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Synalpheus

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Synalpheus is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed.

Zuzalpheus

The genus Zuzalpheus was established for S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, and their closest relatives,[2] which contain several notably eusocial species.[3] While these do seem to form a clade, it is not fully resolved whether or not they are indeed the sister taxon of all the remaining Synalpheus.[3]

However, a detailed cladistic study of morphological characters found well marked differences between the proposed two genera and concluded that the supposed species groups around S. biunguiculatus/S. coutierei, S. brevicarpus and S. neomeris are neither clearly defined nor, as it seems, monophyletic, while the group separated in Zuzalpheus was clearly distinct in characters of the minor first walking legs (pereiopods), and usually distinct in some others; in all Synalpheus sensu stricto checked to date, the transverse setal comb on the back of the minor first pereopod dactyl is missing, and the carpus is plump (about as wide as it is long or slightly wider) and small (not longer than half the length of the palm).[4]

Moreover, their stylocerite clearly extends beyond the whole first segment of the first antennae, their scaphocerite blade is never missing, the fixed finger of the major first pereopod is about the same length as the dactyl and the uropodal exopod always has one tooth only; these traits however may be also present in some of the species separated in Zuzalpheus though as far as can be told, most of these differ. While the authors of the 2008 analysis made no explicit comment on the status of the newly proposed genus, they thus found the S. gambarelloides species group to be well-marked, and their results certainly harden the case for recognition of Zuzalpheus at least as a subgenus.[4] However, this analysis only included 2 species from the S. gambarelloides species group, and none from the Caribbean, where the vast majority of the group resides. Opinion is still divided, however, and recently Zuzalpheus was synonymised with Synalpheus.[1]

Distribution

In the narrower sense, Synalpheus occur in the East Pacific where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean; the species placed in Zuzalpheus occur mainly in the western Atlantic where their lineage probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean, and the East Pacific. It may thus be that the closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Piacenzian (about 3 million years ago) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred to Synalpheus sensu stricto are most plentiful in the western Pacific.[4]

Snapping

The snapping behaviour of Synalpheus is rather well studied. In Synalpheus parneomeris, peak to peak source levels of 185–190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw.[5]

Eusociality

The only known eusocial aquatic species occur within the genus Synalpheus. The species known to be eusocial are S. brooksi, S. chacei, S. elizabethae, S. filidigitus, S. rathbunae, S. regalis,[2] S. microneptunus,[6] and S. duffyi as well as potentially S. riosi.[7] Eusociality has evolved at least three times within Synalpheus.[3][8] It appears that there were multiple rapid radiations between 3 and 9 mya from which the ancestors of these eusocial species appeared.[8] Eusociality is thought to have arisen due to competition for space, because among the species that host Synalpheus, empty sponges are rarely found.[9] It also appears that kin selection was necessary for this evolution to occur because the only species in which eusociality has appeared are non-dispersing shrimp that hatch directly into crawling individuals.[10] Until recently, eusocial species of Synalpheus have appeared in far greater abundance than and appear to outcompete less social species for space in sponges.[9][11]

Species

Synalpheus contains the following species:[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Arthur Anker; Sammy De Grave (2008). "Zuzalpheus Ríos and Duffy, 2007: a junior synonym of Synalpheus Bate, 1888 (Decapoda: Alpheidae)" (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (4): 735–740. doi:10.1651/07-2969.1. S2CID 86161073.
  2. ^ a b Rubén Ríos & J. Emmett Duffy (2007). "A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of Zuzalpheus, new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1602: 1–89. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1602.1.1.
  3. ^ a b c J. Emmett Duffy; Cheryl L. Morrison; Rubén Ríos (2000). "Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)" (PDF). Evolution. 54 (2): 503–516. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x. PMID 10937227. S2CID 1088840. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-06-07.
  4. ^ a b c Margarita Hermoso-Salazar; Mary Wicksten; Juan J. Morrone (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Paulsoni species group (Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the American Pacific, with implications for the phylogenetic classification of the genus Synalpheus" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1744: 19–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1744.1.2.
  5. ^ W. W. L. Au; K. Banks (1998). "The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 103 (1): 41–47. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..103...41A. doi:10.1121/1.423234.
  6. ^ Hultgren, Kristin M.; Macdonald III, Kenneth s; Duffy, J. Emmett (2011). "Sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Alpheidae: Synalpheus) of Barbados, West Indies, with a description of a new eusocial species" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2834: 1–16. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2834.1.1.
  7. ^ Anker, Arthur; Toth, Eva (2008). "A preliminary revision of the Synalpheus paranuptunus Coutiere, 1909 species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1915: 1–28. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1915.1.1. S2CID 86215392.
  8. ^ a b Morrison, Cheryl L; Rios, Ruben; Duffy, J Emmett (May 2004). "Phylogenetic evidence for an ancient rapid radiation of Caribbean sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Synalpheus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 563–581. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00252-5. PMID 15012939.
  9. ^ a b Macdonald III, Kenneth S.; Rios, Ruben; Duffy, J. Emmett (23 February 2006). "Biodiversity, host specificity, and dominance by eusocial species among sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimp on the Belize Barrier Reef". Diversity and Distributions. 12 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00213.x. S2CID 44096968.
  10. ^ Duffy, J. Emmett; Macdonald, Kenneth S. (4 November 2009). "Kin structure, ecology and the evolution of social organization in shrimp: a comparative analysis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1681): 575–584. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1483. PMC 2842683. PMID 19889706.
  11. ^ Duffy, J. Emmett; Macdonald III, Kenneth S.; Hultgren, Kristin M.; Chak, Tin Chi Solomon; Rubenstein, Dustin R. (13 February 2013). "Decline and local extinction of Caribbean eusocial shrimp". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e54637. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854637D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054637. PMC 3572134. PMID 23418429.
  12. ^ Charles Fransen, Sammy De Grave & Michael Türkay (2013). "Synalpheus Bate, 1888". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
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Synalpheus: Brief Summary

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Synalpheus is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed.

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Synalpheus ( French )

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Synalpheus est un genre de crevettes marines de la famille des Alpheidae.

Liste d'espèces

Selon World Register of Marine Species (31 décembre 2018)[2] :

Notes et références

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Synalpheus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Synalpheus est un genre de crevettes marines de la famille des Alpheidae.

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Synalpheus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Synalpheus is een geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Malacostraca (hogere kreeftachtigen).

Soorten

Noot

In april 2017 publiceerden Sammy De Grave en zijn team van het Oxford University Museum of National History de naam van een nieuwe pistoolgarnaal, die ze vernoemden naar Pink Floyd, en die daardoor uitgebreid het nieuws haalde: Synalpheus pinkfloydi Anker, Hultgren & De Grave, 2017.[1][2] Gebruikelijk is om met het opnemen van zo'n nieuwe soort in de encyclopedie te wachten totdat ook andere onderzoekers de naam van dit taxon accepteren als die van een nieuwe soort.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. New shrimp species named after Pink Floyd, BBC news, 12 april 2017
  2. Anker, A., Hultgren, K.M. & De Grave, S. (2017). "Synalpheus pinkfloydi sp. nov., a new pistol shrimp from the tropical eastern Pacific (Decapoda: Alpheidae)". Zootaxa 4254(1): 111; DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4254.1.7
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Synalpheus: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Synalpheus is een geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Malacostraca (hogere kreeftachtigen).

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Synalpheus ( Polish )

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Synalpheusrodzaj małych krewetek z rodziny Alpheidae obejmujący ponad 150 gatunków szeroko rozprzestrzenionych w tropikalnej strefie całego świata. Występują najczęściej na rafach koralowych, w wielu miejscach bardzo licznie. Długość ich ciała nie przekracza 20 mm. Większość z nich żyje w symbiozie z różnymi gatunkami bezkręgowców morskich.

Systematyka

Gatunkiem typowym rodzaju jest Synalpheus falcatus.

Wśród gatunków zaliczanych do tego rodzaju wyróżniane są 3 wyraźnie wyodrębnione grupy różniące się zasięgiem występowania i prowadzonym trybem życia[2]:

  • Występująca wyłącznie w wodach Indo-Pacyfiku grupa gatunków "S. comatularum" jest związana z liliowcami.
  • Druga grupa – "S. brevicarpus" – obejmuje gatunki występujące we wschodnim Pacyfiku i zachodnim Atlantyku, wolno żyjące lub związane z gąbkami.
  • Do trzeciej grupy – "S. gambarelloides" – zalicza się gatunki żyjące wyłącznie w symbiozie z gąbkami. Większość z nich zasiedla wody zachodniego Atlantyku[3]. Monofiletyzm tej grupy został dość dobrze potwierdzony analizami morfologicznymi i molekularnymi. W 2007 roku Rios i Duffy zaproponowali wyłonienie gatunków grupy "S. gambarelloides" do nowego rodzaju Zuzalpheus[4], jednak propozycja ta nie została zaakceptowana przez taksonomów, ponieważ Synalpheus stałby się taksonem parafiletycznym[2].

Te 3 grupy gatunków obejmują mniej niż połową zaliczanych do rodzaju Synalpheus. Pozycja taksonomiczna i filogenetyczna pozostałych gatunków pozostaje niejasna[2][3].

Zachowania społeczne

Synalpheus wyróżniają się dużą różnorodnością zachowań socjalnych w obrębie jednego rodzaju zwierząt – od gatunków aspołecznych (łączących się w pary jedynie na czas rozrodu, a poza nim nietolerujące obecności dorosłych osobników swojego gatunku), przez gatunki socjalne, tworzące społeczności złożone z kilkuset par rozrodczych, do gatunków eusocjalnych, żyjących w koloniach złożonych z kilkuset osobników z jedną tylko samicą przystępującą do rozrodu[3], podobnie jak u owadów eusocjalnych.

Przypisy

  1. Synalpheus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c A. Anker, S. De Grave. Zuzalpheus Ríos and Duffy, 2007: a junior synonym of Synalpheus Bate, 1888 (Decapoda: Alpheidae). „Journal of Crustacean Biology”. 28 (4), s. 735–740, 2008. DOI: 10.1651/07-2969.1 (ang.). (pdf)
  3. a b c Morrison et al. Phylogenetic evidence for an ancient rapid radiation of Caribbean sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Synalpheus). „Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution”. 30, s. 563–581, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00252-5 (ang.). (pdf)
  4. R. Rios, J. E. Duffy. A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of Zuzalpheus, new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae). „Zootaxa”. 1602, s. 89, 2007 (ang.).
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Synalpheus: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Synalpheus – rodzaj małych krewetek z rodziny Alpheidae obejmujący ponad 150 gatunków szeroko rozprzestrzenionych w tropikalnej strefie całego świata. Występują najczęściej na rafach koralowych, w wielu miejscach bardzo licznie. Długość ich ciała nie przekracza 20 mm. Większość z nich żyje w symbiozie z różnymi gatunkami bezkręgowców morskich.

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Synalpheus ( Vietnamese )

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Synalpheus là một chi thuộc Họ Tôm gõ mõ. Chi này có hơn 100 loài, với các loài mới đang thường xuyên được mô tả, số loài chính xác của chi này đang tranh cãi, chi Zuzalpheus đã được thiết lập cho S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, và các loài có quan hệ gần nhất với chúng,[2] which contain several notably eusocial species.[3] Các loài trong chi này có hành vi và lối sống xã hội được nhận diện. Ví dụ như loài tôm gõ mõ Synalpheus regalis sống thành các bầy lớn trong các quần thể bọt biển với số lượng thành viên có thể lên tới 300 con. Mẹ chung của tất cả chúng là một con "tôm chúa" và rất có thể chúng cũng chỉ có một cha chung. Thần dân của bầy đàn được phân ra làm "tôm thợ" với nhiệm vụ chăm sóc tôm non và "tôm lính" - phần lớn là tôm đực - với nhiệm vụ bảo vệ bầy bằng "khẩu súng" to lớn đặc trưng của dòng họ. Cho đến nay chỉ có một số loài được miêu tả là có lối sống xã hội[3], tuy nhiên nhiều học giả tin rằng có thể nhiều loài khác trong chi này cũng có lối sống tương tự mà chưa được biết đến.

Các loài

Synalpheus có các loài sau:[4]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Arthur Anker & Sammy De Grave (2008). Zuzalpheus Ríos and Duffy, 2007: a junior synonym of Synalpheus Bate, 1888 (Decapoda: Alpheidae)” (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology 28 (4): 735–740. doi:10.1651/07-2969.1.
  2. ^ Rubén Ríos & J. Emmett Duffy (2007). “A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of Zuzalpheus, new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)” (PDF). Zootaxa 1602: 1–89.
  3. ^ a ă J. Emmett Duffy, Cheryl L. Morrison & Rubén Ríos (2000). “Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)” (PDF). Evolution 54 (2): 503–516. PMID 10937227. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x.
  4. ^ Sammy De Grave & Michael Türkay (2010). Synalpheus Bate, 1888”. Cơ sở dữ liệu sinh vật biển. Truy cập ngày 1 tháng 6 năm 2011.
  5. ^ Kristin M. Hultgren, Kenneth S. MacDonald III & J. Emmett Duffy (2011). “Sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Alpheidae: Synalpheus) of Barbados, West Indies, with a description of a new eusocial species” (PDF). Zootaxa 2834: 1–16.

Tham khảo

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Synalpheus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Synalpheus là một chi thuộc Họ Tôm gõ mõ. Chi này có hơn 100 loài, với các loài mới đang thường xuyên được mô tả, số loài chính xác của chi này đang tranh cãi, chi Zuzalpheus đã được thiết lập cho S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, và các loài có quan hệ gần nhất với chúng, which contain several notably eusocial species. Các loài trong chi này có hành vi và lối sống xã hội được nhận diện. Ví dụ như loài tôm gõ mõ Synalpheus regalis sống thành các bầy lớn trong các quần thể bọt biển với số lượng thành viên có thể lên tới 300 con. Mẹ chung của tất cả chúng là một con "tôm chúa" và rất có thể chúng cũng chỉ có một cha chung. Thần dân của bầy đàn được phân ra làm "tôm thợ" với nhiệm vụ chăm sóc tôm non và "tôm lính" - phần lớn là tôm đực - với nhiệm vụ bảo vệ bầy bằng "khẩu súng" to lớn đặc trưng của dòng họ. Cho đến nay chỉ có một số loài được miêu tả là có lối sống xã hội, tuy nhiên nhiều học giả tin rằng có thể nhiều loài khác trong chi này cũng có lối sống tương tự mà chưa được biết đến.

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Synalpheus ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Подтип: Ракообразные
Класс: Высшие раки
Подкласс: Эумалакостраки
Надотряд: Эвкариды
Подотряд: Pleocyemata
Инфраотряд: Настоящие креветки
Надсемейство: Alpheoidea
Семейство: Раки-щелкуны
Род: Synalpheus
Международное научное название

Synalpheus Spence Bate, 1888

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ITIS 96695NCBI 125832EOL 40583

Synalpheus (лат.) — род креветок из семейства раков-щелкунов (Alpheidae). В настоящее время он включает более сотни видов, причём постоянно добавляются новые, недавно описанные, и даже общее число только описанных дискуссионно.

Zuzalpheus

Для видов S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, и их ближайших родственников был образован род Zuzalpheus[1], включивший и несколько эусоциальных видов[2].

Распространение

Распространены и многочисленны в восточной части Тихого, в меньшей степени в Атлантическом и Индийском океанах. Существует мнение, что разные виды из этого рода были разделены Панамским перешейком, когда он в последний раз сомкнулся.

Щёлканье

Щёлканье Synalpheus довольно хорошо изучено. У Synalpheus parneomeris оно происходит в амплитуде 185—190 децибел на 1 μPa на 1 м в зависимости от размера клешни[3].

Эусоциальность

Единственные известные своей эусоциальностью ведущие водный образ жизни виды живых существ входят в род Synalpheus. Речь идёт о S. brooksi, S. chacei, S. elizabethae, S. filidigitus, S. rathbunae, S. regalis[1], S. microneptunus[4] и S. duffyi, а также, возможно, S. riosi[5].

Виды

Род Synalpheus содержит следующие виды[6]:


Примечания

  1. 1 2 Rubén Ríos & J. Emmett Duffy (2007). “A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of Zuzalpheus, new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)” (PDF). Zootaxa. 1602: 1—89.
  2. J. Emmett Duffy, Cheryl L. Morrison & Rubén Ríos (2000). “Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus)” (PDF). Evolution. 54 (2): 503—516. DOI:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x. PMID 10937227. Проверено 2017-05-29.
  3. W. W. L. Au & K. Banks (1998). “The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay”. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 103 (1): 41—47. DOI:10.1121/1.423234.
  4. Hultgren, Kristin M.; Macdonald III, Kenneth s; Duffy, J. Emmett (2011). “Sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Alpheidae: Synalpheus) of Barbados, West Indies, with a description of a new eusocial species” (PDF). Zootaxa. 2834: 1—16.
  5. Anker, Arthur; Toth, Eva (2008). “A preliminary revision of the Synalpheus paranuptunus Coutiere, 1909 species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)” (PDF). Zootaxa. 1915: 1—28.
  6. Charles Fransen, Sammy De Grave & Michael Türkay. Synalpheus Bate, 1888 (неопр.). World Register of Marine Species (2013). Проверено 19 мая 2013.
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Synalpheus: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Synalpheus (лат.) — род креветок из семейства раков-щелкунов (Alpheidae). В настоящее время он включает более сотни видов, причём постоянно добавляются новые, недавно описанные, и даже общее число только описанных дискуссионно.

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Habitat

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Known from seamounts and knolls

Reference

Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.

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