Morphology
provided by Animal Diversity Web
As the common name spotted dolphin suggests, S. frontalis has a spotted color pattern on its body. These spots are not present at birth, and generally do not appear until the onset of weaning. The first spots to appear on the calves are dark spots on the animal's ventral surface. As the dolphin approaches puberty, the ventral spots increase in number and size and pale dorsal spots appear as well. The number of spots continues to increase with age, similar to the development of spotting in Stenella attenuata. There is a large amount of variation in the adult color pattern, between populations and between individuals. At times some individuals become so heavily spotted that they appear white from a distance. Spotting seems to decrease with the distance from the continental shores of North America. In the Azores some specimens have had few or no ventral spots, but well developed dorsal spotting.
The beak of S. frontalis is long and narrow, a typical feature of all Stenella dolphins. S. frontalis has a robust head and body, that make it larger in size, but not length, than S. attenuata. Proportionately larger flippers, flukes and dorsal fins are also characteristic of S. frontalis. The average adult body length of the Atlantic spotted dolphin is 166-229cm. The adult S. frontalis females tend to be slightly larger than the males, and an average adult weight is approximately 200 pounds (90k).
The skull of the Atlantic spotted dolphin varies in size with individuals and with geographical region. Skull size is generally correlated with body size. S. frontalis has small conical teeth, 3-5mm in diameter. In each rostral row there are 32-42 teeth, and 30-40 teeth in each mandibular row. S. frontalis have on average a distally broader rostrum and fewer but larger teeth than S. attenuata. At times differentiating between these two spotted dolphins is difficult, especially in areas where they converge geographically. (Ridgway, 1994;
http://wwwa.com/dolphin/index.html, 1999;
http://whales.ot.com, 1999).
Average mass: 90 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Habitat
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Along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the U.S., Stenella frontalis inhabits the continental shelf, usually within 250-350 km of the coast. In the Bahamas, the Atlantic spotted dolphin spends most of its time in the shallow water over sand flats. (Ridgway, 1994;
http://whales.ot.com, 1999).
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Distribution
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Stenella frontalis, the Atlantic spotted dolphin, is found in the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Wilson and Reeder, 1993).
Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Trophic Strategy
provided by Animal Diversity Web
The diet of Stenella frontalis varies with location. They eat a variety of invertebrates, as well as small eels and herring. They have even been known to follow trawlers to eat discarded fish. Other feeding habits include feeding at or near the surface and "tracking" schools of small fish. (Ridgway, 1994;
http://whales.ot.com, 1999).
Animal Foods: fish
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Untitled
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If a dolphin is in distress it can call out for help. The dolphin puts out an intermittent distress signal that alerts the other dolphins and they hurry to help it. S. frontalis is known to aid other dolphins in its pod that are in distress. If a member of the group is wounded or sick, the others will take turns supporting it in the water until it recovers or dies. (Ridgway, 1994; Stephen, 1973).
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Behavior
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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Conservation Status
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Stenella frontalis is listed in Appendix II of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Those listed in Appendix II, as stated on the CITES web site,are "species which although not necessarily threatened with extinction may become so unless trade is subject to strict regulation." As well as non-threatened species that must be subject to regulation in order to control threatened species. (
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/CITES/english/index.html).
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: data deficient
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
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The cost and complexity of the tuna fishery has been increased because of regulations that have been designed to lessen the number of dolphins killed by tuna fisherman.
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Benefits
provided by Animal Diversity Web
In the past dolphin flesh was considered a delicacy. Besides being used for food, certain parts of its body were used for medicinal purposes. For example, the oil from the liver was used to treat ulcers. Today zoologists are interested in dolphins because they have a high intelligence level. Due to their high intelligence level, dolphins have been trained to help in underwater salvage operations and have even taken part in military exercises. (Stephen, 1973).
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Reproduction
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Females are generally sexually mature at 9 years. Males do not reach sexual maturity until their 12th year. There is evidence of year round mating, and gestation is between 11 and 12 months long. Calves are normally born in May and September. There have been some observations of pods segregated by reproductive status as well as sex and age. (
http://whales.ot.com, 1999).
Breeding season: There is evidence of year round mating
Range gestation period: 11 to 12 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 12 years.
Key Reproductive Features: year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
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- Allen, C. 2001. "Stenella frontalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Stenella_frontalis.html
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- Crystal Allen, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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- Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Biology
provided by Arkive
This social marine mammal forms groups consisting of up to 100 individuals (2); those inhabiting coastal areas generally form the smallest schools, of 5 to 15 dolphins (4). These schools, which may be segregated by age and sex, have a fluid structure, with dolphins joining and splitting into smaller groups, although long-term bonds are also formed within this gregarious social system (2) (5). In the Bahamas, Atlantic spotted dolphins are often known to associate with bottlenose dolphins as they travel and search for fish, squid and bottom-dwelling invertebrates on which to feed (2).
The Atlantic spotted dolphin is an acrobatic species, frequently riding the bow waves of boats (4), leaping out of the water, and playing at every opportunity (5). It is also capable of diving to up to 60 metres, remaining underwater for up to 6 minutes (2). It is known to be preyed on by sharks, but killer whales and other small-toothed whales may also be predators of this dolphin (2).
Mature female Atlantic spotted dolphins give birth every one to five years, with the average interval between births being three years. The young is nursed for up to five years, and females become sexually mature at an estimated eight to fifteen years of age (2).
Conservation
provided by Arkive
While the Atlantic spotted dolphin has been extensively studied in the Bahamas (2), information on the global status of this species is lacking (1). Further research may be required to determine this dolphin's conservation status and what, if any, conservation measures need to be implemented. While hunting of the Atlantic spotted dolphin continues in some areas (6), elsewhere, dolphin-watching tours give the opportunity for people to see these charismatic animals at sea (5), and provide an incentive for local people to conserve them.
Description
provided by Arkive
Often observed in the clear, shallow waters surrounding the Bahamas, the Atlantic spotted dolphin is said to be an intermediate in appearance between the bottlenose dolphin and pantropical spotted dolphin (4). Its sturdy body is light grey, with a dark grey 'cape' on the back, and a white belly (4). A light streak extends up the shoulder, ending just below the dorsal fin, one feature which differentiates this species from the similar pantropical spotted dolphin (2). As the name suggests, many individuals are patterned with spots, although not all. All calves are unspotted (4), but some will develop spots as they age, with a number of dolphins becoming so heavily spotted they appear white from a distance (2). The beak of the Atlantic spotted dolphin is fairly long and sharply demarcated from the melon, and the dorsal fin is tall and sickle-shaped. Atlantic spotted dolphins inhabiting the far-offshore waters of the Gulf Stream can be smaller and completely unspotted, even as adults (2).
Habitat
provided by Arkive
The Atlantic spotted dolphin inhabits tropical and warm temperate waters. It is found most often in waters over the continental shelf, but may also inhabit deep oceanic waters in some areas (4). In the Bahamas, this species can be observed in clear, shallow waters, between 6 and 12 metres deep, over sandflats (2).
Range
provided by Arkive
Found only in the Atlantic, this spotted dolphin occurs from southern Brazil to New England in the west, to the coast of Africa in the east (4), generally between 50°N and 25°S (2).
Status
provided by Arkive
Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
Threats
provided by Arkive
There are two potential threats facing this dolphin; it is hunted in the Caribbean Sea, and possibly elsewhere along the coast of South America and West Africa, for food or bait (6), and it is killed incidentally in fisheries in many parts of its range when it becomes entangled in fishing gear (2). However, it is not known how many Atlantic spotted dolphins are killed in this manner, and therefore it is not known to what extent this species is threatened with extinction; consequently, the IUCN have classified this species as Data Deficient (1).
Diagnostic Description
provided by FAO species catalogs
The Atlantic spotted dolphin, in many ways, tends to resemble the bottlenose dolphin more than it does the pantropical spotted dolphin. In body shape, it is somewhat intermediate between the 2, with a moderately long, but rather chunky, beak. There is a distinct crease between the melon and beak. There is much developmental variation in the colour pattern. Atlantic spotted dolphins begin life with unspotted background coloration. Young animals look much like slender bottlenose dolphins, with a dark cape, light grey sides and spinal blaze (variable in its development), and white belly. Large spotting on both dorsal and ventral surfaces progresses as the animal ages: some individuals become so heavily spotted that the cape margin and spinal blaze are obscured. However, in some populations, adults are essentially unspotted (these are generally in offshore areas). There are 30 to 42 pointed teeth in each tooth row. Can be confused with: Atlantic spotted dolphins can be most easily confused with bottlenose dolphins and sometimes with pantropical spotted dolphins. The differences in size and robustness are good clues, but may require a trained eye to distinguish in many sightings at sea. Heavy spotting is a good characteristic for Atlantic spotted dolphins; however, some may be nearly unspotted and some bottlenose dolphins may have spotting and blotches on the belly and sides. Pantropical spotted dolphins also may be difficult to distinguish, but attention to body robustness, snout shape, and colour pattern differences will allow them to be separated. Only the coastal form of the pantropical spotted dolphin is likely to appear very similar to the Atlantic spotted dolphin, but the former is only known from the eastern Pacific.
- bibliographic citation
- Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. .
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- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Size
provided by FAO species catalogs
Adults are up to 2.3 m long and 143 kg in weight. Newborn Atlantic spotted dolphins are 0.8 to 1.2 m long.
- bibliographic citation
- Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. .
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Brief Summary
provided by FAO species catalogs
Small to moderate groups, generally of less than 50 individuals, are characteristic of the Atlantic spotted dolphin. Coastal groups usually consist of 5 to 15 animals. These are acrobatic animals and they are known to be avid bowriders. Studies of Atlantic spotted dolphins off the Bahamas that allow people to swim with them show that these animals have a fluid group structure, like that of bottlenose and other small dolphins. There is not much known of the species' life history, but tropical populations would be expected to have a protracted breeding season. A wide variety of fishes and squids are taken by this species.
- bibliographic citation
- Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. .
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Benefits
provided by FAO species catalogs
Atlantic spotted dolphins are taken in a direct fishery for small cetaceans in the Caribbean. Direct takes may also occur off the Azores and off West Africa. Some are probably also taken incidentally in tuna purse seines off the West African coast. However, there are not reliable estimates of the number of animals taken in any of these fisheries. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
- bibliographic citation
- Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. .
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Atlantic spotted dolphin
provided by wikipedia EN
The Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) is a dolphin found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Older members of the species have a very distinctive spotted coloration all over their bodies.
Taxonomy
The Atlantic spotted dolphin was first described by Cuvier in 1828. Considerable variation in the physical form of individuals occurs in the species, and specialists have long been uncertain as to the correct taxonomic classification. Currently, just one species is recognised, but a large, particularly spotty variant commonly found near Florida quite possibly may be classified as a formal subspecies or indeed a species in its own right.
Atlantic spotted dolphins in the Bahamas have been observed mating with bottlenose dolphins.[4] Rich LeDuc has published data that suggest the Atlantic spotted dolphin may be more closely related to the bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) than to other members of the genus Stenella.[4] More recent studies in the 2020's indicate that this is a consequence of reticulate evolution (such as past hybridization between Stenella (spotted dolphins) and ancestral Tursiops (bottlenose dolphins)) and incomplete lineage sorting, and thus support T. truncatus and T. aduncus belonging to the same genus. This likely explains why Atlantic spotted dolphins can mate with both species of bottlenose dolphins.[5]
Description
Near South Caicos, Turks and Caicos Islands
A juvenile swimming in the blue water
The coloring of the Atlantic spotted dolphin varies enormously as it grows, and is usually classified into age-dependent phases known as two-tone, speckled, mottled, and fused. Calves are a fairly uniform gray-white, with one or no spots. When they are weaned, speckling occurs, typically between 3 and 4 years and lasting for an average of 5 years. A juvenile is considered mottled when it develops merging gray and white spots on the dorsal surface and black spots on the ventral surface. This usually happens between age 8 or 9. A fused pattern is reached when dark and white spots are on both the ventral and dorsal sides. As the animal matures, the spots become denser and spread until the body appears black with white spots at full maturation.[6]
In comparison to other dolphin species, the Atlantic spotted dolphin is medium-sized. Newborn calves are about 35–43 in (89–109 cm) long, while adults can reach a length of 2.26 m (7 ft 5 in) and a weight of 140 kg (310 lb) in males, and 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in) and 130 kg (290 lb) in females. Compared to the much smaller pantropical spotted dolphin, the Atlantic spotted dolphin is more robust. It shares its habitat with the pantropical spotted dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin.
The species exhibits a range of about ten different vocalizations, including whistles, buzzes, squawks and barks, each corresponding with different behaviors.[7]
Behavior
Atlantic spotted dolphins are extremely gregarious animals, which gather in complex social groups of 5-15, often in mixed groups with common bottlenose dolphins. They are fast swimmers and known for their bow-riding and long, shallow leaping behaviors. Their mating system consists of one male mating with several females, and the pod is highly protective over pregnant females. The dolphin’s gestational period is ~11 months, and the mother cares for its calf for up to 5 years, with the help of the rest of her group.[8][9]
These animals are cooperative hunters that hunt in groups at night. They strategically encircle their prey, which consists mostly of small fish, benthic invertebrates, and cephalopods such as squid. They can dive to depths of up to 60 m (200 ft) and can stay beneath the surface for up to 10 minutes at a time.[9] When showing aggression towards other species, these dolphins make use of more contact behaviors such as biting and chasing than when being aggressive towards members of their species, in which they usually rely on display behaviors. [10]
Population and distribution
The species is endemic to the temperate and tropical areas of the Atlantic Ocean. It has been widely observed in the western end of the Gulf Stream, between Florida and Bermuda. Off the Bahamas, tourism industries to swim with dolphins are available.[11] It is also present in the Gulf of Mexico. More infrequent sightings have been made further east, off the Azores and Canary Islands. Northerly sightings have been made as far north as Cape Cod across to the southwestern tip of Spain. They are certainly present further south, too, as far as Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and across to west Africa, but their distribution is poorly understood in these areas.
About 20 years ago, only about 80 dolphins were in the Bahamas. Now, almost 200 dolphins are found there. On account of their similar appearance to other dolphins in their range, it is difficult to be sure of the Atlantic spotted dolphin's population. A conservative estimate is around 100,000 individuals.
Human interaction
Some Atlantic spotted dolphins, particularly some of those are around the Bahamas, have become habituated to human contact. In these areas, cruises to watch and even swim with the dolphins are common. They are usually not held in captivity.
Atlantic spotted dolphins are an occasional target of harpoon fishermen, and every year some creatures are trapped and killed in gill nets, but these activities are not currently believed to be threatening the survival of the species. This species lives in the mesopelagic layer of the ocean. These dolphins are not threatened by extinction, however, commercial trade may affect their evolution and sustainability. Sometimes they are killed by harpoons off St. Vincent.
Conservation
The Atlantic spotted dolphin is included in the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia.[12] They are also marked as Least Concern of the Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans.[13]
See also
References
-
^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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^ Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T.A. (2018). "Stenella frontalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20732A50375312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20732A50375312.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
-
^ a b Herzing, D. (2011). Dolphin Diaries: My 25 Years with Spotted Dolphins in the Bahamas. Macmillan. pp. 132–147. ISBN 978-0-312-60896-5.
-
^ Moura, Andre E.; Shreves, Kypher; Pilot, Małgorzata; Andrews, Kimberly R.; Moore, Daniel M.; Kishida, Takushi; Möller, Luciana; Natoli, Ada; Gaspari, Stefania; McGowen, Michael; Chen, Ing; Gray, Howard; Gore, Mauvis; Culloch, Ross M.; Kiani, Muhammad S.; Willson, Maia Sarrouf; Bulushi, Asma; Collins, Tim; Baldwin, Robert; Willson, Andrew; Minton, Gianna; Ponnampalam, Louisa; Hoelzel, A. Rus (2020-05-01). "Phylogenomics of the genus Tursiops and closely related Delphininae reveals extensive reticulation among lineages and provides inference about eco-evolutionary drivers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 146: 106756. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106756. hdl:2164/16438. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 32028032. S2CID 211048062.
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^ Herzing, Denise L. (October 1997). "The life history of free-ranging Atlantic Spotted Dolphins (Stenella frontalis): Age classes, color phases, and female reproduction". Marine Mammal Science. 13 (4): 576–595. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00085.x.
-
^ Herzing, Denise L. (1996). "Vocalizations and associated underwater behavior of free-ranging Atlantic Spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus". Aquatic Mammals. 22 (2): 61–79.
-
^ "Atlantic spotted dolphin". Whales.org.
-
^ a b "Atlantic Spotted Dolphin". animalia.bio.
-
^ Myers, Alyson J.; Herzing, Denise L.; Bjorklund, David F. (2017-05-03). "Synchrony during aggression in adult male Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis)". acta ethologica. 20 (2): 175–185. doi:10.1007/s10211-017-0262-7. ISSN 0873-9749.
-
^ "Bimini Dolphin Discovery". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
-
^ Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU, Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia
-
^ Reeves, Randall R.; Smith, Brian D.; Crespo, Enrique A.; di Sciara, Giuseppe Notarbartolo (2003). "Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises". 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans.
-
Whales Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, Dorling Kindersley Handbooks, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
-
National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, and there is no characteristics for survival. ISBN 0-375-41141-0
- Perrin, William F. (2002). "Stenella frontalis". Mammalian Species (702):1–6.
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Atlantic spotted dolphin: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) is a dolphin found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Older members of the species have a very distinctive spotted coloration all over their bodies.
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Distribution
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Cape Cod to South America
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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Habitat
provided by World Register of Marine Species
tropical to warm temperate, mostly offshore over continental shelf
van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).
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IUCN Red List Category
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Data Deficient (DD)
IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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