dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 10.9 years (wild)
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Associations

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Killdeer adults, chicks and eggs are vulnerable to predation by a wide assortment of predators. These include birds of prey, gulls, crows and ravens snakes, foxes, coyotes, domestic cats, domestic dogs, raccoons, skunks and Virginia opossums.

Killdeers typically try to draw predators that come near the nest by distracting them. An adult killdeer sitting on eggs will lie still during the approach of an intruder. When the intruder comes too near, the adult will leave the nest and perform an "injured bird" routine, hobbling away and dragging its wings. After drawing the unwelcome visitor far enough from the nest, the adult killdeer takes off in flight and eludes the potential danger.

Known Predators:

  • birds of prey (Falconiformes)
  • gulls (Larus)
  • crows and ravens (Corvus)
  • snakes (Serpentes)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • domestic cats (Felis silvestris)
  • domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
  • Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)
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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Adult killdeer reach a length ranging between 23-27cm, with an average wingspan of 17.5 cm. Distinguishing characteristics include a dark, double-banded breast, with the top band completely encircling the upper body/breast. Another band is located at the head, resembling a mask absent of the facial portion. The band is continuous, thinning while going across the face along the forehead region and above the bill, and thickening at the supercilium; extending around the eye and onward around the back of the head. Plumage is relatively absent of complexity with the exception of a vividly colored, reddish-orange rump that is visible during flight and behavioral displays. The rest the body consists of a grayish-brown coloration along the dorsal side, crown and nape, while the ventral region is white. Characteristic of species in the same order, C. vociferus possess a lengthened tarsus and a pointed, extended bill, suitable for its foraging habits.

Male and female killdeer are similar in appearance, though breeding females may have additional brown on their face. Juvenile killdeer are similar in appearance to adults, with the exception of buffed fringes and the (uncommon) presence of tail-down.

There are three recognized subspecies of Charadrius vociferus. These subspecies are differentiated on the basis of differences in coloration and pattern of rufous edgings on their back and wing coverts.

Range length: 23 to 27 cm.

Range wingspan: 17.5 (low) cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Average mass: 88 g.

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
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Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The oldest known wild killdeer lived at least 10 years and 11 months.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
12 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
131 months.

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
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Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Killdeer live in terrestrial biomes including savannas, taiga and deciduous forest regions, preferring open areas within these biomes, especially sandbars, mudflats and pastures. Their preferred topographical features range greatly (shorelines, savannas, high altitude regions), with temperature being the critical factor of environment choice. With its large year-round distribution range (and as a result, a small wintering range), C. vociferus remain within their habitats year-round, migrating only when temperature becomes extremely cold, which for the killdeer, is approximately 10 degrees Celsius and below. Killdeer are highly adaptive to climate and environmental variations, and as a consequence, have effectively settled into human altered environments including parks and agricultural zones.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: taiga ; savanna or grassland ; forest

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Killdeer are native to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. They can be found over much of North America and in parts of South America. From the Gulf of Alaska coastline the range extends southward throughout the United States and reaches the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Distribution continues through the Nearctic zone and into South America, runs along the Andes Mountain Range and terminates at the southern border of Peru.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Charadrius vociferus can be considered omnivorous since berries are known to be included within the diet. Primarily though, the diet consists of various aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, insects and crustaceans.

Animal Foods: insects; aquatic crustaceans

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
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Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Killdeer affect the populations of the insects and crustaceans they eat. They also provide a valuable source of food for their predators. Killdeer also host at least 13 different species of parasites.

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Any economic/agricultural contribution from killdeer is most likely the result of their ability to control crop pests. Since insects comprise a large majority of the their diet, killdeer eat pests such as mosquitoes, ticks, and locusts.

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
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Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of killdeer on humans.

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Killdeer are neither endangered nor threatened according any of the organizations involved with biodiversity and conservation. They are, however, protected under the U.S. Migratory Bird Act.

Killdeer are highly adaptable and able to thrive in many human-altered habitats. Because of this, they are a very common species, with an estimated worldwide population of 1,000,000 individuals.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
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Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Killdeer communicate using vocalizations and physical displays. Their common name comes from the loud, piercing "kill-dee(r)" call. Killdeer calls often serve as an alert system for other individuals, including animals of different species.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Killdeer are monogamous. Breeding pairs form on the breeding grounds in the spring. Male killdeer claim a territory in which to nest, and then attempt to attract a mate using aerial displays and a series of two-noted calls. Non-migratory breeding pairs may remain together year-round, and may breed together for several years.

Mating System: monogamous

Killdeer usually begin breeding in early spring, depending on their location. Nesting may begin as early as March in the southern United States, to as late as June in central Canada. In the Caribbean, killdeer can nest year-round. In most temperate localities, killdeer may lay up to three broods per season, but most often only raise one brood successfully. However, in the southern part of their range, successful hatching of two broods may be common.

The male and female work together to "build" their nest, which is simply a depression scraped into the bare earth, or other substrate. Nests are typically located in open areas with sparse vegetation, often in farm fields, road shoulders, parking lots and flat graveled rooftops. Females lay an average clutch of 4 eggs, though the clutch may be as few as 2 eggs and as many as 6. Eggs are incubated for 24 to 28 days, with both parents performing this duty. The chicks are precocial at hatching; they are down-covered and active, and are able to leave the nest soon after their down dries. Unlike most birds, killdeers do not feed their chicks in the nest. Soon after hatching, the parents lead the chicks to a feeding area. The chicks remain with the parents until they are able to fly, 20 to 31 days after hatching. They are able to breed the next year.

Breeding interval: In the northern part of their range, killdeer breed once per year, raising one to two broods per season. In the southern part of their breeding range, killdeer can breed year-round.

Breeding season: Killdeer usually begin breeding in early spring, depending on their location. Nesting may begin as early as March in the southern United States, to as late as June in central Canada. In the Caribbean and Mexico, killdeer can nest year-round.

Range eggs per season: 2 to 6.

Range time to hatching: 24 to 28 days.

Range fledging age: 3 to 24 days.

Range time to independence: 20 to 31 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average eggs per season: 4.

Both members of a killdeer breeding pair participate in nest preparation and incubation. Unlike most birds, killdeer parents do not feed their chicks in the nest. Instead, after the last egg has hatched, they lead the chicks to a feeding area. The chicks stay with the parents until they are able to fly.

Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female)

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Chung, H. 2001. "Charadrius vociferus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_vociferus.html
author
Hugh Chung, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Terry Root, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Charadrius vociferus

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

Resembling a much larger Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), the Killdeer is most easily identified by its size (9-11 inches), brown back, two black breast bands, and orange-brown rump. Other field marks include its gray-green legs, black bill, and red eye ring. Male and female Killdeers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Killdeer breeds across the United States and southern Canada. Birds breeding in coastal areas and in the interior south are non-migratory, while birds breeding further north migrate south to Central America in winter. Other non-migratory populations occur in Mexico, Peru, and the West Indies. Less associated with water than most of its relatives, the Killdeer inhabits a number of open habitat types, including grasslands, mudflats, and gravel deposits. Also utilizes numerous man-made environments, such as fields, golf courses, and airports. The Killdeer eats small invertebrates, primarily worms and insects, but may consume plant matter when prey is scarce. Killdeers may be most easily observed while foraging for food, when it may be seen probing the soil with their bills or running across the surface to catch prey. Nesting Killdeer may also be observed feigning broken wings to lure intruders away from the nest site. This species is mainly active during the day, but frequently feeds at night when insects are plentiful.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Smithsonian Institution
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Reid Rumelt

Charadrius vociferus

provided by EOL authors

Resembling a much larger Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), the Killdeer is most easily identified by its size (9-11 inches), brown back, two black breast bands, and orange-brown rump. Other field marks include its gray-green legs, black bill, and red eye ring. Male and female Killdeers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Killdeer breeds across the United States and southern Canada. Birds breeding in coastal areas and in the interior south are non-migratory, while birds breeding further north migrate south to Central America in winter. Other non-migratory populations occur in Mexico, Peru, and the West Indies. Less associated with water than most of its relatives, the Killdeer inhabits a number of open habitat types, including grasslands, mudflats, and gravel deposits. Also utilizes numerous man-made environments, such as fields, golf courses, and airports. The Killdeer eats small invertebrates, primarily worms and insects, but may consume plant matter when prey is scarce. Killdeers may be most easily observed while foraging for food, when it may be seen probing the soil with their bills or running across the surface to catch prey. Nesting Killdeer may also be observed feigning broken wings to lure intruders away from the nest site. This species is mainly active during the day, but frequently feeds at night when insects are plentiful.

References

  • Charadrius vociferus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Jackson, Bette J. and Jerome A. Jackson. 2000. Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/517
  • Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • eBird Range Map - Killdeer. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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bibliographic citation
Rumelt, Reid B. Charadrius vociferus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Charadrius vociferus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Robert Costello (kearins)
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Pablo Gutierrez
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Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Habitan en campos arados, pastizales, sabanas, playones de barro en estanques y charcas.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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Cyclicity ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Es una especie migratoria neártica (ver Distribución en Costa Rica). Además, efectúa movimientos estacionales pronunciados, relacionados con los cambios del nivel del agua en su hábitat.

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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by INBio
Son solitarios o forman grupos dispersos hasta de 5 individuos. Son bulliciosos y se mantienen alerta, gritan sin reservas a la vista de personas u otros peligros, aún si se encuentran a larga distancia.

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by INBio
Localidad del tipo: in America septerntrionali = Carolina del Sur.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by INBio
Mide 25 cm. y pesa 95 grs. Son relativamente grandes, delgados y con la cola negra, al igual que las dos bandas pectorales. Los adultos presentan la coronilla, los lados de la cabeza y el manto café grisáceo, y a menudo con algo de rufo en las coberteras de las alas. La rabadilla y la cola son de color naranja acanelado, y la punta de la cola blanca y negra. La frente y el collar nucal son blancos con el borde negro y por encima y por detrás del ojo muestran una mancha blanca. La región inferior y la lista alar son blancos. Los párpados son rojos, el pico es negro y las patas son color carne. Los ejemplares juveniles son semejantes, pero con las plumas del manto de color fusco en la parte subterminal y con un fleco color ante.

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Reproduction ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by INBio
Su nido consiste en una depresión ubicada sobre un terreno arenoso o barro seco. Ponen de 3 a 4 huevos anteados, con manchas negruzcas abundantes y prominentes. Se reproducen de mayo a junio.

Los polluelos son atendidos por ambos padres.

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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Forrajean en grupos y capturan insectos, lombrices, anfípodos, gusanos y renacuajos.

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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by INBio
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Es una especie migratoria y residente de invierno común localmente, desde las bajuras hasta las elevaciones intermedias en las dos vertientes. Llega a finales agosto y setiembre y parte entre abril y mayo. Unos pocos individuos permanecen durante todo el año y se reproducen en el área de Cartago y probablemente en otros sitios de las montañas centrales. Durante la migración en forma casual ascienden hasta los 3000 m..


Distribucion General: Se reproduce desde la parte central de México, Alaska y el norte de Canadá hasta la parte central de México, Bahamas, Antillas Mayores y Costa Rica. Invierna desde el suroeste de Canadá y la parte central y este de E.U.A. hasta el norte de Suramérica. Existe además una población residente en el oeste de Suramérica.

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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Charadrius vociferus (Linnaeus)

The killdeer, an obviously unsuitable bird as a host for the brown-headed cowbird, has figured hitherto in the host catalog of that parasite solely on the basis of its inclusion in a list of cowbird victims compiled by Oberholser prior to 1920. When he was asked about it in 1921 he could not recall the source or the locality of the record, but he considered it to be valid and that it pertained to the nominate race of the cowbird.

Recently Harold Mossop (1963) reported a cowbird's egg with 4 eggs of the killdeer in a nest of the latter in Manitoba. On geographic grounds this must involve the northwestern race of the cowbird, M. ater artemisiae, for which it is a “first.” The fact that there is now a second “record” (both without detailed data) does not alter the status of the killdeer as a cowbird “host.” It is to be looked upon as a purely accidental involvement.

SPOTTED SANDPIPER
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Friedmann, Herbert, Kiff, Lloyd F., and Rothstein, Stephen I. 1977. "A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.235

Nouelig kildir ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

An nouelig kildir a zo un evn bihan, Charadrius vociferus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

Rummatadur

Diouzh an evnoniourien e vez renket an nouelig kildir en urzhiad Charadriiformes pe Ciconiiformes.

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Nouelig kildir: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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An nouelig kildir a zo un evn bihan, Charadrius vociferus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Corriol cua-roig ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El corriol cua-roig[1] (Charadrius vociferus) és un ocell de la família dels caràdrids (Charadriidae) que habita prats, aiguamolls, llacs i rius des de l'est d'Alaska, centre i sud de Canadà, Estats Units, Antilles, Bahames, nord de Mèxic i costa de Perú i nord-oest de Xile. En hivern les poblacions més septentrionals migren cap al sud, arribant fins a l'Amèrica Central i nord de Sud-amèrica.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Corriol cua-roig Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Corriol cua-roig: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El corriol cua-roig (Charadrius vociferus) és un ocell de la família dels caràdrids (Charadriidae) que habita prats, aiguamolls, llacs i rius des de l'est d'Alaska, centre i sud de Canadà, Estats Units, Antilles, Bahames, nord de Mèxic i costa de Perú i nord-oest de Xile. En hivern les poblacions més septentrionals migren cap al sud, arribant fins a l'Amèrica Central i nord de Sud-amèrica.

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Cwtiad torchog mawr ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwtiad torchog mawr (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwtiaid torchog mawrion) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Charadrius vociferous; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Kildeer plover. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. vociferous, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America ac ar adegau i'w ganfod ar draethau arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.[3]

Teulu

Mae'r cwtiad torchog mawr yn perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corgwtiad Aur Pluvialis dominica Corgwtiad aur y Môr Tawel Pluvialis fulva
Pluvialis fulva -Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Alaska, USA-8.jpg
Cwtiad aur Pluvialis apricaria
Rohkunborri Pluvialis Apricaria.jpg
Cwtiad Caint Charadrius alexandrinus
Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, India.jpg
Cwtiad gwargoch Charadrius ruficapillus
Charadrius ruficapillus Breeding Plumage.jpg
Cwtiad Llwyd Pluvialis squatarola
Pluvialis squatarola (summer plumage).jpg
Cwtiad Malaysia Charadrius peronii
Charadrius peronii - Laem Pak Bia.jpg
Cwtiad teirtorch Charadrius tricollaris
Charadrius tricollaris -near Sand River Selous, Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania-8.jpg
Cwtiad torchog Charadrius hiaticula
Charadrius hiaticula tundrae Varanger.jpg
Cwtiad torchog bach Charadrius dubius
Charadrius dubius - Laem Pak Bia.jpg
Cwtiad tywod mawr Charadrius leschenaultii
Greater Sand Plover.jpg
Hutan mynydd Charadrius morinellus
Charadrius morinellus male.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
  3. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Cwtiad torchog mawr: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwtiad torchog mawr (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwtiaid torchog mawrion) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Charadrius vociferous; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Kildeer plover. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. vociferous, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America ac ar adegau i'w ganfod ar draethau arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.

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Kildire ( Danish )

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Kildiren (Charadrius vociferus) er en mellemstor præstekrave.

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Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer ( German )

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Jungvogel

Der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer (Charadrius vociferus) ist eine amerikanische Vogelart aus der Familie der Regenpfeifer (Charadriidae). In Europa ist der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer ein seltener Irrgast. Er wird gelegentlich durch Herbst- und Winterstürme an die ostatlantischen Küsten verdriftet.[1]

Merkmale

Der 26 cm lange Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer ist oberseits graubraun gefärbt mit rotorangefarbenem Bürzel. Die Unterseite und der Hals sind weiß. Der Vogel hat ein doppeltes schwarzes Brustband. Er hat einen langen, keilförmig zulaufenden Schwanz und lange, spitz zulaufende Flügel. Der Bürzel ist rotbraun. Bei fliegenden Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifern ist die breite weiße Flügelbinde sichtbar. Jungvögel gleichen den adulten Vögeln, haben jedoch eine weniger ausgeprägte schwarze Gesichtszeichnung und ein unvollständiges oberes Brustband.

Seinen lauten Kill-dier-Rufe verdankt er seinen englischen Namen Killdeer.

Lebensraum, Verbreitung und Wanderung

Der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer gehört zu den in Amerika am verbreitetsten Regenpfeifer-Arten. Er kommt in Nord-, Zentral- und im nördlichen Südamerika vor. Die nördlichen Populationen ziehen zum Überwintern nach Süden während die südlichen Population nicht wandern. Selten taucht der Vogel als Irrgast infolge von Winterstürmen in Westeuropa auf.

Die Wanderungen des Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifers sind komplex und wurden bisher nur wenig untersucht.[2] Die nach Norden führende Wanderung beginnt zwischen Februar und März, teilweise auch erst Mitte April. Die nach Süden führende Wanderung findet zwischen Juni und November statt. Untersuchungen von beringten Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifern ergaben, dass die Tiere zum Ende der Brutsaison von Indiana und Wisconsin nach Louisiana und South Carolina, von New York nach Georgia, von Alberta nach Kansas, und von Pennsylvania nach Florida ziehen. Der Zug nach Südamerika führt vor allem durch die Großen Antillen, Mexiko und Zentralamerika. Anhand der Beobachtung beringter Individuen stellte sich heraus, dass die Tiere häufig über mehrere Jahre hinweg an dieselben Standorte zurückkehren.

Obwohl er strenggenommen zu den Küstenvögeln gehört, wird der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer auch im Landesinneren angetroffen. Die Art bevorzugt offenen Flächen, insbesondere Sandbänke, Schlick und Viehweiden, sowie vom Menschen geformte Flächen wie Sportplätze, Flughäfen, Golfplätze, geschotterte Parkplätze oder mit Schotter bedeckte Hausdächer. Am häufigsten werden Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer jedoch in der Nähe von Wasser angetroffen, selbst wenn es sich dabei um Rasensprenger handelt.

Fortpflanzung

Der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer legt in eine flache Bodensenke meist vier Eier, die beide Elternvögel rund vier Wochen lang bebrüten. Die Jungvögel sind Nestflüchter, die beim Schlüpfen bereits Dunenfedern und offene Augen haben und schon nach wenigen Stunden laufen und fressen können. Sie sind jedoch noch bis zum Flüggewerden auf ihre Eltern angewiesen.

Ein Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer versucht von seinem Nest abzulenken (28 Sekunden, 2,3 MB)

Bei Gefahr für das Nest und somit den Nachwuchs versuchen Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer potentielle Angreifer dadurch vom Nest fortzulocken, dass sie eine Verletzung ihrer Flügel vortäuschen. Die Biologin Dianne H. Brunton hat dieses Verhalten in den Jahren 1984 und 1985 näher untersucht[3] und hat dabei herausgefunden, dass Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer dieses für sie typische Verhalten nach dem Schlüpfen der Küken häufiger zeigen, als noch während des Brütens oder später, wenn die Jungtiere schon stärker auf sich selbst gestellt sind.[4] Weiterhin fand sie heraus, dass am Boden lebende Prädatoren sich eher von dem Verhalten der Elterntiere ablenken ließen, als solche, die die Küken aus der Luft angriffen.[5] Auch stellte sich heraus, dass männliche Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer das Verhalten häufiger zeigten, während weibliche Tiere das Nest eher durch Flucht verließen.[6] Brunton folgerte daraus, dass bei Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifern als Bodenbrütern aufgrund der hohen Verluste von Gelegen und Jungtieren die Fähigkeit von weiblichen Tieren, neue Eier zu legen, im Vordergrund steht.[7] Weiterhin stellte sie die These auf, dass das Verteidigungsverhalten der einzelnen Individuen weniger davon beeinflusst wird, wie viel die Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer schon in ihre aktuelle Brut investiert haben, als vielmehr davon, wie sehr die Eier oder Jungtiere auf den Schutz der Elterntiere angewiesen sind.[8]

Literatur

  • Bette J. Jackson / Jerome A. Jackson: Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), version 2.0., in: Birds of North America Online (P. G. Rodewald, editor), Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, 2000, doi:10.2173/bna.517 (kostenpflichtiger Abruf; abgerufen am 10. März 2018)
  • Peter Colston, Philip Burton: Limicolen. Alle europäischen Watvogel-Arten, Bestimmungsmerkmale, Flugbilder, Biologie, Verbreitung. BlV Verlagsgesellschaft, München 1989, ISBN 3-405-13647-4.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Hans-Günther Bauer, Einhard Bezzel und Wolfgang Fiedler (Hrsg.): Das Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas: Alles über Biologie, Gefährdung und Schutz. Band 1: Nonpasseriformes – Nichtsperlingsvögel, Aula-Verlag Wiebelsheim, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-89104-647-2, S. 448.
  2. Hierzu und zum folgenden vgl. Jackson / Jackson, Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), Abschnitt „Distribution, Migration and Habitat“, in: Birds of North America Online 2000 (abgerufen am 10. März 2018)
  3. Dianne H. Brunton, The Effects of Nesting Stage, Sex, and Type of Predator on Parental Defense by Killdeer (Charadrius vociferous): Testing Models of Avian Parental Defense, in: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26, 3 (1990), S. 181–190.
  4. Brunton, The Effects of Nesting Stage, Sex, and Type of Predator on Parental Defense by Killdeer, S. 188.
  5. Brunton, The Effects of Nesting Stage, Sex, and Type of Predator on Parental Defense by Killdeer, S. 187.
  6. Brunton, The Effects of Nesting Stage, Sex, and Type of Predator on Parental Defense by Killdeer, S. 185.
  7. Brunton, The Effects of Nesting Stage, Sex, and Type of Predator on Parental Defense by Killdeer, S. 189.
  8. „I suggest that patterns of parental defense by killdeer provide further support for the idea that an individual’s decision to continue investing in an offspring does not depend upon how much has already been invested, rather, the level of defense correlates most strongly with the vulnerability of the offspring to predation“, Brunton, The Effects of Nesting Stage, Sex, and Type of Predator on Parental Defense by Killdeer, S. 189.
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Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Jungvogel

Der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer (Charadrius vociferus) ist eine amerikanische Vogelart aus der Familie der Regenpfeifer (Charadriidae). In Europa ist der Keilschwanz-Regenpfeifer ein seltener Irrgast. Er wird gelegentlich durch Herbst- und Winterstürme an die ostatlantischen Küsten verdriftet.

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Tvíringd svarthálsa ( Faroese )

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Tvíringd svarthálsa (frøðiheiti - Charadrius vociferus)

Sí eisini

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Tvíringd svarthálsa: Brief Summary ( Faroese )

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Tvíringd svarthálsa (frøðiheiti - Charadrius vociferus)

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Killdeer

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The killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) is a large plover found in the Americas. It gets its name from its shrill, two-syllable call, which is often heard. It was described and given its current scientific name in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae. Three subspecies are described. Its upperparts are mostly brown with rufous fringes, the head has patches of white and black, and two black bands cross the breast. The belly and the rest of the breast are white. The nominate (or originally described) subspecies breeds from southeastern Alaska and southern Canada to Mexico. It is seen year-round in the southern half of its breeding range; the subspecies C. v. ternominatus is resident in the West Indies, and C. v. peruvianus inhabits Peru and surrounding South American countries throughout the year. North American breeders winter from their resident range south to Central America, the West Indies, and the northernmost portions of South America.

The nonbreeding habitat of the killdeer includes coastal wetlands, beach habitats, and coastal fields. Its breeding grounds are generally open fields with short vegetation (but locations such as rooftops are sometimes used); although it is a shorebird, it does not necessarily nest close to water. The nest itself is a scrape lined with vegetation and white material, such as pebbles or seashell fragments. This bird lays a clutch of four to six buff to beige eggs with dark markings. The breeding season (starting with egg-laying) occurs from mid-March to August, with later timing of egg-laying in the northern portion of the range. Both parents incubate the eggs for 22 to 28 days typically. The young stay in the nest until the day after being hatched, when they are led by their parents to a feeding territory (generally with dense vegetation where hiding spots are abundant), where the chicks feed themselves. The young then fledge about 31 days after hatching, and breeding first occurs after one year of age.

The killdeer primarily feeds on insects, although other invertebrates and seeds are eaten. It forages almost exclusively in fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle and standing water. It primarily forages during the day, but in the nonbreeding season, when the moon is full or close to full, it forages at night, likely because of increased insect abundance and reduced predation during the night. Predators of the killdeer include various birds and mammals. Its multiple responses to predation range from calling to the "ungulate display", which can be fatal for the performing individual. This bird is classified as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, because of its large range and population. Its population is declining, but this trend is not severe enough for the killdeer to be considered a vulnerable species. It is protected by the American Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and the Canadian Migratory Birds Convention Act.

Etymology and taxonomy

The killdeer was described in 1758 by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae as Charadrius vociferus,[2] its current scientific name.[3] Linnaeus' description was based on a 1731 account of it by English naturalist Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands,[2] where he called it the "chattering plover".[4] The genus name Charadrius is Late Latin for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century Vulgate Bible. This word derives from the Ancient Greek kharadrios, a bird found in ravines and river valleys (kharadra, "ravine"). The specific name vociferus is Latin, coming from vox, "cry", and ferre, "to bear".[5]

Three subspecies are described:

  • C. v. vociferus Linnaeus, 1758 – The nominate subspecies (originally described subspecies), it is found in the US (including southeastern Alaska), southern Canada, Mexico, and with some less widespread grounds further south, to Panama. It winters to northwestern South America.[3]
  • C. v. ternominatus Bangs & Kennard, 1920 – This subspecies is found on the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and Virgin Islands.[3]
  • C. v. peruvianus (Chapman, 1920)[note 1] – This South American subspecies is found in western Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northwest Chile.[3]

The killdeer's common name comes from its frequently heard call.[7]

Description

The killdeer is a large plover, with adults ranging in length from 20 to 28 cm (7.9 to 11.0 in), having a wingspan between 59 and 63 cm (23 and 25 in), and usually being between 72 and 121 g (2.5 and 4.3 oz) in weight.[3] It has a short, thick, and dark bill, flesh-colored legs, and a red eye ring.[8]

In flight

Its upper parts are mostly brown with rufous fringes,[3] its cap, back, and wings being the former color. It has a white forehead and a white stripe behind the eye, and its lores and the upper borders to the white forehead are black. The killdeer also has a white collar with a black upper border. The rest of the face is brown. The breast and belly are white, except for two black breast bands. It is the only plover in North America with two breast bands. The rump is red, and the tail is mostly brown. The latter also has a black subterminal band, a white terminal band, and barred white feathers on the outer portion of the tail. A white wing stripe at the base of the flight feathers is visible in flight.[8]

The female's mask and breast bands tend to be browner than those of the male. The adult of the subspecies C. v. ternominatus is smaller, paler, and greyer than the nominate. The subspecies C. v. peruvianus is smaller than the nominate and has more extensive rufous feather fringes.[3] The juvenile is similar to the adult.[8] The upper parts of the chicks are colored dusky and buff. Their underparts, forehead, neck, and chin are white,[3] and they have a single band across their breast.[8]

The killdeer is a vocal species, calling even at night. Its calls include nasal notes, like "deee", "tyeeee", and "kil-deee" (the basis of its common name). During display flights, it repeats a call of "kil-deer" or "kee-deeyu". When this plover is disturbed, it emits notes in a rapid sequence, such as "kee-di-di-di". Its alarm call is a long, fast trill.[3]

Habitat and distribution

The subspecies C. v. ternominatus in Cuba

The nominate subspecies of the killdeer breeds in the US (including southeastern Alaska), southern Canada, and Mexico, with less widespread grounds further south, to Panama. Some northern populations are migratory. This bird is resident in the southern half of its breeding range,[9] found throughout the year in most of the contiguous United States.[10] It also winters south to Central America, the West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador, and islands off Venezuela, leaving its breeding grounds after mid-July,[3] with migration peaking from August to September.[9] Migration to the breeding grounds starts in February[11] and ends in mid-May.[12]

The subspecies C. v. ternominatus is thought to be resident in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and Virgin Islands. C. v. peruvianus is seen year-round in western Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northwestern Chile.[3]

The killdeer uses beach habitats, coastal wetlands, and fields during the non-breeding season.[13] It forages almost exclusively in these fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle (which likely shorten the vegetation) and standing water.[14] When breeding, the killdeer has a home range of about 6 ha (15 acres), although this is generally larger when nesting more than 50 m (160 ft) away from water.[15] Although generally a low-land species,[3] it is found up to the snowline in meadows and open lakeshores during its autumn migration.[12]

Behavior

Breeding

Copulation

The killdeer forms pairs on its breeding grounds right after arriving.[16] Both sexes (although the male more often than the female) advertise in flight with loud "killdeer" calls. The male also advertises by calling from a high spot,[17] scraping out a dummy nest,[18] and with killdeer flights, where it flies with slow wingbeats across its territory. Ground chases occur when a killdeer has been approached multiple times by another killdeer; similarly, flight chases occur when an individual has been approached from the air. Both are forms of territorial defense.[17]

The killdeer nests in open fields or other flat areas with short vegetation (usually below 1 cm (0.39 in) tall),[3] such as agricultural fields and meadows.[13] Nests are also sometimes located on rooftops.[3] This plover frequently breeds close to where it bred the previous year. The male seems to usually renest in the same area regardless of whether or not he retains the same mate. This does not appear to be true of the female, which has been observed to not use the same territory if she does not have the same mate.[19] The nest itself is merely a shallow depression[20] or scrape[3] in the ground, fringed by some stones and blades of grass.[20] It is generally built with white nesting material instead of darker colors; the function of this is suspected to either help keep the nest cool or conceal it.[21] In a study of piping plovers, the former function was supported, as nests were 2 °C (3.6 °F) to 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than the surrounding ground. The latter function also had some support, as the plovers generally chose pebbles closer in color to the eggs; nests that contrasted more with the ground suffered more predation.[22] When nesting on rooftops, the killdeer may choose a flat roof, or build a nest of raised gravel, sometimes lined with white pebbles or pieces of seashells.[23]

A female on a nest in Pennsylvania

The eggs of the killdeer are typically laid from mid-March to early June in the southern portion of the range, and from mid-April to mid-July in the northern part.[3] In both cases, the breeding season itself extends to about August.[24] In Puerto Rico, and possibly in other Caribbean islands, breeding occurs year-round.[3]

The killdeer lays a clutch of four to six eggs that are buff to beige, with brown markings and black speckles. The eggs are about 38 by 27 mm (1.5 by 1.1 in) in size,[7] and laid at intervals of 24 to 48 hours.[3] The energy expenditure of both sexes is at its highest during egg-laying; the female needs to produce eggs, and the male needs to defend his territory.[25] Both of the sexes are closer to the nest site than usual during egg-laying and incubation, although the male is generally closer than the female during all stages of breeding. This latter fact is likely due to the male's increased investment in nest-site defense.[15] Up to five replacement clutches can be laid, and occasionally two broods occur.[3] Second broods are usually laid in the nesting territory of the first brood.[16] The eggs are incubated for 22 to 28 days[7] by both the male and the female, with the former typically incubating at night.[3] The time dedicated to incubation is related to temperature, with one study recording that killdeer incubated eggs 99% of the time when the temperature was about 13 °C (55 °F), 76% of the time around 26 °C (79 °F), and 87% of the time at about 35 °C (95 °F). When it is hot (above at least 25 °C (77 °F)), incubation cools the eggs, generally through shading by one of the parents.[26]

Eggs in a nest on the ground

About 53% of eggs are lost,[27] mainly to predators.[28] The young are precocial, starting to walk within the first days of their life. After they hatch, both parents lead them out of the nest, generally to a feeding territory with dense vegetation under which the chicks can hide when a predator is near.[16] The chicks are raised, at least in single-brood pairs, by both parents, likely because of the high failure rate of nests and the need for both parents to be present to successfully raise the young.[25] In these broods, the young are usually attended by one parent at a time (generally the female) until about two weeks of age, after which both parents are occasionally seen together with the chicks. Otherwise, the inattentive adult is at least about 23 m (75 ft) away from the chicks. Periods of attentiveness for each parent generally last from about one to one and a half hours. When the chicks are young, this is mainly spent standing; as the chicks get older, less time is dedicated to standing. When the young are below two weeks of age, the attending adult spends little time feeding; foraging time increases as the chicks grow. The inattentive adult defends the young most of the time when they are less than a week old, but this task steadily shifts onto the attentive adult, until about three weeks of age, when the attending parent does almost all of the defense. One parent at a time broods the chicks and does so frequently until they are two days old. The young are brooded during the day until about 15 days after hatching and during the night for about 18 days after hatching. The only time when they are not in the presence of a parent is when the parents are mating or responding to a predator or aggressive conspecific.[16]

A chick in New Jersey

When a pair has two broods, the second is usually attended by just the male (which can hatch the eggs on his own, unlike the female[25]). In this case, the male does not spend most of the time standing; the amount of time he does stand, though, stays constant as the chicks age. Like attentive adults in two-parent broods, the sole parent increases the time spent foraging as the young age.[16]

The young fledge about 31 days after hatching, and generally move to moister areas in valleys and on the banks of rivers. They may be cared for by their parents for up to 10 days after they fledge, and exceptionally for 81 days after hatching. About 52 to 63% of nests fail to produce any fledged young. Breeding starts after one year of age.[3] The killdeer has a maximum lifespan of 10 years and 11 months.[29]

Feeding

The killdeer feeds primarily on insects (especially beetles and flies), in addition to millipedes, worms, snails, spiders, and some seeds. It opportunistically takes tree frogs and dead minnows.[3] It forages almost exclusively in fields (no matter the tide), especially those with short vegetation and with cattle (which likely shorten the vegetation) and standing water. Standing water alone does not have a significant effect on field choice unless combined with cattle.[14] Viable disseminules can be recovered from killdeer feces, indicating that this bird is important in transporting aquatic organisms.[30]

The killdeer uses visual cues to forage. An example of this is "foot-trembling",[31] where it stands on one foot, shaking the other in shallow water for about five seconds, pecking at any prey stirred up.[32] When feeding in fields, it sometimes follows plows to take earthworms disturbed to the surface.[3] The female forages significantly more than the male during most stages of breeding. The former feeds the most before and during egg-laying, the least when incubation starts (as little time to feed remains), with a return to high levels after.[24] During the nonbreeding season, the killdeer forages during the night, depending on the lunar cycle. When the moon is full, it feeds more at night and roosts more during the day. Foraging at night has benefits for this bird, including increased insect abundance and reduced predation.[31]

Predators and parasites

The killdeer is parasitized by acanthocephalans, cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes.[33] It is preyed upon by herring gulls, common crows, raccoons, and striped skunks.[27] The mentioned birds and other avian predators are the majority of predators in some areas during the breeding season. Predation is not limited to eggs and chicks: mustelids, for example, can kill incubating adults.[34]

Responses to predators

The parents use various methods to distract predators during the breeding season. One method is the "broken-wing display",[35] also known as "injury feigning".[36] Before displaying, it usually runs from its nest, making alarm calls and other disturbances. When the bird has the attention of the predator, the former turns its tail towards the latter, displaying the threatening orange color of the rump. It then crouches, droops its wings, and lowers its tail, which is more common for them.[35] With increasing intensity, the wings are held higher, the tail is fanned out, and the tail becomes more depressed.[27] Another behavior that has received attention is the "ungulate display", where the adult raises its wings, exposes its rump, lowers its head, and charges at the intruder. This can be fatal to the displaying bird.[37]

The intensity of the responses to predators varies throughout the breeding season. During egg-laying, the most common response to predators is to quietly leave the nest. As incubation starts and progresses, the intensity of predator responses increases, peaking after hatching. This is probably because it is worth more to protect the young then, as they are more likely to fledge. After hatching, reactions decrease in intensity, until a normal response is called. This is because the young become more independent as they age.[27]

Status

The killdeer is considered a least-concern species by the IUCN due to its large range of about 26.3 million km2 (10.2 million sq mi) and population, estimated by the IUCN to be about one million birds,[1] or about two million, according to the Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.[3] Though the population is declining, it is not decreasing fast enough to be considered a vulnerable species.[1] It is protected in the US by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918,[38] and in Canada by the Migratory Birds Convention Act.[39]

Notes

  1. ^ Originally described as Oxyechus vociferus peruvianus.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Charadrius vociferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693777A93422319. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693777A93422319.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 150 – via The Internet Archive.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Wiersma, P.; Kirwan, G. M.; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.killde.01. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  4. ^ Catesby, Mark (1731). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 1. London: Printed at the expence of the author, and sold by W. Innys and R. Manby, at the West End of St. Paul's, by Mr. Hauksbee, at the Royal Society House, and by the author, at Mr. Bacon's in Hoxton. p. 71.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 99, 404. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ Chapman, Frank M. (1920). "Description of a proposed new race of the killdeer from the coast of Peru". The Auk. 37 (1): 105–108. doi:10.2307/4072966. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4072966.
  7. ^ a b c Hauber, Mark E. (2014). The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-226-05781-1.
  8. ^ a b c d "Killdeer Charadrius vociferus". Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  9. ^ a b Jonathan K. Alderfer; Paul Hess (2011). National Geographic Backyard Guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4262-0720-4.
  10. ^ Sanzenbacher, Peter M.; Haig, Susan M. (2001). "Killdeer population trends in North America". Journal of Field Ornithology. 72 (1): 160–169. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-72.1.160. ISSN 1557-9263. S2CID 85684751.
  11. ^ Nellis, David W. (2001). Common Coastal Birds of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 211. ISBN 1-56164-191-X.
  12. ^ a b Campbell, Robert Wayne; Dawe, Neil K.; McTaggart-Cowan, Ian; Cooper, John M.; Kaiser, Gary W.; McNall, Michael C. E. (1997). The Birds of British Columbia: Nonpasserines: Diurnal Birds of Prey Through Woodpeckers. UBC Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7748-4435-2.
  13. ^ a b Johnsgard, P.A. (1981). The Plovers, Sandpipers and Snipes of the World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-2553-9.
  14. ^ a b Long, Linda L.; Ralph, C. John (2001). "Dynamics of habitat use by shorebirds in estuarine and agricultural habitats in northwestern California". The Wilson Bulletin. 113 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0041:DOHUBS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0043-5643. S2CID 85929172.
  15. ^ a b Plissner, Jonathan H.; Oring, Lewis W.; Haig, Susan M. (2000). "Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 64 (2): 421. doi:10.2307/3803240. JSTOR 3803240.
  16. ^ a b c d e Lenington, Sarah (1980). "Bi-parental care in killdeer: An adaptive hypothesis". The Wilson Bulletin. 92 (1): 8–20. ISSN 0043-5643.
  17. ^ a b Mundahl, John T. (1982). "Role specialization in the parental and territorial behavior of the killdeer". The Wilson Bulletin. 94 (4): 515–530. ISSN 0043-5643.
  18. ^ Phillips, R.E. (1972). "Sexual and agonistic behaviour in the killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)". Animal Behaviour. 20 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(72)80166-0. ISSN 0003-3472.
  19. ^ Lenington, Sarah (1975). "Mate fidelity and nesting site tenacity in the killdeer". The Auk. 92 (1): 149–151. doi:10.2307/4084431. ISSN 1938-4254. JSTOR 4084431.
  20. ^ a b Hiller, Ilo (2008). "Killdeer". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  21. ^ Kull, Robert C. Jr. (1977). "Color selection of nesting material by killdeer". The Auk. 94 (3): 602–604. ISSN 1938-4254.
  22. ^ Mayer, Paul M.; Smith, Levica M.; Ford, Robert G.; Watterson, Dustin C.; McCutchen, Marshall D.; Ryan, Mark R. (2009). "Nest construction by a ground-nesting bird represents a potential trade-off between egg crypticity and thermoregulation". Oecologia. 159 (4): 893–901. Bibcode:2009Oecol.159..893M. doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1266-9. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 19145449. S2CID 22438709.
  23. ^ Fisk, Erma J. (1978). "The growing use of roofs by nesting birds". Bird-Banding. 49 (2): 134–141. doi:10.2307/4512343. ISSN 2327-1280. JSTOR 4512343.
  24. ^ a b Brunton, Dianne H. (1988). "Sexual differences in reproductive effort: time-activity budgets of monogamous killdeer, Charadrius vociferus". Animal Behaviour. 36 (3): 705–717. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80153-2. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53171701.
  25. ^ a b c Brunton, Dianne H. (1988). "Energy expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)". The Auk. 105 (3): 553–564. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.553. ISSN 1938-4254.
  26. ^ Bergstrom, Peter W. (1989). "Incubation temperatures of Wilson's plovers and killdeers". The Condor. 91 (3): 634–641. doi:10.2307/1368114. ISSN 1938-5129. JSTOR 1368114.
  27. ^ a b c d Brunton, Dianne H. (1990). "The effects of nesting stage, sex, and type of predator on parental defense by killdeer (Charadrius vociferous): Testing models of avian parental defense". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 26 (3): 181–190. doi:10.1007/bf00172085. hdl:2027.42/46896. ISSN 1432-0762. S2CID 25058409.
  28. ^ Nol, Erica; Brooks, Ronald J. (1982). "Effects of predator exclosures on besting success of killdeer". Journal of Field Ornithology. 53 (3): 263–268. ISSN 0273-8570.
  29. ^ Clapp, Roger B.; Klimkiewicz, M. Kathleen; Kennard, John H. (1982). "Longevity records of North American birds: Gaviidae through Alcidae". Journal of Field Ornithology. 53 (2): 81–124. ISSN 0273-8570. JSTOR 4512701.
  30. ^ Proctor, Vernon W.; Malone, Charles R.; DeVlaming, Victor L. (1967). "Dispersal of aquatic organisms: Viability of disseminules recovered from the intestinal tract of captive killdeer". Ecology. 48 (4): 672–676 8. doi:10.2307/1936517. ISSN 1939-9170. JSTOR 1936517.
  31. ^ a b Eberhart-Phillips, Luke J. (2016). "Dancing in the moonlight: evidence that killdeer foraging behavior varies with the lunar cycle". Journal of Ornithology. 158 (1): 253–262. doi:10.1007/s10336-016-1389-4. ISSN 2193-7192. S2CID 42947525.
  32. ^ Smith, Susan M. (1970). ""Foot-trembling" feeding behavior by a killdeer". The Condor. 72 (2): 245. doi:10.2307/1366650. ISSN 1938-5129. JSTOR 1366650.
  33. ^ Eckman, Michael K. (1968). "Helminth parasites of the killdeer in Colorado". The Journal of Parasitology. 54 (6): 1143. doi:10.2307/3276980. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3276980.
  34. ^ Johnson, Matthew; Oring, Lewis W. (2002). "Are nest exclosures an effective tool in plover conservation?". Waterbirds. 25 (2): 184. doi:10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0184:ANEAET]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1939-9170. S2CID 83933209.
  35. ^ a b Deane, C. Douglas (1944). "The broken-wing behavior of the killdeer". The Auk. 61 (2): 243–247. doi:10.2307/4079369. ISSN 1938-4254. JSTOR 4079369.
  36. ^ Gochfeld, Michael (1984). "Antipredator Behavior: Aggressive and Distraction Displays of Shorebirds". In Burger, Joanna; Olla, Bori L. (eds.). Shorebirds. Shorebirds: Breeding Behavior and Populations. pp. 289–377. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4691-3_8. ISBN 978-1-4684-4693-7.
  37. ^ Brunton, Dianne H. (1986). "Fatal antipredator behavior of a killdeer". The Wilson Bulletin. 98 (4): 605–607. ISSN 0043-5643.
  38. ^ "Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species (10.13 List)". US Fish & Wildlife Service. 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  39. ^ "Birds protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act". Government of Canada. 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

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Killdeer: Brief Summary

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The killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) is a large plover found in the Americas. It gets its name from its shrill, two-syllable call, which is often heard. It was described and given its current scientific name in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae. Three subspecies are described. Its upperparts are mostly brown with rufous fringes, the head has patches of white and black, and two black bands cross the breast. The belly and the rest of the breast are white. The nominate (or originally described) subspecies breeds from southeastern Alaska and southern Canada to Mexico. It is seen year-round in the southern half of its breeding range; the subspecies C. v. ternominatus is resident in the West Indies, and C. v. peruvianus inhabits Peru and surrounding South American countries throughout the year. North American breeders winter from their resident range south to Central America, the West Indies, and the northernmost portions of South America.

The nonbreeding habitat of the killdeer includes coastal wetlands, beach habitats, and coastal fields. Its breeding grounds are generally open fields with short vegetation (but locations such as rooftops are sometimes used); although it is a shorebird, it does not necessarily nest close to water. The nest itself is a scrape lined with vegetation and white material, such as pebbles or seashell fragments. This bird lays a clutch of four to six buff to beige eggs with dark markings. The breeding season (starting with egg-laying) occurs from mid-March to August, with later timing of egg-laying in the northern portion of the range. Both parents incubate the eggs for 22 to 28 days typically. The young stay in the nest until the day after being hatched, when they are led by their parents to a feeding territory (generally with dense vegetation where hiding spots are abundant), where the chicks feed themselves. The young then fledge about 31 days after hatching, and breeding first occurs after one year of age.

The killdeer primarily feeds on insects, although other invertebrates and seeds are eaten. It forages almost exclusively in fields, especially those with short vegetation and with cattle and standing water. It primarily forages during the day, but in the nonbreeding season, when the moon is full or close to full, it forages at night, likely because of increased insect abundance and reduced predation during the night. Predators of the killdeer include various birds and mammals. Its multiple responses to predation range from calling to the "ungulate display", which can be fatal for the performing individual. This bird is classified as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, because of its large range and population. Its population is declining, but this trend is not severe enough for the killdeer to be considered a vulnerable species. It is protected by the American Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and the Canadian Migratory Birds Convention Act.

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Kripluvio ( Esperanto )

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La Kripluvio, Charadrius vociferus, estas eta, fortika kaj vigla pluvio, tio estas vadbirdo de la familio de ĥaradriedoj kaj genro Charadrius kiu enhavas multajn aliajn speciojn.

Aspekto

Plenkreskuloj estas 23–27 cm longaj (meze 25) ku mezaveraĝa enverguro de 17 cm. Ili havas grizbrunajn dorson kaj flugilojn, blankajn ventron kaj bruston kun du nigraj larĝaj brustostrioj, la supra kompleta ringo kaj la suba preskaŭ. Ili havas brunan kronon, blankan fronton, nigran strion inter la fronto kaj la krono kaj alian blankan super kaj malantaŭ la okuloj. La beko estas mallonga kaj nigra. La kruroj estas oranĝoflavaj. Ili havas ruĝan okulringon.

Tiu specio diferenciĝas disde la pli eta Granda pluvio pro grando (fakte temas pri la plej granda koluma pluvio), la du brustostrioj kaj la ruĝoranĝaj postaĵo kaj kojnforma survosto antaŭ nigra angulo kaj blanka bordofino. Tiu ruĝa vosto estas videbla dum seksaj ceremonioj kaj dumfluge, same kiel la blanka flugila strio, kaj nomigas la specion en la hispana “culirrojo”, tio estas de ruĝa postaĵo.

Idoj estas preskaŭ egalaj al kreskuloj. Rapide moviĝas post eloviĝo. Estas tri subspecioj diferencaj laŭ koloro ĉefe en ruĝeco de brunaj dorso kaj flugiloj.

Medio kaj disvastiĝo

La medio de tiu nearktisa specio estas malferma kamparo aŭ herbejo, proksime sed ankaŭ ofte malproksime de akvo, tra plej granda parto de Kanado, Usono, Meksiko, kaj pli izolitaj loĝantaroj en Kariba Maro, Kostariko kaj la tuta marborda Peruo.

Ili estas migrantaj birdoj el nordaj regionoj kiuj vintras en norda Sudameriko. Ili estas raraj vagantoj ĝis okcidenta Eŭropo, ekzemple en la atlantikaj insuloj kaj Francio, kutime malfrue en la jaro.

Reproduktado

Ili faras neston surplanke en malferma areo facile videbla aŭ inter ŝtonetoj. La ino demetas el 2 ĝis 6 ovojn (mezaveraĝe 4). Kovado -farata de ambaŭ gepatroj- daŭras malpli ol unu monato. La idoj elnestiĝas dum la unua tago post eloviĝo kaj sendependiĝas antaŭ unu monato poste. Post unu jaro ili estas jam reproduktantoj. Dua ovdemetado eblas en sudaj teritorioj kaj eĉ tria, sed ne sukcese.

Tiu specio estas monogama. La masklo allogas la inon per montrantaj ceremonioj kaj, se temas pri nemigranta loĝantaro, povas resti kaj bredi kune dum jaroj.

Kutimoj

 src=
Ovoj de Kripluvio.
 src=
Manĝoplukanta ido de Kripluvio.

Tiuj birdoj serĉas manĝaĵojn en kampoj, kotejoj kaj strandoj ĉefe vintre. Ili manĝoplukas per rigardo. Ili manĝas ĉefe insektojn, ĉefe akvajn, krustulojn kaj eĉ berojn.

La voĉo de tiu specio estas laŭtega kaj rimarkebla “kildii” aŭ “kildiia”, kio nomigas la specion en la angla -kaj en aliaj samfamiliaj lingvoj- per nomo “Killdeer”, proksimuma skribaĵo de tiu sono signifante sensignifan frazon “mortigi la cervon” aŭ io simile. La scienca nomo “vociferus” signifas kriegulo aŭ blekulo, ĉar vere ili estas tiaj.

Tiuj birdoj ofte uzas la metodon de rompita flugilo por malproksimigi fremdulojn el nesto. Tio signifas foriri el la nesteja areo montrante sian flugilon kvazaŭ ĝi estus rompita aŭ vundita tre rimarkeble kaj pepante. Eventualaj predantoj imagas ĝin facila predo kaj sekvas ĝin for de la nesto. Se la gepatroj vidas, ke la fremdulo ne sekvas la misvunditan birdon, ili alproksimiĝas plie kaj pepas pli laŭte ĝis kiam ili atentigas tiun; kompreneble kiam tiu fremdulo preskaŭ estas atingante la “vunditan birdon” jam malproksime de la nesto, tiu forflugas. Eventualaj predantoj povas esti katoj, hundoj, aliaj mamuloj, rabobirdoj, mevoj, korvoj, ktp. Pri tiu kutimo vidu artikolon Trompoceremonio.

Ties kapableco loĝi terkulturejoj kaj mezurbajn mediojn helpis la specion iĝi komuna kaj tre disvastigita en ties teritorio. Tamen ili ne estas tre sociaj birdoj: plej ofte ili estas solaj aŭ laŭ paroj.

Referencoj

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Kripluvio: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Kripluvio, Charadrius vociferus, estas eta, fortika kaj vigla pluvio, tio estas vadbirdo de la familio de ĥaradriedoj kaj genro Charadrius kiu enhavas multajn aliajn speciojn.

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Charadrius vociferus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src=
Charadrius vociferus - MHNT

El chorlitejo colirrojo o chorlo gritón (Charadrius vociferus) es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae propia de América.

Al igual que el avefría en Europa, habita en labrantíos, aunque por sus alas puntiagudas y la franja alar blanca se parece más al chorlitejo grande. Se alimenta en praderas, marjales y estuarios de insectos, gusanos y otros invertebrados. Suele acercarse a las casas. Cuando vuela emite ruidosos y estridentes "kil-dii" de ahí que los norteamericanos lo llamen killdeer.

Subespecies

Se conocen tres subespecies de Charadrius vociferus:[1]

Referencias

  1. Zoonomen. «Birds of the World -- current valid scientific avian names.» (en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 29 de abril de 2009. Consultado el 24 de abril de 2009.
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Charadrius vociferus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src= Charadrius vociferus - MHNT

El chorlitejo colirrojo o chorlo gritón (Charadrius vociferus) es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae propia de América.

Al igual que el avefría en Europa, habita en labrantíos, aunque por sus alas puntiagudas y la franja alar blanca se parece más al chorlitejo grande. Se alimenta en praderas, marjales y estuarios de insectos, gusanos y otros invertebrados. Suele acercarse a las casas. Cuando vuela emite ruidosos y estridentes "kil-dii" de ahí que los norteamericanos lo llamen killdeer.

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Charadrius vociferus ( Basque )

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Charadrius vociferus Charadrius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Charadriidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Charadrius vociferus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Charadrius vociferus Charadrius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Charadriidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Amerikantylli ( Finnish )

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Amerikantylli (Charadrius vociferus) on amerikkalainen kahlaaja. Lajin nimesi ruotsalainen luonnontutkija Carl von Linné vuonna 1758.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Linnun pituus on 23–26 cm, siipien kärkiväli 59–63 cm ja paino 65–90 g. Naaras on hieman kookkaampi. Muistuttaa tylliä, mutta on tätä hiukan suurempi, hoikempi, pitkäpyrstöisempi ja -nokkaisempi. Rinnan poikki kulkee 2 mustaa raitaa ja nokka on kokonaan tumma. Koivet ovat kellahtavat ja pyrstö sekä yläperä punaruskeat. Sukupuolet ovat samanvärisiä. Ääni on 'kill-dee', josta laji on saanut englanninkielisen nimensä Killdeer. Vanhin amerikantylli on ollut 11 vuotta 11 kuukautta vanha.

Esiintyminen

Nimialalaji vociferus (Linné 1758) pesii Pohjois-Amerikassa Kanadan eteläosista Floridaan ja Meksikoon saakka, alalaji ternominatus (Bangs ja Kennard 1920) Bahamalla ja Antilleilla, sekä alalaji peruvianus (Chapman 1920) Etelä-Amerikassa Perusta Pohjois-Chileen. Maailman populaation koko on noin 1 miljoonaa yksilöä. Sen kanta on elinvoimainen. Pohjoisimmat populaatiot ovat muuttolintuja, jotka talvehtivat USA:n itärannikolta aina Kolumbiaan ja Ecuadoriin. Muuttomatkallaan se voi harhautua Länsi-Eurooppaan mutta sitä ei ole tavattu Suomessa.

Elinympäristö

Pesimäbiotooppeja ovat avoimet ruohikot, pellot, laitumet, golfkentät, tienreunat ja muut lyhytkortiset avomaat. Muuttoaikoina ja talvehtimisalueilla erityyppisillä kosteikoilla ja rannoilla.

Lisääntyminen

Laji on yksiavioinen. Pesä on vaatimaton kuoppa sorassa. Munia on 4 ja molemmat puolisot hautovat, yhteensä 24–28 päivää. Poikaset ovat pesäpakoisia ja lentokykyisiä ne ovat 3–4 viikon ikäisinä. Sukukypsä 1-vuotiaana.

Ravinto

Pääasiassa hyönteiset, nilviäiset ja muut pienet selkärangattomat. Syö myös marjoja.

Lähteet

  • Cramp, Stanley (päätoim.) 1985: Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Vol. III. – Oxford University Press. Hong Kong. ISBN 0-19-857506-8
  • ADW
  1. BirdLife International: Charadrius vociferus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 23.5.2014. (englanniksi)
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Amerikantylli: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Amerikantylli (Charadrius vociferus) on amerikkalainen kahlaaja. Lajin nimesi ruotsalainen luonnontutkija Carl von Linné vuonna 1758.

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Pluvier kildir ( French )

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Charadrius vociferus

Le Pluvier kildir (Charadrius vociferus) est une espèce d'oiseaux limicoles de la famille des Charadriidae présent en Amérique, du nord du Canada jusqu'aux côtes du Pérou. Les populations boréales migrent.

Description

 src=
Un Pluvier kildir et ses œufs.

Les adultes ont le dos et les ailes bruns, le ventre blanc et la poitrine blanche avec deux bandes noires. Le croupion est orange fauve. La face et la calotte sont de couleur brune avec le front blanc. Le tour de l’œil est orange-rouge. Les poussins ont des motifs presque identiques aux adultes.

Comportement

Les poussins sont nidifuges.

Les adultes simulent fréquemment le fait d'avoir une aile brisée pour éloigner les prédateurs du nid.

Sous-espèces

 src=
Carte de répartition
  • Aire de nidification
  • Présent à l'année
  • Aire d'hivernage

D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des trois sous-espèces suivantes :

  • Charadrius vociferus peruvianus (Chapman) 1920 ;
  • Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs & Kennard 1920 ;
  • Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus 1758.

Voix

Criard; kill-diâ fort, insistant, répété; dî-î plaintif montant; dî-dî-dî, etc. Également, un trille grave.

Galerie

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Pluvier kildir: Brief Summary ( French )

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Charadrius vociferus

Le Pluvier kildir (Charadrius vociferus) est une espèce d'oiseaux limicoles de la famille des Charadriidae présent en Amérique, du nord du Canada jusqu'aux côtes du Pérou. Les populations boréales migrent.

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Feadóg ghlórach ( Irish )

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Is éan í an fheadóg ghlórach. Charadrius vociferus an t-ainm eolaíoch. Is baill d'fhine na Charadriidae iad.

Bíonn droim agus sciatháin an éin fhásta donn. Bíonn an bolg ban. Brollach bán a bhfuil dhá bhanda dubh air. Dath óráiste ar an tóin. Bíonn an aghaidh donn ach dath bán a bíonn ar an an gclár éadain. Is féidir fáinne óráiste-rua a fheiscint timpeall na súilí.

 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Píllara rabirrubia ( Galician )

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A píllara rabirrubia[2][3][4][5] (Charadrius vociferus) é unha ave caradriforme americana.

Descrición

Son aves duns 26 cm de lonxitude, de cola longa e alas aguzadas, coa plumaxe da parte superior do corpo castaña agrisada con matices laranxa avermellados. A parte inferior e o pescozo son brancas. A cara e a cabeza son castañas, coa fronte branca. O anel ocular é alaranxado. Os polos teñen un deseño semellante ó dos adultos. Teñen unha liña negra dobre no papo.

 src=
Pillara rabirrubia voando

Distribución

Crían en Norteamérica e México, e poboacións illadas crían tamén en Costa Rica e Perú. As poboacións máis setentrionais emigran en inverno cara ó sur, chegando mesmo ata o norte de Sudamérica. En Europa son visitantes ocasionais raros.

O seu hábitat preferido son campos abertos e terras de labor. Buscan o seu alimento (insectos e outros invertebrados) en prados, zonas húmidas e desembocaduras de ríos, a miúdo mesmo preto das edificacións humanas.

Reprodución

 src=
Ovos de pillara rabirrubia

Fan o niño no chan, a miúdo no grixo. Poden aproveitar unha lixeira depresión para aniñar, pero non marcan o niño ou fanos ó cunhas poucas pedras. O aspecto dos ovos, moi pencados, recorda ó das pedras, polo que se mimetizan moi ben co contorno. Poñen en xeral catro ovos nunha superficie plana no chan, que choca nos dous membros da parella durante unhas catro semanas. Os polos, que teñen xa os ollos abertos e a penuxe ben desenvolta cando saen do ovo, deixan o niño de seguida, xa que poden camiñar e comer poucas horas despois de naceren. Manteñen, porén, a dependencia de seus pais ata que poden voar.

Notas

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Charadrius vociferus". Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas. Versión 2013.2 (en inglés). Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza. Consultado o 26 November 2013.
  2. Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para píllara.
  3. Lahuerta Mouriño, Fernando; Vázquez Álvarez, Francisco X.; Rodríguez Villanueva, Xosé L. (2000). Vocabulario multilingüe de organismos acuáticos. Centro Ramón Piñeiro para a Investigación en Humanidades. ISBN 84-453-3316-X.
  4. Penas Patiño, Xosé Manuel (2004). Guía das aves de Galicia. Baía Edicións. ISBN 978-84-96128-69-9.
  5. Conde Teira, M. A. (1999). Nomes galegos para as aves ibéricas: lista completa e comentada (PDF). Chioglossa. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 08 de novembro de 2017. Consultado o 17 de decembro de 2016.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

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Píllara rabirrubia: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A píllara rabirrubia (Charadrius vociferus) é unha ave caradriforme americana.

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Skræklóa ( Icelandic )

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Skræklóa (fræðiheiti Charadrius vociferus) er farfugl af lóuætt sem hefur einstaka sinnum komið til Íslands. Skræklóa sást á Íslandi á páska­dag 2014 og hefur ein­ung­is þris­var sinn­um áður sést hér á landi en það voru árin 1939, 1970 og síðast 1980. Skræklóa er varp­fugl víða í Norður-Am­er­íku og er ná­skyld­ur sand­lóu.

Gallery

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Skræklóa: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Skræklóa (fræðiheiti Charadrius vociferus) er farfugl af lóuætt sem hefur einstaka sinnum komið til Íslands. Skræklóa sást á Íslandi á páska­dag 2014 og hefur ein­ung­is þris­var sinn­um áður sést hér á landi en það voru árin 1939, 1970 og síðast 1980. Skræklóa er varp­fugl víða í Norður-Am­er­íku og er ná­skyld­ur sand­lóu.

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Charadrius vociferus ( Italian )

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Il corriere americano (Charadrius vociferus, Linnaeus, 1758) è un uccello della famiglia Charadriidae[1].

Descrizione

Gli adulti hanno ali e groppone marroni, ventre bianco e petto altrettanto bianco, alternato da due o più bande nere. La groppa posteriore è colorata di un arancione-rossiccio. Vertice e nuca sono marroni, con fronte bianca. Hanno inoltre un anello oculare rosso-arancio.
I giovani hanno una colorazione praticamente identica agli adulti, e sono in grado di muoversi agilmente fin dalla nascita.

Biologia

Sono uccelli migratori nelle aree a nord, e svernano non più a Sud della punta Nord del Sud America. Sono rari uccelli di passaggio nell'Ovest Europa, solitamente sul finire dell'anno.

Riproduzione

 src=
Uova in un nido a terra

Il nido è una semplice depressione nel suolo, sfrangiato da qualche pietra e pezzetti d'erba[2]. Tuttavia, esso è ben camuffato, rappresentando bene i suoi dintorni, e le uova sono facilmente confondibili con dei sassolini[3].

Un genitore finge una ferita ad un'ala, cercando di attirare il predatore su di sé, lontano dal nido

Essi usano molto spesso un metodo di distrazione per allontanare possibili predatori dal nido. Questo consiste nel camminare lontano dal nido, tenendo l'ala in una posizione tale da simulare una ferita ed emettendo un suono che indichi dolore. Il predatore viene quindi attirato da una presumibilmente facile preda: nel caso in cui l'uccello non riesca ad attirare il predatore nella sua direzione, si avvicinerà allo stesso aumentando il tono del proprio richiamo, ripetendo il gesto fino a che il predatore non sarà lontano dal nido, volando altrove solo a quel punto.

Alimentazione

Così come molti altri trampolieri, i corrieri americani sono uccelli precoci che sono in grado di vedere e cibarsi autonomamente fin da poco dopo la schiusa. Cercani il loro cibo, prevalentemente insetti, in campi, sponde e piccole paludi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questo uccello vive in tutto il Nord e Centro America, e nel Sudamerica settentrionale e occidentale. È di passo in Groenlandia, Brasile, Guyana, nei Caraibi orientali e in Europa occidentale, dalla Norvegia al Portogallo, ma anche in Ungheria e Svizzera. Nonostante il corriere americano sia considerato un uccello costiero, la specie vive spesso molto distante da grandi specchi d'acqua. Si ritrovano esemplari in habitat erbosi come campi, prati e pascoli[4]. La loro abilità nello sfruttare una grande varietà di ambienti, dall'agricolo al semiurbano, ha fatto sì che fossero comuni e diffusi nel loro areale.

Tassonomia

Charadrius vociferus ha tre sottospecie[1]:

  • Charadrius vociferus vociferus
  • Charadrius vociferus ternominatus
  • Charadrius vociferus peruvianus

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Order Charadriiformes, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 17 maggio 2014.
  2. ^ Ilo Hiller, Killdeer, in Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 2008. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2011.
  3. ^ Diane Porter, The Precocious Killdeer, in Birdwatching.com, 1997. URL consultato il 28 maggio 2010.
  4. ^ Robert W. Loftin, Killdeer Charadrius vociferus (PDF), in Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 2003. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 21 marzo 2012).

Bibliografia

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Charadrius vociferus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il corriere americano (Charadrius vociferus, Linnaeus, 1758) è un uccello della famiglia Charadriidae.

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Killdeerplevier ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De killdeerplevier (Charadrius vociferus) is een waadvogel uit de familie van plevieren (Charadriidae).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor van Alaska en Midden-Canada tot Peru en telt 3 ondersoorten:

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Killdeerplevier: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De killdeerplevier (Charadrius vociferus) is een waadvogel uit de familie van plevieren (Charadriidae).

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Tobeltelo ( Norwegian )

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Tobeltelo (Charadrius vociferus) er ein mellomstor medlem i lofamilien som lever i Amerika. Slektsnamnet Charadrius er eit seinlatinsk ord for ein gulaktig fugl nemnt i Vulgata-Bibelen frå det fjerde hundreåret. Det stammar frå gamle greske kharadrios for ein fugl funne i ravinar og elvedaler (kharadra, «kløft»). Den spesifikke artsnamnet vociferus er latin og kjem frå Vox: «gråte» og ferre: «å bere».[1]

Dei vaksne fuglane har brun rygg og venger, kvit buk og kvitt bryst med to svarte band. Overgumpen er oransje. Andletet og hetta er brun med ei kvit panne. Augeringen er oransjeraud. Ungane er reirflyktarar - i stand til å røre seg rundt umiddelbart etter klekking. Tobeltelo brukar ofte ein avleiingsmanøver mot predatorar nær reiret.

Skildring

Vaksne tobelteloer varierer i lengd frå 20-27 centimeter med eit vengespenn gjennomsnitt på ca. 61 cm. Kroppsvekta kan variere mellom 72 og 121 gram.[2]

Tobeltelo har eit karakteristisk stort, rundt hovud, lang hale til lo å vere, lange, hudfarga bein og lange venger. Nebbet er kort, mørkt, og tjukt. Fjørdrakta er brun på oversida og kvit på buken og brystet; halsen er òg omgjeven av ein kvit krage. To store, mørke band omgjev det øvre brystet med eit ekstra band plassert på hovudet, som strekkjer seg over både panna og området over nebbet, det går òg rundt baksida av hovudet. Halen er brun med eit svart etterfølgt av eit kvitt endeband. Dei ytre halefjørene er kvite. Karakteristisk for arten er den fargerike raudoransje overgumpen som er synleg under flyging, samt kvite vengstriper som dei syner under flyging. Kjønna er nokså like, hofuglar har meir brunskjær i brystbelta, der hannfuglar har meir komplett svart farge. Ungfuglar liknar vaksne utan hekkedrakt, manglar dei brungule fjørkantane. Desse fuglane et hovudsakleg insekt.

Underarten C. v. peruvianus i Sør-Amerika skil seg frå nominatforma med trongare opning mellom dei mørke banda på brystet og med meir raudleg rygg. Denne forma er òg litt mindre enn nominatforma.[2]

Hekkeområdet er frå Alaska i nord gjennom det meste av Nord-Amerika sørover til sentrale Mexico og Karibia. Dei overvintrar i USA, Sentral-Amerika og nordlege Sør-Amerika. Ein underart lever året rundt langs kysten av Ecuador og Peru.[2]

Hekking føregår på tørre, opne område der vegetasjonen er kort eller fråverande, inkludert landbruksområde og enger. Om vinteren lever tobelteloer òg på kystnære våtmarksområde og strender.

Reiret er berre ei grunn senking i bakken, omgjeve av nokre steinar og strå.[3] Det er godt kamuflert, ved at steinar liknar dei flekka egga, og den enkle reirstrukturen liknar omgivnadene.[4] Til likskap med mange andre vadarar, er tobelteloungar reirflyktarar og er i stand til å sjå og finne føde på eiga hand straks etter klekking. Ved reirplassen har tobelteloer ei oppvising for å leie bort predatorar når dei blir uroa. Dette inneber at fuglen går bort frå reirplassen, held ein veng i ein posisjon som simulerer ein skade, og deretter flakser rundt på bakken. Predatoren vil bli tiltrekt av denne tilsynelatande skadde fuglen og ført bort frå reiret.

Fuglane i nordområda er flyttfuglar og overvintrar så langt sør som nordlege Sør-Amerika. Underarten peruvianus er trudd å vere standfugl.

Streiffuglar kjem år om anna til Vest-Europa, vanlegvis seint på året. Eit individ vart observert på Jomfruland ved Kragerø den 10. april 1974.[5]

Den globale populasjonen av tobeltelo er rekna å vere over ein millionar individ, men minkande.[6]

Kjelder

Referansar
  1. Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. s. 99, 404. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Wiersma, P., Kirwan, G.M. & Boesman, P. (2016). Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Henta den 12. juni 2016
  3. Hiller, Ilo (2008). «Killdeer». Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Henta 1. mars 2011.
  4. Porter, Diane (1997). «The Precocious Killdeer». Birdwatching.com. Henta 28. mai 2010.
  5. Viggo Ree, 1976, Rapport fra NNSK's virksomhet april 1976 - april 1976 Sterna 1976 (3): 118
  6. BirdLife International (2016) Species factsheet: Charadrius vociferus. Henta frå http://www.birdlife.org den 12. juni 2016

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Tobeltelo
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Tobeltelo: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Tobeltelo (Charadrius vociferus) er ein mellomstor medlem i lofamilien som lever i Amerika. Slektsnamnet Charadrius er eit seinlatinsk ord for ein gulaktig fugl nemnt i Vulgata-Bibelen frå det fjerde hundreåret. Det stammar frå gamle greske kharadrios for ein fugl funne i ravinar og elvedaler (kharadra, «kløft»). Den spesifikke artsnamnet vociferus er latin og kjem frå Vox: «gråte» og ferre: «å bere».

Dei vaksne fuglane har brun rygg og venger, kvit buk og kvitt bryst med to svarte band. Overgumpen er oransje. Andletet og hetta er brun med ei kvit panne. Augeringen er oransjeraud. Ungane er reirflyktarar - i stand til å røre seg rundt umiddelbart etter klekking. Tobeltelo brukar ofte ein avleiingsmanøver mot predatorar nær reiret.

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Tobeltelo ( Norwegian )

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Tobeltelo (Charadrius vociferus) er en fugl i lofamilien.

Voksne fugler har brune vinger og ryggside, hvit buk og hvitt bryst med to svarte bånd. Gumpen er gulbrun oransje. Ansiktet og issen er brunt, med hvit panne. De har en oransje-rød øyering. Ungene har nesten identisk utseende med de voksne, og er velutviklet og i stand til å gå rett etter hekking. Tobeltelo har et karakteristisk, støyende skrik. Det amerikanske navnet "killdeer" er en etterligning av denne lyden.

Hekkeområdene er åpne jorder eller plener, ofte ganske langt borte fra vann, over det meste av Canada, USA og Mexico, med isolerte populasjoner i Costa Rica og Peru. De hekker på bar bakke, ofte på grus. Reiret kan være en liten grop i grusen for å holde eggene på plass. Reiret fôres ikke, eventuelt bare med noen få steiner. Siden reiret ikke er strukturert, går reiret i ett med bakgrunnen, og de flekkete eggene minner om steiner.

I de nordlige områdene er tobeltelo trekkfugl, og overvintrer så langt sør som nordlige deler av Sør-Amerika. De gjester sjelden Vest-Europa, som oftest sent på året. Arten er registrert en gang i Skandinavia: På Jomfruland, Telemark, 10. april 1974.

Denne loen leter etter mat på jorder, gjørmebanker og kyststriper, og fanger mat etter synet. De eter hovedsakelig insekter.

Eksterne lenker

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Tobeltelo: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Tobeltelo (Charadrius vociferus) er en fugl i lofamilien.

Voksne fugler har brune vinger og ryggside, hvit buk og hvitt bryst med to svarte bånd. Gumpen er gulbrun oransje. Ansiktet og issen er brunt, med hvit panne. De har en oransje-rød øyering. Ungene har nesten identisk utseende med de voksne, og er velutviklet og i stand til å gå rett etter hekking. Tobeltelo har et karakteristisk, støyende skrik. Det amerikanske navnet "killdeer" er en etterligning av denne lyden.

Hekkeområdene er åpne jorder eller plener, ofte ganske langt borte fra vann, over det meste av Canada, USA og Mexico, med isolerte populasjoner i Costa Rica og Peru. De hekker på bar bakke, ofte på grus. Reiret kan være en liten grop i grusen for å holde eggene på plass. Reiret fôres ikke, eventuelt bare med noen få steiner. Siden reiret ikke er strukturert, går reiret i ett med bakgrunnen, og de flekkete eggene minner om steiner.

I de nordlige områdene er tobeltelo trekkfugl, og overvintrer så langt sør som nordlige deler av Sør-Amerika. De gjester sjelden Vest-Europa, som oftest sent på året. Arten er registrert en gang i Skandinavia: På Jomfruland, Telemark, 10. april 1974.

Denne loen leter etter mat på jorder, gjørmebanker og kyststriper, og fanger mat etter synet. De eter hovedsakelig insekter.

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Sieweczka krzykliwa ( Polish )

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Sieweczka krzykliwa (Charadrius vociferus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sieweczkowatych (Charadriidae).

Wygląd
Długość ciała 23–28 cm. Jedyna północnoamerykańska sieweczka z 2 czarnymi przepaskami na piersi. Czoło (ciemię) białe z czarnymi obrzeżeniami. Ciemię, grzbiet oraz skrzydła są brązowe. Brwi białe, czarne paski na policzkach. Obroża i spód ciała białe, pokrywy nadogonowe rdzawe. Ogon rdzawy, z czarnymi i białymi obrzeżeniami. Obie płci jednakowe.
Zasięg, środowisko
Łąki, pastwiska oraz suche płaskowyże w Ameryce Północnej. W 2010 roku stwierdzono lęg osobników tego gatunku na wyspie Santa Maria (Azory)[3].

Przypisy

  1. Charadrius vociferus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Charadrius vociferus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Killdeer found nesting in Azores (ang.). Birdwatch. [dostęp 8 listopada 2011].

Bibliografia

  • Andrew Gosler: Atlas Ptaków Świata. Warszawa: MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.
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Sieweczka krzykliwa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Sieweczka krzykliwa (Charadrius vociferus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sieweczkowatych (Charadriidae).

Wygląd Długość ciała 23–28 cm. Jedyna północnoamerykańska sieweczka z 2 czarnymi przepaskami na piersi. Czoło (ciemię) białe z czarnymi obrzeżeniami. Ciemię, grzbiet oraz skrzydła są brązowe. Brwi białe, czarne paski na policzkach. Obroża i spód ciała białe, pokrywy nadogonowe rdzawe. Ogon rdzawy, z czarnymi i białymi obrzeżeniami. Obie płci jednakowe. Zasięg, środowisko Łąki, pastwiska oraz suche płaskowyże w Ameryce Północnej. W 2010 roku stwierdzono lęg osobników tego gatunku na wyspie Santa Maria (Azory).
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Borrelho-de-dupla-coleira ( Portuguese )

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O borrelho-de-dupla-coleira (Charadrius vociferus) é ave limícola da ordem dos caradriformes.

Características

 src=
Charadrius vociferus - MHNT

Distingue-se dos outros borrelhos pelo seu grande tamanho, pela dupla coleira e pelo uropígio arruivado.

Distribuição geográfica

Esta espécie é originária do continente americano e distribui-se por uma vasta área, que vai desde o sul do Canadá até ao norte do Chile.

A sua ocorrência na Europa é muito rara.

Em 2010 foi pela primeira vez observada a nidificar na ilha de Santa Maria, nos Açores, no que é o primeiro caso registado na Europa de nidificação desta espécie[1].

Referências

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Borrelho-de-dupla-coleira: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O borrelho-de-dupla-coleira (Charadrius vociferus) é ave limícola da ordem dos caradriformes.

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Skrikstrandpipare ( Swedish )

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Skrikstrandpipare[2] (Charadrius vociferus) är en amerikansk vadarfågel i familjen pipare som även påträffats vid upprepade tillfällen i Europa.[3]

Utseende och läten

Skrikstrandpiparen är en relativt stor och långsträckt pipare, 23,5–26 centimeter lång. Den har en lång hals, lång svart näbb och påtaligt långt stjärtparti. Tydligt är också rödbrun övergump, breda vita vingband och dubbla svarta bröstband.[4]

Lätet är en tunn men ljudlig vissling, klyii,[4] vilket gett fågeln dess svenska namn och även det engelska "Killdeer".

Utbredning och systematik

Skrikstrandpipare delas in i tre underarter:[3]

Skrikstrandpiparen i Europa

Fågeln är en återkommande gäst i Västeuropa. Den ses årligen i Storbritannien och har påträffats ett 20-tal gånger på Irland, men även i länder som Spanien, Ungern, Island och vid två tillfällen i Norge.[5]

Ekologi

Skrikstrandpiparen hittas på sandbankar och dyiga stränder men även betade fält. Den har också anpassat sig till att leva i miljöer nära människan som gräsmattor, sportfält, parkeringsplatser, flygplatser och golfbanor.[6]

I boet som från början inte är mer än en uppskrapad grop lägger skrikstrandpiparen fyra till sex ägg. När äggen har lagts kan fågeln lägga till småstenar, skalbitar pinnar och skräp i boet. Äggen ruvas i 22 till 28 dagar. Liksom många andra pipare låtsas den vara skada för att leda bort eventuella predatorer från bo och ungar.[6]

Fågeln livnär sig av ryggradslösa djur som vattenlevande insektslarver, kräftor, daggmaskar, skalbaggar och gräshoppor. Den följer gärna traktorer på åkrar på jakt efter smådjur som kommer upp till ytan.[6]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] En studie uppskattar antalet häckande par i enbart Nordamerika till två miljoner,[6] medan en annan studie uppskattat hela världspopulationen till endast en miljon individer.[1]

Skrikstrandpiparen är en av vadarfåglarnas mest framgångsrika art genom sitt sätt att anpassa sig till miljöer påverkade av människan.[6] Det medför dock att de är utsatta för risken att förgiftas av bekämpningsmedel och att bli påkörda av bilar eller flyga in i byggnader.[6]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2012 Charadrius vociferus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ [a b] Svensson, Lars; Peter J. Grant, Killian Mullarney, Dan Zetterström (2009). Fågelguiden: Europas och Medelhavsområdets fåglar i fält (andra upplagan). Stockholm: Bonnier Fakta. sid. 138. ISBN 978-91-7424-039-9
  5. ^ Tarsiger.com Fynd av skrikstrandpipare i Västpalearktis
  6. ^ [a b c d e f] Killdeer Faktablad om skrikstrandpipare på allaboutbirds.org

Externa länkar

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Skrikstrandpipare: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Skrikstrandpipare (Charadrius vociferus) är en amerikansk vadarfågel i familjen pipare som även påträffats vid upprepade tillfällen i Europa.

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Пісочник крикливий ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Загальна характеристика

Морфологічні ознаки

Великий, стрункий, довгохвостий кулик, з довгим тонким темним дзьобом і високими світло-сірими або жовтуватими ногами. Довжина тіла − 23-27 см. Маса − 55-75 г. Характерною ознакою є подвійна темна смуга на волі; груди, живіт і низ хвоста білі; верх голови, тулуба і хвоста сіро-бурий, пера часто зі світлою бурувато-охристою облямівкою; чоло і «брови» білі, навколо очей характерне яскраве жовтогаряче кільце, очі великі, темні; дзьоб темний, від дзьоба і вгорі чола через око йдуть темні смуги, які з'єднуються, утворюючи темні «вуха». Основа хвоста зверху руда, закінчення темне, бічні пера хвоста на кінцях мають білі плями. Контрастне забарвлення хвоста стає видимим у польоті або при демонстративній поведінці. Також у польоті видно білі смуги на крилах. У молодих птахів на волі лише одна темна смуга[5].

Біотоп і живлення

Цього птаха можна зустріти у відкритій місцевості, на низькотравних луках, часто коло води, на піщаних або галькових мілинах вздовж річок, на прирічкових луках. Він швидко бігає по березі в пошуку дрібних ракоподібних, комах, павуків, червів, молюсків та іншої дрібної живності[6]. Загалом поведінка типова як і в інших видів пісочників — великого, малого та морського[7].

Гніздування

Гнізда влаштовують на відкритому ґрунті, у мілких, нічим не вистелених заглибинах. Пара зазвичай висиджує 4 рябих яєць протягом 24-28 днів, часом по 2 кладки на сезон. Птах відомий своєю відволікаючою поведінкою в разі загрози малятам. Щоб відвернути увагу від пташенят, які за сигналом зачаюються, самиця подає голос і, вдаючи, що в неї перебите крило, розпускає крила і хвоста, виконує відволікаючий маневр по землі. Весь цей час птаха видає пронизливий крик, від якого, ймовірно, й походить її видова назва.

Голос

Не лише для відвернення уваги, але й при кожному польоті птах видає високий протяжний крик кіл-дііі, кіл-ді-ді-дііі, або киїт-киїт-киїт

Підвиди

Виділяють три підвиди, які дещо відрізняються розмірами та кольором.

  • Charadrius vociferus peruvianus
  • Charadrius vociferus ternominatus
  • Charadrius vociferus vociferus

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Charadrius vociferus: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.
  3. MarBEF Data System
  4. Pan-European Species Directories
  5. Killdeer//Donald &Lillian Stokes. The new field guide to birds. Eastern region. — New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013. — P. 147.
  6. Killdeer//Bezener Andy. Birds of Ontario. — Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 2000. — P. 123.
  7. Фесенко Г., Бокотей А. Птахи фауни України. — Київ, 2002. — С. 146—147
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Charadrius vociferus ( Vietnamese )

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Charadrius vociferus là một loài chim trong họ Charadriidae.[2] Loài chim này được tìm thấy trong Châu Mỹ. Loài này được mô tả và đặt tên khoa học hiện tại vào năm 1758 bởi Carl Linnaeus trong phiên bản thứ 10 của Systema Naturae. Có ba phân loài. Lông phía trên chủ yếu là màu nâu với rìa màu nâu rỉ sắt, đầu có các mảng màu trắng và đen, và có hai dải ức màu đen. Bụng và phần còn lại của ức có màu trắng. Phân loài chỉ định (hoặc mô tả ban đầu) là phân loài từ đông nam Alaska và miền nam Canada đến Mexico. Loài chim này được nhìn thấy quanh năm ở nửa phía nam của phạm vi sinh sản của nó; phân loài C. v. ternominatus có lẽ là cư dân ở Tây ẤnC. v. peruvianus sinh sống ở Peru và các khu vực của các quốc gia xung quanh trong suốt cả năm. Các nhà lai tạo Bắc Mỹ mùa đông từ cư dân của họ ở phía nam đến Trung Mỹ, Tây Ấn và các phần cực bắc của Nam Mỹ.

Môi trường sinh sống ngoài mùa sinh sản loài này bao gồm vùng đất ngập nước ven biển, môi trường sống bãi biển và cánh đồng ven biển. Nơi sinh sản của loài chim này thường là những cánh đồng mở với thảm thực vật ngắn (nhưng đôi khi các vị trí như mái nhà đôi khi được sử dụng); mặc dù nó là một loài chim ven bờ, nó không nhất thiết phải làm tổ gần nước. Tổ được lót bằng thảm thực vật và vật liệu trắng, như đá cuội hoặc vỏ sò. Mỗi tổ gồm bốn đến sáu con trâu để trứng màu be có vết sẫm màu. Mùa sinh sản (bắt đầu bằng việc đẻ trứng) xảy ra từ giữa tháng 3 đến tháng 8, với thời gian đẻ trứng muộn hơn ở phần phía bắc của phạm vi. Chim bố và chim mẹ đều ấp trứng trung bình 22 đến 28 ngày. Chim non sau khi nở được cha mẹ dẫn đến một lãnh thổ kiếm ăn (nói chung là có thảm thực vật rậm rạp, nơi có nhiều điểm ẩn nấp), nơi chim non tự kiếm ăn. Con non sau đó đủ lông đủ cánh khoảng 31 ngày sau khi nở, và sinh sản đầu tiên diễn ra sau một năm tuổi.

Loài chim này chủ yếu ăn côn trùng, mặc dù cũng ăn các động vật không xương sống và hạt khác. Chúng tìm kiếm thức ăn hầu như chỉ có trên các cánh đồng, đặc biệt là những nơi có thảm thực vật ngắn và với gia súc và nước đọng. Nó chủ yếu là thức ăn trong ngày; nhưng, vào mùa không sinh sản, khi mặt trăng tròn hoặc gần đầy, nó tìm kiếm thức ăn vào ban đêm. Điều này có thể là do sự phong phú của côn trùng và giảm ăn thịt trong đêm. Kẻ săn mồi của loài này bao gồm nhiều loài chim và động vật có vú khác nhau. Loài chim này được phân loại là ít quan tâm nhất bởi Liên minh bảo tồn thiên nhiên quốc tế (IUCN), vì phạm vi và dân số lớn. Tuy nhiên, dân số của loài này đang giảm, nhưng xu hướng này không đủ nghiêm trọng để kẻ giết người được coi là loài dễ bị tổn thương. Nó được bảo vệ bởi Đạo luật Hiệp ước Chim di cư năm 1918 của Mỹ và Đạo luật Đạo luật Hội nghị Chim di cư của Canada.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Charadrius vociferus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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wikipedia VI

Charadrius vociferus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Charadrius vociferus là một loài chim trong họ Charadriidae. Loài chim này được tìm thấy trong Châu Mỹ. Loài này được mô tả và đặt tên khoa học hiện tại vào năm 1758 bởi Carl Linnaeus trong phiên bản thứ 10 của Systema Naturae. Có ba phân loài. Lông phía trên chủ yếu là màu nâu với rìa màu nâu rỉ sắt, đầu có các mảng màu trắng và đen, và có hai dải ức màu đen. Bụng và phần còn lại của ức có màu trắng. Phân loài chỉ định (hoặc mô tả ban đầu) là phân loài từ đông nam Alaska và miền nam Canada đến Mexico. Loài chim này được nhìn thấy quanh năm ở nửa phía nam của phạm vi sinh sản của nó; phân loài C. v. ternominatus có lẽ là cư dân ở Tây Ấn và C. v. peruvianus sinh sống ở Peru và các khu vực của các quốc gia xung quanh trong suốt cả năm. Các nhà lai tạo Bắc Mỹ mùa đông từ cư dân của họ ở phía nam đến Trung Mỹ, Tây Ấn và các phần cực bắc của Nam Mỹ.

Môi trường sinh sống ngoài mùa sinh sản loài này bao gồm vùng đất ngập nước ven biển, môi trường sống bãi biển và cánh đồng ven biển. Nơi sinh sản của loài chim này thường là những cánh đồng mở với thảm thực vật ngắn (nhưng đôi khi các vị trí như mái nhà đôi khi được sử dụng); mặc dù nó là một loài chim ven bờ, nó không nhất thiết phải làm tổ gần nước. Tổ được lót bằng thảm thực vật và vật liệu trắng, như đá cuội hoặc vỏ sò. Mỗi tổ gồm bốn đến sáu con trâu để trứng màu be có vết sẫm màu. Mùa sinh sản (bắt đầu bằng việc đẻ trứng) xảy ra từ giữa tháng 3 đến tháng 8, với thời gian đẻ trứng muộn hơn ở phần phía bắc của phạm vi. Chim bố và chim mẹ đều ấp trứng trung bình 22 đến 28 ngày. Chim non sau khi nở được cha mẹ dẫn đến một lãnh thổ kiếm ăn (nói chung là có thảm thực vật rậm rạp, nơi có nhiều điểm ẩn nấp), nơi chim non tự kiếm ăn. Con non sau đó đủ lông đủ cánh khoảng 31 ngày sau khi nở, và sinh sản đầu tiên diễn ra sau một năm tuổi.

Loài chim này chủ yếu ăn côn trùng, mặc dù cũng ăn các động vật không xương sống và hạt khác. Chúng tìm kiếm thức ăn hầu như chỉ có trên các cánh đồng, đặc biệt là những nơi có thảm thực vật ngắn và với gia súc và nước đọng. Nó chủ yếu là thức ăn trong ngày; nhưng, vào mùa không sinh sản, khi mặt trăng tròn hoặc gần đầy, nó tìm kiếm thức ăn vào ban đêm. Điều này có thể là do sự phong phú của côn trùng và giảm ăn thịt trong đêm. Kẻ săn mồi của loài này bao gồm nhiều loài chim và động vật có vú khác nhau. Loài chim này được phân loại là ít quan tâm nhất bởi Liên minh bảo tồn thiên nhiên quốc tế (IUCN), vì phạm vi và dân số lớn. Tuy nhiên, dân số của loài này đang giảm, nhưng xu hướng này không đủ nghiêm trọng để kẻ giết người được coi là loài dễ bị tổn thương. Nó được bảo vệ bởi Đạo luật Hiệp ước Chim di cư năm 1918 của Mỹ và Đạo luật Đạo luật Hội nghị Chim di cư của Canada.

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Крикливый зуёк ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Ржанковые
Подсемейство: Ржанки
Род: Зуйки
Вид: Крикливый зуёк
Международное научное название

Charadrius vociferus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 176520NCBI 50402EOL 1049356FW 129786

Крикливый зуёк[1] (лат. Charadrius vociferus) — вид птиц из семейства ржанковых.

Описание

Крикливый зуёк длиной 26 см. Оперение верхней части тела серо-бурого цвета. Нижняя часть тела и шея белые. У птицы на груди двойная чёрная полоса. Хвост длинный, клиновидный. Гузка красно-коричневая. Молодые птицы похожи на взрослых птиц, однако чёрный рисунок лица выражен меньше.

Распространение

Крикливый зуёк гнездится в Северной, Центральной и на севере Южной Америки. Северные популяции мигрируют зимой на юг. Редко птица появляется в Западной Европе. Она населяет преимущественно возделываемые земли и ищет на лугах, пастбищах, в болотистых плодородных почвах и устьях рек, часто также вблизи зданий, насекомых, червей и других беспозвоночных.

Размножение

Крикливый зуёк кладёт в ямку на земле чаще 4 яйца, высиживают которые обе родительских птицы примерно 4 недели. Молодые птицы появляются на свет зрячими и покрытыми пухом, уже через несколько часов они покидают гнездо в поисках корма. Тем не менее, родители заботятся о них, пока те не научатся летать.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 81. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Крикливый зуёк: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Крикливый зуёк (лат. Charadrius vociferus) — вид птиц из семейства ржанковых.

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
North America; range extends from Southern Labrador to coastal Peru

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]