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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 42.8 years (captivity)
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Ateles chamek ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Ateles chamek és una espècie de primat de Sud-amèrica. Aquesta mona aranya viu a Bolívia, el Brasil i el Perú. Ateles chamek habita les terres baixes del centre i nord de Bolívia, l'oest del Brasil i el nord-est del Perú. Es troba al sud de l'Amazones, a l'oest del riu Tapajós (Brasil) fins al riu Ucayali (Perú). S'estén cap al sud al marge de la serralada dels Andes fins al centre de Bolivia i des d'allà cap al nord-est al marge del Parc Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado a l'estat brasiler de Mato Grosso, fins al marge esquerre dels rius Teles, Pires i Tapajós.[1]

Referències

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  1. Wallace, R.B.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Cornejo, F.; Boubli, J.-P. Ateles chamek. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 8 novembre 2008.


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Ateles chamek: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Ateles chamek és una espècie de primat de Sud-amèrica. Aquesta mona aranya viu a Bolívia, el Brasil i el Perú. Ateles chamek habita les terres baixes del centre i nord de Bolívia, l'oest del Brasil i el nord-est del Perú. Es troba al sud de l'Amazones, a l'oest del riu Tapajós (Brasil) fins al riu Ucayali (Perú). S'estén cap al sud al marge de la serralada dels Andes fins al centre de Bolivia i des d'allà cap al nord-est al marge del Parc Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado a l'estat brasiler de Mato Grosso, fins al marge esquerre dels rius Teles, Pires i Tapajós.

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Schwarzgesichtklammeraffe ( German )

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Verbreitungsgebiet des Schwarzgesichtklammeraffen in Südamerika

Der Schwarzgesichtklammeraffe (Ateles chamek) ist eine in Südamerika lebende Primatenart aus der Familie der Klammerschwanzaffen (Atelidae).

Merkmale

Schwarzgesichtklammeraffen sind wie alle Klammeraffen schlank gebaute Primaten. Die Gliedmaßen sind lang und dünn, die Hände hakenförmig und der Daumen als Anpassung an die hangelnde Fortbewegung zurückgebildet. Der Schwanz, der länger als der Körper ist, ist als Greifschwanz ausgebildet: er ist im hinteren Teil an der Unterseite unbehaart. Das Fell dieser Tiere ist schwarz gefärbt, namensgebendes Merkmal ist das im Gegensatz zu verwandten Arten ebenfalls schwarze, haarlose Gesicht.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Diese Primaten leben im westlichen Brasilien (südlich des Rio Solimões und westlich des Rio Tapajós) sowie im östlichen Peru und im nördlichen Bolivien. Ihr Lebensraum sind Tiefland-Regenwälder.

Lebensweise

Schwarzgesichtklammeraffen sind tagaktive Baumbewohner. Sie bewegen sich im Geäst schnell und geschickt fort und setzen dabei den Greifschwanz wie eine fünfte Gliedmaße ein. Bei der Nahrungsaufnahme können sie auch länger am Schwanz oder an einer Gliedmaße hängen. Sie leben in Gruppen von bis zu 30 Tieren, die sich während der Nahrungssuche oft in Untergruppen aufteilen. Die Nahrung dieser Tiere besteht vorwiegend aus Früchten, in geringerem Ausmaß auch Blätter und andere Pflanzenteile.

Systematik

Der Schwarzgesichtklammeraffe wurde lange Zeit unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Ateles paniscus chamek[1] als Unterart des Rotgesichtklammeraffen angesehen, später als Unterart des Weißstirnklammeraffen (Ateles belzebuth).[2] Colin Groves vertrat schon seit 1989[3] die These, dass der Schwarzgesichtklammeraffe als eigenständige Art anzusehen sei. Diese Ansicht hat sich seither weitgehend durchgesetzt.[4]

Gefährdung

Hauptbedrohung des Schwarzgesichtklammeraffen ist die Bejagung wegen ihres Fleisches. Hinzu kommt die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch Waldrodungen und Bergbau. Gebietsweise ist er noch häufig, da aber die Gesamtpopulation deutlich zurückgegangen ist, wird er von der IUCN als „stark gefährdet“ (endangered) eingestuft. 2003 war er noch als „nicht gefährdet“ (least concern) gelistet worden.[5]

Einzelnachweise

  1. R. Kellogg & E. A. Goldman: Review of the spider monkeys. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 96, S. 1–45, 1944
  2. M. A. A. Medeiros, R. M. S. Barros, J. C. Pieczarka, C. Y. Nagamachi, M. Ponsà, M. Garcia, F. Garcia & J. Egozcue: Radiation and speciation of spider monkeys, genus Ateles, from the cytogenetic viewpoint. American Journal of Primatology, 42, S. 167–178, 1997
  3. Colin Peter Groves: A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York 1989
  4. Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005
  5. Ateles chamek in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2014. Eingestellt von: R. B. Wallace, R. A. Mittermeier, F. Cornejo & J. P. Boubli, 2008. Abgerufen am 2. Februar 2015.
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Schwarzgesichtklammeraffe: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiet des Schwarzgesichtklammeraffen in Südamerika

Der Schwarzgesichtklammeraffe (Ateles chamek) ist eine in Südamerika lebende Primatenart aus der Familie der Klammerschwanzaffen (Atelidae).

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Peruvian spider monkey

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The Peruvian spider monkey (Ateles chamek), also known as the black-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey that lives in Peru, as well as in Brazil and in Bolivia. At 60 centimetres (2 feet) long, they are relatively large among species of monkey, and their strong, prehensile tails can be up to 1 m (3 ft) long. Unlike many species of monkey, they have only a vestigial thumb, an adaptation which enables them to travel using brachiation.[3] Peruvian spider monkeys live in groups of 20–30 individuals, but these groups are rarely all together simultaneously. The size and dynamics of the resulting subgroups vary with food availability and sociobehavioral activity.[2] They prefer to eat fleshy fruit, but will change their diet in response to scarcity of ripe fruit.[4] Individuals of this species also eat small animals, insects and leaves based on availability. Females separate from the band to give birth, typically in the fall. These females inhabit a group of core areas where resources are abundant in certain seasons.[2] Typically, males exhibit ranging over longer distances than females, with movement of individuals enhancing the fluidity of subgroup size. Peruvian spider monkey are independent at about 10 months, with a lifespan of about 20 years.[2]

Characteristics

The Peruvian spider monkey weighs up to 9 kilograms (20 pounds).[5] Its body can be 70 cm (28 in) long and the tail can be 1 m (40 in) long. It has four elongated fingers and virtually no thumb, which is typical for spider monkeys but unusual for other monkeys. It can move easily through the trees and it has a prehensile tail like other species in the genus Ateles, which it uses to assist with brachiation.[6] It has an agility that can only be compared to the gibbon of Asia. It has a life span of up to 20 years.[7]

Distribution

The species occurs in central-northern of Bolivia, north-eastern Peru, and the central-western Brazilian Amazon.[8][9] The species was recently found to occur in the northern bank of Solimões River, at the Mamirauá Reserve, where it probably colonized through a river meander cutoff process.[8] They live primarily in lowland forests, occupying the canopy and the sub-canopy, but they have been observed using various habitat types, including dry and hilly areas such as the piedmont and cerrado forests, and have been observed to move depending on food availability.[6][10] They were also observed living in Amazonian seasonally flooded forests.[8] They live in territorial bands of 6–12 individuals whose territory covers about 20 square kilometers.[5] Band size is somewhat seasonal,[11] probably because females separate themselves from the band for a few months to give birth, primarily in the fall. It has to contest with other spider monkeys, woolly monkeys, and howler monkeys for food and territory.[7]

Food

The Peruvian spider monkey feeds on leaves, berries, small animals such as birds and frogs, flowers, termites, honey, grubs, and fruits. It is primarily frugivorous with a tendency to exhibit folivory in times of fruit scarcity.[4] It will also eat insects, baby birds, bird eggs, and frogs.[7] In the Amazon, groups of Peruvian spider monkeys show strong seasonal variations in habitat based on the availability of fleshy fruits.[10] The foraging habits of this species causes the monkeys to be a vital component of seed dispersal patterns for many tree species in Amazonia.[12]

Growth and reproduction

The spider monkey has a reproductive period that can span throughout the year, though most offspring are born at the start of the Autumn season. It has a gestation period of about 140 days. The pregnant female leaves the group to have her baby and returns 2–4 months later. The newborn spider monkey is independent at about 10 months.[7]

Conservation status

This species of spider monkey, in addition to other species within the genus Ateles, is threatened due to exploitation by humans and habitat loss. It is currently listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Endangered and is listed in Appendix II of CITES despite having been listed as a species of "Least concern" in 2003.[2] The IUCN experts claim that the number of individuals has declined by at least 50% over the past 45 years. Researchers suggest that the species may effectively occupy only 28% of its entire range, and that only 32% of the species’ area of occupancy is legally protected.[9] They also suggests that 31–40% of the species’ habitat will be lost by 2050. This decline is partially due to the fact that these monkeys are targeted by hunters for sale and consumption in the Amazonian bushmeat trade. Furthermore, habitat in the southern part of its range is being developed for agriculture and habitat in the southwestern Peruvian region of Madre de Dios is being polluted and destroyed by illegal mining activity.[2] In Peru, illicit extraction of timber and wildlife products remain issues even in protected areas.[13] Studies show that in heavily hunted and farmed areas, large-bodied primate species such as spider monkeys are likely to be some of the first species to be extirpated.[14][15] Reintroduction efforts by researchers at Reserva Ecologica Taricaya have begun along the lower Madre de Dios river where conservation efforts now provide a suitable release site and protected habitat.[15]

Similar or related species

In addition to external appearance, the Peruvian spider monkey differs from the red-faced spider monkey by the number of chromosomes (2n = 32 in the red-faced vs. 2n = 34 in the Peruvian) in addition to several specific chromosomal differences. The two species have been interbred in captivity, resulting in offspring with reduced fertility (but not sterility).[16] There are several related species such as the Central American spider monkey or Geoffroy's spider monkey (A. geoffroyi), and the brown spider monkey (A. hybridus) and the species' closest relative the white-bellied spider monkey (A. belzebuth). All of these have a prehensile tail, a thumbless hand, and other characteristics that are found in all spider monkeys.[17]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Alves, S.L.; Ravetta, A.L.; Paim, F.P.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rabelo, R.M.; Wallace, R.B.; Messias, M.R.; Calouro, A.M.; Rylands, A.B.; de Melo, F.R.; Boubli, J.P. (2021). "Ateles chamek". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41547A191685783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41547A191685783.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ Mittermeier, RA (1978). "Locomotion and Posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus". Folia Primatologica. 30 (3): 161–193. doi:10.1159/000155862. PMID 720997.
  4. ^ a b Felton, Annika; Felton, Adam; Wood, Jeff T.; Lindenmayer, David B. (2008). "Diet and Feeding Ecology of Ateles chamek in a Bolivian Semihumid Forest: The Importance of Ficus as a Staple Food Resource". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (2): 379–403. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9241-1. S2CID 29093133.
  5. ^ a b Haugaasen, T.; Peres, C. (2005). "Primate assemblage structure in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests". American Journal of Primatology. 67 (2): 243–258. doi:10.1002/ajp.20180. PMID 16229024. S2CID 21142851.
  6. ^ a b "Ateles chamek (Chamek spider monkey)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017-04-13.
  7. ^ a b c d Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
  8. ^ a b c Rabelo, Rafael M.; Silva, Felipe E; Vieira, Tatiana; Ferreira-Ferreira, Jefferson; Paim, Fernanda P; Dutra, Wallace; Silva Jr, José S; Valsecchi, João (2014-04-01). "Extension of the geographic range of Ateles chamek (Primates, Atelidae): evidence of river-barrier crossing by an amazonian primate". Primates. 55 (2): 167–171. doi:10.1007/s10329-014-0409-3. ISSN 1610-7365. PMID 24510072. S2CID 15577379.
  9. ^ a b Rabelo, Rafael M.; Gonçalves, Jonas R.; Silva, Felipe E.; Rocha, Daniel G.; Canale, Gustavo R.; Bernardo, Christine S.S.; Boubli, Jean P. (2018-12-18). "Predicted distribution and habitat loss for the Endangered black-faced black spider monkey Ateles chamek in the Amazon". Oryx. 54 (5): 699–705. doi:10.1017/S0030605318000522. ISSN 0030-6053.
  10. ^ a b Wallace, Robert (2006). "Seasonal Variations in Black-Faced Black Spider Monkey (Ateles chamek) Habitat Use and Ranging Behavior in a Southern Amazonian Tropical Forest". American Journal of Primatology. 68 (4): 313–332. doi:10.1002/ajp.20227. PMID 16534811. S2CID 12291150.
  11. ^ Iwanaga, S., Ferrari S.F., 2001. Party Size and Diet of Syntopic Atelids (Ateles chamek and Lagothrix cana) in Southwestern Brazilian Amazonia.
  12. ^ Nunez-Iturri, Gabriela; Howe, Henry F. (2007). "Bushmeat and the Fate of Trees with Seeds Dispersed by Large Primates in a Lowland Rain Forest in Western Amazonia". Biotropica. 39 (3): 348–354. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00276.x. S2CID 85790240.
  13. ^ Vuohelainen, Anni Johanna; Coad, Lauren; Marthews, Toby R.; Malhi, Yadvinder; Killeen, Timothy J. (2012). "The Effectiveness of Contrasting Protected Areas in Preventing Deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru". Environmental Management. 50 (4): 645–663. Bibcode:2012EnMan..50..645V. doi:10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y. PMID 22814545. S2CID 206943614.
  14. ^ Naughton-Treves, Lisa; Mena, Jose Luis; Treves, Adrian; Alvarez, Nora; Radeloff, Volker Christian (2003). "Wildlife Survival Beyond Park Boundaries: the Impact of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture and Hunting on Mammals in Tambopata, Peru". Conservation Biology. 17 (4): 1106–1117. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02045.x. S2CID 52084096.
  15. ^ a b Bello, Raul. "Rehabilitation and Reintroduction Program of Ateles chamek in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon". Grupo de Primatología en Perú. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  16. ^ de Boer, L.E.M., de Bruijn, M., 2005. Chromosomal distinction between the red-faced and black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus paniscus and A. chamek.)
  17. ^ Spider Monkey, Animal The Definitive Visual Guide to the World’s Wildlife, ISBN 0-7894-7764-5 p. 123; Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378-379
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Peruvian spider monkey: Brief Summary

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The Peruvian spider monkey (Ateles chamek), also known as the black-faced black spider monkey, is a species of spider monkey that lives in Peru, as well as in Brazil and in Bolivia. At 60 centimetres (2 feet) long, they are relatively large among species of monkey, and their strong, prehensile tails can be up to 1 m (3 ft) long. Unlike many species of monkey, they have only a vestigial thumb, an adaptation which enables them to travel using brachiation. Peruvian spider monkeys live in groups of 20–30 individuals, but these groups are rarely all together simultaneously. The size and dynamics of the resulting subgroups vary with food availability and sociobehavioral activity. They prefer to eat fleshy fruit, but will change their diet in response to scarcity of ripe fruit. Individuals of this species also eat small animals, insects and leaves based on availability. Females separate from the band to give birth, typically in the fall. These females inhabit a group of core areas where resources are abundant in certain seasons. Typically, males exhibit ranging over longer distances than females, with movement of individuals enhancing the fluidity of subgroup size. Peruvian spider monkey are independent at about 10 months, with a lifespan of about 20 years.

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Ateles chamek ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mono araña peruano (Ateles chamek) o maquisapa es una especie de primate platirrino del género Ateles que habita en América del Sur en Bolivia, Brasil Colombia y Perú.

Distribución

Ateles chamek se distribuye en las tierras bajas del centro y del norte al centro de Bolivia, al occidente de Brasil y al noreste del Perú. Se ubica al sur del río Amazonas, al occidente del río Tapajós en Brasil, hasta el río Ucayali en Perú. Se extiende hacia el sur por el margen de la cordillera de los Andes hasta el centro de Bolivia y desde allí hacia el noreste a travel del parque nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, hasta el margen izquierdo de los ríos Teles, Pires y el río Tapajós.[2]

Características

Son de hábitos diurnos, arborícolas, tienen brazos y piernas y cola prensil, las extremidades tienen cuatro dedos y son utilizadas para treparse a las ramas con facilidad. Forma grupos pequeños y es muy raro ver al grupo completo, pues se separan durante el día en subgrupos en busca de alimento. Los machos son sexualmente maduros a los cinco años y las hembras a los cuatro. La gestación dura entre 226 a 232 días, tienen una baja tasa de reproducción, pues cada hembra madura tiene una sola cría por temporada y los nacimientos ocurren cada dos o cuatro años. Se alimentan de frutos maduros, brotes de hojas, flores y de artrópodos.[3]

Estado de conservación

Ateles chamek en 2008 fue catalogado como especie en peligro EN (del inglés Endargered) en la Lista Roja de la UICN, porque existen razones para creer que la especie ha declinado al menos en un 50% en los últimos 40 años (tres generaciones) debido principalmente a la pérdida de su hábitat y la caza.[2]

Referencias

  1. Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. a b c Wallace, R.B., Mittermeier, R.A., Cornejo, F. & Boubli, J.-P. (2008). «Ateles chamek». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 8 de noviembre de 2008. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered.
  3. Portal del Gobierno Municipal de la Paz - Bolivia. «Mono araña Ateles Chamek». Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2010.

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Ateles chamek: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mono araña peruano (Ateles chamek) o maquisapa es una especie de primate platirrino del género Ateles que habita en América del Sur en Bolivia, Brasil Colombia y Perú.

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Ateles chamek ( Basque )

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Ateles chamek Ateles generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Atelinae azpifamilia eta Atelidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Humboldt (1812) 1 Rec. Observ. Zool. 353. or..

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Ateles chamek: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Ateles chamek Ateles generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Atelinae azpifamilia eta Atelidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Peruanski majmun pauk ( Croatian )

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Peruanski majmun pauk (lat. Ateles chamek) je vrsta primata iz porodice hvataša. Živi u zapadnom Brazilu, istočnom Peruu i sjevernoj Boliviji. Staništa su mu nizinske kišne šume.

Izgled

Tijelo peruanskog majmuna pauka poprilično je mršavo, a dugo je 70-100 centimetara. Težak je oko devet kilograma. Udovi su mu dugi i tanki, a rep je dulji od tijela, te na svom vrhu nema nikakvih dlaka. Krzno mu je crne boje.

Način života

Dnevna je i arborealna životinja. Penje se brzo i okrento po granama koristeći svoj rep kao peti ud. Živi u skupinama unutar kojih je do 30 životinja. Te skupine u vrijeme potrage za hranom rastavljaju se u manje podskupine. Ishrana mu se uglavnom temelji na biljnim dijelovima, kao što su listovi, plodovi i cvjetovi, ali ponekad jede i manje životinje ptice, žabe, termiti i ličinke različitih kukaca.

Literatura

  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  • Haugaasen, T., and Peres, C. Primate assemblage structure in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. American J of Primatology 67:243-258, 2005.

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Peruanski majmun pauk: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Peruanski majmun pauk (lat. Ateles chamek) je vrsta primata iz porodice hvataša. Živi u zapadnom Brazilu, istočnom Peruu i sjevernoj Boliviji. Staništa su mu nizinske kišne šume.

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Ateles chamek ( Italian )

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L'atele peruviano od atele faccianera (Ateles chamek Humboldt, 1812) è un primate platirrino della famiglia degli Atelidi.

È stato di volta in volta considerato prima una sottospecie di Ateles belzebuth (A. belzebuth chamek) e poi di Ateles paniscus (A. paniscus chamek). Attualmente la maggior parte degli studiosi concorda sull'esattezza di una sua classificazione come specie a sé stante.

Distribuzione

Vive nella foresta pluviale amazzonica nella zona di confine fra Perù, Bolivia e Brasile.

Descrizione

Ateles chamek SP Zoo.jpg

Dimensioni

Misura fino a 120 cm, di cui più della metà spettano alla coda, per un pesomedi o di 7 kg.

Aspetto

Il pelo è uniformemente nero lucente: la pelle è anch'essa nerastra, ma sul muso ed attorno agli occhi può assumere colore rosato.
La coda, da sola, può misurare fino a 80 cm: sull'estremità inferiore è presente una parte nuda assai rugosa, simile ad un polpastrello, che viene utilizzata per mantenere una presa salda ai rami durante i movimenti. Non è raro che l'animale si mantenga ai rami solo per la coda, lasciando le quattro zampe (anch'esse più lunghe del corpo ed assai sottili) libere nei movimenti.

Biologia

Si tratta di animali strettamente arboricoli, dalle abitudini diurne: vive in grandi gruppi (fino ad oltre 20 esemplari), che durante il giorno si frazionano in sottogruppi di poche unità durante la ricerca del cibo, che viene pianificata da una femmina dominante. Per spostarsi attraverso le cime degli alberi dove vive, questi animali utilizzano la brachiazione, utilizzando la coda come quinto braccio: all'occorrenza, sono inoltre in grado di spiccare grandi balzi di albero in albero.

Alimentazione

Si tratta di animali essenzialmente frugivori: buona parte della loro dieta (in proporzioni variabili a seconda della stagione) è costituita anche da altro materiale vegetale, come foglie, fiori e linfa. Sono state inoltre eccezionalmente osservate mentre si nutrivano d'insetti.

Riproduzione

Non è presente una stagione riproduttiva: femmine con cuccioli possono infatti essere osservate durante tutto l'anno.
La gestazione dura circa otto mesi: caso raro fra gli animali, in questa specie l'accoppiamento avviene coi due animali faccia a faccia (posizione del missionario). Solitamente viene partorito un unico cucciolo, che viene portato dalla madre prima attaccato al ventre, e poi, una volta divenuto più grande, sul dorso.
I cuccioli sono molto lenti nella crescita e non possono definirsi indipendenti prima di 4 anni d'età: per tutto questo tempo dev'essere la femmina a seguirli (il maschio si disinteressa della prole), e ciò spiega il basso tasso riproduttivo di questi animali (una gestazione ogni 4 anni).
Una volta adulte, le femmine migrano verso altri gruppi, mentre i maschi tendono a restare nel gruppo nel quale sono nati. La maturità sessuale viene raggiunta verso i 5-6 anni.

La speranza di vita di questi animali si aggira attorno ai 20 anni.

Bibliografia

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Ateles chamek: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'atele peruviano od atele faccianera (Ateles chamek Humboldt, 1812) è un primate platirrino della famiglia degli Atelidi.

È stato di volta in volta considerato prima una sottospecie di Ateles belzebuth (A. belzebuth chamek) e poi di Ateles paniscus (A. paniscus chamek). Attualmente la maggior parte degli studiosi concorda sull'esattezza di una sua classificazione come specie a sé stante.

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Zwartgezichtslingeraap ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zwartgezichtslingeraap (Ateles chamek) of zwarte spinaap is een zoogdier uit de familie van de grijpstaartapen (Atelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Humboldt in 1812.

Kenmerken

Deze spinaap is herkenbaar aan de lange, zwarte vacht en gezichtshuid en de lange grijpstaart. De lange, smalle handen bevatten geen duimen. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 40 tot 52 cm, de staartlengte 80 tot 88 cm en het gewicht 9,5 kg.

Leefwijze

Zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vruchten, bloemen, zachte bladen, keverlarven, termieten en honing. De dieren leven in grote, territoriaal ingestelde groepen in een territorium met een oppervlakte van 150 tot 230 hectare. Bij het foerageren verdeelt de groep zich in subgroepen van wisselende samenstelling. ’s Avonds komen ze weer bijeen, wat met veel begroetingsgeluiden gepaard gaat.

Voortplanting

Als ze geslachtsrijp worden, voegen de vrouwtjes zich bij een andere groep. Na een draagtijd van 225 dagen wordt 1 jong geboren, dat na 16 weken op moeders rug klimt en na 18 maanden wordt gespeend. Jongen van vrouwtjes met een hoge plaats in de rangorde hebben meer kans te overleven, ook later als ze naar een andere troep verhuizen.

Verspreiding

Deze soort komt voor in de tropische wouden van westelijk Zuid-Amerika, met name in noordoost-Peru, van Bolivië tot Brazilië westelijk van Rio Juruá en zuidelijk van Rio Solimões.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Zwartgezichtslingeraap: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De zwartgezichtslingeraap (Ateles chamek) of zwarte spinaap is een zoogdier uit de familie van de grijpstaartapen (Atelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Humboldt in 1812.

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Ateles chamek ( Portuguese )

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O macaco-aranha-peruano (Ateles chamek) é uma espécie de primata do Novo Mundo encontrado no Brasil, Peru e Bolívia. Possui pelagem totalmente negra com comprimento entre 45 e 75 mm.[2]

Referências

  1. Alves, S.L.; Ravetta, A.L.; Paim, F.P.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rabelo, R.M.; Wallace, R.B.; Messias, M.R.; Calouro, A.M.; Rylands, A.B.; de Melo, F.R.; Boubli, J.P. (2021). «Ateles chamek». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2021: e.T41547A191685783. doi:. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2021
  2. AURICCHIO, P. (1995). Primatas do Brasil. São Paulo: Terra Brasilis Comércio de Material Didático Editora Ltda. 168 páginas. ISBN 85-85712-01-5
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Ateles chamek: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O macaco-aranha-peruano (Ateles chamek) é uma espécie de primata do Novo Mundo encontrado no Brasil, Peru e Bolívia. Possui pelagem totalmente negra com comprimento entre 45 e 75 mm.

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Ateles chamek ( Swedish )

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Ateles chamek[2][3][4] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Alexander von Humboldt 1812. Ateles chamek ingår i släktet spindelapor och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor.[5][6] Inga underarter finns listade.[5]

Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 40 till 52 cm, en svanslängd av 80 till 88 cm och en vikt av cirka 7 kg. Den liknar den svarta spindelapan (Ateles paniscus) men vuxna exemplar har hos Ateles chamek ett mörkare ansikte. I motsats till långhårig spindelapa (Ateles belzebuth) är pälsen helt svart. Dessutom finns skillnader i arternas genetiska egenskaper. De enda ljusa håren som kan finns hos vuxna djur är glest fördelade vita hår i ansiktet och en silvergrå fläck vid könsdelarna. Ateles chamek har liksom andra släktmedlemmar långa extremiteter och en lång svans som kan användas som gripverktyg. Vid svansslutet på undersidan finns en naken fläck. Honor kan misstolkas för hannar på grund av att deras klitoris är lång som en penis.[7]

Denna spindelapa förekommer i norra Bolivia, nordvästra Brasilien och angränsande regioner av Peru. Habitatet utgörs av tropiska regnskogar och andra fuktiga skogar.[1]

Liksom hos andra spindelapor bildas större flockar med 20 till 30 medlemmar som klättrar i träd. Födan utgörs främst av frukter som kompletteras med unga blad, blommor, frön och andra växtdelar. Några få insekter eller mångfotingar äts likaså.[1] Vid födosöket under dagen delas flocken i mindre grupper.[7]

Honor kan bli brunstiga under alla årstider och de har vartannat till vart fjärde år en kull. Efter dräktigheten som varar i 226 till 232 dagar föds en unge. Ungen blir könsmogen när den är fyra till fem år gammal. Honor lämnar sedan flocken medan hannar stannar. Exemplar som undviker alla faror kan leva 40 år.[7]

Arten hotas av jakt för köttets skull och av skogasavverkningar när landskapet omvandlas till jordbruksmark. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2008 Ateles chamek Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ (2005) , website Ateles chamek, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (16 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/ateles+chamek/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b c] M. Richardson (6 maj 2010). ”Peruvian spider monkey”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 9 mars 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180309184228/http://www.arkive.org/peruvian-spider-monkey/ateles-chamek/. Läst 9 mars 2018.

Externa länkar

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Ateles chamek: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Ateles chamek är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Alexander von Humboldt 1812. Ateles chamek ingår i släktet spindelapor och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor. Inga underarter finns listade.

Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 40 till 52 cm, en svanslängd av 80 till 88 cm och en vikt av cirka 7 kg. Den liknar den svarta spindelapan (Ateles paniscus) men vuxna exemplar har hos Ateles chamek ett mörkare ansikte. I motsats till långhårig spindelapa (Ateles belzebuth) är pälsen helt svart. Dessutom finns skillnader i arternas genetiska egenskaper. De enda ljusa håren som kan finns hos vuxna djur är glest fördelade vita hår i ansiktet och en silvergrå fläck vid könsdelarna. Ateles chamek har liksom andra släktmedlemmar långa extremiteter och en lång svans som kan användas som gripverktyg. Vid svansslutet på undersidan finns en naken fläck. Honor kan misstolkas för hannar på grund av att deras klitoris är lång som en penis.

Denna spindelapa förekommer i norra Bolivia, nordvästra Brasilien och angränsande regioner av Peru. Habitatet utgörs av tropiska regnskogar och andra fuktiga skogar.

Liksom hos andra spindelapor bildas större flockar med 20 till 30 medlemmar som klättrar i träd. Födan utgörs främst av frukter som kompletteras med unga blad, blommor, frön och andra växtdelar. Några få insekter eller mångfotingar äts likaså. Vid födosöket under dagen delas flocken i mindre grupper.

Honor kan bli brunstiga under alla årstider och de har vartannat till vart fjärde år en kull. Efter dräktigheten som varar i 226 till 232 dagar föds en unge. Ungen blir könsmogen när den är fyra till fem år gammal. Honor lämnar sedan flocken medan hannar stannar. Exemplar som undviker alla faror kan leva 40 år.

Arten hotas av jakt för köttets skull och av skogasavverkningar när landskapet omvandlas till jordbruksmark. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.

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Khỉ nhện Peru ( Vietnamese )

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Ateles chamek là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Atelidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Humboldt mô tả năm 1812.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Wallace, R.B., Mittermeier, R.A., Cornejo, F. & Boubli, J.-P. (2008). Ateles chamek. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 1 năm 2012. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Ateles chamek”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Khỉ nhện Peru: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Ateles chamek là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Atelidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Humboldt mô tả năm 1812.

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Перуанская коата ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Подсемейство: Atelinae
Род: Коаты
Вид: Перуанская коата
Международное научное название

Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812)

Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 572955EOL 323935

Перуанская коата[источник не указан 400 дней] (лат. Ateles chamek) — примат семейства паукообразных обезьян.

Описание

Представители вида достигают в длину 60 см. Хвост хватательный, длиной до 100 см. Как и у других паукообразных обезьян, ольшой палец рудиментарный, что позволяет активно использовать брахиацию при передвижении в кронах.[1] Взрослые особи весят до 9 кг.[2] Продолжительность жизни до 20 лет.[3]

Распространение

Перуанские коаты обитают не только в Перу, их ареал включает также Боливию и Бразилию.[4] Населяют в основном низинные леса, предпочитая верхние и средние ярусы леса.[5][2]

Поведение

Образуют группы от 20 до 30 особей, однако связи внутри группы достаточно слабы, поэтому группа часто распадается на подгруппы, добывающие пищу отдельно и не зависящие друг от друга. Размер групп зависит от сезона,[6] вероятно из-за того, что самки отделяются от групп на несколько месяцев в году (обычно осенью) во время беременности и родов.[3] В рационе в основном фрукты, кроме того мелкие животные, насекомые и листья.[7] Являются важными разносчиками семян для многих видов деревьев в Амазонии.[8]

Статус популяции

Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «вымирающий вид». Основные угрозы виду — охота ради мяса и уничтожение среды обитания человеком.[9] По оценкам 2011 года популяция перуанских коат сократилась более чем на 50 % за последние 45 лет.[10][11][12][9]

Примечания

  1. Mittermeier, RA (1978). “Locomotion and Posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus”. Folia Primatologica. 30 (3): 161—193. DOI:10.1159/000155862.
  2. 1 2 Haugaasen, T., and Peres, C. Primate assemblage structure in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests. American J of Primatology 67:243-258, 2005.
  3. 1 2 Spider Monkeys, Great Book of the Animal Kingdom, Crescent Books, Inc., ISBN 0-517-08801-0 pp. 378—379
  4. Iwanaga, S., Ferrari S.F., 2002. Geographic distribution and abundance of woolly (Lagothrix cana) and spider (Ateles chamek) monkeys in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. American Journal of Primotology.
  5. Wallace, Robert (2006). “Seasonal Variations in Black-Faced Black Spider Monkey (Ateles chamek) Habitat Use and Ranging Behavior in a Southern Amazonian Tropical Forest”. American Journal of Primatology. 68: 313—332. DOI:10.1002/ajp.20227.
  6. Iwanaga, S., Ferrari S.F., 2001. Party Size and Diet of Syntopic Atelids (Ateles chamek and Lagothrix cana) in Southwestern Brazilian Amazonia.
  7. Felton, Annika; Adam Felton, Jeff T. Wood & David B. Lindenmayer (2008). “Diet and Feeding Ecology of Ateles chamek in a Bolivian Semihumid Forest: The Importance of Ficus as a Staple Food Resource”. International Journal of Primatology. 29: 379—403. DOI:10.1007/s10764-008-9241-1. Используется устаревший параметр |coauthors= (справка)
  8. Nunez-Iturri, Gabriela; Henry F. Howe (2007). “Bushmeat and the Fate of Trees with Seeds Dispersed by Large Primates in a Lowland Rain Forest in Western Amazonia”. Biotropica. 39 (3): 348—354. DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00276.x.
  9. 1 2 Ateles chamek (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  10. Vuohelainen, Anni Johanna; Lauren Coad; Toby R. Marthews; Yadvinder Malhi; Timothy J. Killeen (2012). “The Effectiveness of Contrasting Protected Areas in Preventing Deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru”. Environmental Management. 50 (4): 645—663. DOI:10.1007/s00267-012-9901-y.
  11. Naughton-Treves, Lisa; JOSE LUIS MENA,‡ ADRIAN TREVES,* NORA ALVAREZ,* AND VOLKER CHRISTIAN RADELOFF§ (2003). “Wildlife Survival Beyond Park Boundaries: the Impact of Slash-and-Burn Agriculture and Hunting on Mammals in Tambopata, Peru”. Conservation Biology. 17 (4): 1106—1117. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02045.x. Используется устаревший параметр |coauthors= (справка)
  12. Bello, Raul Rehabilitation and Reintroduction Program of Ateles chamek in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon (неопр.). Grupo de Primatología en Perú.
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Перуанская коата: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Перуанская коата[источник не указан 400 дней] (лат. Ateles chamek) — примат семейства паукообразных обезьян.

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페루거미원숭이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

페루거미원숭이(Ateles chamek)는 신세계원숭이에 속하는 거미원숭이의 일종이다. 캐맥거미원숭이로도 불린다. 남아메리카볼리비아브라질, 페루에서 발견된다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 150쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Ateles chamek”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 11월 8일에 확인함.
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