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Florida bonneted bat

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The Florida bonneted bat or Florida mastiff bat (Eumops floridanus) is a species of bat in the genus Eumops, the bonneted bats or mastiff bats. Until recently, it was classified as a subspecies of Wagner's bonneted bat (Eumops glaucinus).[3] It is endemic to southern Florida in the United States.[1] This species has one of the smallest geographical distributions of any New World bat.[4] It has been called "one of the most critically endangered mammal species in North America".[4] It is protected under the Endangered Species Act.

Taxonomy

The earliest bonneted bat fossil was discovered in 1922 in Melbourne, Florida.[5] The fossil consisted of a preserved jawbone that dated back to the Pleistocene; its similarity to genera Eumops and Molossus was noted, but it was initially placed into a new genus, Molossides, due to what appeared to be a unique dental formula.[5] The fossil was reclassified into the genus Eumops in 1963 on the belief that the original fossil did not show a bat with a single lower incisor, but rather the fossil jaw was missing an incisor and the species actually had two lower incisors.[6]

A live bonneted bat was first recorded in Florida in 1936, from an individual collected from a high school in North Miami.[7] At the time, it was identified as a Eumops glaucinus specimen, and it was hypothesized that it had been introduced accidentally by a fruit steamer from Cuba.[7] In the following years, there was evidence of a breeding population in Florida, which refuted ideas that they were only occasionally transported in from Cuba. In 1971, the bonneted bat was reclassified as a well-marked subspecies of Eumops glaucinus, identified as Eumops glaucinus floridanus.[8] This classification was maintained until 2004, when morphological analyses showed that the bonneted bat was distinct from other subpopulations of Eumops glaucinus in its skull, body mass, and forearm length.[4] The new classification elevated the bonneted bat to its own species, Eumops floridanus.[4]

Description

White pigmentation seen in a live Florida bonneted bat

This is the largest bat in Florida.[3] Adults weigh 40–65 g (1.4–2.3 oz).[9] Males and females are non-dimorphic in body mass.[9] Forearm length is between 60 and 65 mm (2+38 and 2+12 in).[9] Individual wing length is 108–115 mm (4+144+12 in), with male wings slightly longer and wider than female wings.[9]

As a molossid, particularly from the genus Eumops, the bonneted bat has exceptionally high wing loading and aspect ratios.[10] The tail extends far beyond the short uropatagium. The short, glossy fur is brownish-gray to cinnamon-brown in color.[11] The hairs are bicolored, with the base of the hair lighter than the tip.[11] Some individuals have been observed with a white band across their abdomens that is variable in size.[4]

The ears of bonneted bats are large and forward-facing, their position giving the head a bonnetlike appearance. Their skulls have short, deep basisphenoid pits which aid in vocalization.[4] Male bonneted bats sometimes have a gular-thoracic gland that may be used to mark females or a roosting site.[9][11] Bonneted bats are non-migratory, and unlike other temperate bat species, they do not have periods of hibernation.[12]

Distribution

The bonneted bat is endemic to southern Florida. It occurs in several counties, including Charlotte, Collier, Lee, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee, and Polk. Florida bonneted bats are more likely to be detected in agricultural areas, as well as areas that have a high mean annual rainfall.[2][12]

Biology

Reproduction

Juvenile Florida bonneted bat Eumops floridanus
A Florida bonneted bat pup

The female bears a single pup.[3] Pregnant females have been observed in April, June, July, August, and September.[11][13][14] Juveniles have been observed in January, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December.[13][15] Females are believed to be aseasonally polyestrous, meaning that they could breed and become pregnant at multiple times throughout the year.[13] However, a population of bonneted bats in Babcock-Webb Wildlife Management Area has the highest rate of pregnancy in April, when 95% of adult females are pregnant, compared to 10% in August and 0% in December.[13]

Social structure

Example of a gular gland in a black bonneted bat[16]
Example of a gular gland in a black bonneted bat[16]

It roosts singly[17] or colonially and may form harems.[13] Many observed roosts have a strong female bias, with one harem containing twenty adult females and only one adult male.[13] Roosts usually have one dominant male, that can be identified from an open gular gland, the largest body mass, and the greatest testes length.[13] Harems are maintained throughout the year, which is in contrast to other bats of the eastern US where social groupings are seasonally variable.[13]

Diet

The diet of the bat includes beetles, flies, and true bugs.[14]

Use of natural roosts

The first natural roost used by the bonneted bat was discovered in 1979.[14] The roost was in a longleaf pine tree, in a cavity that had been excavated by red-cockaded woodpeckers.[14] The roost tree was cut down due to a highway construction project.[14] The next natural roost, located in Avon Park Air Force Range, was not located until 2013.[18] This natural roost was also in a cavity excavated by red-cockaded woodpeckers in a longleaf pine tree.[18] The discovery of this roost represented the northernmost extent of recorded bonneted bat breeding.[18] In 2015, another natural roost was discovered in Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, this time in a slash pine tree.[19]

Use of artificial roosts

The first live bonneted bat was documented in 1936 in a Miami school building; multiple individuals, including juveniles, were found in other school buildings in Miami in the 1950s.[7][4] Bonneted bats had also been documented in residential buildings in Miami in the 1950s.[20] In 2003, bonneted bats were documented using a bat house in North Fort Myers; the bats have continuously used the houses since then.[3] Bonneted bats were found in bat houses in Babcock-Webb Wildlife Management Area in 2008, and have continued to use the houses at present.[12]

In 2014, a bonneted bat roost was discovered in the roof of a vacant house in Coral Gables, Florida[21] The bonneted bats' use of the house sparked a controversy, with city officials concerned about the roof's disrepair, while the United States Fish and Wildlife Service was concerned about the implications of removing an endangered species from its roost.[22] The bats were successfully excluded from the property in December 2016 after it was determined that no pups were present.

Conservation

Adult male Florida bonneted bat in Coral Gables, Florida

Decline and threats

The Florida bonneted bat was once believed to be common along Florida's eastern coast.[11] Observations of it declined in the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1980, it was believed to be extinct.[11] Threats to this species include the present and future degradation of its habitat, its small population size, restricted range, small number of colonies, low fecundity, and relative isolation.[12] Climate change and resulting sea-level rise is expected to result in further loss of its roosting and foraging habitat.[12] Since its population is very small, predicted changes in weather however, will possibly affect the endangered species even more.[23]

Listing designations

In 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the bat as a Critically Endangered species.[1] In 2016, the IUCN revised its assessment of the bonneted bat as Vulnerable, as there is no estimate on population size, and therefore it does not meet the "Endangered" requirement of fewer than 2,500 mature individuals.[1] The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission classifies it as an endangered species.[3] Its NatureServe conservation status is critically imperiled.[17] It is also a federally listed species of the United States, as of October 2013.[12] In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.[24]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Solari, S. (2016). "Eumops floridanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136433A21984011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136433A21984011.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Bailey, Amanda M; Ober, Holly K; Sovie, Adia R; McCleery, Robert A (2017). "Impact of land use and climate on the distribution of the endangered Florida bonneted bat". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (6): 1586. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx117.
  3. ^ a b c d e Florida bonneted bat. Archived 2013-04-30 at the Wayback Machine Florida Bat Conservancy. 2005.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Timm, R. M., & Genoways, H. H. (2004). The Florida bonneted bat, Eumops floridanus (chiroptera: Molossidae): Distribution, morphometrics, systematics, and ecology. Journal of Mammalogy 85(5), 852-65.
  5. ^ a b Allen (1932). A Pleistocene Bat from Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 13(3) pp. 236-239.
  6. ^ Ray et al. (1963). Three Mammals New to the Pleistocene Fauna of Florida, and a Reconsideration of Five Earlier Records. Journal of Mammalogy 44(3) pp. 373-395.
  7. ^ a b c Barbour (1936). Eumops in Florida. The American Society of Mammalogists 17(4).
  8. ^ Koopman (1971). The systematic and historical status of the Florida Eumops (Chiroptera, Molossidae). American Museum Novitates, no. 2478.
  9. ^ a b c d e Ober et al. (2017). Sexual Dimorphism in the Endangered Florida Bonneted Bat, "Eumops floridanus" (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Florida Scientist 80(1).
  10. ^ Norberg and Rayner (1987). Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 316.1179 (1987): 335–42.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Belwood (1992). Florida mastiff bat, Eumops glaucinus floridanus. pp. 216–223 in Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Volume I. Mammals (S. R. Humphrey, ed.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Endangered Species Status for the Florida Bonneted Bat Federal Register October 2, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Ober et al. (2016). Social organization of an endangered subtropical species, Eumops floridanus, the Florida bonneted bat. Mammalia.
  14. ^ a b c d e Belwood (1981). Wagner's Mastiff Bat, Eumops glaucinus floridanus, (Molossidae) in Southwestern Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 62(2) pp. 411-413.
  15. ^ Schwartz (1952). The Land Mammals of Southern Florida and the Upper Florida Keys. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 45.
  16. ^ Dobson, G. E. (1878). Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Order of the Trustees.
  17. ^ a b Eumops floridanus. NatureServe. 2012.
  18. ^ a b c Angell, E. N., and G. Thompson. 2015. Second record of a natural Florida bonneted bat (Eumops floridanus) roost. Florida Field Naturalist.
  19. ^ Torrez, E. C. B. D., Ober, H. K., & McCleery, R. A. (2016). Use of a Multi-Tactic Approach to Locate an Endangered Florida Bonneted Bat Roost. Southeastern Naturalist, 15(2), 235-242.
  20. ^ Jennings, W. L. (1958). The ecological distribution of bats in Florida.
  21. ^ Staletovich, Jenny (2 Oct 2014). "'Citizen scientist' finds rare bat roost near Gables golf course". Miami Herald. Retrieved 26 Feb 2017.
  22. ^ Shammas, Brittany (23 Nov 2016). "Endangered Bats to be Evicted From Abandoned Coral Gables House". Miami New Times. Retrieved 26 Feb 2017.
  23. ^ McCleery, Robert A.; Sovie, Adia R.; Ober, Holly K.; Bailey, Amanda M. (2017-12-01). "Impact of land use and climate on the distribution of the endangered Florida bonneted bat". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (6): 1586–1593. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx117. ISSN 0022-2372.
  24. ^ "Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
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Florida bonneted bat: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Florida bonneted bat or Florida mastiff bat (Eumops floridanus) is a species of bat in the genus Eumops, the bonneted bats or mastiff bats. Until recently, it was classified as a subspecies of Wagner's bonneted bat (Eumops glaucinus). It is endemic to southern Florida in the United States. This species has one of the smallest geographical distributions of any New World bat. It has been called "one of the most critically endangered mammal species in North America". It is protected under the Endangered Species Act.

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Eumops floridanus ( French )

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Eumops floridanus est une espèce de chauves-souris nord-américaine de la famille des Molossidae.

Taxonomie

Le premier fossile d’Eumops floridanus est découvert en 1922 à Melbourne (Floride)[1]. Le fossile consiste en une mâchoire préservée datant du Pléistocène ; on note sa similitude avec les genres Eumops et Molossus mais il est initialement placé dans un nouveau genre, Molossides, en raison de ce qui semble être une formule dentaire unique[1]. Le fossile est reclassé dans le genre Eumops en 1963 sur la croyance que le fossile original ne montre pas une chauve-souris avec une seule incisive inférieure, mais plutôt que la mâchoire du fossile manque d'une incisive et que l'espèce a en fait deux incisives inférieures. Un Eumops floridanus vivant est recensé pour la première fois en Floride en 1936, auprès d'un individu recueilli dans une école secondaire au nord de Miami. Au début, il est identifié comme un spécimen d’Eumops glaucinus, on émet l'hypothèse qu'il fût introduit accidentellement par un bateau de Cuba. Dans les années suivantes, on trouve des preuves d'une population reproductrice en Floride, ce qui réfute l'idée du transport de Cuba. En 1971, Eumops floridanus est reclassée comme sous-espèce bien marquée d’Eumops glaucinus, identifiée comme Eumops glaucinus floridanus. Cette classification est maintenue jusqu'en 2004, lorsque les analyses morphologiques montrent qu’Eumops floridanus est distincte des autres sous-populations d’Eumops glaucinus par son crâne, sa masse corporelle et sa longueur d'avant-bras[2]. La nouvelle classification établit l'espèce.

Description

 src=
Poitrine d’Eumops floridanus.

Eumops floridanus est la plus grosse chauve-souris de Floride. Les adultes pèsent de 40 à 65 g. Les mâles et les femelles ont une masse corporelle non dimorphique. La longueur de l'avant-bras est comprise entre 60 et 65 mm. La longueur des ailes individuelles est de 108 à 115 mm, les ailes des mâles légèrement sont plus longues et plus larges que les ailes des femelles[3]. En tant que molosside, en particulier du genre Eumops, Eumops floridanus a une charge alaire et des rapports d'aspect exceptionnellement élevés. En tant que membre de la famille des Molossidae, la queue s'étend bien au-delà du court uropatagium. La fourrure courte et brillante est de couleur gris brunâtre à brun cannelle. Les poils sont bicolores, avec la base plus claire que la pointe. Certains individus ont une bande blanche sur l'abdomen qui est de taille variable.

Les oreilles sont grandes et tournées vers l'avant, leur position donnant à la tête une apparence de bonnet. Leurs crânes ont des fosses d'os sphénoïde courtes et profondes qui aident à la vocalisation. Les mâles ont parfois une glande gulo-thoracique qui peut être utilisée pour marquer les femelles ou un site de repos[3]. Eumops floridanus n'est pas une espèce migratrice et, contrairement aux autres espèces de chauves-souris tempérées, n'a pas de périodes d'hibernation[4].

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition d’Eumops floridanus.

Eumops floridanus est endémique du Sud de la Floride. Il est présent dans plusieurs comtés, dont Charlotte, Collier, Lee, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee et Polk. Eumops floridanus est plus susceptible d'être détecté dans les zones agricoles, ainsi que dans les zones où les précipitations annuelles moyennes sont élevées[4].

Comportement

Reproduction

La femelle porte un seul petit. Des femelles enceintes ont été observées en avril, juin, juillet, août et septembre[5]. Des juvéniles ont été observés en janvier, avril, mai, juin, juillet, août, septembre, octobre, novembre et décembre. On pense que les femelles sont polyestreuses saisonnièrement, ce qui signifie qu'elles pourraient se reproduire et devenir enceintes à plusieurs reprises au cours de l'année. Cependant, une population dans la zone de gestion de la faune de Babcock-Webb a le taux de grossesse le plus élevé en avril, alors que 95% des femelles adultes sont enceintes, contre 10% en août et 0% en décembre[6].

Structure sociale

Eumops floridanus dort seul ou en colonie et peut former des harems. De nombreux gîtes observés ont un fort biais féminin, un harem contenant vingt femelles adultes et un seul mâle adulte. Les perchoirs ont généralement un mâle dominant, qui peut être identifié à partir d'une glande gulaire ouverte, la plus grande masse corporelle et la plus grande longueur de testicules. Les harems sont maintenus tout au long de l'année, contrairement aux autres chauves-souris de l'Est des États-Unis où les groupements sociaux varient selon les saisons[6].

Alimentation

L'alimentation comprend des coléoptères, des diptères et des hémiptères[5].

Habitation

Le premier gîte naturel utilisé par Eumops floridanus est découvert en 1979. Le perchoir est dans un pin des marais, dans une cavité creusée par des pics à face blanche ; l'arbre est abattu en raison d'un projet de construction d'autoroute[5]. Le deuxième, situé à Avon Park Air Force Range, n'est localisé qu'en 2013. Il se trouvait également dans un pin des marais, dans une cavité creusée par des pics à face blanche. En 2015, un autre gîte naturel est découvert dans le refuge faunique national Florida Panther, cette fois dans un pin d'Elliott.

La première Eumops floridanus vivante est recensée en 1936 dans un bâtiment scolaire de Miami ; plusieurs individus, y compris des jeunes, sont trouvés dans d'autres bâtiments scolaires et des immeubles résidentiels à Miami dans les années 1950.

Conservation

On croyait autrefois qu’Eumops floridanus était commune le long de la côte est de la Floride. Ses observations établissent une diminution dans les années 1960 et 1970, et en 1980, on croyait qu'elle était éteinte[5]. Les menaces pesant sur cette espèce comprennent la dégradation présente et future de son habitat, sa petite taille de population, son aire de répartition restreinte, le petit nombre de colonies, une faible fécondité et un isolement relatif[4]. Le changement climatique et l'élévation du niveau de la mer qui en résulte devraient entraîner une perte supplémentaire de son habitat de repos et d'alimentation[4]. Comme sa population est très petite, les changements météorologiques prévus affecteront peut-être encore plus les espèces en voie de disparition.

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a et b (en) Allen, « A Pleistocene Bat from Florida. », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 13, no 3,‎ 1932, p. 236-239
  2. (en) Robert M. Timm et Hugh H. Genoways, « The Florida bonneted bat, Eumops floridanus (chiroptera: Molossidae): Distribution, morphometrics, systematics, and ecology », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 85, no 5,‎ octobre 2004 (lire en ligne)
  3. a et b (en) Ober, « Sexual Dimorphism in the Endangered Florida Bonneted Bat, Eumops floridanus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) », Florida Scientist, vol. 80, no 1,‎ 2017 (lire en ligne)
  4. a b c et d (en) United States Fish and Wildlife Service, « Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for the Florida Bonneted Bat », sur Federal Register, 2013 (consulté le 23 août 2020)
  5. a b c et d (en) J.J. Belwood, « Wagner’s mastiff bat, Eumops glaucinus floridanus (Molossidae) in southwestern Florida », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 62,‎ 1981, p. 411-413
  6. a et b (en) Ober, « Social organization of an endangered subtropical species, Eumops floridanus, the Florida bonneted bat. », Mammalia,‎ 2016 (lire en ligne)

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Eumops floridanus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Eumops floridanus est une espèce de chauves-souris nord-américaine de la famille des Molossidae.

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Eumops floridanus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Eumops floridanus is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Eumops die voorkomt in het zuiden van Florida (Verenigde Staten). Deze vleermuis heeft één van de kleinste verspreidingen van alle zoogdieren in de Verenigde Staten en wordt, mede daardoor, sterk bedreigd. Deze soort werd oorspronkelijk op basis van een Pleistocene fossiele onderkaak beschreven als de enige soort van een nieuw geslacht, Molossides, maar later als een Eumops herkend en als ondersoort in E. glaucinus geplaatst. Uiteindelijk werd E. floridanus echter weer als een aparte soort erkend, grotendeels wegens morfometrische verschillen.

E. floridanus is een grote bulvleermuis: veel van de maten overlappen zelfs niet met E. glaucinus. De kleur van de korte vacht is zoals bij veel bulvleermuizen zeer variabel, van zwart tot bruingrijs of bruin. De onderkant is wat lichter. De totale lengte bedraagt 130 tot 165 mm, de staartlengte 46 tot 57 mm, de voorarmlengte 60,8 tot 66,0 mm, de achtervoetlengte 11 tot 15 mm, de oorlengte 20 tot 30 mm, het gewicht 33,8 tot 46,5 g en de schedellengte 25,2 tot 27,2 mm. Waarschijnlijk heeft dit dier twee verschillende paartijden: in de zomer en in januari-februari en gebruikt het gebouwen, boomholtes en mogelijk rotsspleten en grotten om in te slapen.

Literatuur

  • Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312-529 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
  • Timm, R.T. & Genoways, H. 2004. The Florida bonneted bat, Eumops floridanus (Chiroptera: Molossidae): Distribution, morphometrics, systematics, and ecology. Journal of Mammalogy 85(5):852-865.
  • (en) Eumops floridanus op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  • license
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    Eumops floridanus: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

    provided by wikipedia NL

    Eumops floridanus is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Eumops die voorkomt in het zuiden van Florida (Verenigde Staten). Deze vleermuis heeft één van de kleinste verspreidingen van alle zoogdieren in de Verenigde Staten en wordt, mede daardoor, sterk bedreigd. Deze soort werd oorspronkelijk op basis van een Pleistocene fossiele onderkaak beschreven als de enige soort van een nieuw geslacht, Molossides, maar later als een Eumops herkend en als ondersoort in E. glaucinus geplaatst. Uiteindelijk werd E. floridanus echter weer als een aparte soort erkend, grotendeels wegens morfometrische verschillen.

    E. floridanus is een grote bulvleermuis: veel van de maten overlappen zelfs niet met E. glaucinus. De kleur van de korte vacht is zoals bij veel bulvleermuizen zeer variabel, van zwart tot bruingrijs of bruin. De onderkant is wat lichter. De totale lengte bedraagt 130 tot 165 mm, de staartlengte 46 tot 57 mm, de voorarmlengte 60,8 tot 66,0 mm, de achtervoetlengte 11 tot 15 mm, de oorlengte 20 tot 30 mm, het gewicht 33,8 tot 46,5 g en de schedellengte 25,2 tot 27,2 mm. Waarschijnlijk heeft dit dier twee verschillende paartijden: in de zomer en in januari-februari en gebruikt het gebouwen, boomholtes en mogelijk rotsspleten en grotten om in te slapen.

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    Eumops floridanus ( Swedish )

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    Eumops floridanus är ett däggdjur i familjen veckläppade fladdermöss som förekommer i sydöstra USA. Taxonet infogades en längre tid som underart i Eumops glaucinus[2] och sedan början av 2000-talet godkänns den som art.[1]

    Vuxna exemplar blir med svans 130 till 165 mm långa, svanslängden är 46 till 57 mm och vikten ligger vid 33,8 till 46,5 g. Fladdermusen har 60,8 till 66,0 mm långa underarmar, 11 till 15 mm långa bakfötter och 20 till 30 mm stora öron. Håren är nära roten vita och sedan brun, gråbrun, kanelbrun eller svart. Ovansidan är allmänt mörkare än undersidan.[3]

    Arten är bara känd från södra Florida. Den lever i skogar och i kulturlandskap.[1]

    Individerna vilar i byggnader och ibland i trädens håligheter, i trädens bladverk eller i bon som skapades av hackspettar.[1] Honor har vanligen en kull under sommaren och troligen ytterligare en kull under våren.[3]

    Eumops floridanus klarar öppen bebyggelse men den har problem med täta samhällen. Arten påverkas även negativ av insekticider. Troligtvis dör flera exemplar under stormar som drabbar regionen. IUCN uppskattade 2016 att det finns mindre ä 2500 vuxna exemplar och listar arten som sårbar (VU).[1]

    Referenser

    1. ^ [a b c d e] Solari, S. 2016 Eumops floridanus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2018-01-04.
    2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Eumops glaucinus floridanus
    3. ^ [a b] Timm & Genoways (2004). ”The Florida Bonneted Bat”. Journal of Mammalogy. https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/85/5/852/859206. Läst 4 januari 2018.

    Externa länkar

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    Eumops floridanus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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    Eumops floridanus är ett däggdjur i familjen veckläppade fladdermöss som förekommer i sydöstra USA. Taxonet infogades en längre tid som underart i Eumops glaucinus och sedan början av 2000-talet godkänns den som art.

    Vuxna exemplar blir med svans 130 till 165 mm långa, svanslängden är 46 till 57 mm och vikten ligger vid 33,8 till 46,5 g. Fladdermusen har 60,8 till 66,0 mm långa underarmar, 11 till 15 mm långa bakfötter och 20 till 30 mm stora öron. Håren är nära roten vita och sedan brun, gråbrun, kanelbrun eller svart. Ovansidan är allmänt mörkare än undersidan.

    Arten är bara känd från södra Florida. Den lever i skogar och i kulturlandskap.

    Individerna vilar i byggnader och ibland i trädens håligheter, i trädens bladverk eller i bon som skapades av hackspettar. Honor har vanligen en kull under sommaren och troligen ytterligare en kull under våren.

    Eumops floridanus klarar öppen bebyggelse men den har problem med täta samhällen. Arten påverkas även negativ av insekticider. Troligtvis dör flera exemplar under stormar som drabbar regionen. IUCN uppskattade 2016 att det finns mindre ä 2500 vuxna exemplar och listar arten som sårbar (VU).

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    Eumops floridanus ( Ukrainian )

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    Середовище проживання

    Країни мешкання: США. Зустрічається тільки в південній Флориді в містах і лісових районах. У Флориді, улюблені денні сідала знаходяться під черепицею дахів, але деякі були знайдені у листі королівської пальми, у вапнякових скелях, і в кажанячих будинках.

    Морфологія

    Морфометрія. Вага: 30—55 гр, розмах крил: 49—51 см.

    Опис. Широка голова і товсті ніздрі, вуха нависають на лоб, довге волосся на крупу.

    Стиль життя

    Літає швидко і високо, полює на великих комах, у тому числі великих (до 60 мм) жуків і коників. Самиця народжує одне маля в червні, липні, серпні чи вересні. У будь-яку пору року, підлітки, дорослі самці і дорослі самиці можуть знаходитись в тому ж сідалі. На відміну від більшості інших Eumops, яким потрібно вільних 8-10 метрів від сідала, перш ніж вони можуть літати, Eumops floridanus може злетіти з горизонтальних поверхонь. Ці кажани залишають свої сідала після настання темряви і рідко літати нижче 10 метрів. Їх гучні, пронизливі звуки можна почути на деяку відстань, і як тільки людина усвідомлює ці кличі, вона може бути легко відрізнити їх від інших нічних звуків. Вони не мігрують. Поживою є жуки, мухи, комарі, молі та інші комахи.

    Джерела

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    플로리다도가머리박쥐 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    플로리다도가머리박쥐(Eumops floridanus)는 큰귀박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 최근까지는 바그너도가머리박쥐의 아종으로 분류했다.[2] 미국 플로리다주 남부 지역의 토착종이다.[1] 신대륙 박쥐 중에서 지리적으로 가장 작은 분포 지역을 갖는 종의 하나이다.[3] 북아메리카에서 가장 멸종 위협이 높은 포유류 종의 하나이다.[3] 미국에서 1973년 멸종위기 종의 보호에 관한 법률로 보호하고 있다.

    분류학

    가장 오랜 박쥐 화석은 1922년 플로리다 멜버른에서 발견되었다.[4] 화석은 보존된 턱뼈로 이루어져 있으며 플라이스토세까지 거슬러 올라간다. 도가머리박쥐속벨벳자유꼬리박쥐속과의 유사성이 언급되었지만, 독특한 치열이 나타났기 때문에 초기의 몰로시데스속(Molossides)으로 분류되었다.[4] 이 화석은 원래의 화석이 하나의 단일 아랫턱 앞니를 가진 박쥐로 보이지 않았지만 오히려 아랫턱에 앞니가 사라져 보이지 않고 이 종이 실제로는 2개의 아랫텃 앞니를 가졌다는 믿음으로 1963년에 도가머리박쥐속으로 재분류되었다.[5] 현존하는 한 점의 도가머리박쥐가 마이애미 북부 고등학교에서 수집되면서 1936년 플로리다에서 처음 기록되었다.[6] 당시 바그너도가머리박쥐(Eumops glaucinus) 표본으로 동정되었고, 쿠바의 과일운반 증기선 때문에 우연히 넘어 온 것으로 추정했다.[6] 다음해 플로리다에서 번식하는 개체군이 있다는 증거가 있었으며 가끔 쿠바로부터 옮겨왔을 뿐이라는 아이디어로 반박했다. 1971년 이 도가머리박쥐는 Eumops glaucinus floridanus로 동정되고 바그너도가머리박쥐의 잘 표기된 아종으로 재분류되었다.[7] 이와 같은 분류는 형태학적 분석에서 이 도가머리박쥐가 두개골과 몸무게, 전완장 등이 바그너도가머리박쥐의 아개체군과 구별된다는 사실이 밝혀진 2004년까지 유지되었다.[3] 이어서 별도의 신종 Eumops floridanus로 승격되었다.[3]

    특징

    플로리다박쥐는 플로리다에 서식하는 가장 큰 박쥐이다.[2] 성체의 몸무게는 40~65g이다.[8] 수컷과 암컷은 몸무게에서 비-성적이형성을 보인다.[8] 전완장은 60mm와 65mm 사이이다.[8] 날개 길이는 108~115mm이고, 수컷의 날개가 암컷보다 약간 길고 넓다.[8] 큰귀박쥐과 박쥐의 일종으로 도가머리박쥐속 중에서 특히 플로리다박쥐는 익압과 종횡비가 현저히 크다.[9]

    각주

    1. “Eumops floridanus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2013년 2월 6일에 확인함.
    2. Florida bonneted bat. Archived 2013년 4월 30일 - 웨이백 머신 Florida Bat Conservancy. 2005.
    3. Timm, R. M., & Genoways, H. H. (2004). The Florida bonneted bat, Eumops floridanus (chiroptera: Molossidae): Distribution, morphometrics, systematics, and ecology. Journal of Mammalogy 85(5), 852-65.
    4. Allen (1932). A Pleistocene Bat from Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 13(3) pp. 236-239.
    5. Ray et al. (1963). Three Mammals New to the Pleistocene Fauna of Florida, and a Reconsideration of Five Earlier Records. Journal of Mammalogy 44(3) pp. 373-395.
    6. Barbour (1936). Eumops in Florida. The American Society of Mammalogists 17(4).
    7. Koopman (1971). The systematic and historical status of the Florida Eumops (Chiroptera, Molossidae). American Museum novitates, no. 2478.
    8. Ober et al. (2017). Sexual Dimorphism in the Endangered Florida Bonneted Bat, "Eumops floridanus" (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Florida Scientist 80(1).
    9. Norberg and Rayner (1987). Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 316.1179 (1987): 335–42.
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