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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 8 years (wild)
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Empidonax minimus

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An extremely small (5 ¼ inches) flycatcher resembling several related species in the genus Empidonax, the Least Flycatcher may best be separated from its relatives not by appearance, but by its ‘che-BEK’ song. Physical field marks include a green-gray body, white eye ring, pale breast, thin bill, and white wing bars. Male and female Least Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Least Flycatcher breeds across much of Canada and northern portions of the United States. Smaller populations occur south of this species main range at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Least Flycatchers spend the winter in south Florida, Mexico, and Central America, although identifying this species’ in much of its winter range is difficult due to its similarity to other related species. Least Flycatchers breed in open forests with deciduous trees or a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. This species may be found in similar habitats on migration. In its winter range, the Least Flycatcher inhabits topical forest edges and thickets. This species primarily eats insects. In northern forests in summer, Least Flycatchers are most likely to be seen darting through the canopy while gleaning insects from leaves or while catching prey in mid-air. Even when active, however, the Least Flycatcher is a difficult bird to identify. Learning this species’ song is crucial to separating it from its relatives, and silent birds are frequently impossible to identify in areas with multiple Empidonax species. Least Flycatchers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Empidonax minimus

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An extremely small (5 ¼ inches) flycatcher resembling several related species in the genusEmpidonax, the Least Flycatcher may best be separated from its relatives not by appearance, but by its ‘che-BEK’ song. Physical field marks include a green-gray body, white eye ring, pale breast, thin bill, and white wing bars. Male and female Least Flycatchers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Least Flycatcher breeds across much of Canada and northern portions of the United States. Smaller populations occur south of this species main range at higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Least Flycatchers spend the winter in south Florida, Mexico, and Central America, although identifying this species’ in much of its winter range is difficult due to its similarity to other related species. Least Flycatchers breed in open forests with deciduous trees or a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. This species may be found in similar habitats on migration. In its winter range, the Least Flycatcher inhabits topical forest edges and thickets. This species primarily eats insects. In northern forests in summer, Least Flycatchers are most likely to be seen darting through the canopy while gleaning insects from leaves or while catching prey in mid-air. Even when active, however, the Least Flycatcher is a difficult bird to identify. Learning this species’ song is crucial to separating it from its relatives, and silent birds are frequently impossible to identify in areas with multipleEmpidonaxspecies. Least Flycatchers are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.

References

  • Empidonax minimus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012. .
  • Tarof, Scott and James V. Briskie. 2008. Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/099
  • eBird Range Map - Least Flycatcher. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Rumelt, Reid B. Empidonax minimus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Empidonax minimus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Cyclicity ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Es una especie migratoria neártica (ver Distribución en Costa Rica).

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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

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En el invierno es solitaria y sedentaria; posiblemente es territorial.

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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Es una especie migratoria y residente de invierno (desde comienzos de octubre hasta por lo menos fines de abril) muy rara en las bajuras de las dos vertientes; durante la migración asciende por lo menos hasta los 1200 m. o más, en la alturas de la región central.


Distribucion General: Se reproduce desde el oeste y el sureste de Canadá hasta el noroeste y el este de E.U.A. Invierna regularmente desde el norte de México hasta Nicaragua, raras veces hasta Costa Rica y casualmente hasta la parte central de Panamá.

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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Forrajea al igual que otras Empidonax migratorias mediante salidas y vuelos cernidos dentro de la vegetación.

Se alimenta de insectos.

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Mide 11.5 cm. y pesa 10 grs. Es el Empidonax migratorio más pequeño y gris, de pico relativamente pequeño y cola con muesca, y el anillo ocular y las barras alares de color blanco brillante. El vexilo externo de la primaria 6 es delgado. Por encima es oliva grisáceo, y la coronilla y la nuca son grises, con poco o nada de tinte verdoso. El anillo ocular, las barras alares y el borde de las terciales son de color blanco prominente. La garganta es blanca y en el pecho muestra un tinte oliva opaco. La parte baja del pecho es blanca y el abdomen, el costado y los flancos presentan un tinte amarillo. La maxila es de color negro y muestra una coloración entre grisácea y color carne. Las patas son negruzcas.

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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Localidad del tipo: cerca de Carlisle) Cumberland Co., Pa.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Viven en bordes de bosques, bosques secundarios viejos, charrales, plantaciones de árboles (cacao etc.), y generalmente se mantienen a muy baja altura, al nivel de los arbustos y la parte superior del sotobosque.

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Empidonax minimus ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Empidonax minimus, tamién conocíu como mosquerito chebec,[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae.[1] Ye una pequeña ave migratoria qu'añera en Norteamerica y envierna en Méxicu y América Central. Nun tien subespecies reconocíes.[3]

Distribución y hábitat

Ye un ave migratoria qu'añera nel este d'América del Norte y envierna en Méxicu y América Central. La so área de distribución inclúi Canadá, Estaos Xuníos, Méxicu, Belice, Guatemala, El Salvador, Hondures, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, Saint Pierre y Miquelon, Islles Caimán, Les Bahames, Islles Turques y Caicos.[1] Asocede incidentalmente en Xamaica.[1]

El so hábitat compónse de güelgues, carbes, pacionales, monte templáu, subtropical y tropical.[1]

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 BirdLife International. «Empidonax minimus» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2012.2.
  2. Mosqueru Mínimu (Empidonax minimus) (Baird,WM & Baird,SF, 1843). Avibase. Consultáu'l 13 de febreru de 2013
  3. Sistema Integráu d'Información Taxonómica. «Empidonax minimus (TSN 178344)» (inglés).

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Empidonax minimus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Empidonax minimus Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Empidonax minimus, tamién conocíu como mosquerito chebec, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae. Ye una pequeña ave migratoria qu'añera en Norteamerica y envierna en Méxicu y América Central. Nun tien subespecies reconocíes.

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Papamosques americà petit ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El papamosques americà petit[1] (Empidonax minimus) és un ocell de la família dels tirànids (Tyrannidae) que cria als boscos de Canadà i nord dels Estats Units, passant l'hivern a Mèxic i Amèrica central.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Papamosques americà petit Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Papamosques americà petit: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El papamosques americà petit (Empidonax minimus) és un ocell de la família dels tirànids (Tyrannidae) que cria als boscos de Canadà i nord dels Estats Units, passant l'hivern a Mèxic i Amèrica central.

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Gwybedog bychan ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwybedog bychan (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: gwybedogion bychain) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Empidonax minimus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Least flycatcher. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Teyrn-wybedogion (Lladin: Tyrannidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn E. minimus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r gwybedog bychan yn perthyn i deulu'r Teyrn-wybedogion (Lladin: Tyrannidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Gwybedog bronwinau’r Gogledd Aphanotriccus capitalis Gwybedog pigddu Aphanotriccus audax Teyrn corunllwyd Attila bolivianus
Attila bolivianus - White-eyed attila, Careiro da Várzea, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg
Teyrn cycyllog Attila rufus
Attila rufus -Reserva Guainumbi, Sao Luis do Paraitinga, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg
Teyrn gwinau mawr Attila cinnamomeus
Cinnamon Attila.jpg
Teyrn gylfingam y De Oncostoma olivaceum
Southern Bentbill.jpg
Teyrn gylfingam y Gogledd Oncostoma cinereigulare
Northern Bentbill (Oncostoma cinereigulare) (5771914809).jpg
Teyrn melyngoch Attila torridus Teyrn tinfelyn Attila spadiceus
Attila spadiceus.jpg
Teyrn torfelyn Attila citriniventris
Attila citriniventris - Citron-bellied Attila; Careiro, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Gwybedog bychan: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Gwybedog bychan (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: gwybedogion bychain) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Empidonax minimus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Least flycatcher. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Teyrn-wybedogion (Lladin: Tyrannidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn E. minimus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Gartentyrann ( German )

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Der Gartentyrann (Empidonax minimus) ist ein kleiner, Insekten fressender Vogel aus der Familie der Tyrannen. Er ist der kleinste Vertreter der Gattung Empidonax im östlichen Nordamerika. Der englische Name lautet „Least Flycatcher“. Gelegentlich wird er auch nach seinem Ruflaut Chebec genannt.

Die Altvögel haben einen oliv-grau gefärbten Oberkörper. An den Flügeln und am Schwanz wird dieser Farbton dunkler. Die Unterseite des Oberkörpers ist weißlich. Auffallend sind die weißen Augenringe und weißen Streifen an den Flügeln. Der Schnabel ist relativ klein und der Schwanz verhältnismäßig kurz. An den Seiten ist der Bauch leicht gelblich gefärbt.

Der Lebensraum sind offene Laubwälder oder Mischwälder im Norden der USA und in Kanada. Das tassenförmige Nest wird in einer Astgabel eines kleinen Baumes errichtet. Meist sitzen die Vögel im Bereich der unteren Hälfte bis zur Mitte eines Baumes auf einem Ast und fliegen von dort aus, um Insekten im Flug zu fangen. Ebenso werden im Flug Insekten vom Blattwerk aufgepickt. Gelegentlich fressen sie auch Beeren.

Der Gartentyrann zieht im Winter nach Mexiko und Zentralamerika.

Literatur

  • William McFunn Baird, Spencer Fullerton Baird: Description of two Species, supposed to be new, of the Genus Tyrannula Swainson, found in Chumberland County, Pennsylvania. In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Band 1, 1843, S. 283–285 (biodiversitylibrary.org – 1841-1843).

Weblinks

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Gartentyrann: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Gartentyrann (Empidonax minimus) ist ein kleiner, Insekten fressender Vogel aus der Familie der Tyrannen. Er ist der kleinste Vertreter der Gattung Empidonax im östlichen Nordamerika. Der englische Name lautet „Least Flycatcher“. Gelegentlich wird er auch nach seinem Ruflaut Chebec genannt.

Die Altvögel haben einen oliv-grau gefärbten Oberkörper. An den Flügeln und am Schwanz wird dieser Farbton dunkler. Die Unterseite des Oberkörpers ist weißlich. Auffallend sind die weißen Augenringe und weißen Streifen an den Flügeln. Der Schnabel ist relativ klein und der Schwanz verhältnismäßig kurz. An den Seiten ist der Bauch leicht gelblich gefärbt.

Der Lebensraum sind offene Laubwälder oder Mischwälder im Norden der USA und in Kanada. Das tassenförmige Nest wird in einer Astgabel eines kleinen Baumes errichtet. Meist sitzen die Vögel im Bereich der unteren Hälfte bis zur Mitte eines Baumes auf einem Ast und fliegen von dort aus, um Insekten im Flug zu fangen. Ebenso werden im Flug Insekten vom Blattwerk aufgepickt. Gelegentlich fressen sie auch Beeren.

Der Gartentyrann zieht im Winter nach Mexiko und Zentralamerika.

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Least flycatcher

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The least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) (also called chebec, or chebecker, after the sound it makes) is a small insect-eating bird. It is the smallest Empidonax flycatcher in eastern North America.

Taxonomy

The closest relative to the least flycatcher was long thought to be the Hammond's flycatcher based on similarities in their songs and appearances.[2][3] However, mitochondrial DNA analysis has revealed that the least flycatcher diverges significantly from its congeners and does not possess any sister taxa.[4]

Description

South Padre Island - Texas

The least flycatcher is hard to distinguish from the other birds of its genus.[5] The bird is one of the smallest of the genus Empidonax, measuring 12 to 14 cm[6][7] in height with a wingspan of 19 to 22 cm[8] and weighing approximately 10.3 g.[9] Its plumage is dull olive-gray on its back and whitish on its belly, notably brighter than the other Empidonax birds.[10][5] The least flycatcher's wings are lined with two white bars, and white rings contour its eyes.[5] Its beak is short and the lower mandible is yellowish.[5] The juveniles look similar to the adults except that their wing bars are slightly darker, with tawny/olive hues.[7] Because other flycatchers also have those field marks, the best way to identify the least flycatcher is by its call and habitat.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The least flycatcher inhabits the Eastern Rockies of Canada, and the Central-North and Northeastern United-States.[5] During winter, they migrate to Central America and establish themselves from Mexico to Panama.[5]

The least flycatcher lives in aspen clusters, orchards, shade trees and open woods.[5][7] They breed in deciduous or mixed forests and occasionally in coniferous groves.[11][7] They tend to prefer breeding sites near clearing or edges but can also nest in dry woods.[11] They spend the winter in Central America where they nest in forest edges and second growth.[11]

The least flycatcher also made its way in the open country. They often live in villages or city parks, nesting in shade trees and orchards, or along rural roads and forest edges.[10]

Behaviour: vocalization, diet and reproduction

Vocalization

Call

The vocalization of the least flycatcher is often characterized as being dry and sounding like a piercing «che-bec» pushed with strength, the second syllable being louder than the first.[5][11] During the hottest days of the summer, they often call incessantly.[11]

Singing is essential to the least flycatcher to establish and defend their territory.[12] While the female remains quietly in the nest, the male sings from several perches some distance away from the nest, and a few kilometers above the level of the nest.[12] From there, he sings the Che-bec repeatedly and rapidly during the morning (about 60 times per minute), losing some speed and regularity throughout the day.[12] All of the males in a same area seem to sing in unison.[12] This singing fervor gradually decreases throughout the summer, as the breeding cycle reaches an end.[12]

The female sings rarely.[12] She instead uses a call-note that Macqueen (1950) describes as sounding like «Chweep». She sometimes calls while feeding her nestling, or to her partner when he leaves and returns to the nest.[12] She also uses her chweep-note in outbursts when defending her nest.[12]

Diet

The least flycatcher, as its name indicates, feeds on flies but includes many other items in its diet. They mainly eat insects such as many small wasps, winged ants, beetles, caterpillars, midges, a few true bugs, grasshoppers, spiders and other small invertebrates.[11] They also occasionally eat berries.[11]

To forage, the least flycatcher mainly catches its insects mid-air, but they also catch some insects from the vegetation.[9] When foraging, the bird watches from a perch and flies out to catch the insects that pass by.[11] The Least flycatcher is considered a slow searcher in comparison to other birds, switching perch around 10 times/minute and frequently turning around on its perch to get a 360° view.[9] Least flycatchers rarely glean but hover extensively in comparison to its congeners.[9] Those perches are mainly dead twigs of the bottom part of a tree located in opened patches of the forest.[11] In short, Robinson and Holmes (1982) determined that the least flycatcher attacks 81.1% of their preys by hovering, 9.6% by hawking, 6.2% by flush-chasing and 3.1% by gleaning.

Reproduction

The least flycatcher breeds in spring in close quarters with other pairs of its species. The proximity of neighbors even appears to be more important than habitat quality when the bird is selecting its breeding site.[13][7] The advantage that could explain such a behavior remains unclear and has been the subject of many studies.[13] Some of the hypothesis the scholars explored include: clustering to take advantage of heterogeneous resources,[14] to deter predators,[15][16] or to keep away other species with similar resource requirements.[17]

The courtship behavior of the least flycatcher remains largely unknown but it is thought to involve the male chasing the female through trees.[11] The males are aggressive and sing incessantly until pairs form.[13] Once pairs form, the female starts building their nest on either the forks of small trees like maples, birches, or ashes, or on the top of a large branch.[12][11] The average height of the nest is 12 to 25 inches above the ground, but can vary from 2 to 65 inches depending on the habitat.[11] The female builds the nest by weaving fine pieces of grass, strips of bark, twigs, lichen, spider and caterpillar webs, animal hairs and feathers, and other plant-derived materials together to form a tidy cup,[7][11] a process that takes her about five days.[12]

The female least flycatcher typically lays three to five creamy-white colored eggs, with a strong tendency towards four.[7][11] The female incubates the eggs for a period of 13 to 16 days while the male remains in the area and occasionally feeds her.[11][12] The eggs hatch together in June over a period of one to three days.[7][12] Once the eggs hatch, both parents bring food to their newborns.[11] The nestlings fly for the first time at the age of 12 to 17 days.[11] They typically remain being fed by their parents for another 2 to 3 weeks.[11]

Territoriality

The couple spends most of its time in their chosen breeding site.[12] Their average defended territory size is 0.18 acres (8036.8 feet square), with an average distance between congener's nests of 175 feet.[12] Both parents become particularly aggressive and territorial to both intra- and heterospecific intruders.[7][12] If another least flycatcher intrudes their territory, the resident male quickly reacts, uttering a sharp note and adopting a threat-display.[12] In its threat-display, the male attempts to look bigger by “fluffing out its breast feathers, raising its chest, extending, vibrating and bending the wings, spreading and flicking the tail up and down, and crouching”.[12] This display lasts only a second or two before the male flies off to chase the trespasser away.[12] If the intruder is too persistent, the resident male engages in a fight and usually wins.[12]

Females can also engage in territorial defenses in certain occasions. If the trespasser comes in a radius of about 20 feet surrounding her nest, the female reacts.[12] If her partner is absent, she flies off to chase the intruder and attacks if necessary.[12] She can also work in tandem with her partner to defend their territory in scenarios where there are more than one intruder at a time.[12] In that case, they both cooperate and chase them away, although the male is always first to react.[12]

Migration

Least flycatchers’ age and sex groups migrate at different intervals. In Fall, adult males leave the breeding ground first, followed by adult females about a week later.[18] The younger ones only join the rest of the group a month later.[18][19][20][21][22][23] Fall migration occurs in July and early August, peaking in late-August.[18]

In the Fall migration, it has been reported that populations living in the west first migrate east before heading south.[11] From the East, they then fly down to the Tropics.[11] A few of them establish themselves for the winter in southern Florida,[11] but most of them choose to spend their winter on the coasts of Central America.[10] Once in that region, they inhabit wooded ravines of the Pacific slope or the dense bushes and wooded edges habitats of the Caribbean side.[10]

The least flycatcher leaves its wintering ground relatively early in comparison to other birds, arriving back north in late April to mid-May.[10][18] It is thought that they can afford to arrive so early because they can subsist on small-sized insects which are out early in spring.[18] They might also arrive early because of their highly competitive breeding site selection – a product of their habit to breed in clustered distribution.[10]

The least flycatcher spends its breeding season in southern Yukon to central Quebec and Maritime Provinces, in Wyoming Indiana, New Jersey and in the mountains of North Carolina.[10] The breeding season only last about 64 days, after which they return south in the Tropics.[18]

The adult least flycatcher molts after migrating to its wintering ground, which differs from most other passerines.[7] The juveniles, on the other hand, molt prior and throughout their Fall migration.[7] The reason why the molt of the adults is delayed remains unclear, but might be due to the highly competitive site selection of winter habitat, where the first to arrive are the first to be served.[7]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Empidonax minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22699854A93751971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699854A93751971.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Johnson NK (1980). "Character variation and evolution of sibling species in the Empidonax difficilis–flavescenscomplex (Aves: Tyrannidae)". University of California Publications in Zoology: 112: 1–151.
  3. ^ Zink RM, Johnson NK (1984). "Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers. I. Sibling species in the genera Empidonax and Contopus". Systematic Zoology. 33 (2): 33: 205–216. doi:10.2307/2413021. JSTOR 2413021.
  4. ^ Johnson NK, Cicero C (2002). "The role of ecologic diversification in sibling speciation of Empidonax flycatchers (Tyrannidae): multigene evidence from mtDNA". Molecular Ecology. 11 (10): 11(10): 2065–2081. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01588.x. PMID 12296949. S2CID 24350606.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i David, N, ed. (2003). Les oiseaux du Québec et de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord. 5th edition. Broquet.
  6. ^ del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Christie D (2004). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tarof S (2008). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.leafly.01.
  8. ^ Forbush, Edward Howe; May, John Bichard (1955). A Natural History of American Birds of Eastern and Central North America. Bramhall Books. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-1-258-21691-7.
  9. ^ a b c d Robinson SK, Holmes RT (1982). "Foraging behavior of forest birds: the relationships among search tactics, diet, and habitat structure". Ecological Society of America: 63(6): 1918–1931.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus". Boreal Songbird Initiative. 2015.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Kaufman K (2001). Lives of North American birds. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w MacQueen PM (1950). "Territory and song in the least flycatcher". Wilson Bulletin: 62: 194–205.
  13. ^ a b c Sherry TW, Holmes RT. 1985. Dispersion patterns and habitat responses of birds in northern hardwoods forest. Cody M, editor. In: Habitat selection in birds. New York (NY): Academic Press. p. 283-309.
  14. ^ Keister AR, Slatkin M. 1974. A strategy of movement and resource utilization. Theoretical Population Biology. 6: 1–20.
  15. ^ Turner, GF; Pitcher, TJ (1986). "Attack abatement: a model for group protection by combined avoidance and dilution". The American Naturalist. 128 (2): 228–240. doi:10.1086/284556. S2CID 84738064.
  16. ^ Perry EF, Manolis JC, Andersen DE. 2008. Reduced predation in interior nests in clustered all purpose territories of least flycatchers (Empidonax minimus). The Auk. 125(3): 643-650.
  17. ^ Getty, T (1981). "Competitive collusion: the preemption of competition during the sequential establishment of territories". The American Naturalist. 118 (3): 426–431. doi:10.1086/283834. S2CID 84728592.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Hussell, DJT (1981). "Migrations of the Least Flycatcher in Southern Ontario". Journal of Field Ornithology. 52 (2): 97–111.
  19. ^ Dwight, J (1900). "The sequence of plumage and moults of the passerine birds of New York". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 13: 373–360. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1900.tb55042.x. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t42r4d52s. S2CID 222083127.
  20. ^ Johnson NK. 1963. Comparative molt cycles in the tyrannid genus Empidonax. Proc. XIII Intern. Ornithol. Congr no. 870-883.
  21. ^ Hussell DJT, Davis T, Montgomerie RD. 1967. Differential fall migration of adult and immature Least Flycatchers. Bird-Banding. 38: 61-66.
  22. ^ Ely CA. 1970. Migration of Least and Traill's flycatchers in west-central Kansas. Bird-Banding. 41: 198-204.
  23. ^ Hussell, DJT (1980). "The timing of fall migration and molt in least flycatchers". Journal of Field Ornithology. 51 (1): 65–71.

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Least flycatcher: Brief Summary

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The least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) (also called chebec, or chebecker, after the sound it makes) is a small insect-eating bird. It is the smallest Empidonax flycatcher in eastern North America.

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Empidonax minimus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mosquero mínimo (Empidonax minimus), también conocido como mosquerito chebec,[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae.[1]​ Es una pequeña ave migratoria que anida en Norteamérica e inverna en México y América Central. No tiene subespecies reconocidas.[3]

Distribución y hábitat

Es un ave migratoria que anida en el este de América del Norte e inverna en México y América Central. Su área de distribución incluye Canadá, Estados Unidos, México, Belice, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, San Pedro y Miquelón, Islas Caimán, Bahamas, Islas Turcas y Caicos.[1]​ Ocurre incidentalmente en Jamaica.[1]

Su hábitat se compone de humedales, matorrales, pastizales, bosque templado, subtropical y tropical.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c d e BirdLife International (2012). «Empidonax minimus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 13 de febrero de 2013.
  2. Mosquero Mínimo (Empidonax minimus) (Baird,WM & Baird,SF, 1843). Avibase. Consultado el 13 de febrero de 2013
  3. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Empidonax minimus (TSN 178344)» (en inglés).

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Empidonax minimus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mosquero mínimo (Empidonax minimus), también conocido como mosquerito chebec,​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae.​ Es una pequeña ave migratoria que anida en Norteamérica e inverna en México y América Central. No tiene subespecies reconocidas.​

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Empidonax minimus ( Basque )

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Empidonax minimus Empidonax generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Tyrannidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Empidonax minimus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Empidonax minimus Empidonax generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Tyrannidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Moucherolle tchébec ( French )

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Empidonax minimus

Le Moucherolle tchébec (Empidonax minimus) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Tyrannidae.

Description

Le moucherolle tchébec a le dessus olive brunâtre avec le croupion et le haut de la queue légèrement plus pâle tandis que le centre de la calotte est plus sombre. Les ailes sont foncées avec, pour les 6 primaires les plus à l'extérieur, une bande extérieure réduite vers la pointe, les petite et grande couvertures sont marquées de chamois plus ou moins pâle et forment 2 légères bandes, les secondaires se terminent et sont pointillées de blanc mat. La queue est brun grisâtre avec l'extérieur des plumes qui finissent en blanc brunâtre. Le tour de l'œil est blanc grisâtre, les lores sont blanc terne mixé de sombre. Les côtés de la tête et la nuque sont similaires au dessus, en moins soutenu pour la nuque qui est identique à la gorge. Le dessous est blanc grisâtre ou blanc jaunâtre pâle avec la poitrine ombrée de gris brunâtre. Le dessous des ailes est identique avec l'intérieur chamois clair à blanc jaunâtre[1].

Répartition

Le moucherolle tchébec se rencontre aux Bahamas, au Belize, au Canada (passage), au nord du Costa Rica, aux États-Unis (à l'exception de l'ouest), au Guatemala, au Honduras, en Jamaïque (vagabond), au Mexique (à l'exception du nord-ouest), au Nicaragua, au Panama, à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (passage), au Salvador et aux îles Turks-et-Caïcos[2].

 src=
Carte de répartition
  • Aire de nidification
  • Voie migratoire
  • Aire d'hivernage

Habitat

Cette espèce fréquente les bords des forêts de conifères et les forêts assez ouvertes à feuillage caduc, les vergers, les bosquets et les bois abandonnés de peupliers et de bouleaux[3].

Nidification

L'espèce pond 3 ou 4 œufs blancs ou crèmes dans un nid accroché à une branche ou posé sur une fourche d'arbre. Il est soigné et composé de fibres de plantes douces, d'herbe fine, de fines lanières d'écorce et de cheveux. Quelques nids peuvent être construits uniquement d'herbe et de lanières d'écorce[4].

Reproduction

Le moucherolle tchébec se reproduit au sud du Yukon, au centre, à l'ouest et à l'est des monts Mackenzie, au nord de l'Alberta, au nord du Saskatchewan, au nord et au centre du Manitoba, au nord de l'Ontario, au sud du Québec, au Nouveau-Brunswick, du sud de la Nouvelle-Ecosse au sud de la Colombie-Britannique, sur l'île-du-Prince-Edouard, au centre du Montana, au nord-est du Wyoming, au centre et au sud-est du Dakota du Sud, à l'est du Nebraska, au sud-ouest du Missouri, au centre de l'Illinois, au centre et au sud de l'Indiana, au nord de l'Ohio, en Pennsylvanie, dans les Appalaches, à travers la Virginie occidentale, à l'ouest du Maryland, à l'ouest de la Virginie, à l'est du Tennessee, à l'ouest de la Caroline du Nord au nord-ouest de la Géorgie.
Il peut-être présent, en été, et se reproduire dans le nord-est de Washington et l'est du Kentucky.
Il passe l'hiver au Mexique (incluant la péninsule du Yucatan), sur les 2 côtes de l'Amérique centrale et, occasionnellement, au sud de la Californie, au sud du Texas et en Floride[5].

Sous-espèces

D'après la classification de référence (version 7.2, 2017) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce ne compte pas de sous-espèces.

Notes et références

  1. "Smithsonian miscellaneous collections", 1972, p. 468
  2. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/least-flycatcher-empidonax-minimus
  3. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1949, p. 357
  4. Bird homes : the nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds by Arthur Radclyffe Dugmore, 1902, p. 137 & 174
  5. Check-list of North American birds : the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands, prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union, 1983, p. 453
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Moucherolle tchébec: Brief Summary ( French )

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Empidonax minimus

Le Moucherolle tchébec (Empidonax minimus) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Tyrannidae.

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Kleine feetiran ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De kleine feetiran ( Empidonax minimus ) is een zangvogel uit de familie Tyrannidae (Tirannen).

Kenmerken

Het verenkleed is grijsbruin met witte randen aan de vleugels. De keel is lichter en rond de ogen heeft de vogel een witte oogring. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 12,5 tot 14,5 cm.

Leefwijze

Zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit insecten, die hij vanaf een hoge zitplaats bejaagt.

Voortplanting

Het komvormige nest ziet er tamelijk broos uit en wordt gebouwd in een takvork.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze vogel broedt in oostelijk Canada en de VS en overwintert van Mexico tot Panama. Hij is de eerste van zijn soort die noordwaarts trekt en verlaat als laatste zijn broedgebied.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Kleine feetiran: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kleine feetiran ( Empidonax minimus ) is een zangvogel uit de familie Tyrannidae (Tirannen).

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Dvärgempid ( Swedish )

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Dvärgempid[2] (Empidonax minimus) är en nordamerikansk tätting i familjen tyranner.[3]

Kännetecken

Utseende

Dvärgtyrannen är en del av släktet Empidonax vars arter är notoriskt svåra att skilja åt på utseende med sin olivgrå ovansida och svarta vingar försedda med vingband. Denna art är dock tydligt liten (12-14 centimeter), har liten näbb och en tydlig vit ögonring. Handpennorna är relativt korta, vilket får stjärten att verka lång. Huvudet är mer rundat och inte spetsigt på bakhuvudet som flera andra arter.[4]

Läten

Som hos alla Empidonax-arter är lätet det säkraste sättet att korrekt identifiera arten. Dvärgtyrannen sjunger med ett emfastiskt, snabbt upprepat och torrt tje-bek eller tje-bik. Lätet är ett vasst puit.[5]

Utbredning

Fågeln lever och häckar i Kanada och USA. Den övervintrar från norra Mexiko till Panama.[3] Arten är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa med endast ett enda fynd när en individ fångades och släpptes i Stokkseyri, Island 6 oktober 2003.[6]

 src=
Dvärgempidens utbredningsområde.

Levnadssätt

Dvärgempiden förekommer sommartid i halvöppna löv- och blandskogar, ibland även i skogsbryn och buskmarker. Vintertid ses den i skogklädda raviner och kanter av skog och betesmarker i Centralamerika, i Mexiko även tropisk städsegrön skog. Liksom alla tyranner utgör insekter huvudfödan som den fångar i luften eller plockar från bladverk upp till 15 meter ovan mark. Tillfälligtvis kan den dock även inta fläderbär, björnbär och gräsfrön.[4]

Häckning

Dvärgempiden tillbringar endast i genomsnitt 64 dagar i sitt häckningsområde och häckningen är därför snabb och intensiv. Direkt efter hanen och honan bildat par påbörjas bobygget, en kompakt skål som placeras i en grenklyka. Fågeln häckar i små lösa samhällen, med upp till två till 30 revir. Trots sin ringa storlek försvarar dvärgempiden sitt revir aggressivt mot avsevärt större fåglar som brunhuvad kostare och blåskrika.[4]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Mellan 1970 och 2014 minskade den med 53% och världspopulationen uppskattas idag till 33 miljoner häckande individer.[7]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Empidonax minimus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ [a b c] Least Flycatcher Faktablad om dvärgempid på allaboutbird.org
  5. ^ Sibley, David Allen (2003). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. sid. 259. ISBN 0-679-45120-X
  6. ^ Tarsiger.com Fynd av dvärgempid i Västpalearktis
  7. ^ Partners in Flight. 2017. Avian Conservation Assessment Database. 2017.

Externa länkar

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Dvärgempid: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Dvärgempid (Empidonax minimus) är en nordamerikansk tätting i familjen tyranner.

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Empidonax minimus ( Vietnamese )

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Empidonax minimus là một loài chim trong họ Tyrannidae.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Empidonax minimus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ chim Đớp ruồi bạo chúa này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Empidonax minimus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Empidonax minimus là một loài chim trong họ Tyrannidae.

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