Der Dschungelzwergfischer (Ceyx erithaca, Syn.: Ceyx erithacus), auch Orientalischer Zwergfischer, ist ein asiatischer Eisvogel.
Der Dschungelzwergfischer, der nur bis zu 14 cm groß wird, besitzt eine dunkelblaue bis schwarze Oberseite. Diese Rückenfärbung unterscheidet ihn vom Rotrückenfischer, der ebenfalls in Südostasien beheimatet ist. Sein Kopf ist orange mit einem violetten Schimmer. Bei Jungtieren ist der untere Teil des Körpers weiß mit einem orangen Brustring und der Schnabel gelb-orange.
Sein natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Süd- und Südostasien (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Kambodscha, China, Indien, einschließlich der Andamanen und Nikobaren, Indonesien, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand und Vietnam). In Singapur gilt er als ausgestorben.
Wie die meisten Eisvögel der Gattung Ceyx jagt der Vogel von einer Sitzwarte aus. Sein Nahrungserwerb ist hauptsächlich terrestrisch und besteht vorwiegend aus Insekten und anderen wirbellosen Tieren.
Von einigen Zoologen wird der Rotrückenfischer nur als Farbvariation des Dschungelzwergfischers angesehen. In Borneo, wo beide Eisvögel gemeinsam vorkommen, paaren sie sich miteinander und es kommen alle Abstufungen zwischen der rot-violetten und der schwarz-blauen Oberseite vor. Auch auf Sumatra und der malaiischen Halbinsel (bis Kuala Lumpur) gibt es Zwischenformen.
Es wurden darüber hinaus drei Unterarten beschrieben:[1]
Ceyx erithaca capta Ripley, 1941[5] und Ceyx erithaca jungei Ripley, 1942[6] und Ceyx erithacus vargasi Manuel, 1939[7] als Synonym zu C. e. motleyi betrachtet.
Folgt man Haw Chuan Lim, Frederick Halsey Sheldon und Robert Glen Moyle so handelt es sich beim Rotrückenzwergfischer (Ceyx rufidorsa Strickland, 1847)[8] um eine Morphe des Dschungelzwergfischer.[9]
Die Erstbeschreibung des Dschungelzwergfischers erfolgte 1758 durch Carl von Linné unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Alcedo erithaca. Als Heimat gab er Bengalen an.[2] 1799 führte Bernard Germain Lacépède die neue Gattung Ceyx.[10] Dieses Wort leitet sich vom griechischen »cēyx, cēykos κηυξ, κηυκος« für einen Meeresvogel, den Dionysios von Halikarnassos und Lukian von Samosata erwähnten und für einen Halcyon und damit Eisvogel hielten, ab. In der griechischen Mythologie verwandelte sich Keyx in einen Liest.[11] Der Artname »erithaca« leitet sich vom lateinischen »erithacus« für »einen unbekannten kleinen Vogel« ab.[12] »Macrocarus« ist ein griechisches Wortgebilde aus »macros μακρος« für »lang groß, hoch« und »carēκαρη« für »Kopf«.[13] Schließlich ist »motleyi« ist dem englischen Minen-Ingenieur James Motley (1822–1859)[4], »vargasi« dem philippinischen Anwalt und Politiker Jorge Bartolomé Vargas y Celis (1890–1980)[7] gewidmet.
Der Dschungelzwergfischer (Ceyx erithaca, Syn.: Ceyx erithacus), auch Orientalischer Zwergfischer, ist ein asiatischer Eisvogel.
The oriental dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx erithaca), also known as the black-backed kingfisher or three-toed kingfisher, is a pocket-sized bird in the family Alcedinidae.[3][4][5][6] This tropical kingfisher is a partial migrant[7] that is endemic across much of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia.[5][7][8] It resides in lowland forests, typically near streams or ponds, where it feeds upon insects, spiders, worms, crabs, fish, frogs, and lizards.[7][5] This small bird is easily distinguishable from other birds in its range due to its red bill, yellow-orange underparts, lilac-rufous upperparts, and blue-black back.[9][7][5]
The oriental dwarf kingfisher is one of the smallest known kingfisher species.[9] It is only slightly larger than a medium-sized hummingbird[9] and measures 12.5–14 cm in length (including bill and tail).[7][9][5] Females typically weigh 14-16g and males 14-21.5g,[5] making the males slightly larger. The two sexes are otherwise alike and sexual dimorphism is not present.[7] Both males and females have a black spot on the forehead; blue and white patches on the side of the neck; a lilac-rufous crown, rump, and tail; a dark blue back and wings; a white chin and throat; pale yellow-orange underparts; a dark brown iris; and red legs, feet, and bill.[7][5] Juveniles are duller and have less lilac colouring; a white chin, throat and belly; yellow-orange bill with pale tip; and blue scapulars and wing-coverts.[5] This species of kingfisher has three toes, explaining why it is sometimes called the three-toed kingfisher, however, there are other kingfishers which also have three toes.[7] The toe-count in these kingfisher species does not appear to be adaptive.[7]
Kingfishers (Alcedinidae) are a family of approximately 114 species belonging to the pantropical avian order Coraciiformes.[10] Members of this family range in size from the 9g African dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx lecontei) to the 500g laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguinea).[11] Despite their name, members of this family are not all piscivorous and many are found far from water and are predators to terrestrial invertebrates and small vertebrates.[11] This family is largely tropical, however, there are a few species which have adapted to temperate regions.[11]
This family can be further divided into the three subfamilies: Halcyoninae, Cerylinae, and Alcedinidae[10] (the pygmy kingfishers).[4] The subfamily Alcedinidae is distributed across tropical Africa and Asia, south into northern Australia and Melanesia, and north into Europe and temperate Asia.[4] As implied by their name, pygmy kingfishers are relatively tiny compared to other kingfishers.[4] Other than their size, kingfishers in this subfamily are also characterized by their bright colours.[4] Their habitats range from dense forest to woodland-savannah, and they can also be found along waterways in both wooded and open terrain.[4]
Within the Alcedinidae subfamily is the genus Ceyx.[4] Species in this genus are characterized by their terrestrial habitats, their diet which consists mostly of insects, their dorso-ventrally flattened orange bills and their more rufous upperparts.[4] Within this genus, molecular data indicates that C. erithaca forms a well-supported clade of three-toed pygmy kingfishers that includes C. melanurus, C. lepidus, C. argentatus and C. cyanopectus.[5][6]
C. erithaca comprises two principal colour morphs: the black morph, the black-backed kingfisher or oriental dwarf kingfisher, and the rufous morph, which is sometimes designated as a separate species, the rufous kingfisher, C. rufidorsa.[5][12][13] A recent study has revealed genetic differences between C. erithaca and C. rufidorsa, suggesting that they are not morphs, but two distinct lineages.[5][12][13] The study suggests that the extensive colour polymorphism may have resulted from introgressive hybridization that occurred in the distant past, when the two morphs were diverging from one another.[5][12][13]
The oriental dwarf kingfisher is a forest and wetland-dwelling species that is endemic across much of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.[8][7][5] Populations have been found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.[8][7][5]
It is most commonly found in deciduous and evergreen primary and secondary forests,[7] but also in alluvial forests, mangroves, overgrown rubber gardens, or in dense aggregations of palms, bamboos, or shrubs.[5] They tend to keep near forest streams and ponds,[7] but their nests are often well away from water.[5] They keep low to the ground and are known to perch and fly within 1-2m of the forest floor.[7] Their preferred habitat is densely shaded forest lowlands near small streams or ponds.[7][14] The lowlands they are present in typically do not exceed 1000-1300m in elevation.[8][7]
The northern populations winter in the southern parts of the breeding range and the species is defined as a partial migrant.[7] They often migrate south towards peninsular Malaysia from August to September and return north in March.[5][7] Large numbers of night-flying migrants are reported from August to December at Maxwell's Hill and at Fraser's Hill in Malaysia, as well as at light stations on many islands up to 60 km off the western coast.[5][7] It is still uncertain whether the most northerly parts of the species' range are vacated during the winter.[7] The oriental dwarf kingfisher is also a breeding visitor across much of the range in India, but its movements here are still uncertain.[5][7]
Egg laying occurs from July to September in southwest India, February to July in Sri Lanka, April to May in northeast India, March to July in peninsular Malaysia, March in Sumatra, and from December to May in Java.[5][7] Nests are built in stream banks, road cuttings, terrestrial termitariums, or in soil near roots of a fallen tree,[5][15] often well away from water.[5] Together, the male and female excavate a horizontal tunnel that is 15–100 cm long, 3.8-4.5 cm in diameter, and ends in an unlined egg chamber.[5][15] One pair dug 25 cm of their burrow, in sand, in about 40 minutes.[5][7] The unlined chamber is 10–15 cm wide and 5–7 cm high.[5] Both the tunnel and egg chamber are inclined upwards, which is thought to minimize water entry into the chamber and to help the flow of waste material out of the nest.[15] The generation time is approximately 4.2 years.[8] A typical clutch size is 3-7 eggs, averaging to around 5 eggs per clutch.[5][15] The eggs are laid in the morning with a one day interval in between.[15] Incubation begins after the final egg is laid and the incubation period lasts 17–18 days.[15] Both the male and female incubate the eggs, however, the female has a larger role in the incubation period because she is responsible for incubating the eggs at night.[15] The fledging period is 18–20 days and chicks typically fledge out in the morning.[15]
Their diet consists primarily of insects, including mantises (Mantodea), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), flies (Diptera), water beetles (Dytiscidae), winged ants (Formicidae), mayflies (Ephemeroptera); but also includes spiders; worms (Oligochaeta); and small crabs, fish, frogs and lizards.[5][7]
Oriental dwarf kingfishers forage solitarily and perch in low vegetation or on rocks before flying out to capture prey from the ground or from among foliage.[5][7] They can take spiders from their webs and catch insects in flight.[5][7] They can also dive into water for prey at or just below the surface, without submerging themselves.[5][7] Larger prey are typically brought back to a perch, where the bird will strike it repeatedly with its beak before swallowing.[5]
High pitched, shrill "tsriet-tsriet" or soft "tjie-tjie-tjie" in flight.[7]
C. erithaca is classified as a "Least Concern Species" under the IUCN Red List[8] and it is not globally threatened.[5] The population trend, however, is decreasing[8][5] and the number of mature individuals is unknown.[8] It is widely distributed, but in the northern parts of the range, it is often reported as scarce.[5] This scarcity could be due to the species being overlooked, and/or a result of its movement patterns.[5] There are conservation sites identified over the species' entire range.[8]
The main threat being faced by the oriental dwarf kingfisher is the clearing of their forest habitat.[5][16] Population levels are likely to decrease due to the continued loss of critical breeding habitats due to human activities.[5][16]
Oriental dwarf kingfishers may also face other threats common to kingfishers and other migrating bird species, such as:
.jpg)
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) 
.jpg)
Oriental dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx erithaca) The oriental dwarf kingfisher (Ceyx erithaca), also known as the black-backed kingfisher or three-toed kingfisher, is a pocket-sized bird in the family Alcedinidae. This tropical kingfisher is a partial migrant that is endemic across much of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It resides in lowland forests, typically near streams or ponds, where it feeds upon insects, spiders, worms, crabs, fish, frogs, and lizards. This small bird is easily distinguishable from other birds in its range due to its red bill, yellow-orange underparts, lilac-rufous upperparts, and blue-black back.
El martín pescador oriental o martín pigmeo oriental[4] (Ceyx erithaca), es una especie de ave coraciforme de la familia Alcedinidae que vive en el sur de Asia.[5]
El martín pescador oriental mide alrededor de 13 cm de largo. Sus partes inferiores son de color amarillo, mientras que existen dos formas de color en sus partes superiores, hay una forma en la que su manto y alas son castañas rojizas con tonos violáceos y otra en la que son de color azul oscuro brillante. Su píleo y obispillo son rojos y suelen presentar tonos violetas sobre los ojos. Su pico y patas también son rojos.
Se extiende por las selvas de tierras bajas del sudeste asiático, el oeste del subcontinente Indio y Ceilán. Se encuentra en Bangladés, Bután, Brunéi, Camboya, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Birmania, Singapur, Sri Lanka, Tailandia y Vietnam.
Su hábitat preferido son los arroyos en bosques densos sombríos.[6]
En la región de Konkan del suroeste de la India, empieza a criar a comienzos de los monzones en junio. Su nido consiste en un túnel horizontal de hasta un metro excavado en un talud arenoso. La puesta suele constar de 4-5 huevos y es incubada por ambos miembros de la pareja. Los huevos eclosionan a los 17 días. Los polluelos tardan 20 en desarrollarse. Los pollos son alimentados con gecos, escincos, cangrejos, caracoles, ranas, grillos y libélulas.[7]
Se reconocen tres subespecies, según un orden filogenético de la lista del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional:[3]
El martín pescador oriental o martín pigmeo oriental (Ceyx erithaca), es una especie de ave coraciforme de la familia Alcedinidae que vive en el sur de Asia.
Ceyx erithaca
Le Martin-pêcheur pourpré (Ceyx erithaca) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Alcedinidae.
Il vit en Inde et en Asie du Sud-Est. Il est très commun dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Inde, en particulier sur la côte de Konkan mais peu courant en Thaïlande et dans les zones montagneuses.
Cet oiseau mesure 13-14 cm et a une masse de 14 à 20 g.
Le martin-pêcheur pourpré vit dans les forêts tropicale de plaine (rarement de collines) primaires et secondaires sempervirentes ou non. Il habite à proximité des ruisseaux et des étangs et il se perche à faible hauteur (1-2 mètres) au dessus des cours d'eau.
Le martin-pêcheur pourpré est insectivore et piscivore.
Son alimentation provient à la fois du milieu terrestre et du milieu aquatique. Il mange en effet des mantes, des crickets, des mouches et des araignées mais également des coléoptères aquatiques, des petits crabes, des grenouilles et des poissons de petite taille.
La saison des amours a lieu au mois de juin pendant la mousson.
Le couple creuse en commun une galerie d'environ 1 mètre de long dans une berge meuble ou le talus d'une route. Sa longueur est moindre lorsqu'elle est forée dans une termitière ou entre les racines d'un arbre renversé. La galerie aboutit à une chambre de ponte de 13-15 cm de diamètre et de 5-7 cm de haut où le martin-pêcheur pourpré dépose de 3 à 7 œufs. La femelle les couve pendant 18 jours, parfois relayée par le mâle qui se consacre surtout à la nourrir. Les oisillons quittent le nid à deux semaines[1].
Ceyx erithaca
Le Martin-pêcheur pourpré (Ceyx erithaca) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Alcedinidae.
Il martin pescatore dorsonero (Ceyx erithaca Linnaeus, 1758) è un uccello appartenente alla famiglia Alcedinidae[2] diffuso nel Sud-est asiatico.
Questo piccolo martin pescatore misura circa 14 cm di lunghezza.[3] Presenta una colorazione estremamente sgargiante, con petto e ventre di colore giallo intenso, capo e parte del dorso porpora e ali blu.
Si nutre di piccoli pesci, crostacei e insetti acquatici che cattura tuffandosi da un posatoio sull'acqua, ma non disdegna i piccoli vertebrati terrestri. Nidifica all'interno di profonde gallerie scavate negli argini dei corsi d'acqua delle foreste.
La specie è stanziale e vive nelle foreste pluviali di pianura, presso piccoli corsi d'acqua e stagni. È diffusa in Indonesia, Malaysia e Filippine.
Il martin pescatore dorsonero (Ceyx erithaca Linnaeus, 1758) è un uccello appartenente alla famiglia Alcedinidae diffuso nel Sud-est asiatico.
Ceyx erithaca é uma espécie de ave da família Alcedinidae.
Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Bangladesh, Butão, Brunei, Camboja, China, Índia, Indonésia, Laos, Malásia, Myanmar, Singapura, Sri Lanka, Tailândia e Vietname.
Ceyx erithaca é uma espécie de ave da família Alcedinidae.
Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Bangladesh, Butão, Brunei, Camboja, China, Índia, Indonésia, Laos, Malásia, Myanmar, Singapura, Sri Lanka, Tailândia e Vietname.
_(8416824325).jpg)
.jpg)
