larvae ” which will live separately from their parent. Then, Protonymphon larvae will search for something to hide in immediately such as hydroid , etc. After the 9th moult, they will be an adult (Nakamira, 1981)

A. hilgendorfi can be found in many coastal areas including; East Coast Pacific (California, Mexico) (Cole, 1904), Wast Coast Pacific (Japan) (Böhm, 1879) , Mid-Pacific (Society Island and Hawii) (Hilton, 1942; Child, 1970; Muller, 1989), Mediterranean Sea (Lagoon of Venice) (Krapp and Sconfetti ,1983) ,Atlantic (UK) (Bamber, 2012) and North sea (Netherland) (Fassee, 2013). They normally live on sediments, mussel clumps, algae such as kelp, etc. They can also be found on echinoderms (sea cucumber and starfish) (Ohshima,1927; Nakamura & Fujita, 2004) and Hydroid (Hedgpeth, 1940).

A. hilgendorfi has 4 pairs of legs. The body consists of 4 somites (segment); the first somite bears a proboscis in anteroventral side which used for ingestion, and compound eyes which have an ocular tube on the dorsal side. The last somite bears an abdomen which has an anal orifice. Ovigers , a pair of appendages on the ventral side are used for cleaning and carrying the egg are found in first somite. (Arnaud and Bamber, 1987)

Adult A. hilgendorfi display external dimorphism. An example of this is the "Oviger ” which is used for carrying the egg in males. In male A.hilgendorfi , ovigers are larger than in the female. Male A.hilgendorfi usually mate with more than one female and vice versa, which is called polygynandrous (Andersson 1994). The male A.hilgendorfi will carry eggs from many females until they hatch. The eggs will develop to be “ Protonymphon larvae ” which will live separately from their parent. Then, Protonymphon larvae will search for something to hide in immediately such as hydroid , etc. After the 9th moult, they will be an adult (Nakamira, 1981)

Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm)

Coriger Hilgendorfi Böhm, 1879a: 187, pl. 2:figs. 3–3d.

Lecythorhynchus Hilgendorfí Böhm, 1879c: 140.—Utinomi, 1971: 336 [literature].

Ammothea hilgendorfí.—Stock, 1956:43, 45.—Child, 1979:8.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Sagami Bay: Tansei Maru cruise KT69-12, sta 21 (1). Nabeta Bay, 3 Oct 1969 (1 juv); 19 Dec 1969 (3 juv); 10 Jul 1970 (1, 1 juv); 30 Oct 1970 (1 juv); 22 Dec 1970 (1 with eggs, 2, 16 juv); 26 Nov 1970 (1 with eggs, 1, 3 juv), 19 Jan 1971 (2, 2, 3 juv); 11 Mar 1971 (2 juv); 20 May 1971 (1, 3 juv); 8 Aug 1972 (1, 1 juv); 15 Aug 1972 (2 juv), 28 Aug 1972 (2 juv), 27 Jul 1973 (1), 17 Aug 1973 (1, 1 juv), 26 Oct 1973 (1, 1 juv).

Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm)

Corniger Hilgendorfi Böhm, 1879a:187, pl. 2; fig. 3–3d.

Lecythorhynchus hilgendorfi.—Böhm, 1879c: 140,—Utinomi, 1971a:336 (literature].

Ammothea hilgendorfi.—Stock, 1956a:43, 45.—Child, 1979:8.—Nakamura and Child, 1983:13.—Kim and Hong, 1986:48.—Hong and Kim, 1987:143.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—HONSHU: Tokyo Bay, Yamashita Pier at Yokohama, intertidal, 12 Dec 1974 (3 with eggs, 2, 5, 4 juv); 13 May 1975 (5, 7 juv). Chiba Prefecture, Kominato, 4–5 m, 17 Feb 1976 (2 juv); under stone, 13 May 1973 (7 with eggs, 1, 4); shallow, 12 Jul 1984 (2 juv); 4 Aug 1984 (1 juv); 9 Aug 1984 (1, 1 juv); 1 m, 15 Aug 1984 (l, 1, 1 juv); 4 Feb 1986 (1 juv). Iwate Prefecture, Otsuchi, overflow trench at Marine Biological Station, 4 Oct 1984 (4 with eggs, 5, 3 juv). Sagami Bay, Shirahama, Izu Peninsula, intertidal, autumn, 1984 (1 with eggs); (1 juv). Off Shimoda, 37–39 m, 9 Sep 1987 (29). Off Kisami, 37–40 m, 23 Aug 1982 (1, 1 juv); 18–28 m, 24 Aug 1982 (1, 1 juv); 26–35 m, 24 Aug 1982 (2, 2). Susaki, 5 m, 26 Oct 1973 (1 with eggs). Mouth of Shimoda Bay, 40–50 m, 6 Apr 1982 (1). Overflow trench at Shimoda Research Center, 15 Oct 1980 (1).

DISTRIBUTION.—This often-collected species is known from the China Coast to Northwestern Mexico and from the Hawaiian and Society islands. It is listed in most Japanese faunal reports and is from shallow waters.

Ammothea hilgendorfi (Böhm)

Corniger hilgendorfi Böhm, 1879:187–189, pl. 2: figs. 3, 3d. Ammothea hilgendorfi.—Child, 1970:292 [literature].

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—Mexico Pacific: Baja California, Velero III 283–34 (2y—chelate).