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Langur llistat ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El langur llistat (Presbytis femoralis) és una espècie de primat de la família dels cercopitècids. Viu a la Península de Malacca i l'illa indonèsia de Sumatra.[1] Està amenaçat per la pèrdua d'hàbitat.[1] Se'n reconeixen tres subespècies:[2] femoralis (subespècie nominotípica), robinsoni i percura. Tanmateix, la taxonomia d'aquesta espècie és complexa i discutida.[3] Anteriorment incloïa P. natunae, P. siamensis i P. chrysomelas com a subespècie. En altres classificacions, totes elles (incloent-hi P. femoralis) eren classificades com a subespècies de P. melalophos.[2] És un animal diürn que s'alimenta de fruita.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Langur llistat Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 Nijman, V., Geissman, T. i Meijaard, E.. Presbytis femoralis. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 12-12-2008.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (editors). Mammal Species of the World (en anglès). 3a ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, pàg. 171. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. (anglès)
  3. Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T., Groves, C. P., Melnick, D. J., Morales, J. C., Shekelle, M. i Stewart, C.-B. 2004. Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25(1): 97-164.(anglès)


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Langur llistat: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El langur llistat (Presbytis femoralis) és una espècie de primat de la família dels cercopitècids. Viu a la Península de Malacca i l'illa indonèsia de Sumatra. Està amenaçat per la pèrdua d'hàbitat. Se'n reconeixen tres subespècies: femoralis (subespècie nominotípica), robinsoni i percura. Tanmateix, la taxonomia d'aquesta espècie és complexa i discutida. Anteriorment incloïa P. natunae, P. siamensis i P. chrysomelas com a subespècie. En altres classificacions, totes elles (incloent-hi P. femoralis) eren classificades com a subespècies de P. melalophos. És un animal diürn que s'alimenta de fruita.

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Raffles Bindenlangur ( German )

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Raffles Bindenlangur (Presbytis femoralis), auch einfach Bindenlangur oder Bänderlangur genannt, ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Schlankaffen (Presbytini).

Merkmale

Raffles Bindenlanguren haben ein dunkelgraues oder schwarzes Fell, der Bauch ist grau, wobei sich auf der Bauchmitte ein weißer Längsstreifen erstreckt. Arme und Beine, sowie der Schwanz sind wie der Rumpf gefärbt, wobei sich die Innenseiten von Armen und Beinen und die Unterseite des Schwanzes nicht hell absetzen, wie es bei vielen Affen der Fall ist. Die Brusthaare sind nach hinten gerichtet, die Bauchhaare nach vorne. Wo sie sich treffen bilden sie einen niedrigen Haarkamm.[1] Die Backen und die Ringe um die Augen sind meist hellgrau gefärbt. Wie alle Mützenlanguren sind sie relativ kleine, schlanke Primaten mit langen Hinterbeinen und einem langen Schwanz. Ihr Durchschnittsgewicht beträgt rund 6 Kilogramm. Individuen aus Singapur sind am Bauch dunkler gefärbt und für gewöhnlich etwas kleiner als die Tiere vom Malaiischen Festland.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensweise

 src=
Das Verbreitungsgebiet im Süden der Malaiischen Halbinsel und auf Singapur

Raffles Bindenlanguren leben in Südostasien, im Süden der Malaiischen Halbinsel, im malaysischen Bundesstaat Johor und auf Singapur. Ihr Lebensraum sind Wälder, sowohl Primär- als auch Sekundärwälder. Sie sind tagaktive Baumbewohner und geschickte Kletterer, die sich entweder auf allen vieren oder springend durch das Geäst bewegen. Sie leben in Gruppen von 2 bis 8, manchmal bis zu 15 Tieren. Dies sind Haremsgruppen, sie bestehen also aus einem Männchen, mehreren Weibchen und dem dazugehörigen Nachwuchs. Diese Primaten sind Pflanzenfresser, die sich vorwiegend von jungen Blättern und Früchten ernähren.

Die Fortpflanzung kann das ganze Jahr über erfolgen, nach einer rund 168-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Dieses ist zunächst weißgrau gefärbt und wird für 10 bis 12 Monate gesäugt.

Systematik

Raffles Bindenlangur wurde im Jahr 1838 durch den britischen Naturforscher William Charles Linnaeus Martin erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben und gilt heute als monotypisch, nachdem die ursprünglich zu Presbytis femoralis gezählten Unterarten seit 2001 bzw. 2020 als eigenständige Arten betrachtet werden. Dabei handelt es sich um den Sarawak-Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas), den Natuna-Langur (Presbytis natunae) und den Weißschenkligen Langur (Presbytis siamensis) und seit Juni 2020 auch um den Ostsumatra-Bindenlangur (Presbytis percura) und Robinsons Bindenlangur (Presbytis robinsoni).[2]

Gefährdung

Raffles Bindenlangur ist stark gefährdet und der Bestand wird heute auf 250 bis 300 Tiere in Malaysia und 60 etwa Exemplare in Singapur geschätzt.[2]

Literatur

  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Belege

  1. a b D. Zinner, G. H. Fickenscher & C. Roos: Family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys). Seite 715 in Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 3: Primates. Lynx Edicions, 2013 ISBN 978-8496553897
  2. a b Andie Ang, Dewi Imelda Roesma, Vincent Nijman, Rudolf Meier, Amrita Srivathsan und Rizaldi. 2020. Faecal DNA to the Rescue: Shotgun Sequencing of Non-invasive Samples reveals Two Subspecies of Southeast Asian Primates to be Critically Endangered Species. Scientific Reports. 10, 9396. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8

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Raffles Bindenlangur: Brief Summary ( German )

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Raffles Bindenlangur (Presbytis femoralis), auch einfach Bindenlangur oder Bänderlangur genannt, ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Schlankaffen (Presbytini).

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Raffles' banded langur

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The Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis), also known as the banded leaf monkey or banded surili, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia.[2] The species underwent taxonomic revisions in 2019 and 2020, in which two former subspecies were elevated to separate species. As a result, the Raffles' banded langur meets the criteria for being listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. It is mainly threatened by habitat loss.[2]

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of Presbytis femoralis underwent several changes. Up until 2019, three subspecies of P. femoralis were recognized: P. f. femoralis (nominate), P. f. percura (the East Sumatran banded langur), and P. f. robinsoni (Robinson's banded langur).[1] Presbytis f. femoralis lives in Singapore, and in the states of Johor and Pahang of southern Peninsular Malaysia, P. f. robinsoni lives in the northern Malay Peninsula, including southern Myanmar and Thailand, and P. f. percura lives in east-central Sumatra.[2][3]

Genetic data suggested that at least P. f. femoralis and P. f. robinsoni were different species[4] which was also in agreement with their morphological characters. However, resolving all subspecies-level boundaries within banded langurs required data for P. f. percura, which was the least studied among them.[5] Most recently, mitochondrial genomes were obtained for P. f. percura, and based on multiple species delimitation algorithms (PTP, ABGD, Objective Clustering) applied to a dataset covering 39 species and 43 subspecies of Asian colobines, all three subspecies of banded langurs were resurrected to species.[6][7][8][9]

William Charles Linnaeus Martin formally described P. femoralis based on material that had been collected by Sir Stamford Raffles in Singapore.[10] Martin had given the distribution as "Sumatra etc.", not mentioning Singapore explicitly, resulting in some confusion over the actual type locality.[10][11] Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. resolved the issue in 1934, determining that Singapore was the actual type locality.[10][11]

Description

The Raffles' banded langur is 43.2 to 61.0 centimetres (17.0 to 24.0 in) long, excluding the tail, with a tail length of 61.0 to 83.8 centimetres (24.0 to 33.0 in).[12] It weighs 5.9 to 8.2 kilograms (13 to 18 lb).[12] It has dark fur on the back and sides with white-colored fur forming a band on the chest and along the inner thighs.[4][11][13]

Habits

The Raffles' banded langur is diurnal and arboreal, preferring rainforest with trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae.[13][12] It comes to the ground less frequently than most other leaf monkeys.[14] It lives in both primary and secondary forest, and also in swamp forests and mangrove forests, and even in rubber plantations.[12] It moves primarily by walking on all fours and by leaping.[12]

According to wildlife researcher Charles Francis, it typically lives in groups of 3 to 6.[13] However, a study in Perawang, Sumatra found an average group size of 11 monkeys in mixed-sex groups.[15] The latter study also found an average ratio of 1 adult male to 4.8 adult females in mixed-sex groups and a ratio of 1.25 adult monkeys for every immature monkey in mixed-sex groups.[15] It also found an average range size for a group of 22 hectares, and an average population density of 42 monkeys per square kilometer.[15] Other studies found somewhat smaller home ranges, of between 9 and 21 hectares.[12]

The Raffles' banded langur appears to have two birth seasons, once between June and July and another between December and January.[16] In this study, at least six infants were born between 2008 and 2010, and the authors found low infant mortality, with several infants surviving at least to seven months old.[16] The study also found that the infant coloration of the Singapore population is indistinguishable from that of the Johor, Malaysia population, with infants having white fur with a black stripe down the back from the head to the tail, crossed by another black stripe across the shoulders and to the forearms.[16] Males leave their natal group before reaching maturity, at about 4 years old.[14]

The call of mature males sounds like "ke-ke-ke."[13] Mammalogist Ronald M. Nowak described the species' alarm call as "a harsh rattle followed by a loud chak-chak-chak-chak."

Raffles' banded langurs have occasionally been observed being groomed by long-tailed macaques.[17]

Diet

The Raffles' banded langur has a primarily vegetarian diet. Specialized bacteria in its gut allow it to digest leaves and unripe fruit.[14] The Perawang study found that nearly 60% of the diet consisted of fruits and seeds.[15] Another 30% consisted of leaves, primarily young leaves.[15] A different study found that fruit made up 49% of the diet.[12] Unlike some other monkeys, such as the long-tailed macaque, the banded langur destroys the seeds it eats, and so it is not a significant factor in dispersing seeds.[18]

Conservation status

The IUCN assessed Presbytis femoralis as being critically endangered in 2021. At the time they assessed the (then) subspecies P. f. femoralis as vulnerable.[2] After the taxonomic reassessment, there are only about 300–400 Raffles' banded langurs remaining—about 250 to 300 and possibly fewer in Malaysia and about 60 in Singapore.[6][19] As a result of the small, fragmented population and continuing risk of further deforestation, the species meets the criteria to be listed as critically endangered by IUCN.[6]

Singapore population

The Raffles' banded langur was once common throughout the island of Singapore but that population is now critically endangered with approximately 60 individuals left in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve.[6][20][21][22] The species was formerly found in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, but that population died out in 1987.[23] The last individual to live in Bukit Timah is now displayed at the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research.[23][24] The Central Catchment population had declined to as few as 10–15 monkeys before recovering to about 40 by 2012,[21] 60 by 2019.[6] and about 70 by 2022.[25]

The Singapore population feeds from at least 27 plant species, including Hevea brasiliensis leaves, Adinandra dumosa flowers and Nephelium lappaceum fruits.[3][4] They appear to prefer specific fruits and will travel long distances to reach their preferred fruit, rather than settle for more accessible foods.[22] The National Biodiversity Centre, in partnership with the Evolution Lab of the National University of Singapore, launched an ecological study to determine suitable conservation strategies. A 2012 study found extremely low genetic diversity within the remaining Singapore population and suggested that translocation of Raffles' banded langurs from Malaysia may be necessary to provide the Singapore population with enough genetic diversity to survive in the long run.[21] In 2016, a cross-border partnership between Singapore and Malaysia was formed with the establishment of a Raffles' Banded Langur Working Group funded by the Wildlife Reserves Singapore Conservation Fund.[4][26]

The main threat to the Singapore population appears to be habitat loss.[27] 99.8% of Singapore's original primary forest, including much of its dipterocarp flora, has been eliminated, with less than 200 ha remaining, primarily in Bukit Timah and the MacRitchie Reservoir and Nee Soon Swamp Forest portions of Central Catchment.[28] The Nee Soon Swamp Forest is the primary area of Central Catchment where the Raffles' banded langur is found.[29][30] The monkey groups inhabit forest fragments that have limited arboreal connections to other fragments.[4] Other contributors to the species' decline in Singapore have been hunting for food and the pet trade.[22] The species has been legally protected in Singapore since 1947.[28] The Singapore government hopes that the development of Thomson Nature Park near Central Catchment will help maintain the Raffles' banded langur population, since it is located near a traditional feeding area for the monkeys and will increase the forested area they can use.[31][32][33] Rope bridges are being used to facilitate movements between Central Catchment and nearby forest patches.[34] The government also hopes that eventually when the vegetation matures the Eco-Link@BKE will allow banded leaf monkeys to repopulate Bukit Timah.[35] A group of bachelor males once tried to make its way to Bukit Timah without using the EcoLink but one was killed crossing the highway and the group now lives in Windsor Nature Park.[36] In April 2021 a single Raffles' banded langur was observed in Bukit Timah but it is unclear whether it used the Eco-Link@BKE to get there.[37][38] The National Parks Board staff wrote of the sighting at the website of the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum.[38] Concerns have been raised as to whether construction of the Cross Island MRT line through Central Catchment may adversely impact the Raffles' banded langur population in the area.[39]

In 2020 a group of two dusky leaf monkeys was observed in Singapore, possibly having swum from Johor, and they were able to chase away a group of eleven Raffles' banded langurs that had been feeding on Adenanthera pavonina seeds.[40][41]

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d e Ang, A., Boonratana, R. & Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39801A205832720. Retrieved 14 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b "Andie Ang Primatologist". Andie Ang. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
  4. ^ a b c d e Ang, A.; D'Rozario, V.; Jayasri, S.L.; Lees, C.M.; Li, T.J.; Luz, S. (2016z). "Species Action Plan for the Conservation of Raffles' Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis femoralis) in Malaysia and Singapore" (PDF). IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  5. ^ Rizaldi; Ilham, K.; Prasetio, I.; Lee, Z.; Jabbar, S. & Ang, A. (2019). "Preliminary study on the distribution and conservation status of the East Sumatran banded langur Presbytis femoralis percura in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia" (PDF). Asian Primates Journal. 8 (1): 25–36.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ang, A.; Roesma, D.I.; Nijman, V.; Meier, R.; Srivathsan, A. & Rizaldi (2020). "Faecal DNA to the rescue: Shotgun sequencing of non-invasive samples reveals two subspecies of Southeast Asian primates to be Critically Endangered Species". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9396. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.9396A. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8. PMC 7287133. PMID 32523128.
  7. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (23 June 2020). "New monkey species found hiding in plain sight". Microsoft News. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  8. ^ Nuwer, Rachel (22 June 2020). "New monkey species found hiding in plain sight". National Geographic. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  9. ^ "Presbytis". ITIS. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  10. ^ a b c Low, M.E.Y. & Lim K.K.P. (30 October 2015). "The Authorship and Type Locality of the Banded Leaf Monkey, Presbytis Femoralis" (PDF). Nature in Singapore. 8: 69–71. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
  11. ^ a b c Miller, Gerrit S. (May 1934). "The Langurs of the Presbytis Femoralis Group". Journal of Mammalogy. 15 (2): 124–137. doi:10.2307/1373983. JSTOR 1373983.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Rowe, N. (1996). A Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. Pogonias Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0964882508.
  13. ^ a b c d Francis, C.M. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 78, 263–265. ISBN 9780691135519.
  14. ^ a b c Attenborough, David (2019). Wild City:Forest Life. Channel NewsAsia.
  15. ^ a b c d e Kirkpatrick, R.C. (2007). "The Asian Colobines". In Campbell, C.J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.C.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S.K. (eds.). Primates in Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 201–223. ISBN 9780195171334.
  16. ^ a b c Ang, A.; Ismail, M. & Meier, R. (2010). "Reproduction and infant pelage coloration of the banded leaf monkey, Presbytis femoralis (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Singapore" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 58 (2): 411–415. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
  17. ^ Lee, Z.H., Ang, A. & Ruppert, N. (26 August 2021). "First record of interspecies grooming between Raffles' Banded Langur and Long-tailed Macaque". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (9): 19246–19253. doi:10.11609/jott.7510.13.9.19246-19253. Retrieved 2021-09-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Corlett, R.T. & Lucas, P.W. "Mammals of Bukit Timah" (PDF). The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore Supplement No. 3. Gardens' Bulletin: A Periodical Reflecting the Interests and Activities of the Botanic Gardens Singapore. Singapore Botanic Gardens: National Parks Board. p. 98. ISSN 0374-7859. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
  19. ^ Ming, Toh Ee (January 14, 2020). "Singapore's rarest monkeys need love and space to live, says local scientist devoted to saving primates". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  20. ^ "Ang Hui Fang's Banded Leaf Monkey work in The Straits Times – The Biodiversity Crew @ NUS". The Biodiversity Crew @ NUS. 2010-04-12. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  21. ^ a b c Ang A.; Srivasthan A.; Md.-Zain B.; Ismail M.; Meier R. (2012). "Low genetic variability in the recovering urban banded leaf monkey population of Singapore". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 60 (2): 589–594. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
  22. ^ a b c Ang, A. (July–September 2010). "Living Treasures in the Tree Tops: A Fresh Look at Singapore's Banded Leaf Monkeys". BeMuse Magazine. Splash Publishing. pp. 46–50. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
  23. ^ a b "Hope remains for last monkeys". Singapore Press Holdings. April 8, 2002. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  24. ^ "Raffles' banded langur (Banded leaf monkey)". National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  25. ^ Wei, Chong Xin (22 June 2022). "Increase in population of critically endangered monkey in S'pore, but more needs to be done". Straits Times. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  26. ^ "Conservation of Singapore's own Raffles' banded langur". Wildlife Reserves Singapore Group. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  27. ^ "Singapore Red Data Book 2008:Banded Leaf Monkey" (PDF). National Parks Board. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  28. ^ a b Corlett, Richard T. (July 1992). "The Ecological Transformation of Singapore, 1819–1990". Journal of Biogeography. 19 (4): 411–420. doi:10.2307/2845569. JSTOR 2845569.
  29. ^ Min, Chew Hui & Pazos, Rebecca (December 11, 2015). "Animals Crossing". Straits Times. Retrieved 2019-01-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Ng, Peter & Lim, Kelvin (September 1992). "The conservation status of the Nee Soon freshwater swamp forest of Singapore". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2 (3): 255–266. doi:10.1002/aqc.3270020305.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Tan, Audrey (April 11, 2016). "More parks to save shy monkey from extinction". Straits Times. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  32. ^ "NParks announces plans for Upcoming Thomson Nature Park". National Parks Board. October 8, 2016. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  33. ^ "Media Fact Sheet A: Thomson Nature Park" (PDF). National Parks Board. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  34. ^ Ow, Sebastian; Chan, Sharon; Toh, Yuet Hsin; Chan, Soo Hooi; Lakshminarayanan, Jayasri; Jabbar, Sabrina; Ang, Andie; Loo, Adrian (21 April 2022). "Bridging the gap: assessing the effectiveness of rope bridges for wildlife in Singapore". Folia Primatologica. -1 (aop): 287–298. doi:10.1163/14219980-20211110. S2CID 248337612. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  35. ^ "Eco-Link@BKE". National Parks Board. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  36. ^ Min, Chew Hui (22 August 2020). "IN FOCUS: How urbanised Singapore is learning to live with its wildlife". Channel News Asia. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  37. ^ Seah, Kimberley (2 July 2021). "Bukit Timah Monkey Makes Rare Appearance After Last Of Its Kind Passed In 1987". Must Share News. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  38. ^ a b Tan, Audrey (1 July 2021). "Rare monkey sighted in Bukit Timah area after more than 30 years". The Straits Times. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  39. ^ Youjin, Low (5 December 2019). "Explainer: What are Raffles' banded langurs, and how will the Cross Island Line affect them?". Today Online. Mediacorp Pte. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  40. ^ Ang, Andie; Jabbar, Sabrina; Khoo, Max (26 June 2020). "Dusky Langurs Trachypithecus obscurus (Reid, 1837) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Singapore: potential origin and conflicts with native primate species". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 12 (9): 15967–15974. doi:10.11609/jott.5818.12.9.15967-15974.
  41. ^ Tan, Audrey (4 July 2020). "Monkey species native to Malaysia spotted in Singapore". Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-07-04.

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Raffles' banded langur: Brief Summary

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The Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis), also known as the banded leaf monkey or banded surili, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia. The species underwent taxonomic revisions in 2019 and 2020, in which two former subspecies were elevated to separate species. As a result, the Raffles' banded langur meets the criteria for being listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. It is mainly threatened by habitat loss.

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Presbytis femoralis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El surili de bandas (Presbytis femoralis) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae.[2]​ Es endémico de la península de Malaca y la isla de Sumatra en Indonesia.[1]​ Se encuentra amenazado por la pérdida de hábitat.[1]​ Se reconocen tres subespecies P.f.femoralis, P.f.robinsoni y P.f.percura,[2]​ pero su clasificación es compleja y discutida,[3]​ y se ha considerado como subespecies el surili de la isla Natuna (Presbytis natunae), el surili de muslos blancos (Presbytis siamensis y el surili de Sarawak (Presbytis chrysomelas) o alternativamente todas ellas (incluyendo a P. femoralis) se les ha considerado subespecie de surili de Sumatra (Presbytis melalophos).[2]​ Es diurno y se alimenta de frutas.

En Singapur, el surili de bandas se les considera críticamente amenazado con una población de 40 individuos en la Reserva Natural de la Cuenca Central.[4]

Referencias

  1. a b c Nijman, V., Geissman, T. & Meijaard, E. (2008). «Presbytis femoralis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de agosto de 2011.
  2. a b c Groves, Colin (2005). «Presbytis femoralis». En Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T., Groves, C. P., Melnick, D. J., Morales, J. C., Shekelle, M. and Stewart, C.-B. 2004. Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25(1): 97-164.
  4. http://nusbiodiversity.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/hui-fangs-banded-leaf-monkey-work-in-the-straits-times/
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Presbytis femoralis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El surili de bandas (Presbytis femoralis) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae.​ Es endémico de la península de Malaca y la isla de Sumatra en Indonesia.​ Se encuentra amenazado por la pérdida de hábitat.​ Se reconocen tres subespecies P.f.femoralis, P.f.robinsoni y P.f.percura,​ pero su clasificación es compleja y discutida,​ y se ha considerado como subespecies el surili de la isla Natuna (Presbytis natunae), el surili de muslos blancos (Presbytis siamensis y el surili de Sarawak (Presbytis chrysomelas) o alternativamente todas ellas (incluyendo a P. femoralis) se les ha considerado subespecie de surili de Sumatra (Presbytis melalophos).​ Es diurno y se alimenta de frutas.

En Singapur, el surili de bandas se les considera críticamente amenazado con una población de 40 individuos en la Reserva Natural de la Cuenca Central.​

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Presbytis femoralis ( Basque )

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Presbytis femoralis Presbytis generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Colobinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. Martin (1838) 2 Mag. Nat. Hist. [Charlesworth's] 436. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Presbytis femoralis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Presbytis femoralis Presbytis generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Colobinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Semnopithèque malais ( French )

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Presbytis femoralis

Le Semnopithèque malais[1] (Presbytis femoralis) est un singe de l'ancien monde qui évolue en Asie du Sud-Est. Ce semnopithèque de la famille des Cercopithecidae a encore une taxinomie très discutée, certains auteurs considérant les espèces Presbytis natunae, Presbytis siamensis et Presbytis chrysomelas comme des sous-espèces du semnopithèque malais[2].

Répartition

Carte d'Asie du Sud-Est avec une zone marron sur la péninsule malaise et Sumatra
Carte d'Asie du Sud-Est avec zone de répartition en marron

Le semnopithèque à front blanc est endémique de Bornéo. Répartie en péninsule Malaise et à Sumatra l'espèce a été déclarée en danger critique de disparition[3].

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (13 mars 2011)[4] :

  • sous-espèce Presbytis femoralis femoralis
  • sous-espèce Presbytis femoralis percura
  • sous-espèce Presbytis femoralis robinsoni

Notes et références

  1. (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne).
  2. (en) Référence Mammal Species of the World (3e éd., 2005) : Presbytis femoralis Martin, 1838 comme des sous-espèces
  3. (en) Référence UICN : espèce Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838)
  4. Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 13 mars 2011

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Semnopithèque malais: Brief Summary ( French )

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Presbytis femoralis

Le Semnopithèque malais (Presbytis femoralis) est un singe de l'ancien monde qui évolue en Asie du Sud-Est. Ce semnopithèque de la famille des Cercopithecidae a encore une taxinomie très discutée, certains auteurs considérant les espèces Presbytis natunae, Presbytis siamensis et Presbytis chrysomelas comme des sous-espèces du semnopithèque malais.

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Lutung kokah ( Indonesian )

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Lutung kokah (Presbytis femoralis), juga dikenal sebagai daun monyet kokah atau surili kokah, adalah spesies primata dalam famili Cercopithecidae. Hewan ini merupakan hewan endemik di Semenanjung Malaya dan Indonesia di pulau Sumatra. Hewan ini terancam punah akibat pengrusakan habitat.

Referensi

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Lutung kokah: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Lutung kokah (Presbytis femoralis), juga dikenal sebagai daun monyet kokah atau surili kokah, adalah spesies primata dalam famili Cercopithecidae. Hewan ini merupakan hewan endemik di Semenanjung Malaya dan Indonesia di pulau Sumatra. Hewan ini terancam punah akibat pengrusakan habitat.

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Presbytis femoralis ( Italian )

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Il presbite di Raffles (Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838)), noto anche come presbite della Sonda, è una specie di primate della tribù dei Presbytini.

Descrizione

Il presbite di Raffles ha la pelliccia di colore grigio scuro o nero; la pancia è grigia con una striscia verticale bianca che si estende al centro di essa. Le braccia e le gambe, così come la coda, sono dello stesso colore del tronco, con la parte interna di braccia e gambe e quella inferiore della coda più chiare, come nel caso di molte scimmie. I peli del petto sono rivolti all'indietro, quelli del ventre in avanti: nel punto in cui si incontrano, formano una sorta di basso pettine[2]. Le guance e gli anelli intorno agli occhi sono generalmente di colore grigio chiaro. Come tutti i presbiti, è un primate relativamente piccolo e snello con lunghe zampe posteriori e una lunga coda. Il suo peso medio è di circa 6 chilogrammi. Gli esemplari di Singapore hanno la pancia di colore più scuro e di solito sono leggermente più piccoli di quelli che vivono sulla terraferma malese[2].

Biologia

Il presbite di Raffles è originario del Sud-est asiatico; vive nel sud della penisola malese, nello stato malese di Johor e a Singapore. Il suo habitat è costituito dalle foreste, sia primarie che secondarie. Questo primate arboricolo e diurno è un abile arrampicatore che si sposta a quattro zampe o saltando tra i rami. Vive in gruppi composti da 2 a 8 esemplari, a volte fino a 15. I gruppi in realtà sono degli harem costituiti da un maschio, da diverse femmine e dalla loro prole. È un animale vegetariano e si nutre principalmente di giovani foglie e frutti.

La riproduzione può avvenire in qualsiasi periodo dell'anno. Dopo una gestazione di circa 168 giorni la femmina partorisce un solo piccolo. Inizialmente esso è di colore bianco-grigio e viene allattato per 10-12 mesi.

Tassonomia

Il presbite di Raffles venne descritto scientificamente per la prima volta nel 1838 dal naturalista britannico William Charles Linnaeus Martin ed è attualmente considerato monotipico, dal momento che le varie sottospecie originariamente incluse in Presbytis femoralis sono state considerate specie separate nel 2001 e nel 2020. Si tratta per l'esattezza del presbite del Sarawak (Presbytis chrysomelas), del presbite di Natuna (Presbytis natunae) e del presbite del Siam (Presbytis siamensis) e, dal giugno 2020, anche del presbite di Sumatra orientale (Presbytis percura) e del presbite di Robinson (Presbytis robinsoni)[3].

Conservazione

Il presbite di Raffles è gravemente minacciato di estinzione: ne rimangono in tutto tra i 250 e i 300 esemplari in Malesia e circa 60 a Singapore[3].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Ang, A. & Boonratana, R. 2020, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b D. Zinner, G. H. Fickenscher e C. Roos, Family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), in Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands e Don E. Wilson (a cura di), Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 3: Primates, Lynx Edicions, 2013, p. 715, ISBN 978-8496553897.
  3. ^ a b Andie Ang, Dewi Imelda Roesma, Vincent Nijman, Rudolf Meier, Amrita Srivathsan e Rizaldi, Faecal DNA to the Rescue: Shotgun Sequencing of Non-invasive Samples reveals Two Subspecies of Southeast Asian Primates to be Critically Endangered Species, in Scientific Reports, vol. 10, n. 9396, 2020, DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-66007-8.

Bibliografia

  • Thomas Geissmann, Vergleichende Primatologie, Berlino, Springer-Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Don E. Wilson e DeeAnn M. Reeder (a cura di), Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference, Baltimora (MD), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

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Presbytis femoralis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il presbite di Raffles (Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838)), noto anche come presbite della Sonda, è una specie di primate della tribù dei Presbytini.

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Bandlangoer ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De bandlangoer (Presbytis femoralis) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de apen van de Oude Wereld (Cercopithecidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Martin in 1838.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
09-08-2012
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Presbytis femoralis ( Swedish )

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Presbytis femoralis[2][3] (bandad bladapa [4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Martin 1838. Presbytis femoralis ingår i släktet bladapor och familjen markattartade apor.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad på grund av utbredningsområdets omvandling till palmodlingar.[1] Det svenska trivialnamnet bandad bladapa förekommer för arten.[7]

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter.[8]

Utseende

Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 46 till 59 cm[9] och en vikt av cirka 6 kg. Pälsens grundfärg är mörkbrun till svartaktig på ryggen och ljusare på buken. Några populationer har en tydlig längsgående vit strimma på buken och hos andra populationer förekommer vitaktiga eller blåa ringar kring ögonen. Ibland klassificeras de olika färgvarianterna som underarter.[10] Några individer har en eller två tofsar på huvudet (se bild).[7]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna primat förekommer på Malackahalvön och på nordcentrala Sumatra. Habitatet utgörs av mangroveskogar och av områden med buskar och gräs längs vattendrag. Arten äter huvudsakligen frukter samt några blad.[1]

Ekologi

Presbytis femoralis klättrar vanligen i växtligheten men den kommer ibland ner till marken. Födan utgörs främst av frukter och unga blad samt av frön och blommor. Individerna bildar flockar som har beroende på utbredningsområde 2 till 15 medlemmar. En vanlig flock består av en hane, några honor och deras ungar. Dessutom finns ungkarlsflockar. Arten är aktiv på dagen men den vilar vanligen under dagens hetaste timmar.[10]

Hos arten finns ingen särskild parningstid. Honor är ungefär varje månad för en vecka parningsberedda men mellan två födslar ligger två år. Dräktigheten varar i genomsnitt 168 dagar och sedan föds vanligen en unge, sällan tvillingar. Ungarna diar sin mor 10 till 12 månader. Äldre ungar uppfostras av hela flocken.[10]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Presbytis femoralis Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ Djurordlistan
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/presbytis+femoralis/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b] David W. McDonald (en), S. Ulfstrand (sv), red (1996). ”Bladapor”. Bonniers Stora Verk Om Jordens Djur. "Apor". Bonnier Lexikon AB. sid. 102-111. ISBN 91-632-0077-5
  8. ^ (2005) , website Presbytis femoralis, Mammal Species of the World
  9. ^ Francis, Charles M. (2008). ”Presbytis” (på engelska). A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers. sid. 78. ISBN 9781845377359
  10. ^ [a b c] Sean Flannery (27 april 2007). ”Banded Leaf-monkey” (på engelska). Primate Fact Sheets. http://www.theprimata.com/presbytis_femoralis.html. Läst 8 juli 2014.

Externa länkar

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Presbytis femoralis: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Presbytis femoralis (bandad bladapa ) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Martin 1838. Presbytis femoralis ingår i släktet bladapor och familjen markattartade apor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad på grund av utbredningsområdets omvandling till palmodlingar. Det svenska trivialnamnet bandad bladapa förekommer för arten.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter.

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Presbytis femoralis ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Мають темно-сіре або чорне хутро, тільки на животі й внутрішніх частинах стегон тягнуться вертикальні білі смуги; щелепи і кільця навколо очей, як правило, забарвлені в світло-сірий колір. Це відносно невеликі, тонкі примати з довгими задніми ногами і довгим хвостом. Їх середня вага становить близько 6 кг.

Поширення

Країни проживання: Індонезія; Малайзія; М'янма; Сінгапур; Таїланд. Населяє первинні і вторинні тропічні ліси.

Стиль життя

Є денними і деревними. Живуть в групах від 2 до 8, іноді до 15 тварин. Це гаремні групи. Ці примати є травоїдними, що в основному харчуються молодим листям і плодами.

Відтворення може бути зроблене протягом усього року, після приблизно 168 днів вагітності, самиця народжує одне дитинча. Дитинча спочатку біло-сірого кольору і вигодовується 10—12 місяців.

Загрози та охорона

Вирубка лісів і перетворення середовища існування є основними загрозами цьому виду. Цей вид включений в Додаток II СІТЕС. Існує нагальна необхідність уточнити класифікацію і поширення виду. Спостерігається плутанина інформації про види P. femoralis і P. siamensis.

Посилання


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Presbytis femoralis ( Vietnamese )

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Presbytis femoralis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Martin mô tả năm 1838.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Nijman, V., Geissman, T. & Meijaard, E. (2008). Presbytis femoralis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2008.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Presbytis femoralis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Presbytis femoralis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Presbytis femoralis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Martin mô tả năm 1838.

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띠잎원숭이 ( Korean )

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띠잎원숭이 또는 띠수릴리(영어: Presbytis femoralis)는 긴꼬리원숭이과에 속하는 영장류의 하나이다. 말레이반도인도네시아 수마트라섬이 원산지이다.[2] 서식지 감소로 멸종 위기에 처해 있다.[2] 3종의 아종이 있지만, 분류학적으로 매우 복잡하고 논쟁 중에 있으며[3], 또한 나투나섬잎원숭이(P. natunae), 흰넓적다리잎원숭이(P. siamensis) 그리고 사라와크잎원숭이(P. chrysomelas)를 띠잎원숭이의 아종으로 포함시키거나, 띠잎원숭이(P. femoralis)를 포함한 이 모든 종들을 수마트라잎원숭이(P. melalophos)의 아종으로 취급하기도 한다.[1]

아종

3종의 아종이 있다.[1]

  • Presbytis femoralis femoralis
  • Presbytis femoralis robinsoni
  • Presbytis femoralis percura

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 171쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Presbytis femoralis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 12월 12일에 확인함.
  3. Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T., Groves, C. P., Melnick, D. J., Morales, J. C., Shekelle, M. and Stewart, C.-B. 2004. Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25(1): 97-164.
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띠잎원숭이: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

띠잎원숭이 또는 띠수릴리(영어: Presbytis femoralis)는 긴꼬리원숭이과에 속하는 영장류의 하나이다. 말레이반도인도네시아 수마트라섬이 원산지이다. 서식지 감소로 멸종 위기에 처해 있다. 3종의 아종이 있지만, 분류학적으로 매우 복잡하고 논쟁 중에 있으며, 또한 나투나섬잎원숭이(P. natunae), 흰넓적다리잎원숭이(P. siamensis) 그리고 사라와크잎원숭이(P. chrysomelas)를 띠잎원숭이의 아종으로 포함시키거나, 띠잎원숭이(P. femoralis)를 포함한 이 모든 종들을 수마트라잎원숭이(P. melalophos)의 아종으로 취급하기도 한다.

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