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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 20.1 years (captivity)
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Morphology

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The slimy salamander has mainly black skin, covered by abundant silver-white or brassy specks, or both; the ventrum has variable shades but is generally lighter than the dorsum. The organism is distinguished from other dark salamanders in its range by the presence of a nasolabial groove. More noticeably, P. glutinosus is defined by a slimy, glue-like secretion released from its skin glands. It has 16 costal grooves, on rare occurrences 15 or 17, and generally ranges from 4.75 to 6.75 inches in length (Conant and Collins 1998). Hatchlings are born with only slight dark coloration on the dorsum and none on the ventrum; melanin for the specks begins to appear on the dorsum after three days. Adult females exhibit slightly larger snout-to-vent lengths than adult males, but are otherwise similar in appearance (Highton 1956).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 4.2 g.

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.00191 W.

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
5.5 years.

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Habitat

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The slimy salamander is commonly found beneath stones and decaying logs in wooded areas and alongside streams, as well as in the crevices of shale banks and along the sides of gullies and ravines (Davidson 1956; Grobman 1944). It generally moves about underground using animal and insect burrows (Cowley 1999). Mean home-range area is 3.01 +/- .613 sq. meters for adults and 3.46 +/- 1.851 sq. meters for juveniles (Marvin 1998).

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Distribution

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The slimy salamander has an extensive range throughout the eastern and central United States. Starting in central New York and the southern tip of Wisconsin, the range covers much of the eastern seaboard, moving southward to central Florida and the Gulf coast and westward to parts of east Texas and Oklahoma. It is notably absent from the lower Mississippi valley, presumably because flooding causes frequent disturbance to the preferred habitat of the slimy salamander in that region (Grobman 1944).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Prey of P. glutinosus consists mainly of ants (42%), followed by beetles (26%), sowbugs, and earthworms, depending on what is seasonally most prevalent (Davidson 1956).

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Life Cycle

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Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Untitled

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Plethodon glutinosus is now taxonomically defined as a genetic complex consisting of at least thirteen species discernible only through laboratory testing, though many species are indistinguishable in the field and are therefore still considered for this project to be subspecies of a single lineage (Highton et al. 1989).

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Conservation Status

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According to the U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Service, the slimy salamander is considered neither a threatened nor endangered species throughout its range. However, some species within the P. glutinosus complex (see Other Comments) may be candidates for the endangered and threatened species lists (USFWS 1999).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Reproduction

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Breeding of P. glutinosus takes place at the beginning of April and eggs are deposited anytime from late spring in the northern part of the range to very late summer at the range's southern tip. Eggs are laid in moist areas such as caves or under the bark of rotting trees. Clutch size ranges from 4 to 12 eggs. Hatchlings emerge close to three months after eggs are deposited (Highton 1956). Juveniles have no aquatic stage and develop directly to adulthood, as the species is entirely terrestrial (Feder 1983).

Female slimy salamanders do not sexually mature until they are two years old, and cannot lay eggs until approaching age three. The same is true for most males, although some have been found capable of breeding at two years of age. In regions where the growing season is short, a wait of three years is almost certain before sexual maturity is reached (Highton 1962).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

Average number of offspring: 21.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
910 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
910 days.

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Yung, J. 2000. "Plethodon glutinosus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html
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Silbersalamander ( German )

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Der Silbersalamander (Plethodon glutinosus) ist ein Schwanzlurch aus der artenreichen Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander. Man unterscheidet etwa 16 Unterarten.

Merkmale

Der Silbersalamander ist schwarz mit weißen oder silbernen Flecken. Die Unterseite ist heller als die Oberseite. Die Tiere werden 12 bis 17 Zentimeter lang. Der Rumpf hat 14 bis 15 Seitenfurchen. Der Kopf ist relativ groß. Frisch umgewandelte Jungtiere können noch kleine weiße Kiemen haben.

Vorkommen

Der Silbersalamander kommt von New York südlich bis nach Florida und westlich bis Mississippi, Arkansas und Oklahoma vor. Er lebt in feuchten Wäldern und Flusstälern bis in 1600 Metern über Meereshöhe, wo er sich unter flachen Steinen und verrottendem Holz verbirgt. Der Silbersalamander ernährt sich von Ameisen, Käfern und Würmern.

Lebensweise

Während er im Süden das ganze Jahr aktiv ist, hält er im Norden eine Winterruhe. Nach Regenfällen verlässt er seine Verstecke.

Wird der Silbersalamander angegriffen, sondert er ein äußerst unangenehmes, milchig weißes und schleimiges Sekret (der englische Name des Tieres ist »Slimy Salamander«) ab, das kaum von der Haut zu entfernen ist.

Fortpflanzung

Die Paarung findet je nach geografischer Lage im Frühling, Sommer oder Herbst an Land statt. Im Norden pflanzen sich die Weibchen alle zwei Jahre, im Süden dagegen jedes Jahr fort. Das Weibchen legt 6 bis 36 Eier in Erdspalten oder -löcher und bewacht diese. Die Eier entwickeln sich ohne ein Larvenstadium im Wasser. Die Jungtiere schlüpfen im Norden im Spätsommer, im Süden im Oktober. Mit drei Jahren wird ein Tier geschlechtsreif.

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Silbersalamander: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Silbersalamander (Plethodon glutinosus) ist ein Schwanzlurch aus der artenreichen Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander. Man unterscheidet etwa 16 Unterarten.

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Northern slimy salamander

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The northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) is a species of terrestrial plethodontid salamander found throughout much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States.

Common names

The northern slimy salamander is called "slimy" because it produces sticky slime from glands on its lower back and tail in order to defend itself from predators.[2] It is also sometimes referred to as the viscid salamander, grey-spotted salamander, slippery salamander, or sticky salamander, depending on which source is consulted.[3]

Description

The northern slimy salamander is typically an overall black in color, with numerous silvery spots or gold spots across its back. It is usually 12–17 cm (4.7–6.7 in) in total length (including tail), but can grow to 20.6 cm (8.1 in).[4] Males are not easily distinguished from females, though females tend to be slightly larger. It has 15-17 costal grooves.

Taxonomy

P. glutinosus is one of 57 species in the genus Plethodon and was one of the first of its cogeners to be described. The Northern Slimy Salamander is one of 14 species within the Plethodon glutinosus complex. Species within this complex are very similar but vary in habitat range, body size, shape, and proportions.[5]

Geographic range

P. glutinosus is found from New York, west to Illinois, south to Mississippi, and east to Alabama, with isolated populations in southern New Hampshire and northwestern Connecticut.[6]

Habitat

P. glutinosus is highly associated with moist undisturbed woodlands, and ravines. The salamander is typically located on the underside of debris such as logs and stones during the day. P. glutinosus will emerge from debris on moist nights.[7] They can be found in areas of secondary succession in old growth deciduous or hemlock forests with steep, rocky slopes.[8] They prefer hiding under rotten logs and in decomposed organic matter like layers of duff on the forest floor. They can typically be found near a water source or in a moist areas. The clear-cutting of forests greatly reduces population numbers in the given area, where it takes 13 years for the population to return to half of what it was before the clear-cutting.[9]

Life history and behavior

A northern slimy salamander in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee

Behavior

All plethodontid salamanders are territorial, and fight aggressively for territory. Their preferred habitat is in moist soil or leaf litter beneath stones, rotting logs, or other debris near a permanent water source. They sometimes make use of other animals' burrows. Their diet consists primarily of ants, beetles, sow bugs, and earthworms, but they will consume most kinds of insect. As their name suggests, slimy salamanders produce significant amounts of skin secretions that are highly adhesive. These adhesives bind to predators and can compromise both mastication and locomotion.[10]Whenever threatened they will thrash their tail, exposing the glands that secrete this sticky substance.[11]

Reproduction

Females reach sexual maturity in the second year of life and do not lay eggs until the third year.[12] Breeding of P. glutinosus takes place in the spring and is terrestrial. Courtship consists of the males performing a sort of dance to attract the females' attention. Females lay clutches of four to 12 eggs in a moist area, which she guards, often neglecting food for the period until they hatch. Hatchlings emerge from the eggs in about three months, having no aquatic stage, like many other salamander species. They instead develop directly into their entirely terrestrial adult form. After hatching, young individuals show high growth rates during the summer months and little to no growth during the winter.[13]

Diet

Not much is known about the diet of the slimy salamanders, but it is believed that the species exhibit opportunistic feeding strategies where they consume prey that is easily accessible. One study surveyed the digestive systems of this species and found that ants, bees, wasps, beetles, sowbugs, snails, and earthworms occurred most frequently.[14][15]

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Plethodon glutinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59340A56365349. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T59340A56365349.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0". AMNH. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  3. ^ "Amphibian Species of the World 6.0". AMNH. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  4. ^ Conant, Roger (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Plethodon glutinosus, pp. 276-277 + Plate 41 + Map 230).
  5. ^ Carr, David (March 1996). "Morphological Variation among Species and Populations of Salamanders in the Plethodon glutinosus Complex". Herpetologica. 52 (1): 56–65. JSTOR 3892956.
  6. ^ Powell, Robert; Conant, Roger; Collins, Joseph T. (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 207 figures, 47 plates. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Plethodon glutinosus, pp. 82-84 + Plate 6).
  7. ^ "Species Profile: Slimy Salamander (Plethodon glutinosus complex) | SREL Herpetology". srelherp.uga.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  8. ^ "Northern Slimy Salamander". CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  9. ^ Cohn, Jeffrey P. (1994). "Salamanders Slip-Sliding Away or Too Surreptitious to Count?". BioScience. 44 (4): 219–223. doi:10.2307/1312225. ISSN 0006-3568.
  10. ^ Brodie, Edmund D.; Nowak, Robert T.; Harvey, William R. (1979-05-18). "The Effectiveness of Antipredator Secretions and Behavior of Selected Salamanders against Shrews". Copeia. 1979 (2): 270. doi:10.2307/1443413. JSTOR 1443413.
  11. ^ Brodie, Edmund D. (1977-08-25). "Salamander Antipredator Postures". Copeia. 1977 (3): 523. doi:10.2307/1443271. ISSN 0045-8511.
  12. ^ Highton, R. (1956). The life history of the slimy salamander, Plethodon glutinosus, in Florida. Copeia, 1956(2), 75-93.
  13. ^ Semlitsch, Raymond (March 1980). "Geographic and Local Variation in Population Parameters of the Slimy Salamander Plethodon glutinosus". Herpetologica. 36 (1): 6–16. JSTOR 3891846.
  14. ^ Davidson, J. A. (1956). Notes on the food habits of the slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus glutinosus. Herpetologica, 12(2), 129-131.
  15. ^ "Plethodon glutinosus (Northern Slimy Salamander)". Animal Diversity Web.

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Northern slimy salamander: Brief Summary

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The northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) is a species of terrestrial plethodontid salamander found throughout much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States.

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Plethodon glutinosus ( Basque )

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Plethodon glutinosus Plethodon generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Plethodon glutinosus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Plethodon glutinosus Plethodon generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Limasalamanteri ( Finnish )

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Limasalamanteri[2] (Plethodon glutinosus) on keuhkottomien salamantereiden heimoon kuuluva laji. Se liikkuu öisin. Puolustautuessaan eläin huitoo hännällään ja erittää pahanmakuista eritettä.[3]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Aikuisen yksilön pituus on 11–20 cm. Häntä on pyöreä. Väri on tummanharmaa tai musta ja ihossa on hopean vaaleita pilkkuja.[3]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Limasalamanteria tavataan Yhdysvaltojen kaakkoisosissa. Sitä esiintyy metsissä.[3]

Lisääntyminen

Hedelmöitys on sisäinen. Naaras munii kiville 5–34 munaa ja vartioi niitä, kunnes poikaset kuoriutuvat 2–3 kuukauden kuluttua munimisesta.[3]

Ravinto

Limasalamanteri syö selkärangattomia eläimiä, erityisesti hyönteisiä.[3]

Lähteet

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group: Plethodon glutinosus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 7.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. McGhee, Karen & McKay, George: Maailmamme eläimet, s. 173. Suomentanut Marja-Leena & Pertti Hiltunen. Helsinki: Gummerus, 2007. ISBN 978-951-20-7373-3.
  3. a b c d e Chris Mattison: ”Slimy Salamander”, Encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians, s. 54-55. Grangebooks, 2009. ISBN 1-84013-794-0. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Limasalamanteri: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Limasalamanteri (Plethodon glutinosus) on keuhkottomien salamantereiden heimoon kuuluva laji. Se liikkuu öisin. Puolustautuessaan eläin huitoo hännällään ja erittää pahanmakuista eritettä.

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Plethodon glutinosus ( French )

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Plethodon glutinosus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique d'Amérique du Nord. Elle se rencontre aux États-Unis, en Illinois, en Indiana, en Ohio, au Connecticut, en Virginie, en Virginie-Occidentale, au Kentucky, au Tennessee, en Alabama, en Géorgie et au New Hampshire[1].

Publication originale

  • Green, 1818 : Descriptions of several species of North American Amphibia, accompanied with observations. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, p. 348-359 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Plethodon glutinosus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Plethodon glutinosus est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.

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Kleverige salamander ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

De kleverige salamander[2] (Plethodon glutinosus) is een salamander uit de familie longloze salamanders of Plethodontidae.[3]

Naamgeving en taxonomie

De Nederlandstalige naam is te danken aan de kleverige substantie die de salamander bij bedreiging uitscheidt. De stof maakt de salamander erg plakkerig, wat ter verdediging dient. Ook de wetenschappelijke soortnaam glutinosa verwijst hiernaar, dit is Latijn voor 'plakkerig'.

De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Green in 1818. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Salamandra glutinosa gebruikt. Het geslacht Salamandra wordt tegenwoordig echter tot de echte salamanders (Salamandridae) gerekend. De soort is onder andere ook beschreven als Cylindrosoma glutinosum en Amblystoma melanoleuca, zodat de literatuur niet altijd eenduidig is over deze soort.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De kleverige salamander bereikt een totale lichaamslengte inclusief staart van 11,5 tot 20,5 centimeter. Het grootste deel hiervan bestaat echter uit de lange staart. De salamander is hiermee een van de grootste vertegenwoordigers van de bossalamanders.

De kleverige salamander is te herkennen aan het zwarte lichaam met daarop kleine ronde witte tot grijze vlekjes die soms ook geel zijn. De buik is grijzig wit, de keel meestal zwart. De costale groeven en de gifklieren achter de ogen zijn duidelijk zichtbaar. De poten staan wat van elkaar af.

Verspreiding en habitat

De kleverige salamander komt voor in het oosten en zuidoosten van de Verenigde Staten. De habitat bestaat uit bossen, oudere bossen hebben een grote voorkeur ten opzichte van jonge bossen. Ook in rotsspleten en zelfs compost- en mesthopen wordt de salamander aangetroffen. Overdag schuilt de salamander onder stenen of bladeren in de strooisellaag, tijdens de schemering wordt gefoerageerd.

Levenswijze

Het voedsel bestaat hoofdzakelijk uit insecten(larven) en wormen die op het land worden gevangen; deze soort is niet erg aan water gebonden. In noordelijke delen van het areaal planten de dieren zich om het jaar voort, in zuidelijkere delen ieder jaar.[4] De vrouwtjes zetten 6 tot 36 eitjes af in holletjes onder bladeren en stenen waarna zij het nest bewaakt tot de eieren uitkomen.[4] De larven kennen geen aquatisch stadium en ontwikkelen zich volledig in het ei.[5] Na ongeveer drie jaar zijn ze geslachtsrijp.

De kleverige salamander scheid een plakkerige substantie af als het dier wordt bedreigd. De afscheiding bevat een zwak gif dat irriterend werkt op de slijmvliezen. Hierdoor spugen sommige roofdieren de salamander weer uit na deze te hebben opgegeten.

Referenties
  1. (en) Kleverige salamander op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 394. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Plethodon glutinosus.
  4. a b P Whitfield, Encyclopedie van het dierenrijk - Alle gewervelde dieren in woord en beeld, Uitgeverij Areopagus, 1984, Pagina 468. ISBN 90 274 9009 0.
  5. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Plethodon glutinosus.
Bronnen
  • (nl) - P. Whitfield - Encyclopedie van het dierenrijk - Alle gewervelde dieren in woord en beeld (1984)- Pagina 468 - Uitgeverij Areopagus - ISBN 9027490090
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Plethodon glutinosus - Website Geconsulteerd 11 maart 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Plethodon glutinosus - Website
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Kleverige salamander: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kleverige salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) is een salamander uit de familie longloze salamanders of Plethodontidae.

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Nordlig silversalamander ( Swedish )

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Nordlig silversalamander (Plethodon glutinosus) är ett stjärtgroddjur i familjen lunglösa salamandrar, som finns i östra USA.

Utseende

Den nordliga silversalamandern är svart med flera gulbruna och/eller vita fläckar. Buksidan är även den fläckig, men grundfärgen är vanligtvis ljusare. Huden har flera körtlar som ger ifrån sig ett segt slem. Längden varierar mellan 12 och 17 cm. Arten har inget egentligt larvstadium, även om ungarna kan kläckas med små gälar som snart försvinner, men de har en betydligt ljusare grundfärg än de vuxna; buksidan är helt opigmenterad.[2] [3]

Taxonomi

Laboratorieundersökningar har givit vid handen att den nordliga silversalamandern bör uppfattas som ett komplex bestående av minst 13 skilda arter, men på grund av att det är mycket svårt till omöjligt att skilja dem åt i fält, betraktas den fortfarande oftast som en enskild art.[2] De föreslagna arterna är (alla i USA):[4]

  • Plethodon albagula Grobman, 1944
  • Plethodon chattahoochee Highton, Maha & Maxson, 1989
  • Plethodon chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951
  • Plethodon cylindraceus Harlan, 1825
  • Plethodon glutinosus Green, 1818
  • Plethodon grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949
  • Plethodon kiamichi Highton, 1989
  • Plethodon kisatchie Highton, 1989
  • Plethodon mississippi Highton, 1989
  • Plethodon ocmulgee Highton, 1989
  • Plethodon savannah Highton, 1989
  • Plethodon sequoyah Highton, 1989
  • Plethodon variolatus Gilliams, 1818

Utbredning

Arten finns i östra USA från södra New Hampshire samt västra Connecticut och New York (delstaten) söderut till centrala Florida. Västerut går den till Missouri, östra Oklahoma och Texas (med undantag för den nordligaste delen).[1]

Vanor

Den nordliga silversalamandern lever främst i gammal lövskog, även om den också kan återfinnas i barrskog, då främst äldre sådan. Den uppehåller sig i sluttningar, djupa dalar, under grenar och småstenar, bland lövförna och i sprickor i klippor och lerbankar. Den har också påträffats i grottor. Den gräver ner sig för att undgå uttorkning och för att övervintra. Arten kan bli över 5 år gammal. Båda könen hävdar revir.[5] Födan består framför allt av myror, men också skalbaggar, gråsuggor, daggmaskar och andra ryggradslösa djur.[2] Kannibalism förekommer.[5]

Fortplantning

Lektiden inträffar i början av april, även om åtminstone vissa populationer tycks leka betydligt senare[5]. Inför parningen blir hanens haka och fötter först skära och senare klarröda, liksom de vita fläckarna på ryggen. Leken inleds med en komplicerad dans av hanen, innan han avsätter en spermatofor som honan tar upp. Honan kan bevara sperman inom sig, och äggen kan läggas mellan vår och höst. De 4 till 12 äggen läggs på land, på fuktiga ställen som under barken på murket trä eller i grottor. Honan vaktar äggen energiskt. De kläckta ungarna har inget egentligt larvstadium, och är redan från början landlevande. De blir könsmogna vid omkring 2 års ålder, även om honan i regel inte börjar lägga ägg förrän närmare treårsåldern.[2]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Plethodon glutinosusIUCN:s rödlista (engelska). Auktor: Geoffrey Hammerson (2004), läst 2009-09-12.
  2. ^ [a b c d] James Yung, Michigan State University (2000). ”Plethodon glutinosus” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Plethodon_glutinosus.html. Läst 12 september 2009.
  3. ^ Plethodon glutinosus - Northern Slimy Salamander” (på engelska). Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois. 2009. http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/animals_plants/herps/species/pl_glutino.html. Läst 12 september 2009.
  4. ^ Ed Kowalski (2001). ”Plethodon glutinosus complex” (på engelska). Caudata Culture. http://www.caudata.org/cc/species/Plethodon/P_glutinosus.shtml. Läst 14 september 2009.
  5. ^ [a b c] Michael J. Lannoo (2009). Plethodon glutinosus (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Plethodon&where-species=glutinosus. Läst 12 september 2009.

Externa länkar

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Nordlig silversalamander: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Nordlig silversalamander (Plethodon glutinosus) är ett stjärtgroddjur i familjen lunglösa salamandrar, som finns i östra USA.

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Лісова саламандра клейка ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина коливається від 12 до 20 см. Кінцівки добре розвинені, без перетинок між пальцями. Забарвлення чорне або темно-сіре з великою кількістю дрібних білих цяток по всьому тулубу. Характерною особливістю є рясне виділення шкірними залозами густого клейкого слизу, що насилу відмиваються з рук. Звідси й походить назва цього земноводного.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє непорушені масиви зрілих лісів, зарослі вологі ділянки по схилах пагорбів і ярів. Веде наземний спосіб життя і пов'язана з водою тільки в сезон парування. Під час спекотної і сухої погоди ховається у норах, під лежачими напівгнилими стовбурами дерев або всередині них, в ущелинах, серед каміння. На поверхню виходить уночі, а вдень — лише у дощову або похмуру погоду. Харчується невеликими цвіркунами, личинками комах, хробаками.

Статева зрілість настає у 2—3 роки. Парування відбувається навесні. Самиця відкладає 4—12 яєць у вологий ґрунт. Інкубаційний період триває 3 місяці.

Розповсюдження

Поширена в східній частині США: від Коннектикуту до Флориди на півдні, і на захід до Оклахоми і Міссурі.

Джерела

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Серебристая саламандра ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Подотряд: Salamandroidea
Подсемейство: Plethodontinae
Вид: Серебристая саламандра
Международное научное название

Plethodon glutinosus (Green, 1818)

Синонимы[1]
  • Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818
  • Cylindrosoma glutinosum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
  • Plethodon variolosum Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
  • Salamandra elongata Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
  • Salamandra melanoleuca Wied-Neuwied, 1865
  • Amblystoma melanoleuca Boulenger, 1882
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 173650NCBI 43042EOL 333694FW 53088

Серебристая саламандра[2] (лат. Plethodon glutinosus) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства безлёгочных саламандр.

Распространение

Эндемик США, ареал охватывает восточную часть США: от Коннектикута до Флориды на юге, и на запад до Оклахомы и Миссури. Есть изолированная популяция на юге Нью-Гемпшира[1].

Описание

Общая длина колеблется от 12 до 20 см. Конечности хорошо развиты, без перепонок между пальцами. Окрас чёрный или тёмно-серый с большим количеством мелких белых пятнышек по всему телу. Характерной особенностью является обильное выделение кожными железами густой клейкой слизи, которая с трудом отмывается с рук[3].

Образ жизни

Northern Slimy Salamander, head on - Flickr - GregTheBusker.jpg

Обитает в массивах зрелых лесов, заросших влажных участках по склонам холмов и оврагов. Ведёт наземный образ жизни, с водой связана только в сезон спаривания. Во время жаркой и сухой погоды прячется в норах, под лежащими полусгнившими стволами деревьев или внутри них, в расщелинах, среди камней. На поверхность выходит ночью, а днём — только в дождливую или пасмурную погоду. Питается небольшими сверчками, личинками насекомых, червями[4].

Размножение

Половая зрелость наступает в 2-3 года. Спаривание происходит весной. Самка откладывает 4-12 яиц во влажную почву. Инкубационный период длится 3 месяца[5].

Фото

  • Northern Slimy Salamander - Flickr - GregTheBusker.jpg
  • Plethodon glutinosus2.JPG
  • Slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) leaf in Land Between the Lakes.jpg
  • Northern Slimy Salamander, in hand - Flickr - GregTheBusker.jpg

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. Plethodon glutinosus (неопр.). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History (2017).
  2. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 28. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  3. Slimy Salamander (англ.) информация на сайте «Энциклопедия жизни» (EOL).
  4. Plethodon glutinosus (Slimy Salamander) (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  5. Amphibia Web. Plethodon glutinosus (неопр.). Provides information on amphibian declines, natural history, conservation, and taxonomy (2017).
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Серебристая саламандра: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Серебристая саламандра (лат. Plethodon glutinosus) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства безлёгочных саламандр.

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