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Conservation Status

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The species is threatened by habitat loss (from development and logging) and by hunting. Also, extensive military activities have had a detrimental effect on the species mainly through habitat destruction. This species is not efficiently protected at present, not even in nature reserves and national parks. There are some local laws forbidding the hunt of these animals, but they are poorly enforced. Only international trade laws that forbid sale of these creature and their body parts in Europe and the US are enforced.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Quist, E. 2005. "Nomascus gabriellae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_gabriellae.html
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Behavior

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Gibbons are famous for their calls. Gibbon groups produce loud, stereotyped songs in the early morning. Songs are thought to function primarily in defense of resources such as territories, food trees, and mates. However, songs may also help to attract potential mates. Gibbon songs include species-specific characteristics which are inherited rather than learned.

Mated pairs of buff-cheeked gibbons typically produce duet songs which consist of coordinated vocal interactions by both partners using sex-specific phrases. Other family members may participate in the song. Solo songs are typically produced by unmated buff-cheeked crested gibbons only.

Also, buff-cheeked gibbons have extended fields of skin glands situated in the axillary, sternal, and inguinal areas of the body. The glands produce a reddish secretion and are particularly active under hot temperatures and when the animals are excited. It is thought that the glands may play a role in olfactory communication. The glandular secretion also influences the amount of red visible in the yellowish female pelage coloration.

Tactile communication occurs when these animals groom one another, play, or mate. Visual communication signals, such as body postures and facial expressions, are also used by these primates.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: duets

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Untitled

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Traditionally, all crested gibbons were considered members of a single species (Hylobates concolor), and this species was considered the only representative of the subgenus Nomascus in the genus Hylobates. Buff-cheeked gibbons were considered a subspecies (H. concolor gabriellae) of that species. Recently, vocal characteristics and other features have suggested that buff-cheeked gibbons should be recognized as a distinct species and the genus Hylobates was split into several genera, including Nomascus.

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Associations

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Adult gibbons typically live in the crown region of the forest where they have no natural predators except humans. In the lower stories of the forest, leopards, clouded leopards, and pythons may be potential predators.

Known Predators:

  • Homo sapiens
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Morphology

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Gibbons have small body size compared to the other great apes in the family Hominidae. They range in weight between 7 and 11 kg and reach lengths between 60 and 80 cm. They have extremely long arms and relatively long legs. The hands are so long that they appear hook-shaped. The thumbs on the hands are not elongated and are not used for swinging from branch to branch; instead these thumbs are used more for grooming behavior. The body is generally held in an upright position.

In N. gabriellae, males have small, light-buff cheek patches that extend to the bottom of the eye and can be slightly separated at the neck. Females of this species are smaller than other gibbon females and have a black border on the ears. Females are generally brownish-yellow in color and can have a slight grayish tint to the darker hairs on the chest, on edges of fingers and toes, and on the outer forearm. Adult females may have slightly red-brown genital hairs, and usually there is a trace of a white fringe around the face. The pelage of buff-cheeked gibbons is very fine. Finally, females are only slightly smaller than males.

Pelage coloration changes as animals mature. The timing of the color changes is variable and it may take several months to complete. When a buff-cheeked crested gibbon is born, its coat is bright yellow. Within a few months, the color changes to black within a few months; only the cheek patches remain yellow. During this time, the young resemble adult males in their fur coloration. Males retain this color pattern as they mature, but females revert to a yellowish pelage around the time of sexual maturity.

Range mass: 7.0 to 11 kg.

Average mass: 8.5 kg.

Range length: 60 to 80 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Life Expectancy

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Little research has been done on this species of gibbon in the wild, so its lifespan and survivorship in the wild are unknown. The only data on the lifespan of N. gabriellae is from captivity, where individuals of this species can live up to 50 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
50 (high) years.

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Habitat

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Gibbons are all primarily arboreal species that generally avoid walking on the ground or swimming. The genus name, Hylobates, actually means "dweller in the trees." Nomascus gabriellae is found in tropical evergreen forests. These primates prefer lowland forests, and are rarely seen between above elevations of 1,500 to 2,000 m.

Range elevation: 2,000 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Benefits

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There is no known threat or negative impacts to humans by N. gabriellae.

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Quist, E. 2005. "Nomascus gabriellae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_gabriellae.html
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Distribution

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Buff-cheeked gibbons are found in southeastern Asia, including southern Laos, eastern Cambodia, and central and southern Vietnam.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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This species is highly unstudied in the wild so all that is documented is from captive cases. Nomascus gabriellae is a selective eater and is mostly frugivorous. However, individuals have also been documented eating shoots, leaves, flowers, and occasionally insects.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Associations

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Since all known behaviors and relationships are primarily studied in captivity, there is no documentation of the ecosystem role of N. gabriellae. However, the appetite of buff-cheeked gibbons for fleshy fruits would suggest they have a significant role in the disperal of seeds.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Benefits

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Some asian cultures use these animals for medicine, food, and pets, but not N. gabriellae exlusively. There is no particular eco-tourism draw with these animals.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; source of medicine or drug

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Reproduction

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The mating system of all gibbons is monogamy. All gibbon species have nuclear families consisting of a mated pair and 0 to 4 dependent offspring.

Mating System: monogamous

The breeding pair in the nuclear family can produce an infant every 2 to 3 years. The interbirth interval tends to be long because females nurse the young for up to two years. There has never been any record of twins being born in a buff-cheeked gibbon family. Buff-cheeked gibbons have a relatively long gestation of 7 months, and the offspring stay with the family unit for 6 to 8 years.

Breeding interval: These gibbons breed every 2 to 3 years.

Breeding season: Gibbons breed throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 7 months.

Average weaning age: 24 months.

Range time to independence: 6 to 8 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 8 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 to 8 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Buff-cheeked gibbons have extensive parental investment by both parents. Females necessarily provide nutrition through nursing the young, but both parents may groom, carry, and protect the immature gibbons. The young stay with the parents for 6 to 8 years after birth. After this time, they move away to establish territories and families of their own.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female); extended period of juvenile learning

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Nomascus gabriellae ( Breton )

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Nomascus gabriellae a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad an Hylobatidae.

Annez

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Tiriad Nomascus gabriellae e gwer.

Brosezat eo al loen en Azia ar Gevred (Laos, Kambodia ha Vietnam).

Liammoù diavaez


Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

Notennoù ha daveennoù

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Nomascus gabriellae: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Nomascus gabriellae a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad an Hylobatidae.

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Gibó de galtes grogues ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gibó de galtes grogues (Nomascus gabriellae) és un primat de la família dels gibons (Hylobatidae).

Mesura uns 60 cm de llargada i pesa uns 7 kg. A diferència d'altres espècies de gibons, en el gibó de galtes grogues les femelles són una mica més petites que els mascles. Com totes les espècies del gènere Nomascus, presenta un marcat dimorfisme sexual en el color del pelatge. Els mascles són majoritàriament negres, amb les galtes de color groc-marró, mentre que les femelles són de color marró-roig, amb una taca fosca al cim del cap.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gibó de galtes grogues Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Gibó de galtes grogues: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gibó de galtes grogues (Nomascus gabriellae) és un primat de la família dels gibons (Hylobatidae).

Mesura uns 60 cm de llargada i pesa uns 7 kg. A diferència d'altres espècies de gibons, en el gibó de galtes grogues les femelles són una mica més petites que els mascles. Com totes les espècies del gènere Nomascus, presenta un marcat dimorfisme sexual en el color del pelatge. Els mascles són majoritàriament negres, amb les galtes de color groc-marró, mentre que les femelles són de color marró-roig, amb una taca fosca al cim del cap.

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Südlicher Gelbwangengibbon ( German )

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Der Südliche Gelbwangengibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), auch Südlicher Gelbwangen-Schopfgibbon, ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gibbons (Hylobatidae).

Merkmale

 src=
Weibliche Südliche Gelbwangengibbons

Südliche Gelbwangengibbons erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von bis zu 49 cm (Männchen) bzw. 47 cm (Weibchen) und ein Gewicht von bis zu 5 kg. Wie alle Arten der Gattung Nomascus besitzt auch diese Art einen ausgeprägten Geschlechtsdimorphismus. Männchen sind schwarz, Weibchen gelbbraun gefärbt. Charakteristisch sind die gelblichen bis orangefarbenen Wangen bei den Männchen und der schwarze Scheitelfleck bei den Weibchen. Jungtiere sind unabhängig vom Geschlecht zunächst gelbbraun gefärbt und entwickeln nach rund sechs Monaten eine schwarze Fellfärbung. Erst mit dem Eintreten der Geschlechtsreife wechseln die weiblichen Tiere erneut ihre Fellfarbe auf die weibchentypische Braunfärbung.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Karte des Verbreitungsgebiets

Südliche Gelbwangengibbons haben das südlichste Verbreitungsgebiet aller Schopfgibbons. Es umfasst den äußersten Süden von Laos, das südliche Vietnam und das östliche Kambodscha. Der Mekong bildet dabei die West- und Südgrenze ihres Vorkommens. Nasse immergrüne und halbimmergrüne Wälder im Flachland und gemischte Bambus- und Laubwälder stellen den Lebensraum dar.

Lebensweise

Südliche Gelbwangengibbons sind tagaktiv und fast ausschließlich baumbewohnend, wo sie sich entweder durch Schwinghangeln (Brachiation) fortbewegen oder indem sie auf den Hinterbeinen mit erhobenen Armen auf den Ästen laufen.

Die Aktivität beginnt kurz bevor der Dämmerung und mit lauten Rufen, die hauptsächlich 30 Minuten nach dem Sonnenaufgang erfolgen. Die Duettgesänge, die der Markierung des Reviers und der Kontaktaufnahme zu den übrigen Familienmitgliedern dienen, dauern durchschnittlich 12 Minuten.[1] Die Tiere leben in monogamen Gruppen, die aus einem Paar und deren Jungtieren bestehen, also 3 bis 6 Tieren. Junge Weibchen neigen dazu, sich in anderen Revieren nahe der Eltern zu verteilen, während Männchen deutlich weiter wandern. Ein Revier kann bis zu 60 ha groß sein.

Den Speiseplan des Südlichen Gelbwangengibbons dominieren Feigen (38 %) und andere Früchte (43 %). Ergänzt wird dieser durch Blätter (9 %) und Blumen (8 %). Der hohe Konsum von Früchten steht im Kontrast zu den nördlicheren Arten der Gattung, die vorrangig Blätter verzehren.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
4 Tage altes Jungtier

Nach einer rund siebenmonatigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Erst mit dem Eintreten der Geschlechtsreife (vermutlich mit 6 bis 8 Jahren) wechseln die weiblichen Tiere erneut ihre Fellfarbe auf die weibchentypische Braunfärbung.

Die Lebenserwartung in Gefangenschaft liegt bei bis zu 50 Jahren. Zur Lebensspanne in freier Wildbahn können bislang keine zuverlässigen Angaben gemacht werden.

Hybride zwischen dem Südlichen Gelbwangengibbon und dem Nördlichen Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon sind bekannt. Es wird sogar angenommen, dass der Südliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon keine eigene Art ist, sondern der natürliche Hybrid zwischen den oben genannten Arten.[2]

Bedrohung

Der Südliche Gelbwangengibbon wird von der IUCN als „endangered“ (stark gefährdet) klassifiziert. Er ist in Vietnam und Kambodscha geschützt und kommt in 15 Naturschutzgebieten vor. Die bedeutendste Population ist in Kambodscha im Seima Protection Forest mit 432 bis 972 Gruppen. In Vietnam stellen wichtige und große Populationen die 149 Gruppen im Cat Tien-Nationalpark und die 124 Gruppen im Bu Gia Map-Nationalpark dar. Die Jagd ist die größte Bedrohung für die Art. Die Tiere werden für Zoos und private Sammlungen im südlichen Vietnam gefangen. Es gibt sogar einen Handel mit Jungtieren, deren Mütter erschossen wurden. Der Verlust von geeigneten Habitaten ist ebenfalls bedeutsam. Die Wälder werden meist für die Holzindustrie abgeholzt und werden anschließend für landwirtschaftliche Zwecke genutzt.[3][4][5]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Roger Konrad, Thomas Geissmann: Vocal diversity and taxonomy of Nomascus in Cambodia. In: International Journal of Primatology 27, Nr. 3, 2006, S. 713–745.
  2. International Zoo Yearbook. 1983, S. 317.
  3. Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Band 3: Primates. 2013, S. 790–791.
  4. Thomas Geissmann: Status reassessment of the gibbons: results of the Asian primate red list workshop 2006. (Memento des Originals vom 28. März 2012 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/gibbonconservation.org (PDF) In: Gibbon Journal 3, 2007, S. 5–15.
  5. Benjamin Miles Rawson, Tom Clements, Nut Meng Hor: Status and conservation of yellow-cheeked crested gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, Mondulkiri Province, cambodia. In: The Gibbons. Springer, New York 2009, Kapitel 18, S. 387–408.
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Südlicher Gelbwangengibbon: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Südliche Gelbwangengibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), auch Südlicher Gelbwangen-Schopfgibbon, ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gibbons (Hylobatidae).

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Yellow-cheeked gibbon

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The yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), also called the golden-cheeked gibbon, the yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, the golden-cheeked crested gibbon, the red-cheeked gibbon,[3] or the buffed-cheeked gibbon, is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.[3] The species was discovered and named after the British naturalist Gabrielle Maud Vassal.[4]

The yellow-cheeked gibbon is born blond and later turns black. Males carry this colouring through their lifespan and have the distinguishing golden cheeks. Females are born blonde to blend into their mother's fur but they later turn black. Females turn back to blond at sexual maturity, keeping only a black cap on the top of their heads.[5]

This diurnal and arboreal gibbon lives in primary tropical forest, foraging for fruits, using brachiation to move through the trees.

Female adults at the Cincinnati Zoo

Little is known about this species in the wild, but it is thought that it has a life span of approximately 46 years.[6]

Gibbon groups vocalise loudly early in the morning. Their songs probably serve to defend resources such as territories, food trees, partners, but may also help to attract potential mates. Duetting occurs between mated pairs, the song is coordinated and contains sex-specific phrases.[7][6]

Conservation and rehabilitation

The largest known population of this species is found in Cambodia’s Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, estimated at 1432 individuals in 2020. The population appears to be stable over the last decade.[8] There are several conservation programs active at the site, including protected area management supported by Wildlife Conservation Society[9] and a community ecotourism project centered on habituated gibbons.[10] A large protected wild population can be found in Cat Tien National Park: where a collaboration with the Endangered Asian Species Trust (UK), and Pingtung Wildlife Rescue Centre (Taiwan) founded the Dao Tien Endangered Primate Species Centre, which specialises on the rescue, rehabilitation and release of N. gabriellae and other endangered primates.

A male

References

  1. ^ Rawson, B.M.; Hoang, M.D.; Roos, C.; Van, N.T.; Nguyen, M.H. (2020). "Nomascus gabriellae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T128073282A17968950. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T128073282A17968950.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Gulliver, Katrina (April 2020). "Gabrielle Vassal (1880–1959): collecting specimens in Indochina for the British Museum (Natural History), 1900–1915". Archives of Natural History. 47 (1): 29–40. doi:10.3366/anh.2020.0619. S2CID 216230204.
  5. ^ Geissman, Thomas. "Fact Sheet: Yellow-Cheeked Crested Gibbon". Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  6. ^ a b Quist, Erin. "Nomascus gabriella". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  7. ^ Geissmann, T. (1993). Evolution of communication in gibbons (Hylobatidae) (PDF) (Ph.D.). Anthropological Institute, Philosoph. Faculty II, Zürich University. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  8. ^ Nuttall, Matthew N.; Griffin, Olly; Fewster, Rachel M.; McGowan, Philip J. K.; Abernethy, Katharine; O'Kelly, Hannah; Nut, Menghor; Sot, Vandoeun; Bunnefeld, Nils (2021). "Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (2): e614. doi:10.1111/csp2.614. ISSN 2578-4854. S2CID 245405123.
  9. ^ Griffin, O.; Nuttall, M. (2020-12-04). "Status of Key Species in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary 2010-2020". doi:10.19121/2020.Report.38511. S2CID 229677607. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ "Jahoo | Ecotourism, Gibbon Conservation and Research". 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
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Yellow-cheeked gibbon: Brief Summary

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The yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae), also called the golden-cheeked gibbon, the yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, the golden-cheeked crested gibbon, the red-cheeked gibbon, or the buffed-cheeked gibbon, is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The species was discovered and named after the British naturalist Gabrielle Maud Vassal.

The yellow-cheeked gibbon is born blond and later turns black. Males carry this colouring through their lifespan and have the distinguishing golden cheeks. Females are born blonde to blend into their mother's fur but they later turn black. Females turn back to blond at sexual maturity, keeping only a black cap on the top of their heads.

This diurnal and arboreal gibbon lives in primary tropical forest, foraging for fruits, using brachiation to move through the trees.

Female adults at the Cincinnati Zoo

Little is known about this species in the wild, but it is thought that it has a life span of approximately 46 years.

Gibbon groups vocalise loudly early in the morning. Their songs probably serve to defend resources such as territories, food trees, partners, but may also help to attract potential mates. Duetting occurs between mated pairs, the song is coordinated and contains sex-specific phrases.

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Nomascus gabriellae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El gibón de mejillas beige del sur (Nomascus gabriellae) es una especie de primate hominoideo de la familia Hylobatidae en peligro de extinción que sólo habita las selvas de la mitad sur de Laos, la mitad este de Camboya y la mitad sur de Vietnam.[2]

El gibón de mejillas beige nace rubio y luego se vuelve negro. Los machos llevan este color a lo largo de su vida y tienen las mejillas doradas distintivas. Las hembras nacen rubias para mezclarse con el pelaje de su madre, pero luego se vuelven negras. Las hembras se vuelven rubias en la madurez sexual, manteniendo solo una gorra negra en la parte superior de sus cabezas. [3]

Este diurno y arbóreo gibón vive en el bosque tropical primario, buscando frutas, usando braquia para moverse a través de los árboles.

Se sabe poco sobre esta especie en la naturaleza, pero se cree que tiene una vida útil de aproximadamente 46 años.

En el año 2007 nació un ejemplar en cautividad dentro del programa de conservación de la especie en el que participa el zoo de Fuengirola.[4]

Conservación y rehabilitación

Se puede encontrar una gran población silvestre protegida en parque nacional Cat Tien: donde existe una colaboración con Endangered Asian Species Trust (Reino Unido) y el Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Pingtung (Taiwán) fundó el Centro de Especies de Primates en Peligro de Dao Tien, que se especializa en el rescate, rehabilitación y liberación de N. gabriellae y otros primates en peligro de extinción.

Un informe de la Wildlife Conservation Society contó 1.200 gibones con crestas de mejillas amarillas en el Santuario de Vida Silvestre Keo Seima de Camboya, una estimación que representa la mayor población conocida de la especie en el mundo. [5]

Referencias

  1. Geissmann, T., Manh Ha, N., Rawson, B., Timmins, R., Traeholt, C. & Walston, J. (2008). «Nomascus gabriellae». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 3 de septiembre de 2010.
  2. Groves, Colin (2005). «Nomascus gabriellae». En Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. Geissman, Thomas. «Hoja informativa: Gibbon crestado de mejillas amarillas». Consultado el 4 de diciembre de 2012.
  4. http://www.parquestematicos.org/noticias/2007/ver-noticia.asp?id=187
  5. Nuttall, M ., Menghor, N., y O'Kelly, H. (2013). Monitoreo de especies clave en el bosque protegido Seima (p. 29). Phnom Penh, Camboya: WCS.

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Nomascus gabriellae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El gibón de mejillas beige del sur (Nomascus gabriellae) es una especie de primate hominoideo de la familia Hylobatidae en peligro de extinción que sólo habita las selvas de la mitad sur de Laos, la mitad este de Camboya y la mitad sur de Vietnam.​

El gibón de mejillas beige nace rubio y luego se vuelve negro. Los machos llevan este color a lo largo de su vida y tienen las mejillas doradas distintivas. Las hembras nacen rubias para mezclarse con el pelaje de su madre, pero luego se vuelven negras. Las hembras se vuelven rubias en la madurez sexual, manteniendo solo una gorra negra en la parte superior de sus cabezas. ​

Este diurno y arbóreo gibón vive en el bosque tropical primario, buscando frutas, usando braquia para moverse a través de los árboles.

Se sabe poco sobre esta especie en la naturaleza, pero se cree que tiene una vida útil de aproximadamente 46 años.

En el año 2007 nació un ejemplar en cautividad dentro del programa de conservación de la especie en el que participa el zoo de Fuengirola.​

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Nomascus gabriellae ( Basque )

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Nomascus gabriellae Nomascus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Hylobatidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Thomas (1909) 4 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 112. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Nomascus gabriellae: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Nomascus gabriellae Nomascus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Hylobatidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Nomascus gabriellae ( French )

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Gibbon à joues jaunes

Nomascus gabriellae, parfois appelé Gibbon à favoris roux du Sud ou Gibbon à joues jaunes[1] ou Gibbon de Gabrielle, est une espèce de primates de la famille des hylobatidés. Il fait partie des gibbons dits « à crête » et il est classé en danger d'extinction par l'UICN. L'espèce a été décrite pour la première fois par le mammalogiste anglais Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas en 1909.

Répartition

Ces gibbons vivent actuellement au Laos, au Cambodge et au Vietnam.

 src=
Aire de répartition du gibbon à joues jaunes

Description

Le gibbons à joues jaunes mesure de 45 à 64 cm[2].

 src=
Femelle et mâle

Le mâle est noir avec des joues claires et la femelle est fauve avec une toque noire sur le dessus de la tête.

Reproduction

Un gibbon mâle en pleine brachiation dans un parc animalier

Comme tous les gibbons, cette espèce est monogame. La gestation est de 7 mois environ[3].

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. Christophe Boesch, Emmanuelle Grundmann et Blaise Mulhauser, Manifeste pour les grands singes, Lausanne, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2011, 143 p. (ISBN 978-2-88074-914-9, lire en ligne), p. 11
  2. Collectif, Histoire naturelle, Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), Gibbon de Gabrielle page 548
  3. (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Nomascus gabriellae
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Nomascus gabriellae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Gibbon à joues jaunes

Nomascus gabriellae, parfois appelé Gibbon à favoris roux du Sud ou Gibbon à joues jaunes ou Gibbon de Gabrielle, est une espèce de primates de la famille des hylobatidés. Il fait partie des gibbons dits « à crête » et il est classé en danger d'extinction par l'UICN. L'espèce a été décrite pour la première fois par le mammalogiste anglais Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas en 1909.

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Giobún cíorach buí-leicneach ( Irish )

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Is ainmhí é an giobún cíorach buí-leicneach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Nomascus gabriellae ( Italian )

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Il gibbone dalle guance rosa (Nomascus gabriellae Thomas, 1909) è un primate appartenente alla famiglia Hylobatidae.

Descrizione

La lunghezza del corpo può raggiungere circa 60 cm, il peso i 7 kg. A differenza delle altre specie di gibboni le femmine sono leggermente più piccole dei maschi. Come tutti i gibboni del genere Nomascus il gibbone dalle guance rosa mostra invece un chiaro dimorfismo sessuale nel colore. I maschi sono prevalentemente neri, con le guance giallo-brune, mentre le femmine sono bruno-rossicce, con una macchia scura alla sommità della testa.

Biologia

Come gli altri gibboni sono diurni, arboricoli e prevalentemente frugivori, ma la dieta include anche foglie, fiori e occasionalmente insetti. Come quasi tutti i gibboni segnalano vocalmente il proprio territorio. La gestazione dura circa sette mesi. Il cucciolo, indipendentemente dal sesso, è inizialmente di colore giallo-bruno e dopo circa un anno assume il colore nero. Solo dopo avere raggiunto la maturità sessuale (tra i 6 e gli 8 anni) le femmine assumono il loro colore caratteristico.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale del gibbone dalle guance rosa comprende l'estremo sud del Laos, il Vietnam meridionale e la Cambogia orientale ed è limitato a Sud e a Ovest dal Mekong. L'habitat è costituito dalla foresta pluviale tropicale.

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Nomascus gabriellae come specie in pericolo di estinzione (Endangered).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Rawson, B.M., Hoang, M.D., Roos, C., Van, N.T. & Nguyen, M.H. 2020, Nomascus gabriellae, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2022.

Bibliografia

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Nomascus gabriellae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il gibbone dalle guance rosa (Nomascus gabriellae Thomas, 1909) è un primate appartenente alla famiglia Hylobatidae.

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Goudwanggibbon ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De goudwanggibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) is een soort van de familie gibbons (Hylobatidae) en de superfamilie van de mensapen. Goudwanggibbons komen voor in Laos, Cambodja en Vietnam waar zij in hun voortbestaan worden bedreigd door jacht en aantasting van de habitat.

Beschrijving

Volwassen goudwanggibbons zijn 60-80 cm lang, wegen ongeveer 7 kilo en hebben geen staart. Goudwanggibbons worden gemiddeld 46 jaar oud.

Goudwanggibbons zijn uitgesproken bosdieren die overdag actief zijn. Ze trekken rond in groepjes van 3 tot 5 individuen en ze eten voornamelijk fruit en bladeren. In oerbos is hun territorium minder dan 30 ha en in bamboebos tot 100 ha.[1]

Leefgebied

De goudwanggibbon komt voor in tropisch bos en mogelijk ook in aangrenzend gemengd open bos met bamboe en riviergeleidend, hoogopgaand bos met ondergroei en tussenlaag. In Vietnam, in het Nationaal park Bạch Mã leven de goudwanggibbons in laaglandbos, 400 tot 800 m boven de zeespiegel en niet in hoger gelegen bossen die ook in het park voorkomen. In Laos komen de goudwanggibbons voor in het bekken van de Mekong tot minstens 1550 m in de het berggebied Phou Ahyon van de provincie Sekong en tot 1650 m in het reservaatsgebied Nam Et-Phou Louey op de grens van de provincies Hua Phan, Luang Prabang en Xieng Khuang. Maar de gibbons zijn schaars in bossen boven de 1500 m.[1]

Bedreigingen

De jacht op de gibbons is het grootste gevaar. In Cambodja en Vietnam wordt de gibbon bejaagd voor de handel in huisdieren en in Laos als voedsel (bushmeat). Hoewel de goudwanggibbon kan overleven in matig aangetaste bossen, is vooral in Vietnam door ontbladering (tijdens de Vietnamoorlog), toenemend landbouwkundig gebruik en houtkap veel habitat verloren gegaan.[1]

In Nederland

Anno April 2018: Goudwanggibbons zijn te vinden in Burgers' Zoo, Artis en Van Blanckendaell Park

In België

Anno April 2018: Te vinden in Pairi Daiza en Olmense zoo

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Goudwanggibbon: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De goudwanggibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) is een soort van de familie gibbons (Hylobatidae) en de superfamilie van de mensapen. Goudwanggibbons komen voor in Laos, Cambodja en Vietnam waar zij in hun voortbestaan worden bedreigd door jacht en aantasting van de habitat.

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Nomascus gabriellae ( Portuguese )

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O gibão-de-bochechas-amarelas (Nomascus gabriellae) é uma das 7 espécies de Nomascus.[1][2] É encontrado principalmente no Laos, Vietname e Camboja.

Estado de conservação

A espécie está listada como ameaçada, pois nos últimos 45 anos veio a perder 50% da população devido à caça e à perda de habitat.[1]

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b c «Nomascus gabriellae na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2012
  2. «Nomascus gabriellae no mammal species of the world» (em inglês). Mammal Species of the World. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2012
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Nomascus gabriellae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O gibão-de-bochechas-amarelas (Nomascus gabriellae) é uma das 7 espécies de Nomascus. É encontrado principalmente no Laos, Vietname e Camboja.

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Gulkindad gibbon ( Swedish )

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Gulkindad gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae[2], tidigare Hylobates gabriellae[3][4]) är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Thomas 1909. Nomascus gabriellae ingår i släktet Nomascus och familjen gibboner.[5][6] Inga underarter finns listade.[5]

Arten är i genomsnitt 5,8 kg tung. Hos vuxna hannar är pälsen huvudsakligen svart med undantag av bröstet som är täckt av rödbrun päls. Dessutom har hannar ett gult skägg på kinderna. Grundfärgen för de vuxna honors päls är blek gul till orangegul. Kring större delar av ansiktet förekommer en ring av intensivare gul päls som är yvig på kinderna. Efter födelsen har ungar en ljusbrun päls som hos båda kön blir svart före könsmognaden. Sedan ändras honornas pälsfärg.[7]

Denna gibbon förekommer med flera från varandra skilda populationer i Laos, Kambodja, Vietnam och kanske i angränsande områden av Thailand. Den vistas vanligen i kulliga områden och låga bergstrakter men når ibland 1650 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av olika slags skogar.[1]

Individerna är aktiva på dagen och klättrar i växtligheten. De äter främst frukter samt blad och andra växtdelar. Familjegruppens revir är 30 till 100 hektar stort.[1]

Flockens hanar och honor sjunger för att markera reviret. En hanne och en hona bildar ett monogamt par. Ungefär vart tredje år har honor en kull med en enda unge.[7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] Geissmann, T., Manh Ha, N., Rawson, B., Timmins, R., Traeholt, C. & Walston, J. 2008 Nomascus gabriellae Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2014-11-15.
  2. ^ (2005) , website Nomascus gabriellae, Mammal Species of the World
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (14 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/hylobates+gabriellae/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b] McDade, Melissa C. et al. (2004). Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia. "14". Gale Group. sid. 221-222

Externa länkar

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Gulkindad gibbon: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Gulkindad gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae, tidigare Hylobates gabriellae) är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Thomas 1909. Nomascus gabriellae ingår i släktet Nomascus och familjen gibboner. Inga underarter finns listade.

Arten är i genomsnitt 5,8 kg tung. Hos vuxna hannar är pälsen huvudsakligen svart med undantag av bröstet som är täckt av rödbrun päls. Dessutom har hannar ett gult skägg på kinderna. Grundfärgen för de vuxna honors päls är blek gul till orangegul. Kring större delar av ansiktet förekommer en ring av intensivare gul päls som är yvig på kinderna. Efter födelsen har ungar en ljusbrun päls som hos båda kön blir svart före könsmognaden. Sedan ändras honornas pälsfärg.

Denna gibbon förekommer med flera från varandra skilda populationer i Laos, Kambodja, Vietnam och kanske i angränsande områden av Thailand. Den vistas vanligen i kulliga områden och låga bergstrakter men når ibland 1650 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av olika slags skogar.

Individerna är aktiva på dagen och klättrar i växtligheten. De äter främst frukter samt blad och andra växtdelar. Familjegruppens revir är 30 till 100 hektar stort.

Flockens hanar och honor sjunger för att markera reviret. En hanne och en hona bildar ett monogamt par. Ungefär vart tredje år har honor en kull med en enda unge.

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Nomascus gabriellae ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Країни поширення: Камбоджа; Лаос; В'єтнам. Живе в тропічних лісах.

Морфологія

Ці тварини можуть досягати довжини тіла близько 60 сантиметрів і ваги близько семи кілограмів; на відміну від інших гібонів, самиці, як правило, трохи менші. Ці тварини зі струнким тілом, довгими руками і зниклим хвостом. Як і у всіх гібонових, статі істотно розрізняються за кольором хутра. Самці в основному чорного кольору, але є жовто-коричневі клапті з боків обличчя від шиї до рівня очей. Самиці, однак, червонувато-коричневі і мають темну пляму зверху голови. Груди, пальці та зовнішні сторони рук може бути сірими.

Стиль життя

Харчується в основному фруктами і листям, доповненням можуть бути квіти і комахи. Як і всі гібонові це денний і деревний вид. Живе сімейними групами по 3—5 осіб. Вони населяють фіксовану територію, яку позначають піснями, виконаними дуетом. Дорослі гібони зазвичай живуть у кронах дерев, де у них немає природних ворогів, крім людини.

Приблизно через сім місяців вагітності, самиця народжує одне дитинча. Незалежно від статі діти спочатку жовто-коричневого кольору, потім, приблизно через рік набувають чорного кольору. Тільки з настанням статевої зрілості (імовірно від 6 до 8 років) самиця знову міняють колір хутра на коричневий. Очікувана тривалість життя в неволі до 50 років.

Загрози та охорона

Основною загрозою є полювання, але області на півдні В'єтнаму сильно деградують. Цей вид занесений в Додаток I СІТЕС. Проживає в деяких ПОТ.

Посилання


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Vượn đen má vàng Nam ( Vietnamese )

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Vượn đen má vàng Nam, còn gọi là vượn má vàng Nam hay vượn đen má hung Nam (danh pháp hai phần: Nomascus gabriellae), là loài vượn bản địa của Việt Nam, LàoCampuchia.[2] Con đực trưởng thành có lông toàn thân màu đen với hai má màu vàng, con cái và con non có lông màu vàng.[3]

Một báo cáo gần đây của Wildlife Conservation Society cho biết có khoảng 2.500 cá thể vượn đen má hung tại Khu bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học Seima của Campuchia, nơi được ước đoán là có quần thể vượn đen má hung đông nhất thế giới.[4]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Geissmann, T., Manh Ha, N., Rawson, B., Timmins, R., Traeholt, C. & Walston, J. (2008). Nomascus gabriellae. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ Groves, Colin (16 tháng 11 năm 2005). Wilson D. E. và Reeder D. M. (chủ biên), biên tập. Mammal Species of the World . Nhà xuất bản Đại học Johns Hopkins. tr. 180. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  3. ^ Lâm Đồng giải cứu vượn đen quý, VnExpress, Thứ tư, 28/11/2012.
  4. ^ Unexpected Large Monkey Population Discovered Newswise, Retrieved on ngày 28 tháng 8 năm 2008.


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Vượn đen má vàng Nam: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Vượn đen má vàng Nam, còn gọi là vượn má vàng Nam hay vượn đen má hung Nam (danh pháp hai phần: Nomascus gabriellae), là loài vượn bản địa của Việt Nam, LàoCampuchia. Con đực trưởng thành có lông toàn thân màu đen với hai má màu vàng, con cái và con non có lông màu vàng.

Một báo cáo gần đây của Wildlife Conservation Society cho biết có khoảng 2.500 cá thể vượn đen má hung tại Khu bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học Seima của Campuchia, nơi được ước đoán là có quần thể vượn đen má hung đông nhất thế giới.

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Желтощёкий хохлатый гиббон ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Подсемейство: Гиббоновые
Вид: Желтощёкий хохлатый гиббон
Международное научное название

Nomascus gabriellae (Thomas, 1909)

Синонимы
Hylobates gabriellae
Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 573071NCBI 61852EOL 326453FW 238886

Желтощёкий хохлатый гиббон[1] (лат. Nomascus gabriellae) — вид приматов из семейства гиббоновых. Обитает в Камбодже, Лаосе и Вьетнаме.

Классификация

Ранее все современные виды номаскусов классифицировались в составе вида Hylobates concolor, который помещался в подрод Nomascus в составе рода Hylobates. Желтощёкий хохлатый гиббон считался подвидом Hylobates concolor gabriellae. Однако некоторые морфологические и поведенческие отличия позволили поднять его до ранга вида, а Hylobates был разбит на несколько отдельных родов, включая Nomascus.[2]

Описание

Детёныши желтощёкого хохлатого гиббона рождаются белыми, с возрастом темнеют. Самцы остаются чёрными на всю жизнь, а самки во время полового созревания опять становятся светлее; чёрной остаётся лишь макушка.[3] Самцы имеют светлые отметины на щеках. Взрослые самки жёлто-коричневые, на груди шерсть сероватая, в паху красно-коричневая. Самки слегка мельче самцов.[4]

В неволе могут жить до 50 лет. Продолжительность жизни в дикой природе неизвестна.[2]

Поведение

Образуют небольшие семейные группы, состоящие из моногамной пары и её потомства. Каждая группа защищает свою территорию. Проводят почти всё время на деревьях, передвигаясь при помощи брахиации. Активны днём. Развита система коммуникации при помощи голоса.[4][2]

При содержании в неволе достаточно избирательны в еде. В рационе преимущественно фрукты, однако время от времени едят также побеги и листья растений, цветы и насекомых.[2]

Распространение

Традиционно ареал желтощёких хохлатых гиббонов включал северо-восток Камбоджи (южная Ратанакири) и южный Вьетнам (Национальный парк Батьма). На север ареал простирается до Лаоса (Саваннакхет) и центрального Вьетнама (Тхыатхьен-Хюэ и, возможно, Куангчи).[5]

Статус популяции

В ходе полевых исследований 2005 года в охранной зоне Сейма в Камбодже учёные насчитали 2500 особей этого вида, что намного больше предыдущих оценок.[6]

Тем не менее, Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому вид охранный статус «Вымирающий» (англ. Endangered). По оценкам 2008 года численность популяции сократилась на 50 % за 45 лет (3 поколения) в основном из-за охоты и разрушения среды обитания.[7]

Примечания

  1. Остапенко В. А. Международные программы по сохранению редких видов приматов // Вопросы прикладной приматологии. Выпуск 2.. — М.: Московский зоопарк, 2015. — С. 19. — 187 с.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Fact Sheet: Yellow-Cheeked Crested Gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) (неопр.). Проверено 14 января 2014.
  3. Geissman, Thomas Fact Sheet: Yellow-Cheeked Crested Gibbon (неопр.). Проверено 4 декабря 2012.
  4. 1 2 Nowak, R. Gibbons. — Walker's Mammals of the World. — Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. — Т. 1.
  5. Geissmann, T., Xuan Dang, N., Lormée, N. and Momberg F. Vietnam primate conservation status review 2000 - Part 1: Gibbons. Status report. // Fauna and Flora International, Indochina Programme. — HHanoi, Vietnam, 2000.
  6. Unexpected Large Monkey Population Discovered (англ.). Проверено 14 января 2014.
  7. Nomascus gabriellae (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Желтощёкий хохлатый гиббон: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Желтощёкий хохлатый гиббон (лат. Nomascus gabriellae) — вид приматов из семейства гиббоновых. Обитает в Камбодже, Лаосе и Вьетнаме.

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紅頰黑猿 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Nomascus gabriellae
(Thomas, 1909)

红颊黑猿學名Nomascus gabriellae),是一种分布在东南亚(越南、老挝及柬埔寨)的濒危灵长类动物。该种可能为黑长臂猿亚目的唯一物种。成年红颊黑猿体长60至80厘米,体重7千克左右,无尾。[3]日间活动,主要分布在海拔1500至2000米的森林中。以水果、树叶和昆虫为食。每次生育产一胎,怀孕期约为200天,哺乳期2年。出生时幼猿为金黄色,一年后转为黑色。雌性进入青春期后重新转变为金黄色。[4]

来源

  1. ^ Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal species of the world 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 November 2005: 180. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  2. ^ Nomascus gabriellae. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  3. ^ Yellow-Cheeked Crested Gibbon
  4. ^ 红颊黑猿[永久失效連結]
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紅頰黑猿: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

红颊黑猿(學名:Nomascus gabriellae),是一种分布在东南亚(越南、老挝及柬埔寨)的濒危灵长类动物。该种可能为黑长臂猿亚目的唯一物种。成年红颊黑猿体长60至80厘米,体重7千克左右,无尾。日间活动,主要分布在海拔1500至2000米的森林中。以水果、树叶和昆虫为食。每次生育产一胎,怀孕期约为200天,哺乳期2年。出生时幼猿为金黄色,一年后转为黑色。雌性进入青春期后重新转变为金黄色。

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노랑뺨긴팔원숭이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

노랑뺨긴팔원숭이 (또는 노랑뺨볏긴팔원숭이, 학명: Nomascus gabriellae)는 긴팔원숭이의 일종으로, 베트남라오스 그리고 캄보디아가 원래 토착 지역이었다.[1] 체중은 7~10kg이며, 주로 나무 위에서 생활함. 금발로 태어나 나중에 검은색으로 변한다. 암컷은 성성숙기에 다시 금발로 변하고, 수컷은 평생 황금색 뺨을 가지고 있다.

천적은 표범, 구름표범, 대형뱀이다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 180쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Nomascus gabriellae”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함.
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