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Description

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Ctenophryne (formerly Nelsonophryne) aterrima is a medium-sized frog; adult males have a snout-vent length of 40-60 mm, while the larger females range from 50-70 mm. Distinguishing characteristics are the uniform, dark, glossy coloration of the upper surface and a short, narrow head on a rather pear-shaped body, as well as a transverse skin fold directly behind the eyes. This frog is the only microhylid in Costa Rica with a uniformly dark color, which can be dark brown, slate gray, or black. The venter is uniformly brown. The head is triangular in shape, with a rounded snout bearing nostrils near its tip. No vomerine teeth are present. Eyes are small with black irises and round pupils. The tympana are not visible. The arms are short, in contrast to the longer legs. Fingers lack webbing, but the toes are webbed and fringed. Toe tips are rounded. Neither fingers nor toes have expanded disks. A single large, spadelike tubercle is present at the base of the innermost toe, on each foot. No vocal sacs or slits are present. The skin has a thick, leather-like consistency. Breeding (gravid) females have white pustules around the cloacal area. Adult males have white pustules on the chin, finger edges, toes, and toe webs. Breeding males also have a rough whitish nuptial pad extending across the inside of the thumb, second and third finger, in addition to a nuptial gland covering the entire chest and abdomen and extending onto the ventral surface of the upper arms (Savage 2002; Leenders 2001). This species has a relatively large larva which can reach 44 mm in length at stage 37. The larval mouth is small and terminal, lacking beaks, denticles, and labial flaps. Nostrils are dorsally located. Distinct nasolacrimal grooves are present. Eyes are dorsolateral. The spiracular opening is located ventral to the gut, while the vent is located medially. The dorsum is brown, and the venter is transparent. Caudal fins are also transparent, but the caudal musculature itself is white. The tail fin ends in a blunt point (Donnelly et al. 1990).León (1970) reported that the karyotype is 2N=26.A Spanish-language species account can be found at the website of Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) (http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=4403&-Find).

References

  • IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe. 2006. Global Amphibian Assessment. www.globalamphibians.org. Accessed on 11 August 2007.
  • León, P. E. (1970). ''Report of the chromosome numbers of some Costa Rican anurans.'' Revista de Biologi­a Tropica, 17(1), 119-124.
  • Sosa Bartuano, A., Guerrel, J. (2014). ''Ctenophryne aterrima-Diet.'' Herpetological Review, 45(4), 677-678.

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Distribution and Habitat

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Black Narrow-mouthed Frogs are found in lowland and premontane rainforest of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador, as well as montane zones in Colombia and northwest Ecuador (Savage 2002), up to 1600 m above sea level (IUCN 2006). They prefer to shelter under surface litter on the forest floor, such as fallen logs (Savage 2002).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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This species is not currently threatened and occurs in many protected areas. (IUCN 2006).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Ctenophryne aterrima is mostly active during nighttime rainfall. This species is secretive and rarely seen, since it spends most of the time under leaf litter and surface debris. It is sometimes fossorial, as it has been found up to 80 cm below the surface. It is presumed to be insectivorous (Savage 2002). Recent observations have documented this frog consuming leaf-cutting ants (Genus Acromyrmex) in Panama (Sosa Bartuano and Guerrel 2014, includes photo).Mating apparently takes place during the early part of the rainy season (June to August), since gravid females have been collected during this period. The mating call is unknown, and vocal sacs and slits are lacking, so it is assumed that this species also lacks an advertisement call. Eggs have been examined from the oviduct of gravid females, but egg deposition has not been observed. The eggs, which were presumed to be mature, were black and yellow in color, and measured about 1.5 mm without their envelopes. Given that the tadpoles have been found in shallow water-filled depressions in the forest floor, the eggs must also have been laid in these depressions (Savage 2002; Leenders 2001).
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Nelsonophryne aterrima ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima és una espècie de granota que viu a Colòmbia, Costa Rica, Equador i Panamà.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

Referències

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Nelsonophryne aterrima: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima és una espècie de granota que viu a Colòmbia, Costa Rica, Equador i Panamà.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

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Ctenophryne aterrima

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Ctenophryne aterrima (common name: Costa Rica Nelson frog, reflecting its earlier placement in Nelsonophryne) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northwestern Ecuador, the Andes of Colombia, and lowland and premontane zones of Panama and Costa Rica to about 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level.[1][2][3][4]

Description

Ctenophryne aterrima are very robust-bodied frogs with short limbs and a small, pointed head. They are moderately sized, with males growing to 61 mm (2.4 in) and females to 67 mm (2.6 in) in snout–vent length. The skin of the dorsum is smooth and uniformly black to very dark grey in color; the ventral surface is dark brown. The eye is black.[4]

Habitat and conservation

Ctenophryne aterrima is a secretive and nocturnal leaf-litter species that is rarely seen.[1] Its natural habitats are humid lowland and montane forests.[1][3][4] Adults can be found under fallen logs and other debris. They breed in swamps and shallow pools on the forest floor.[1]

The species is not threatened, but habitat loss caused by agricultural development, plantations, illegal crops, logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops remain possible threats.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Ctenophryne aterrima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57900A3063111. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T57900A3063111.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Ctenophryne aterrima (Günther, 1901)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2015). "Ctenophryne aterrima (Günther, 1901)". Lista de los Anfibios de Colombia V.05.2015. www.batrachia.com. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "Nelsonophryne aterrima Gunther 1901". Amphibians of Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
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Ctenophryne aterrima: Brief Summary

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Ctenophryne aterrima (common name: Costa Rica Nelson frog, reflecting its earlier placement in Nelsonophryne) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northwestern Ecuador, the Andes of Colombia, and lowland and premontane zones of Panama and Costa Rica to about 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level.

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Ctenophryne aterrima ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Ctenophryne aterrima es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Microhylidae. Se encuentra en Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador y Panamá.

Referencias

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Ctenophryne aterrima: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Ctenophryne aterrima es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Microhylidae. Se encuentra en Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador y Panamá.

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Nelsonophryne aterrima ( Basque )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima Nelsonophryne generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Nelsonophryne aterrima: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima Nelsonophryne generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Ctenophryne aterrima ( French )

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Ctenophryne aterrima est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre en Colombie, au Costa Rica, en Équateur et au Panama. Elle est présente pratiquement du niveau de la mer jusqu'à 1 600 m d'altitude[1],[2].

Description

Ctenophryne aterrima mesure environ 55 mm. Son dos est noir intense.

Publication originale

  • Günther, 1901 : Reptilia and Batrachia, Biologia Centrali-Américana, Taylor, & Francis, London, p. 1-326 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Ctenophryne aterrima: Brief Summary ( French )

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Ctenophryne aterrima est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae.

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Nelsonophryne aterrima ( Portuguese )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Microhylidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Colômbia, Costa Rica, Equador e Panamá.[1]

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de baixa altitude, regiões subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de alta altitude, pântanos, marismas de água doce e marismas intermitentes de água doce.[1]

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.[1]

Referências

  1. a b c d Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Chaves, G., Savage, J., Jaramillo, C., Fuenmayor, Q., Bolívar, W., Grant, T. & Almandáriz, A. (2004). Nelsonophryne aterrima (em inglês). IUCN 2006. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2006 . Página visitada em 23 de Julho de 2007.
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Nelsonophryne aterrima: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Microhylidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Colômbia, Costa Rica, Equador e Panamá.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de baixa altitude, regiões subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de alta altitude, pântanos, marismas de água doce e marismas intermitentes de água doce.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

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Nelsonophryne aterrima ( Vietnamese )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bầu. Nó được tìm thấy ở Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, và Panama. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, đầm nước, đầm nước ngọt, và đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa. Loài này đang bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

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Nelsonophryne aterrima: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Nelsonophryne aterrima là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bầu. Nó được tìm thấy ở Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, và Panama. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, đầm nước, đầm nước ngọt, và đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa. Loài này đang bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

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