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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors

Bachmans's Warbler (Vermivora bachmanii) was probably extinct by the 1980s, but it formerly bred in the bottomland forests and canebrakes of the southeastern United States and wintered almost exclusively in Cuba. The species was first collected by the Reverend John Bachman in South Carolina (U.S.A.) and formally described by his friend John James Audubon shortly thereafter in 1833. Bachman's Warbler was subsequently largely forgotten for half a century until it was rediscovered by Charles Galbraith, who shot several dozen over the course of several years and brought one to George Lawrence for identification (Lawrence 1887; Fuller 2002). For several decades after its rediscovery, Bachman's Warblers were encountered in fair numbers at several breeding locations and, during migration, in Florida. By 1920, however,Bachman's Warbler was scarce over most of its range and only a handful of breeding birds or migrants were encountered after 1930. The last undisputed sighting was of a single bird near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1962.

Information about the biology and ecology of Bachman's Warbler is limited. Most observations were made in the late 1800s and early 1900s when close attention was not often paid to habitat and the regions in which Bachman's Warblers bred and wintered had not yet been well explored ornithologically. The birds apparently foraged mainly between around 1 and 3 m high, gleaning small arthropods off vegetation and probing into leaf clusters. Singing males often sang from fairly high in trees. Hooper and Hamel (1977) extracted what information they could from (mostly unpublished) notes on the 40 nests they could identify from records. Nests were constructed less than around a meter off the ground in the dense understory of bottomland forest. The open cup nest was made of dead leaves, grass, moss, and weed stalks and lined with fine fibers such as those from Ramalina lichens and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides). The 3 to 5 eggs were typically pure white, sometimes finely marked at the large end.

It is thought that breeding Bachman's Warblers favored small clearings and edges with a dense understory of Giant Cane bamboo (Arundinaria gigantea), brambles (Rubus spp.), Sabal Palm (Sabal palmetto), etc., often close to water. Remsen (1986) argued that they were likely Giant Cane specialists and depended on extensive canebrakes. Small-scale selective logging of bottomland forests in the late 19th century may have opened up clearings within forests and temporarily created additional breeding habitat, but by the early 20th century the species was in serious decline.Although the causes of this dramatic decline and apparent extinction of Bachman's Warbler are uncertain, there is a clear consensus that the major factor was the draining of swamps and the large-scale replacement of bottomland forests and canebrakes with agriculture (habitat loss in Cuba may also have been important, but virtually nothing is known about this). Bachman's Warbler may have always been relatively uncommon and therefore relatively vulnerable, although perhaps it was more common than generally realized as a consequence of its rather specialized breeding habitat and the fact that dense canebrakes were difficult to access. Other factors that have been suggested as possibly hastening the demise of the Bachman's Warbler are a series of destructive fall hurricanes in Cuba in the early 1930s and, possibly, the expansion of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds responding to large-scale anthropogenic (i.e., human-caused) landscape changes.

Much of the original old literature about Bachman's Warbler is feely available (for personal use) from the Searchable Ornithological Research Archive (SORA). These articles from the late 19th and early 20th century effectively capture the excitement of basic discovery that was still in the air among "amateur" (and the few professional) ornithologists even in the United States at that time.

Hamel (1986, 1995) reviewed what we know about Bachman's Warbler and an excellent overview is also provided by Dunn and Garrett (1997). Hamel and Gauthreaux 1982 and Dunn and Garrett 1997 should be consulted for detailed information about distinguishing Bachman's Warblers from potentially similar-looking species.

(Dunn and Garrett 1997 and references therein)

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Bosquerola de Bachman ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La bosquerola de Bachman (Vermivora bachmanii) és un ocell de la família dels parúlids (Parulidae) que habita (o habitava) boscos i pantans del sud-est dels Estats Units, i passava l'hivern a Cuba.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Bosquerola de Bachman Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Bosquerola de Bachman: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La bosquerola de Bachman (Vermivora bachmanii) és un ocell de la família dels parúlids (Parulidae) que habita (o habitava) boscos i pantans del sud-est dels Estats Units, i passava l'hivern a Cuba.

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Telor Bachman ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Telor Bachman (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: telorion Bachman) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Vermivora bachmanii; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Bachman's warbler. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Telorion y Byd Newydd (Lladin: Paruliadae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn V. bachmanii, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r telor Bachman yn perthyn i deulu'r Telorion y Byd Newydd (Lladin: Paruliadae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Telor Semper Leucopeza semperi Telor Swainson Limnothlypis swainsonii
Limnothlypis swainsoniiEMP04CB.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Telor Bachman: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Telor Bachman (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: telorion Bachman) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Vermivora bachmanii; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Bachman's warbler. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Telorion y Byd Newydd (Lladin: Paruliadae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn V. bachmanii, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Gelbstirn-Waldsänger ( German )

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Der Gelbstirn-Waldsänger (Vermivora bachmanii) ist (oder war) ein kleiner Vogel aus der Familie der Waldsänger (Parulidae). Er gilt als ausgestorben. Die letzte Sichtung erfolgte im Jahre 1962 in South Carolina. Die englische Bezeichnung "Bachman’s Warbler" wählte der Erstbeschreiber John James Audubon nach seinem Freund, dem Naturgelehrten und Priester John Bachman, der den Vogel im Jahre 1832 entdeckte. Audubon selbst hatte den Vogel nie gesehen. Er beschrieb ihn nach einer Darstellung von John Bachman.

Merkmale

 src=
Männchen (oben) und Weibchen

Gelbstirn-Waldsänger hatten eine Körperlänge von etwa 11 Zentimetern. Das Männchen hatte eine gelbe Stirn, eine schwarze Krone und einen grauen Nacken. Der Kinnbereich und die Unterseite waren ebenfalls gelb. Am Brustbereich war das Gefieder schwarz. Das Oberseitengefieder sowie die Flügeldecken trugen eine olivgrüne Farbe. Bei dem Weibchen war die Stirn ebenfalls gelb, jedoch heller als bei dem Männchen. Die Krone und der Nackenbereich waren grau. Das Unterseitengefieder trug eine hellgelbe Farbe, das Oberseitengefieder und die Flügeldecken waren wie bei dem Männchen olivgrün.

Verbreitung und Aussterben

Die Gelbstirn-Waldsänger bewohnten die Sümpfe und die Tieflandwälder im Südosten von Nordamerika. Ihr Verschwinden wird hauptsächlich auf die Entwässerung der Sümpfe und die Zerstörung der von ihnen bewohnten Waldgebiete zurückgeführt. 1967 wurde die Spezies offiziell als bedroht unter dem Endangered Species Preservation Act gelistet, nachdem der Vogel seit 1962 nicht mehr beobachtet worden war. In Kuba wurde der Gelbstirn-Waldsänger zuletzt 1981 gesichtet. Seither gab es keine verifizierten Beobachtungen mehr. Am 29. September 2021 schlug der United States Fish and Wildlife Service offiziell vor, den Gelbstirn-Waldsänger aus der Liste der bedrohten Arten herauszunehmen, da er ausgestorben sei.[1]

Zwar kann angenommen werden, dass der Gelbstirn-Waldsänger ausgerottet ist, doch da noch eine geringe Wahrscheinlichkeit besteht, dass einige Exemplare überlebt haben, hat die IUCN die Art 2020 zur Vermeidung des Romeo-Irrtums als „möglicherweise ausgestorben“ eingestuft, führt sie also nicht in der Kategorie „ausgestorben“, sondern in der Kategorie „vom Aussterben bedroht“.[2][3]

Literatur

  • Jon Curson, David Quinn, David Beadle: New World Warblers. Helm, London 1994, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.

Einzelnachweise

  1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Delisting 23 Species from Endangered Species Act Due to Extinction. In: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 29. September 2021, abgerufen am 30. September 2021 (englisch).
  2. Robert H. Cowie, Philippe Bouchet, Benoît Fontaine: The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation? In: Biol. Rev. (Biological Reviews). Band 97, Nr. 2, April 2022, S. 640–663, doi:10.1111/brv.12816 (Erste Online-Veröffentlichung am 10. Januar 2022).
  3. Vermivora bachmanii in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2020. Eingestellt von: BirdLife International, 2020. Abgerufen am 27. April 2022.
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Gelbstirn-Waldsänger: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Gelbstirn-Waldsänger (Vermivora bachmanii) ist (oder war) ein kleiner Vogel aus der Familie der Waldsänger (Parulidae). Er gilt als ausgestorben. Die letzte Sichtung erfolgte im Jahre 1962 in South Carolina. Die englische Bezeichnung "Bachman’s Warbler" wählte der Erstbeschreiber John James Audubon nach seinem Freund, dem Naturgelehrten und Priester John Bachman, der den Vogel im Jahre 1832 entdeckte. Audubon selbst hatte den Vogel nie gesehen. Er beschrieb ihn nach einer Darstellung von John Bachman.

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Bachman's warbler

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Bachman's warbler (Vermivora bachmanii), also called Bachman's swamp warbler[3] is a likely extinct passerine migratory bird.[4] This warbler was a migrant, breeding in swampy blackberry and cane thickets of the Southeastern and Midwestern United States and wintering in Cuba. There are some reports of the bird from the twenty-first century, but none are widely accepted. Some authorities accept a sighting in Louisiana, in August 1988 as confirmed,[5] but the last uncontroversial sightings date to the 1960s.

Taxonomy

This bird was first recorded in 1832 by the Reverend John Bachman, who found the species near Charleston, South Carolina, and presented study skins and descriptions to his friend and collaborator, John James Audubon.[6] Audubon never saw the bird alive but named it in honor of Bachman in 1833.[6]

The blue-winged and rapidly declining golden-winged warblers, also members of the genus Vermivora, are thought to be this warbler's closest relatives.[7] There are no known subspecies.[7]

Description

Male (above) and female, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Bachman's warbler is a sexually dimorphic species and the adults have two distinct plumages, one in the spring and one in the fall.[8] In the spring, adult males have a yellow forehead and supercilium.[8] The area below the bird's eye is yellow, while the lores are a dusky olive.[8] The bird's forecrown is black with gray at the edges, while the rear crown and nape are olive-gray.[8] The rest of the warbler's upperparts are an olive green, with the rump being the brightest.[8] The chin and upper throat are yellow, while the center throat and upper chest are black.[8] The belly is yellow, and the undertail coverts are white.[8] Males in their first spring are nearly identical to the adult male, but have less black on their crown and chest.[8]

During the spring, adult females are a light yellow in their forehead and supraloral, blending into a gray crown and nape.[8] Its lores are a gray-olive and it has a white eye ring.[8] The rest of the female's upperparts are an olive-green, which like the male is brightest on the rump.[8] The chin and throat are also a light yellow, while the sides of the neck and the upper breast are gray.[8] Older females have a few black upper breast feathers.[9] The rest of the breast and the belly is light yellow, blending into white on the undertail coverts.[8] The flanks are also washed with gray.[9] First spring females resemble the adult female, but appear duller.[9]

Bachman's warbler molts over the summer into its fall plumage.[9] For adult males, the fall plumage is nearly identical to the spring, with the only difference being that the forecrown changes from black to gray.[9] First year males also resemble their spring plumage, but have an olive forecrown and duller yellow underparts.[9] Adult females possess the same plumage, although it looks fresher in the fall, while first year females have an olive-yellow forehead and a dull eyering.[9]

Hatchlings obtain their first plumage in May and undergo their first molt in June.[9] Juvenile Bachman's warblers have a dusky brown head and upperparts and are a paler brown below, which transitions to dull white on the lower body and undertail.[9]

This warbler is 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) in length.[10] It is relatively small for a warbler and has a short tail.[10] It is unique amongst warblers for its thin and decurved bill.[10] The Bachman's warbler's bill is blackish brown in adults and brown in the juveniles.[9] The legs are a grayish-brown, while the eyes are dark brown.[9]

Voice

Documented examples of the species' songs are composed of a rapid series of six to twenty-five buzz notes, sometimes ending in a sharp, slurred zip note.[11] The song is similar to that of the northern parula, but distinguishable in that it was noticeably monotone.[11] Multiple call notes have been recorded, ranging from a soft tsip to a low, hissing zee-e-eep.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Congaree National Park was searched for the species in 2002, without success.

Bachman's warbler breeds primarily in two distinct regions, namely the southern Atlantic coastal plain and the Gulf Coast states north along the Mississippi River watershed to Kentucky.[12] In the southern Atlantic coastal plain, the bird breeds in South Carolina near Charleston, though it is believed to have once bred as far north as Virginia and south into Georgia.[12] The Gulf Coast breeding habitat is located primarily in central Alabama, though reports from northern Mississippi and Louisiana are known.[12] It breeds north of Alabama along Arkansas's and Missouri's St. Francis River.[12] Unaccepted records of breeding in eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee are known.[12] During migration, the species was primarily recorded in Florida and the Florida Keys, although a few birds migrated along the eastern Gulf Coast.[6] Additionally, there is one spring migration record from the Bahamas in 1901.[6] The species primarily winters in Cuba.[12] Additionally, it was recorded wintering on the Isle of Pines, and one wintering record is known from Florida.[12] Unconfirmed reports of the species wintering in Georgia's Okefenokee Swamp exist.[12]

Bachman's warbler breeds in timbered bottomland swamps with pools of still water.[13] These swampy forests are mainly composed of deciduous trees such as cypress, sweet gum, dogwood, red oak, hickory, black gum, and tupelo.[13] While it is not definitively known what microhabitat in these swamps Bachman's warblers prefer, it is believed that they prefer small edges created by fire or storms with a dense understory of the cane species Arundinaria gigantea and palmettos.[13] Some believe that this species may be a cane specialist.[12]

While migrating, the species still prefers bottomland forests, though it has been reported in scrubby habitats when this is not available.[12] During the Cuban winter it seems to broaden its habitat to include most forests, ranging from dry, semideciduous forests to urban parks to swamps.[12] Hibiscus forests may be important to wintering warblers.[12]

Ecology and behavior

Nest photographed in 1920

Due to the rarity of this species, little is known of its behavior.[13] This species does not frequently pump its tail.[13] When alarmed, a Bachman's warbler will jerk its tail and raise its crown feathers.[13]

This species does not frequently sing while migrating.[13] Once it reaches its breeding grounds, this warbler prefers to sing from high perches.[13] The female warbler incubates the eggs while the male looks for food.

This species's foraging niche is quite low in elevation, frequently between 3 and 10 ft (0.91 and 3.05 m).[13] However, during migration it has also been observed foraging in the tops of trees.[13] This warbler could feed while hanging upside down to probe the bottoms of leaves.[13] Bachman's warbler also feeds by gleaning and probing into leaf clusters.[13] This latter foraging strategy has led some to hypothesize that this warbler specializes in foraging among dead leaves in canebrakes.[13] Its primary prey includes caterpillars, spiders, and other arthropods.[13] It may feed on nectar in Cuba, but this hypothesis is unproven.[13]

It may be a colonial breeder.[12] The nests are deep and bulky.[13] Dead leaves, mosses, grasses, and weed stalks compose the exterior of the nest, while the interior cup was lined with fine fibers from Ramalina lichen and Spanish moss.[13] These nests are made amongst blackberry brambles, cane stalks, and palmettos in bottomland forests 1 and 4 ft (0.30 and 1.22 m) above the ground or, frequently, pools of water.[13] Unusually for a warbler, its eggs are pure white with occasional fine marks at the large end.[13]

Migration

Bachman's warblers migrate quite early in comparison with other New World warblers.[6] Spring migration begins in late February and birds appear in south Florida and southeastern Louisiana by the first week of March.[6] Peak migration in south Florida is during the first three weeks of March and along the northwestern Florida coast during the third and fourth week of March.[6] The latest recorded Bachman's warbler in Florida was noted on April 9.[6] These warblers reach their South Carolina breeding grounds around mid-March, though some are known to arrive in late February.[6] Birds migrating to southeastern Missouri arrive between mid and late April.[6] Some birds overshoot their breeding grounds and are found in Virginia and North Carolina.[6]

In South Carolina, all Bachman's warblers leave their breeding ground by July 19.[6] The peak of fall migration is poorly documented, but the earliest date for a migrant in southern Mississippi is July 4, while the first migrants at Key West were reported on July 17.[6] All migration is between the end of July and August 25, with the last reported migrating individual being a September 24 bird in coastal Georgia.[6]

Conservation

Lithograph by Audubon

Bachman's warbler was originally collected by John Bachman in South Carolina in 1832 and described by Audubon in 1833[6] from skins mailed by Bachman. It remained largely unknown until the mid-1880s.[6] It is believed that selective logging in the 1800s briefly benefited the species by providing more habitat.[6] It was frequently seen in its breeding habitat from the mid-1880s to 1910.[6] However, when clear-cutting began replacing selective logging, sightings of this species grew scarce.[6] By the 1930s, sightings were rare, and in 1940 the last definite winter sighting was recorded.[7] The last male specimen was collected on March 21, 1941, on Deer Island, Mississippi, while the last female specimen was collected on February 28, 1940, on Ship Island, Mississippi.[7]

Reports of birds from the Missouri and Arkansas breeding grounds lasted through the 1940s, while birds were reported breeding in South Carolina's I'on Swamp until 1953.[7] Individuals were reported from Fairfax County, Virginia, in 1954 and 1958, and a male was seen singing near I'on Swamp in April 1962.[7] On March 30, 1977, an immature female was seen in Brevard County, Florida.[7] The last confirmed observation was in Louisiana in 1988.[5] Reliable reports of sightings of the species from Congaree National Park in the early 2000s prompted a formal investigation, but were eventually attributed to misidentifications of hooded warbler sightings and northern parula songs. A thorough and systematic search using playback of recorded Bachman's warbler songs did not reveal any territorial males and did not provoke any aggressive response from other bird species, and the survey leaders concluded the species was not present in the park during their search.[14]

This species is threatened due to habitat destruction.[7] It is thought to have nested in canebrakes, the loss of which poses a threat, as does the loss of wintering habitat in the Caribbean and plume hunting.[15] Small-scale logging in the 1800s may actually have increased the Bachman warbler's breeding habitat.[12] Clearcutting of its habitat and the draining of swamps via water channels are the two main causes of habitat destruction.[7] While it is unknown whether habitat change in its wintering grounds of Cuba affected the species, it is believed that a winter hurricane in 1932 could have dealt the species a crippling blow, making them too rare to find each other and mate on their breeding grounds.[7] The United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed on Sept. 29, 2021 to declare the species extinct following a lack of evidence of its survival.[16][17]

In culture

John James Audubon's folio renderings of a male and female Bachman's warbler were painted on top of an illustration of the Franklinia tree first painted by Maria Martin, John Bachman's sister-in-law and one of the country's first female natural history illustrators.

In the comic strip Doonesbury, Dick Davenport, a bird watcher, died in 1986 of a massive coronary while observing and photographing this species, therefore proving its continued existence. This death scene has been noted as a particularly memorable one in the history of comics.[18]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Vermivora bachmanii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22721607A180043024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721607A180043024.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Vermivora bachmanii Bachman's Warbler". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  3. ^ Shuler, Jay (1977). "BACHMAN'S WARBLER HABITAT" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-06-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Delisting 23 Species from Endangered Species Act Due to Extinction". U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. September 29, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  5. ^ a b "Bachman's Warbler". South Florida Multi-species Recovery Plan (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region. 1999. pp. 445–454.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 121. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 122. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 123. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 124. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  10. ^ a b c Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 117. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  11. ^ a b c Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 118. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 120. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Dunn, Jon; Kimball Garrett (1997). A Field Guide to Warblers of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 119. ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  14. ^ "Bachman's Warbler Searches at Congaree National Park". National Park Service. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  15. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1992). Birds in Jeopardy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-8047-1967-5.
  16. ^ "U.S. to Declare 23 Species Extinct - September 30, 2021". The Daily News Brief. 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  17. ^ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of 23 Extinct Species From the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants". www.regulations.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ Bowman, Donna; Noel Murray; Tasha Robinson (August 6, 2007). "12 Memorable newspaper comic-strip deaths". A.V. Club. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
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Bachman's warbler: Brief Summary

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Bachman's warbler (Vermivora bachmanii), also called Bachman's swamp warbler is a likely extinct passerine migratory bird. This warbler was a migrant, breeding in swampy blackberry and cane thickets of the Southeastern and Midwestern United States and wintering in Cuba. There are some reports of the bird from the twenty-first century, but none are widely accepted. Some authorities accept a sighting in Louisiana, in August 1988 as confirmed, but the last uncontroversial sightings date to the 1960s.

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Baĉmana vermivoro ( Esperanto )

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La Baĉmana vermivoro (Vermivora bachmanii) estas (aŭ estis) malgranda paserina birdo kiu loĝis en marĉoj kaj arbaroj de malaltaj teroj de sudorienta Usono. Temas pri membro de la familio de Paruliedoj kaj migranta, kiu vintras en Kubo.

Aspekto

Tiu specio estis kazo de seksa duformismo, nome la masklo havis olivvderdecajn suprajn partojn, pli grizzecajn en supra dorso kaj flugilplumoj kaj pli helverdecajn en ŝultro kaj pugo. Estis grizaj la vosto kaj malantaŭa krono, dum la resto de la korpo estis flava inklude la frunton, kie nigra zono separis ĝin el la griza malantaŭa krono. Estis pli rimarkinda nigra makulo (same kontrasta kun nigra fono) en la gorĝareo. La suba ventro estis blankeca. Estis grizaj kruroj kaj beko, kiu estis tre fajna kaj akrapinta.

La ino estis iom pli senkolora, sed ne havis la nigrajn makulojn de la gorĝareo kaj de la antaŭkrono.

Formortinta specio

La Baĉmana vermivoro estas jam eble formortinta, kaj plej verŝajne neniam estis komuna. La lasta konfirmitaj vidaĵoj okazis en 1988 kaj antaŭ tio nur en 1961 -en Suda Karolino. La lasta loĝejo de la Baĉmana vermivoro estis en la marĉo de I'on, Suda Karolino.

Habitatodetruo estis probable la ĉefa kaŭzo de ties malapero. Ties formorto ne estis ankoraŭ oficiale anoncita, ĉar habitato restas en la Nacia Parko Congaree kaj necesas pli da kontrolo. Krome, la 14an de januaro 2002, birdo simila al ino de Baĉmana vermivoro estis filmita ĉe Guardalavaca, Kubo. Ĉar la membroj de Vermivora ne vivas pli da ĉirkaŭ 7 jaroj, se tiu identigo estis ĝusta, tio signifus ke reprodukta populacio ankoraŭ sukcesis survivi nemalkovrita dum jardekoj.

Tiu birdo estis malkovrita en 1832 de la Pastro John Bachman, kiu prezentis studohaŭtojn kaj priskribojn al sia amiko kaj kunlaboranto, John James Audubon. Audubon neniam vidis la vivantan birdon sed nomis ĝin honore de Bachman.

Oni supozas, ke ili nestis en kanejoj, kies perdo (kun tiu de la vintra habitato en Karibio, kaj kun la fakto ke ĝi estis iam ĉasata pro siaj plumoj) estis sufiĉaj minacoj.[1]

La dezajnoj fare de Audubon de masklo kaj ino de Baĉmana vermivoro estis pentritaj sur bildo de arbo de la Franklinia fare de Maria Martin, bofratino de Bachman kaj unu el la unuaj virinoj en la lando kiuj estis bildistoj pri natura historio.

Notoj

  1. Ehrlich, Paul R.. (1992) Birds in Jeopardy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, p. 32–33. ISBN 0-8047-1967-5.

Referencoj

Plia legado

Libroj

  • HAMEL P. B. Bachman's Warbler. In CHANDLER, W. J. (ED.). AUDUBON WILDLIFE REPORT, 1988/1989. XVIII+817P. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.: SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, USA; LONDON, ENGLAND, UK. ILLUS. MAPS. 1988. 625-635. Series Information: Audubon Wildlife Report.
  • Hamel, P. B. 1995. Bachman’s Warbler (Vermivora bachmanii). In The Birds of North America, No. 150 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
  • HAMEL, P. B. Bachman's Warbler: a species in peril. XII+109P. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS: WASHINGTON, D.C., USA; LONDON, ENGLAND. ILLUS. PAPER. 1986. XII+109P.

Tezoj

  • Hamel PB. Ph.D. (1981). A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO AVIAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. Clemson University, United States, South Carolina.

Artikoloj

  • Burdick, D. M., Cushman, D., Hamilton, R., and Gosselink, J. G. (1989). Faunal changes and bottomland hardwood forest loss in the tensas watershed Louisiana usa. Conservation Biology. vol. 3, no 3. p. 282-292.
  • Hamel, P. B. (1979). Bachmans warbler vermivora-bachmanii the decline and fall of an endangered species. American Zoologist. vol. 19, no 3. p. 1003.
  • Hamel, P. B. (1995). Bachman's Warbler Vermivora bachmanii. Birds of North America. vol. 0, no 150. p. 1-16.
  • Hamel, P. B., and Gauthreaŭ, S. A. J. (1982). The field identification of bachmans warbler vermivora-bachmanii. American Birds. vol. 36, no 3. p. 235-240.
  • Hooper, R. G., and Hamel, P. B. (1977). Nesting habitat of bachmans warbler a review. Wilson Bulletin. vol. 89, no 3. p. 373-379.
  • Platt, S. G., Brantley, C. G., and Rainwater, T. R. (2001). Canebrake fauna: Wildlife diversity in a critically endangered ecosystem. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. vol. 117, no 1. p. 1-19.
  • Remsen, J. V. J. (1986). Was bachman's warbler vermivora-bachmanii a bamboo specialist. Auk. vol. 103, no 1. p. 216-219.
  • Stevenson, H. M. (1972). The recent history of bachmans warbler. Wilson Bulletin. vol. 84, no 3. p. 344-347.
  • Stevenson, H. M. (1977). A comparison of the apalachicola river avi fauna above and below jim woodruff dam.
  • Walters, Mark Jerome. (1995) Memories of a warbler. Animals. Boston. Vol 128, no 6. p. 8

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Baĉmana vermivoro: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Baĉmana vermivoro (Vermivora bachmanii) estas (aŭ estis) malgranda paserina birdo kiu loĝis en marĉoj kaj arbaroj de malaltaj teroj de sudorienta Usono. Temas pri membro de la familio de Paruliedoj kaj migranta, kiu vintras en Kubo.

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Vermivora bachmanii ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La reinita de Bachman, bijirita de Bachman o bijirita de pecho negro (Vermivora bachmanii) es especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Parulidae que cría en el sudeste de Estados Unidos y pasa el invierno en Cuba. En 1988 se vio por última vez en Carolina del Sur, Estados Unidos y desde 1964 no ha sido observada en Cuba. Se lo consideraba extinta, sin embargo el 14 de enero de 2002, un ave de similares características al vermivora bachmanni fue filmado en Guardalavaca[cita requerida], Cuba, dando la posibilidad de que esta especie siga con vida pero si en claro peligro de extinción.

Nombres

En latín Vermivora significa “comedora de gusanos” y bachmanii por ser dedicada a Bachman. En Cuba se llama en general bijirita o chinchillita a todos los miembros de Parulidae. En inglés se conoce como Bachman’s warbler.

Distribución

Esta bijirita criaba en el sureste de los Estados Unidos e invernaba en Cuba e Isla de la Juventud entre el 7 de septiembre y el 16 de marzo. Su hábitat preferido eran los bosques de ciénagas. Se vio por última vez en la Ciénaga de Zapata en 1964.

Descripción

Vermivora bachmanii mide cerca de 11 cm. El pico es largo, delgado y notoriamente curvado. El macho tiene la frente amarilla, el vértice negro y la nuca grisácea. El resto del dorso es oliváceo y por abajo es amarillo con un parche negro en el cuello y la garganta. Del vientre posterior hacia atrás es blanco. La cola tiene manchas blancas. La hembra es similar pero sin las manchas negras, pero en el pecho puede tener un indicio del parche en gris. El juvenil es más opaco. Se alimenta de insectos.

Ave extinta

No hay registros confirmados desde 1964 en Cuba y desde 1988 en Carolina del Sur, Estados Unidos. Actualmente se la considera extinta.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2004). «Vermivora bachmanii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 24 de marzo de 2011.
  • Garrido, O.H.; Kirkconnell, A. (2000). Birds of Cuba. Helm Field Guides, Londres. 253 pp.

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Vermivora bachmanii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La reinita de Bachman, bijirita de Bachman o bijirita de pecho negro (Vermivora bachmanii) es especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Parulidae que cría en el sudeste de Estados Unidos y pasa el invierno en Cuba. En 1988 se vio por última vez en Carolina del Sur, Estados Unidos y desde 1964 no ha sido observada en Cuba. Se lo consideraba extinta, sin embargo el 14 de enero de 2002, un ave de similares características al vermivora bachmanni fue filmado en Guardalavaca[cita requerida], Cuba, dando la posibilidad de que esta especie siga con vida pero si en claro peligro de extinción.

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Bambusesäälik ( Estonian )

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Bambusesäälik (Vermivora bachmanii) on lind sääliklaste sugukonnast. Teda pole pärast 1988. aastat enam tõestatult kohatud. Ta pesitses USA kaguosas ja talvitas Kuubal.

Viited

Välislingid

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Bambusesäälik: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Bambusesäälik (Vermivora bachmanii) on lind sääliklaste sugukonnast. Teda pole pärast 1988. aastat enam tõestatult kohatud. Ta pesitses USA kaguosas ja talvitas Kuubal.

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Vermivora bachmanii ( Basque )

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Vermivora bachmanii Vermivora generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Parulidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Vermivora bachmanii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Vermivora bachmanii Vermivora generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Parulidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Surukerttuli ( Finnish )

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Surukerttuli (Vermivora bachmanii) on uhanalainen varpuslintu. Siitä ei ole varmoja havaintoja vuoden 1988 jälkeen.[1]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Surukerttuli kasvaa 12 cm pitkäksi. Aikuinen koiras on värikkäin: sillä on ruskea selkäpuoli, keltainen vatsapuoli ja musta päälaki ja rintaläikkä. Naaras ja nuori yksilö ovat hailakampia.[2]

Esiintyminen ja elinympäristö

Surukerttuli pesii Yhdysvalloissa ja talvehtii Kuubassa. Yhdysvalloissa sitä ei ole nähty vuoden 1988 jälkeen, Kuubasta on epävarma havainto vuodelta 2002.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Vermivora bachmanii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 17.12.2013. (englanniksi)
  2. Birdlife
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Surukerttuli: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Surukerttuli (Vermivora bachmanii) on uhanalainen varpuslintu. Siitä ei ole varmoja havaintoja vuoden 1988 jälkeen.

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Paruline de Bachman ( French )

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Vermivora bachmanii

La Paruline de Bachman (Vermivora bachmanii) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Parulidae.

Statut

Aucune nidification n'ayant été enregistrée depuis 1937, elle a été considérée comme éteinte jusqu'en 1988, une observation (non confirmée) et la persistance de quelques sites reliques de reproduction (Caroline du Sud) et d'hivernage (Cuba) font que l'UICN a depuis proposé son classement en tant qu'espèce en « danger critique d'extinction ». Les autorités américaines ont déclaré l'espèce définitivement éteinte le 29 septembre 2021[1].

Répartition

 src=
  • Répartition historique probable
  • zone de nidification
  • zone d'hivernage

Notes et références

  1. (en-GB) « US declares 23 bird, fish and other species extinct », BBC News,‎ 29 septembre 2021 (lire en ligne, consulté le 30 septembre 2021)

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Paruline de Bachman: Brief Summary ( French )

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Vermivora bachmanii

La Paruline de Bachman (Vermivora bachmanii) est une espèce de passereaux appartenant à la famille des Parulidae.

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Vermivora bachmanii ( Italian )

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La parula di Bachman (Vermivora bachmanii Audubon, 1833) è un piccolo uccello migratore passeriforme probabilmente estinto[2]. Questo parulide aveva abitudini migratorie: nidificava nei boschetti paludosi di rovi e canne palustri degli Stati Uniti sud-orientali e svernava a Cuba. L'ultimo avvistamento (non confermato) venne effettuato in Louisiana, nell'agosto 1988[3].

Tassonomia

Questo volatile venne scoperto nel 1832 dal reverendo John Bachman, che scoprì la specie nei pressi di Charleston, nella Carolina del Sud, presentandone le spoglie conservate e un'accurata descrizione a John James Audubon, suo amico e collaboratore[4]. Audubon non vide mai l'uccello in vita, ma lo battezzò con il nome attuale in onore di Bachman nel 1833[4].

La parula di Bachman non era strettamente imparentata con nessun'altra specie, anche se si ritiene che la parula aliazzurre e la più rara parula alidorate, anch'esse appartenenti al genere Vermivora, fossero i suoi parenti più stretti[5]. Non ne viene riconosciuta alcuna sottospecie[5].

Descrizione

 src=
Maschio (sopra) e femmina in un disegno di Louis Agassiz Fuertes.

La parula di Bachman era una specie sessualmente dimorfica e gli adulti presentavano due piumaggi distinti, uno primaverile e uno autunnale[6]. In primavera, i maschi adulti avevano la fronte, la regione sopra le redini e il sopracciglio gialli[6]. L'area sotto l'occhio era gialla, mentre le redini erano color oliva scuro[6]. La parte anteriore della corona era nera con i margini grigi, mentre quella posteriore e la nuca erano grigio-oliva[6]. Il resto della regione superiore era di un verde oliva che diveniva più brillante sul groppone[6]. Il mento e la parte superiore della gola erano gialli, mentre la parte centrale della gola e quella superiore del petto erano nere[6]. L'addome era giallo, e le copritrici del sottocoda bianche[6]. Durante la loro prima primavera i maschi erano quasi identici ai maschi adulti, ma avevano meno nero su corona e petto[6].

In primavera, le femmine adulte avevano fronte e regione sopra le redini di un color giallo chiaro che si fondeva nel grigio della corona e della nuca[6]. Le redini erano grigio-oliva e l'occhio era cerchiato da un anello bianco[6]. Il resto delle regioni superiori era di un verde-oliva che, come nel maschio, diveniva più brillante sul groppone[6]. Mento e gola erano anch'essi giallo chiaro, mentre i lati del collo e la parte superiore del petto erano grigi[6]. Sulla parte superiore del petto delle femmine più anziane era presente qualche piuma nera[7]. Il resto del petto e l'addome erano di un color giallo chiaro che si fondeva nel bianco delle copritrici del sottocoda[6]. I fianchi apparivano sfumati di grigio[7]. Durante la loro prima primavera le femmine ricordavano le femmine adulte, ma avevano un piumaggio più spento[7].

Nel corso dell'estate la parula di Bachman mutava il piumaggio fino ad assumere l'abito autunnale[7]. Nei maschi adulti, il piumaggio autunnale era quasi identico a quello primaverile, in quanto se ne differenziava solo per la parte anteriore della corona che da nera diveniva grigia[7]. I maschi del primo anno somigliavano molto agli adulti in tenuta primaverile, ma se ne differenziavano per la parte anteriore della corona oliva e le regioni inferiori di un giallo più spento[7]. Le femmine adulte indossavano sempre lo stesso piumaggio, anche se questo appariva più brillante in autunno, mentre le femmine del primo anno avevano la fronte giallo-oliva e un anello oculare più sbiadito[7].

I nidiacei indossavano il loro primo piumaggio in maggio ed effettuavano la prima muta in giugno[7]. Le giovani parule di Bachman avevano testa e regioni superiori marrone scuro e regioni inferiori di un marrone più chiaro che sfumava nel bianco sporco nella parte bassa del corpo e sul sottocoda[7].

Questa parula misurava 10,8 cm di lunghezza[8]. Tali dimensioni erano ridotte anche per gli standard delle parule e la coda era breve[8]. Caso unico tra le parule, aveva becco sottile e ricurvo[8]. Esso era bruno-nerastro negli adulti e marrone nei giovani[7]. Le zampe erano bruno-grigiastre, mentre gli occhi erano marrone scuro[7].

Le registrazioni che abbiamo del canto della specie comprendono una rapida serie di sei-venticinque note vibrate, talvolta terminanti in un'acuta e confusa nota zip[9]. Il canto era simile a quello della parula settentrionale, ma si distingueva per essere notevolmente più monotono[9]. Sono state registrate anche note di richiamo multiple, che vanno da un leggero tsip fino a un profondo e sibilante zee-e-eep[9].

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Nel parco nazionale di Congaree la specie è stata cercata, senza successo, nel 2002.

La parula di Bachman nidificava prevalentemente in due regioni distinte, vale a dire la pianura costiera atlantica meridionale e la zona che dagli stati della Costa del Golfo si estende a nord lungo lo spartiacque del fiume Mississippi fino al Kentucky[10]. Nella pianura costiera atlantica meridionale, l'uccello nidificava in Carolina del Sud nei pressi di Charleston, ma si ritiene che in passato si riproducesse in un'area che raggiungeva a nord la Virginia e a sud la Georgia[10]. L'areale riproduttivo lungo la Costa del Golfo era situato prevalentemente nell'Alabama centrale, ma si ha testimonianza di nidificazioni avvenute nel Mississippi settentrionale e in Louisiana[10]. A nord dell'Alabama si riproduceva in Arkansas e Missouri lungo il fiume St. Francis[10]. Presunte voci di nidificazioni avvenute nel Texas orientale, in Oklahoma e nel Tennessee vengono considerate erronee dagli studiosi[10]. Durante la migrazione, la specie veniva avvistata principalmente in Florida e nelle Florida Keys, anche se alcuni uccelli migravano lungo la sezione orientale della Costa del Golfo[4]. Inoltre, vi è la testimonianza di un esemplare in migrazione primaverile catturato alle Bahamas nel 1901[4]. La specie svernava prevalentemente a Cuba[10]. Sporadicamente alcuni esemplari trascorrevano l'inverno sull'isola dei Pini e abbiamo la testimonianza di un esemplare che ha svernato in Florida[10]. Esistono anche testimonianze non confermate di esemplari che hanno svernato nella palude di Okefenokee in Georgia[10].

La parula di Bachman nidificava in boschi di palude con stagni di acqua permanente[11]. Queste foreste paludose sono costituite soprattutto da alberi decidui quali cipressi, liquidambar, cornioli, querce rosse, hickory, Nyssa sylvatica e tupelo[11]. Sebbene non sappiamo ancora con certezza quali aree di queste paludi la specie prediligesse, gli studiosi credono che preferisse le piccole radure create da incendi o tempeste con un fitto sottobosco di una particolare specie di canna palustre, l'Arundinaria gigantea, e palmetti[11]. Alcuni ritengono che questa specie fosse specializzata alla vita nei canneti[10].

Durante la migrazione, la specie continuava a prediligere le foreste di pianura, ma talvolta faceva scalo in zone arbustive quando queste non erano disponibili[10]. Sembra che durante il soggiorno a Cuba ampliasse la gamma degli habitat, in quanto essa veniva rinvenuta in aride foreste semidecidue, parchi urbani e paludi[10]. Le foreste di Hibiscus potrebbero aver giocato un ruolo importante nella biologia della specie[10].

Biologia

 src=
Un nido fotografato nel 1920.

A causa della rarità di questa specie conosciamo ben poco delle sue abitudini[11]. Essa non agitava su e giù la coda di frequente[11]. Quando era spaventata muoveva a scatti la coda e sollevava le piume della corona[11].

Durante la migrazione questa specie non emetteva di frequente il suo canto, anche se lo faceva spesso nei suoi siti di nidificazione[11]. Una volta là, preferiva utilizzare posatoi elevati per cantare[11]. La femmina si dedicava alla cova delle uova mentre il maschio andava in cerca di cibo.

Sugli alberi la specie occupava una nicchia di foraggiamento piuttosto elevata, generalmente compresa tra gli 1,5 e i 3 m di altezza[11]. Tuttavia, durante la migrazione veniva vista spingersi in cerca di cibo sulle cime degli alberi[11]. Era in grado di rimanere appesa a testa in giù per esaminare la pagina inferiore delle foglie[11]. La parula di Bachman si alimentava spigolando e sondando con il becco tra le foglie[11]. Quest'ultima strategia di foraggiamento ha spinto alcuni studiosi a ipotizzare che questa parula fosse una specie specializzatasi alla ricerca del cibo sulla lettiera di foglie morte dei canneti[11]. Tra le sue prede principali figuravano bruchi, ragni e altri artropodi[11]. Alcuni sostengono che a Cuba la specie si fosse nutrita anche di nettare, ma tale ipotesi non è mai stata confermata[11].

Forse la specie nidificava in colonie[10]. I nidi erano grossi e profondi[11]. Foglie morte, muschi, fili d'erba e stecchi ne costituivano l'esterno, mentre l'interno della coppa era imbottito con i sottili filamenti del lichene Ramalina e del muschio spagnolo[11]. Questi nidi venivano costruiti tra cespugli di rovo, nei canneti e nei palmetti delle foreste di pianura, a 30–120 cm di altezza dal suolo o, più di frequente, dagli specchi d'acqua[11]. Caso piuttosto insolito per una parula, deponeva uova di colore bianco puro segnate occasionalmente da sottili macchie in prossimità del polo maggiore[11].

Migrazione

La parula di Bachman migrava relativamente presto rispetto agli altri Parulidi[4]. La migrazione primaverile aveva inizio alla fine di febbraio e gli uccelli facevano la loro comparsa nella Florida meridionale e nella Louisiana sud-orientale a partire dalla prima settimana di marzo[4]. Il picco migratorio nella Florida meridionale si registrava durante le prime tre settimane di marzo e lungo la costa nord-occidentale della Florida durante la terza e quarta settimana di marzo[4]. In Florida la parula di Bachman più ritardataria venne osservata il 9 aprile[4]. Queste parule raggiungevano i loro terreni di nidificazione della Carolina del Sud intorno alla metà di marzo, ma alcune vi giungevano già alla fine di febbraio[4]. Gli uccelli che migravano verso il Missouri sud-orientale giungevano a destinazione tra la metà e la fine di aprile[4]. Alcuni uccelli che avevano oltrepassato i propri terreni di nidificazione vennero rinvenuti in Virginia e Carolina del Nord[4].

In Carolina del Sud, tutte le parule di Bachman lasciavano i propri siti di nidificazione a partire dal 19 luglio[4]. Il picco della migrazione autunnale è scarsamente documentato, ma i primi migratori vennero avvistati nel Mississippi meridionale il 4 luglio, mentre a Key West vennero registrati il 17 luglio[4]. L'intera migrazione durava dalla fine di luglio al 25 agosto, e l'esemplare più ritardatario venne avvistato il 24 settembre lungo le coste della Georgia[4].

Conservazione

 src=
Litografia di Audubon.

La prima parula di Bachman nota alla scienza venne raccolta da John Bachman in Carolina del Sud nel 1832 e descritta da Audubon nel 1833[4] a partire dalle spoglie inviategli da Bachman. La specie rimase in gran parte sconosciuta fino alla metà degli anni '80 del XIX secolo[4]. Nel XIX secolo si ritiene che la specie abbia per breve tempo tratto beneficio dall'abbattimento selettivo degli alberi, in quanto avrebbe fornito ad essa più habitat[4]. Essa veniva avvistata di frequente nel suo habitat di nidificazione tra la metà degli anni '80 del XIX secolo e il 1910[4]. Tuttavia, quando la pratica del disboscamento indiscriminato iniziò a rimpiazzare l'abbattimento selettivo, gli avvistamenti della specie si fecero più scarsi[4]. A partire dagli anni '30, gli avvistamenti divennero rari, e al 1940 risale l'ultimo definitivo avvistamento di un esemplare nei siti di svernamento[5]. L'ultimo esemplare di sesso maschile venne catturato il 21 marzo 1941 sull'isola di Deer, nel Mississippi, mentre l'ultima femmina venne catturata il 28 febbraio 1940 sull'isola di Ship, sempre nel Mississippi[5].

Avvistamenti di esemplari nei terreni di nidificazione del Missouri e dell'Arkansas si protrassero per tutti gli anni '40, e la specie continuò a nidificare nella palude di I'on in Carolina del Sud fino al 1953[5]. Alcuni esemplari furono avvistati nella contea di Fairfax, in Virginia, nel 1954 e nel 1958, e un maschio venne visto cantare nei pressi della palude di I'on nell'aprile 1962[5]. Il 30 marzo 1977 una femmina immatura venne avvistata nella contea di Brevard, in Florida[5]. Le testimonianze di avvistamenti attendibili ebbero termine negli anni '80. Le più recenti voci sulla sopravvivenza della specie nel parco nazionale di Congaree agli inizi degli anni 2000 spinsero gli studiosi ad effettuare sopralluoghi nell'area, ma dopo infruttuose ricerche essi dichiararono che gli osservatori probabilmente avevano confuso questa specie con esemplari di parula dal cappuccio e scambiato il suo canto con quello della parula settentrionale. Una approfondita e sistematica ricerca effettuata utilizzando la riproduzione di canti registrati di parula di Bachman non ha rivelato la presenza di maschi territoriali e non ha provocato alcuna reazione aggressiva da parte di altre specie di uccelli.

Questa specie era minacciata dalla distruzione dell'habitat[5]. Si ritiene che essa abbia nidificato nei canneti, e la loro distruzione è stato uno dei principali fattori di riduzione della specie, assieme alla distruzione degli habitat di svernamento nei Caraibi e alla caccia per le piume[12]. Nel XIX secolo gli abbattimenti di alberi su piccola scala potrebbero aver effettivamento portato all'aumento dell'habitat di nidificazione della parula di Bachman[10]. La deforestazione e il prosciugamento delle paludi attraverso una serie di canalizzazioni furono le due cause principali di distruzione dell'habitat[5]. Mentre non sappiamo se il cambiamento degli habitat nei suoi siti di svernamento a Cuba abbia avuto un effetto negativo sulla specie, si ritiene che un uragano invernale negli anni '30 abbia potuto assestare un duro colpo alla sua sopravvivenza, rendendola troppo rara affinché partner di entrambi i sessi potessero incontrarsi e accoppiarsi[5].

Nella cultura

Audubon raffigurò un maschio e una femmina di parula di Bachman su un'illustrazione di un albero di Franklinia dipinto da Maria Martin, la cognata di Bachman, una delle prime donne illustratrici di storia naturale del Paese.

Nella striscia di fumetti Doonesbury, Dick Davenport, il birdwatcher marito di uno dei personaggi principali, morì nel 1986 a causa di un attacco cardiaco causato dall'emozione di aver osservato e fotografato questa specie. La scena della sua morte è stata riconosciuta come particolarmente memorabile nella storia dei fumetti[13].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Vermivora bachmanii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Parulidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato l'11 maggio 2014.
  3. ^ US Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region 1999 Bachman's Warbler. Section 4 pp. 445-454 in South Florida Multi-species Recovery Plan
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 121, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 122, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 123, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 124, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  8. ^ a b c Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 117, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  9. ^ a b c Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 118, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 120, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jon Dunn and Kimball Garrett, A Field Guide to Warblers of North America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, p. 119, ISBN 0-395-38971-2.
  12. ^ Paul R. Ehrlich, David S. Dobkin and Darryl Wheye, Birds in Jeopardy, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1992, pp. 32-33, ISBN 0-8047-1967-5.
  13. ^ Donna Bowman, Noel Murray and Tasha Robinson, 12 Memorable newspaper comic-strip deaths, su avclub.com, A.V. Club, 6 agosto 2007. URL consultato il 23 febbraio 2015.

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Vermivora bachmanii: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La parula di Bachman (Vermivora bachmanii Audubon, 1833) è un piccolo uccello migratore passeriforme probabilmente estinto. Questo parulide aveva abitudini migratorie: nidificava nei boschetti paludosi di rovi e canne palustri degli Stati Uniti sud-orientali e svernava a Cuba. L'ultimo avvistamento (non confermato) venne effettuato in Louisiana, nell'agosto 1988.

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Bachmans zanger ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

Bachmans zanger (Vermivora bachmanii) is een zangvogel uit de familie Parulidae (Amerikaanse zangers). Het is een ernstig bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort in de zuidoostelijke Verenigde Staten

Kenmerken

 src=
Illustratie uit 1907. Warblers of North America

De vogel is 12 cm lang. De vogel is olijfgroen van boven en geel van onder. Het volwassen mannetje heeft een zwarte vlek op de keel en ook de voorkant van de kruin is zwart. Bij het vrouwtje ontbreken die zwarte vlekken en ze is wat doffer geel van onder.[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort heeft gebroed in Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Alabama en South Carolina. In 1934 is voor het laatst met zekerheid een broedgeval waargenomen, daarna zijn er alleen onbevestigde waarnemingen. De vogel overwinterde op Cuba en soms in Florida. Het was een vogel van moerasbossen langs rivieren.[2]

Status

Bachmans zanger heeft een zeer klein gebied waar hij mogelijk nog zou kunnen overleven. De kans op uitsterven is zeer groot. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2012 door BirdLife International geschat op minder dan 50 individuen. Het leefgebied is grotendeels drooggelegd en in Cuba is het overwinteringsgebied omgezet in suikerrietplantages. Om deze redenen staat deze soort als ernstig bedreigd (kritiek) op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

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Bachmans zanger: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Bachmans zanger (Vermivora bachmanii) is een zangvogel uit de familie Parulidae (Amerikaanse zangers). Het is een ernstig bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort in de zuidoostelijke Verenigde Staten

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Lasówka żółta ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Lasówka żółta (Vermivora bachmanii) – gatunek małego ptaka wędrownego z rodziny lasówek (Parulidae). Zasiedla południowo-wschodnią część Stanów Zjednoczonych, zimuje na Kubie. Krytycznie zagrożona, prawdopodobnie wymarła.

Mierzy około 12 cm, występuje wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Samiec odróżnia się od samicy czarną przepaską na piersi i czarnym czołem oraz nieco intensywniejszym ubarwieniem. Poza tym obie płcie takie same. Wierzch ciała oliwkowy, na pokrywach podogonowych jaśniejszy, pokrywy podogonowe szare. Ogon i nogi szare, poza tym żółta.

W lecie zasiedla południowo-wschodnie Stany Zjednoczone, zimuje na Kubie. Na Bahamach wymarła. Biotopy, jakie zasiedla (lub zasiedlała), to podmokłe lasy, na wysokości 0-315 m n.p.m. Zawsze trzyma się okolic wody. Najprawdopodobniej silnie związana z roślinami z gatunku Arundinaria gigantea.

Gniazdo ma kształt kubeczka, zbudowane jest z liści, traw, mchu i innych materiałów roślinnych. Składa 3-5 jaj, czas inkubacji nie jest znany. Dieta składa się z bezkręgowców, przeważnie dżdżownic, pająków i innych małych gatunków.

Krytycznie zagrożona, najprawdopodobniej już wymarła. Cała populacja szacowana jest na nie więcej niż 50 osobników. Zagraża jej rolnictwo, uprawy hydroponiczne, zapory i wysuszanie jej środowisk (nie ma gdzie żyć). Ostatnia potwierdzona obserwacja miała miejsce w 1964 roku[3].

Przypisy

  1. Vermivora bachmanii, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Vermivora bachmanii. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Herbert A. Raffaele, Allan R. Keith: Birds of the West Indies. Princeton Universitety Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11319-X.

Bibliografia

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Lasówka żółta: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Lasówka żółta (Vermivora bachmanii) – gatunek małego ptaka wędrownego z rodziny lasówek (Parulidae). Zasiedla południowo-wschodnią część Stanów Zjednoczonych, zimuje na Kubie. Krytycznie zagrożona, prawdopodobnie wymarła.

Mierzy około 12 cm, występuje wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Samiec odróżnia się od samicy czarną przepaską na piersi i czarnym czołem oraz nieco intensywniejszym ubarwieniem. Poza tym obie płcie takie same. Wierzch ciała oliwkowy, na pokrywach podogonowych jaśniejszy, pokrywy podogonowe szare. Ogon i nogi szare, poza tym żółta.

W lecie zasiedla południowo-wschodnie Stany Zjednoczone, zimuje na Kubie. Na Bahamach wymarła. Biotopy, jakie zasiedla (lub zasiedlała), to podmokłe lasy, na wysokości 0-315 m n.p.m. Zawsze trzyma się okolic wody. Najprawdopodobniej silnie związana z roślinami z gatunku Arundinaria gigantea.

Gniazdo ma kształt kubeczka, zbudowane jest z liści, traw, mchu i innych materiałów roślinnych. Składa 3-5 jaj, czas inkubacji nie jest znany. Dieta składa się z bezkręgowców, przeważnie dżdżownic, pająków i innych małych gatunków.

Krytycznie zagrożona, najprawdopodobniej już wymarła. Cała populacja szacowana jest na nie więcej niż 50 osobników. Zagraża jej rolnictwo, uprawy hydroponiczne, zapory i wysuszanie jej środowisk (nie ma gdzie żyć). Ostatnia potwierdzona obserwacja miała miejsce w 1964 roku.

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Vermivora bachmanii ( Portuguese )

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Vermivora bachmanii é uma espécie de ave passeriforme que está provavelmente extinta. O último avistamento (não confirmado) foi feito em agosto de 1988 na Luisiana. Era uma ave migratória que nidificava no sul dos Estados Unidos e passava o inverno em Cuba. Foi descrita cientificamente por John James Audubon em 1833.[1]

Referências

  1. «Vermivora bachmanii» (em inglês). IUCN. Consultado em 4 de abril de 2016
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Vermivora bachmanii: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Vermivora bachmanii é uma espécie de ave passeriforme que está provavelmente extinta. O último avistamento (não confirmado) foi feito em agosto de 1988 na Luisiana. Era uma ave migratória que nidificava no sul dos Estados Unidos e passava o inverno em Cuba. Foi descrita cientificamente por John James Audubon em 1833.

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Bachmanskogssångare ( Swedish )

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Bachmanskogssångare[2] (Vermivora bachmanii) är en fågel i familjen skogssångare inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utbredning och status

Den förekom tidigare i sydöstra USA, vintertid till Kuba och Bahamas, men är förmodligen utdöd.[3] Den senaste säkra observationen var 1937. IUCN kategoriserar arten dock som akut hotad tills all återstående möjliga häckningsplatser undersökts och obekräftade rapporter följts upp.[1]

Namn

Fågelns svenska och vetenskapliga namn är en hyllning till John Bachman (1790-1874), en amerikansk vetenskapsman och naturforskare och nära vän till John James Audubon.[4]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Vermivora bachmanii Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2015-07-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2015) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2015-07-01
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9. (xls), från: <www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/>, läst 2015-07-10
  4. ^ Jobling, J. A. (2016). Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. Ur del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hämtad från www.hbw.com.

Externa länkar

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Bachmanskogssångare: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Bachmanskogssångare (Vermivora bachmanii) är en fågel i familjen skogssångare inom ordningen tättingar.

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Vermivora bachmanii ( Vietnamese )

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Vermivora bachmanii là một loài chim trong họ Parulidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Vermivora bachmanii: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Vermivora bachmanii là một loài chim trong họ Parulidae.

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Багамский пеночковый певун ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Древесницевые
Вид: † Багамский пеночковый певун
Международное научное название

Vermivora bachmanii (Audubon, 1833)

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ITIS 178854NCBI 873202EOL 1050918

Бага́мский пе́ночковый певу́н, или древесница Бахмана[1] (лат. Vermivora bachmanii) — вид исчезнувших насекомоядных птиц из семейства древесницевых. Первооткрыватель Джон Джеймс Одюбон назвал вид в честь своего друга, натуралиста и священника (Джона Бахмана[en], который обнаружил птицу в 1832 году. Сам Одюбон никогда не видел птицу. Он описал её по изображению Джона Бахмана.

Описание

Багамский пеночковый певун был примерно 11 см длиной. У самца был жёлтый лоб, чёрная корона и серый затылок. Область подбородка и нижняя сторона были также жёлтые. В области груди оперение было чёрное. Оперение верхней стороны, а также кроющие перья имели оливково-зелёный цвет. У самки лоб был также жёлтый, однако светлее чем у самца. Корона и область затылка были серые. Оперение нижней стороны имело светло-жёлтый цвет, оперение верхней стороны и кроющие перья были оливково-зелёные как у самца.

Распространение

Птицы населяли болота и низменные леса на юго-востоке Северной Америки. Птицы были перелётные, зимовать улетали на Кубу. Их исчезновение произошло преимущественно из-за осушения болот и уничтожения лесов. Последний раз птицу наблюдали в 1961 году в Южной Каролине, по некоторым сведениям птицы продержались в заболоченных лесах до 1988 года.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 424. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Багамский пеночковый певун: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Бага́мский пе́ночковый певу́н, или древесница Бахмана (лат. Vermivora bachmanii) — вид исчезнувших насекомоядных птиц из семейства древесницевых. Первооткрыватель Джон Джеймс Одюбон назвал вид в честь своего друга, натуралиста и священника (Джона Бахмана[en], который обнаружил птицу в 1832 году. Сам Одюбон никогда не видел птицу. Он описал её по изображению Джона Бахмана.

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黑胸蟲森鶯 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Vermivora bachmanii
Audubon,1833

黑胸蟲森鶯Vermivora bachmanii),又名黑眼紋蟲森鶯,是美國南部沼澤及低地森林內棲息的一種小。牠們是一種候鳥,會往古巴過冬。

發現歷史

黑胸蟲森鶯是於1832年由約翰·巴克曼牧師(John Bachman)發現,並將一個標本交給了其好友約翰·詹姆士·奧杜邦(John James Audubon)。奧杜邦未有見過活生生的黑胸蟲森鶯,便為紀念巴克曼將之命名。

滅絕

黑胸蟲森鶯可能從未很普遍,甚至可能已經滅絕。最後確實見到牠們的是於1988年及1961年在南卡羅萊納州。牠們最後的棲息地是在南卡羅萊納州的I'on沼澤。棲息地的破壞可能是其消失的主因。不過牠們的滅絕並未正式認可,因為在坎格瑞沼澤國家公園內仍有其棲息處,或可能仍有部份生存著。再者於2002年,在古巴古爾達拉瓦卡拍攝到一隻可以是黑胸蟲森鶯的雌鳥。[2]由於未有森鶯鳥發現可以長壽超過7年,若這真是黑胸蟲森鶯,估計牠們仍有一部份生活在隠閉的地方數十年。

參考

外部連結

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黑胸蟲森鶯: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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黑胸蟲森鶯(Vermivora bachmanii),又名黑眼紋蟲森鶯,是美國南部沼澤及低地森林內棲息的一種小。牠們是一種候鳥,會往古巴過冬。

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维基百科作者和编辑