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Diploastrea heliopora

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Diploastrea heliopora, commonly known as diploastrea brain coral[3] or honeycomb coral[4] among other vernacular names, is a species of hard coral in the family Diploastreidae. It is the only extant species in its genus. This species can form massive dome-shaped colonies of great size.

Taxonomy

Diploastrea heliopora was first described in 1816 by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck as Astrea heliopora. It was transferred to the new genus Diploastrea by G. Matthai in 1914.[5] Diploastrea heliopora was included in the family Agathiphylliidae by T.W. Vaughan and J.W. Wells in 1943. It was the only extant member of the family, which also included four fossil species. In 1956, Wells transferred the genus to Faviidae, and this has been widely accepted. However, recent molecular and phylogenetic studies show that this coral has certain unique features, and a separate family, Diploastreidae, has been reinstated. It is the only extant member of the family.[6]

Description

A colonial species, D. heliopora grows into domes 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) or more across. The corallites are plocoid (with an individual wall), round and closely packed, about 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter and formed by extratentacular budding. The corallite walls are distinctive, being not solid but formed from the enlarged outer ends of the septa, which are not connected to each other. The columellae are large. The coral has a smooth surface and is usually cream or greyish-brown, sometimes tinged with green. It is a zooxanthellate species.[2][6]

Distribution and habitat

This species is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific region, including the Red Sea, occurring at depths down to 30 m (100 ft).[1] Its typical habitat is in silty environments without strong wave action such as protected fringing reefs and back reef slopes. In the atoll lagoons of the Indian Ocean it is often plentiful and dominant, while in the Red Sea it is uncommon.[2]

Ecology

Small gobies can often be found perching on this coral or swimming around the surface searching for food.[1] This coral is a zooxanthellate species; the coral houses symbiotic dinoflagellates within its tissues which supply it with much of the nourishment it needs. The polyps supplement this by extending their tentacles to feed, but do so only at night.[2]

Status

D. heliopora is plentiful in some areas but less common elsewhere. In Indonesia it is collected for the aquarium trade, but apart from this, the threats it faces are those affecting coral reefs in general; climate change, ocean acidification, coral disease and human actions. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "near threatened".[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d DeVantier, L.; Hodgson, G.; Huang, D.; Johan, O.; Licuanan, A.; Obura, D.O.; Sheppard, C.; Syahrir, M.; Turak, E. (2014). "Diploastrea heliopora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T133231A54218331. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T133231A54218331.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Hoeksema, Bert (2016). "Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  3. ^ "Diploastrea Brain Coral". Blue Zoo Aquatics. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  4. ^ "Honeycomb Coral: (Diploastrea heliopora)". EDGE. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  5. ^ Hoeksema, Bert (2016). "Diploastrea Matthai, 1914". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  6. ^ a b 台灣石珊瑚誌. 國立臺灣大學出版中心. 2009. p. 155. ISBN 978-986-01-8745-8.

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Diploastrea heliopora: Brief Summary

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Diploastrea heliopora, commonly known as diploastrea brain coral or honeycomb coral among other vernacular names, is a species of hard coral in the family Diploastreidae. It is the only extant species in its genus. This species can form massive dome-shaped colonies of great size.

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Diploastrea heliopora ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Diploastrea heliopora es la única especie del género de corales Diploastrea, de la familia monogenérica Diploastreidae. Pertenece al grupo de los corales duros, orden Scleractinia, de la clase Anthozoa.

Hasta el año 2012, el género estaba integrado en la familia Faviidae, de hecho todavía figura así en muchas fuentes, dada la tan reciente reclasificación,[2][3]​ aceptada por el Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas.[4]

Morfología

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Estructura de coralito. (Caryophyllia)

Las colonias son masivas, con forma de loma o redondeadas. Alcanzan los 2 m de alto por 7 m de diámetro.[5]

Los coralitos, o esqueletos individuales de los pólipos, están dispuestos muy juntos, en forma plocoide, son redondeados, tienen entre 8 y 10 mm de diámetro, separados por muros gruesos. La columela es grande. Los septos son iguales, gruesos en su unión al muro y finos en el extremo interior, junto a la columela. Esta característica puede observarse a través del tejido del pólipo.

El color del tejido del pólipo es marrón, crema, gris o verdoso.

Sus tentáculos aparecen por la noche, rodeando el disco oral, con el fin de atrapar presas de plancton.

Alimentación

Los pólipos contienen algas simbióticas; mutualistas, ambos organismos se benefician de la relación, llamadas zooxantelas. Las algas realizan la fotosíntesis produciendo oxígeno y azúcares, que son aprovechados por los pólipos, y se alimentan de los catabolitos del coral, especialmente fósforo y nitrógeno.[6]​ Esto les proporciona del 70 al 95% de sus necesidades alimenticias. El resto lo obtienen atrapando plancton con sus tentáculos o absorbiendo materia orgánica del agua.

Reproducción

Producen esperma y huevos que se fertilizan en el agua. Las larvas deambulan por la columna de agua hasta que se posan y fijan en el lecho marino, una vez allí se convierten en pólipos y comienzan a secretar carbonato cálcico para construir su esqueleto.

Asimismo, se reproducen asexualmente mediante gemación extratentacular del pólipo, dando origen a otros ejemplares, y así, a la colonia.

Hábitat

Habita en las zonas soleadas del arrecife, tanto en áreas expuestas, como más protegidas de las corrientes. Suele encontrarse en laderas superiores y en lagunas, hasta los 30 m de profundidad,[1]​ aunque se reportan localizaciones entre 0 y 45 m, y en un rango de temperatura entre 25.48 y 28.54ºC.[7]

Pequeños gobios, como la especie Helcogramma striata, se asocian con frecuencia a estos corales, rebuscando comida por la superficie de las grandes colonias.

Distribución geográfica

Su distribución geográfica es amplia, aunque normalmente no común, y comprende el océano Indo-Pacífico, desde las costas de África oriental, incluido el Mar Rojo, hasta el Pacífico central.

Es especie nativa de Arabia Saudí; Australia; Camboya; Birmania; Chagos; China; Comoros; Egipto; Eritrea; Filipinas; Fiyi; Guam; India; Indonesia; Israel; Japón; Jordania; Kenia; Kiribati; Madagascar; Malasia; Maldivas; islas Marianas del Norte; islas Marshall; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia; Mozambique; Nauru; Nueva Caledonia; Palaos; Papúa Nueva Guinea; Reunión; Samoa; Samoa Americana; islas Salomón; Seychelles; Singapur; Somalia; Sri Lanka; Sudán; Taiwán; Tanzania; Tailandia; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Vietnam; Wallis y Futuna; Yemen y Yibuti.

Galería

Referencias

  1. a b DeVantier, L., Hodgson, G., Huang, D., Johan, O., Licuanan, A., Obura, D., Sheppard, C., Syahrir, M. & Turak, E. (2008). «Diploastrea heliopora». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el el 26 de mayo de 2016..
  2. Budd, A.F., Fukami, H., Smith, N.D. & Knowlton, N. 2012. Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166: 465–529
  3. Huang D, Benzoni F, Fukami H, Knowlton N, Smith ND, Budd AF (2014) Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). (en inglés) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 277–355.
  4. Hoeksema, B. (2013). Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207417. Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas. Consultado el 28-03-2013.
  5. Veron, J.E.N. (1986) (en inglés) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Australian Institute of Marine Science.
  6. Debelius, Heimut y Baensch, Hans A. Atlas Marino. Mergus. 1998.
  7. http://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=744503 IOBIS: Sistema de Información Biogeográfica Oceánica. Consultado el 26 de mayo de 2016.

Bibliografía

  • Veron, J.E.N., Pichon, M. & Wijsman-Best, M. (1977) Scleractinia of Eastern Australia – Part II. Families Faviidae, Trachyphylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph series 3: 1–233. (en inglés)
  • Huang D, Benzoni F, Fukami H, Knowlton N, Smith ND, Budd AF (2014) Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 277–355. (en inglés)
  • Sprung,Julian y Delbeek, J.Charles (1997). The Reef Aquarium (en inglés). Ricordea Publishing.
  • Erhardt, Harry y Moosleitner, Horst. (1998-20059 (en inglés) Atlas Marine. Vol. 2. Mergus.
  • Debelius, Helmut y Baensch, Hans A. (1998-2006.). Atlas Marino. Mergus.
  • Borneman, Eric H. (2001-2009). Aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history (en inglés). Microcosm. T.F.H.
  • Gosliner, Behrens & Williams. (1996) (en inglés) Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challengers Publishers.
  • Veron, J.E.N. (1986) (en inglés) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Australian Institute of Marine Science.

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Diploastrea heliopora: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Diploastrea heliopora es la única especie del género de corales Diploastrea, de la familia monogenérica Diploastreidae. Pertenece al grupo de los corales duros, orden Scleractinia, de la clase Anthozoa.

Hasta el año 2012, el género estaba integrado en la familia Faviidae, de hecho todavía figura así en muchas fuentes, dada la tan reciente reclasificación,​​ aceptada por el Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas.​

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Diploastrea heliopora ( French )

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Diploastrea heliopora est une espèce de coraux durs de la famille des Diploastreidae.

Description et caractéristiques

Il constitue des colonies massives en forme de dôme dont la hauteur peut atteindre 2 m pour un diamètre à la base de 5 m[2].

Habitat et répartition

Diploastrea heliopora est présent dans les eaux tropicales de l'Indo-Ouest Pacifique, Mer Rouge incluse[3].

Notes et références

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Diploastrea heliopora: Brief Summary ( French )

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Diploastrea heliopora est une espèce de coraux durs de la famille des Diploastreidae.

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Diploastrea heliopora ( Italian )

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Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816) è una madrepora diffusa nell'oceano Indo-Pacifico. È l'unica specie del genere Diploastrea e della famiglia Diploastreidae.[2]

Descrizione

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Coralliti

È una specie coloniale, che forma imponenti strutture a forma di cupola, dalla superficie liscia, alte sino a 2 m e con un diametro fino a 5 m.[3]

I coralliti, di colore dal crema al grigio, talvolta verdastri, formano piccoli coni, con una teca molto spessa e piccole aperture. I setti sono completi, spessi sulla parete, si assottigliano in prossimità della columella. I tentacoli dei polipi sono retratti durante il giorno e fuoriescono soltanto di notte.

Biologia

Sono coralli ermatipici che vivono in simbiosi con le zooxantelle che gli forniscono nutrimento, ed hanno quindi bisogno di luce.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie ha un ampio areale che si estende dal mar Rosso e dalle coste dell'Africa Orientale, compreso il Madagascar, attraverso l'oceano Indiano, sino all'Australia, il sudest asiatico, il Giappone, il mar della Cina orientale, e le isole del Pacifico sud-occidentale.[1]

Vive in fondali con una profondità massima di 30 m.[4]

Tassonomia

Sino al recente passato il genere Diploastrea era assegnato alla famiglia Faviidae. Recenti studi filogenetici (Huang 2014) hanno portato alla sua collocazione in una famiglia a sé stante, Diploastreidae.[5]

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Diploastrea heliopora come specie prossima alla minaccia di estinzione (Near Threatened).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) DeVantier, L., Hodgson, G., Huang, D., Johan, O., Licuanan, A., Obura, D.O., Sheppard, C., Syahrir, M. & Turak, E. 2014, Diploastrea heliopora, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 1/3/2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Hoeksema, B. (2015), Diploastrea heliopora, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 1/3/2020.
  3. ^ (EN) Diploastrea heliopora, su Corals of the World. URL consultato il 1/3/2020.
  4. ^ a b (EN) Honeycomb Coral (Diploastrea heliopora), su Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE), The Zoological Society of London. URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 febbraio 2016).
  5. ^ (EN) Huang D., Benzoni F., Fukami H., Knowlton N., Smith N.D. and Budd A.F., Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia), in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 171, 2014, pp. 277–355, DOI:10.1111/zoj.12140.

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Diploastrea heliopora: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816) è una madrepora diffusa nell'oceano Indo-Pacifico. È l'unica specie del genere Diploastrea e della famiglia Diploastreidae.

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Diploastrea heliopora ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Diploastrea heliopora is een rifkoralensoort uit de familie van de Diploastreidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1816 door Lamarck.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Hoeksema, B. (2013). Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816). Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207417
Geplaatst op:
15-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Diploastrea heliopora ( Vietnamese )

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Diploastrea heliopora là một loài san hô trong họ Faviidae. Loài này được Lamarck mô tả khoa học năm 1816.

Chú thích

  1. ^ DeVantier, L., Hodgson, G., Huang, D., Johan, O., Licuanan, A., Obura, D., Sheppard, C., Syahrir, M. & Turak, E. 2008. Diploastrea heliopora. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. . Downloaded on ngày 17 tháng 10 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


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Diploastrea heliopora: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Diploastrea heliopora là một loài san hô trong họ Faviidae. Loài này được Lamarck mô tả khoa học năm 1816.

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Biology

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zooxanthellate

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Description

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Colonies are distinctive, massive, and often exceed 1 metre across. Corallites are round and closely packed, plocoid, and formed by extratentacular budding. They are 8 to 10 mm diameter. The most characteristic feature of Diploastrea heliopora is its corallite wall structure. Walls are not solid but are delineated or formed by the thickened outer ends of the septa, which are not attached to each other laterally. This feature can even be detected beneath the tissue of the live corals. Shallow and mid-depths are preferred, almost always in sheltered water. The largest colonies are usually seen in silty environments, so it is commonly found on protected fringing reefs and back reef slopes, often beside sandy patches. Although it may grow to great size and colonies are by no means rare, vast expanses dominated by this species, as may occur in Indian Ocean atoll lagoons, have not been seen in areas such as the Red Sea. The coral is always a uniform brown. (Sheppard, 1998 ) Colonies are dome-shaped with a very even surface and may be up to 2 m high and 7 m in diameter. The skeleton is very dense. Corallites are plocoid. Columellae are large. Septa are equal and are thick at the wall and thin where they join the columellae. Polyps are extended only at night. Colour: usually uniform cream or grey, sometimes greenish. Abundance: occurs in both exposed and protected reef habitats but is usually uncommon except on some back reef margins. (Veron, 1986 ) May form large, massive domed colonies up to 5 m across or more. Corallites closely packed and domed, 10-20 mm across, with clearly visible columellae and distinct septal walls. Colour: uniform pale green to grey or cream. Habitat: diverse. (Richmond, 1997)

Reference

Roux, J.P. (2001) Conspectus of Southern African Pteridophyta. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report 13 Page 118 (Includes a picture).

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