Actinioidea Rafinesque 1815

Cerbère Pyrénées-Orientales France

Kattegatcentret Grenå

Figure 5.Bunodosoma cavernatum. A Live specimen in natural habitat B Oral view C Lateral view D Detail of directives; notice siphonoglyph E Cross section through proximal column showing oocytes F Cross section through tentacle G Longitudinal section through column showing vesicles H Longitudinal section though base showing basilar muscles I Longitudinal section through margin showing acrorhagi and marginal sphincter muscle J–T Cnidae.– acrorhagi: J basitrich K holotrich; actinopharynx: L basitrich M microbasic p-mastigophore; column: N small basitrich O basitrich; filament: P basitrich Q microbasic b-mastigophore R microbasic p-mastigophore; tentacle S basitrich T spirocyst. Abbreviations.– acr: acrorhagi, bm: basilar muscle, c: column, d: directives, e: epidermis, fo: fosse, g: gastrodermis, lm: longitudinal muscles, m: mesoglea, mp: marginal projection, o: oocyst, od: oral disc, pd: pedal disc, pm: parietobasilar muscle, rm: retractor muscle, s: siphonoglyph, sp: sphincter, t: tentacle, vs: vesicles. Scale bars: A–C: 10 mm; D–I: 200 μm; J–T: 25 μm.

Figure 3.Endodermal circumscribed marginal sphincter muscles of Stylobates spp. a, b Palmate marginal sphincter muscle of Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. a paratype MTQ G57581 b paratype KUDIZ 003352 c-e Pinnate marginal sphincter muscles. c Stylobates aeneus (from Dunn et al. 1981) d Stylobates cancrisocia (from Carlgren 1928a) e Stylobates loisetteae (from Fautin 1987).

Heteractis aurora is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Amphiprion chrysopterus (Orangefin anemonefish). South Pacific Ocean, Duration 38 seconds

South Pacific Ocean, Duration 21 seconds

Macrodactyla doreensis is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Amphiprion clarkii (Clark's anemonefish). Coral Sea, Shot at dusk, Duration 21 seconds

North Pacific Ocean, Duration 28 seconds

Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Duration 6 seconds

Cerbère Pyrénées-Orientales France

Kattegatcentret Grenå

Figure 6.Isoaulactinia stelloides. A Live specimen in natural habitat B Oral view C Lateral view D Detail of directives showing a siphonoglyph E Cross section through proximal column F Detail of brooded juvenile G Longitudinal section through margin showing marginal sphincter muscle and marginal projection H Longitudinal section though base showing basilar muscles I Cross section through tentacle J–Y Cnidae.– marginal projection: J small basitrich K macrobasic p-mastigophore; actinopharynx: M basitrich N macrobasic p-mastigophore O microbasic p-mastigophore P long, curved basitrich; column: Q small basitrich R macrobasic p-mastigophore; filament: S small basitrich T basitrich U macrobasic p-mastigophore V microbasic b-mastigophore W microbasic p-mastigophore; tentacle: X basitrich Y spirocyst. Abbreviations.– b: brooded juvenile, bm: basilar muscle, c: column, d: directives, e: epidermis, fo: fosse, lm: longitudinal muscle, m: mesoglea, mp: marginal projection, o: oocyst, od: oral disc, pd: pedal disc, pm: parietobasilar muscle, rm: retractor muscle, s: siphonoglyph, sp: sphincter, t: tentacle, vr: verrucae, z: zooxanthellae. Scale bars: A–C: 10 mm; D–I: 200 μm; J–Y: 25 μm.

Figure 4.Mesenterial musculature and fertility of Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. holotype MTQ G57579 a mesenterial arrangement, orders indicated with Roman numerals; column wall at base of image b diffuse retractor muscle; column wall at base of image. Scale bar 1 mm.

Heteractis aurora is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Amphiprion chrysopterus (Orangefin anemonefish). South Pacific Ocean, Duration 39 seconds

Actinodendron glomeratum is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Arothron stellatus (Star puffer). South Pacific Ocean, Duration 11 seconds

Stichodactyla mertensii is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Amphiprion chrysopterus (Orangefin anemonefish). Coral Sea, Duration 77 seconds

Entacmaea medusivora is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Sphaeramia orbicularis (Orbicular cardinalfish). North Pacific Ocean, Duration 19 seconds

Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Duration 6 seconds

Cerbère Pyrénées-Orientales France

Nordsømuseet Hirtshals

Figure 8.Actinoporus elegans. A Fully expanded specimen in natural habitat B Partially contracted specimen in natural habitat C Oral view D Detail of double rows of tentacles E Lateral view F Cross section through proximal column, showing retractor and parietobasilar muscles G Longitudinal section through column margin showing marginal sphincter muscle H Longitudinal section through base showing basilar muscles I Longitudinal section through tentacles J–P Cnidae.– actinopharynx: J basitrich K microbasic p-mastigophore; column: L basitrich; filament: M basitrich N microbasic p-mastigophore; tentacle: O basitrich P spirocyst. Abbreviations.– bm: basilar muscle, e: epidermis, f: filament, fo: fosse, g: gastrodermis, lm: longitudinal muscle, m: mesoglea, od: oral disc, pd: pedal disc, pm: parietobasilar muscle, rm: retractor muscle, sp: sphincter, t: tentacle, vs: vesicles. Scale bars: A–C, E: 10 mm; D: 2 mm; F–I: 200 μm; J–P: 25 μm.

Figure 5.Cnidae of Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. Refer to Table 1 for list of cnida types and distribution.

South Pacific Ocean, Duration 11 seconds, Shot includes Arothron stellatus (Star puffer)

Stichodactyla mertensii is not the primary subject of the video clip; the primary subject is Amphiprion chrysopterus (Orangefin anemonefish). Coral Sea, Duration 19 seconds