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Cryptoblepharus ( German )

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Cryptoblepharus ist eine Gattung der Skinke (Scincidae) aus der Unterfamilie Eugongylinae.

Merkmale und Lebensweise

Die Skinke der Gattung Cryptoblepharus haben glänzende Schuppen. Ähnlich wie Schlangen besitzen sie keine Augenlider, ihre Augen werden stattdessen von einer durchsichtigen Schuppe bedeckt, woraus sich auch der Gattungsname ableitet. Sie zeigen Sexualdimorphismus, insbesondere sind die Männchen kleiner als die Weibchen. Unter den australischen Arten hat die kleinste (C. tytthos) eine Gesamtlänge von lediglich 3 cm und die größte (C. litoralis) eine von 5,5 cm.[1]

Die Arten der Gattung sind ovipar und halten sich meist zwischen Felsen oder auf Bäumen auf. Sie ernähren sich von kleinen Tieren wie Insekten und Spinnen.[1]

Verbreitungsgebiet

Die Gattung Cryptoblepharus hat das wohl größte Verbreitungsgebiet aller Skinkgattungen. Sie ist in Australien, Südostasien, Südostafrika sowie auf einigen pazifischen Inseln verbreitet.[2] Die Arten teilen sich geographisch in etwa 24 in Australien und 30 im Indo-Pazifik und Südwesten des Indischen Ozeans auf.[1]

Gefährdete Arten

Die IUCN stuft die Art C. egeriae als in der Wildnis ausgestorben („Extinct in the Wild“) ein. Sie war auf der Weihnachtsinsel endemisch, wo sie zuletzt 2010 gesichtet wurde. Ursächlich für die Ausrottung auf der Insel war vermutlich hauptsächlich die Einführung der Kapuzen-Wolfszahnnatter um 1982. Es existiert ein Zuchtprogramm zur Erhaltung der Art.[3] Darüber hinaus ist die Art C. caudatus vom Aussterben bedroht („Critically Endangered“)[4] und C. ater, C. gloriosus und C. quinquetaeniatus gefährdet („Vulnerable“).[5] Potentiell gefährdet („Near Threatened“) sind C. bitaeniatus, C. boutonii und die auf den Bonin-Inseln endemische Art C. nigropunctatus.[6] Weitere 32 Arten wurden als nicht gefährdet („Least Concern“) eingestuft. Bei C. ahli, C. gurrmul, C. richardsi und C. xenikos lagen nicht genug Daten für eine Einstufung vor („Data Deficient“).[7]

Systematik

Die Gattung wurde 1834 von dem deutschen Zoologen Arend Wiegmann erstbeschrieben.[8] Die Typusart ist Ablepharus poecilopleurus, die jedoch nicht von Wiegmann nominiert, sondern nachträglich 1899 von Leonhard Stejneger zugeordnet wurde.

Eine umfassende Überarbeitung der Gattung mit Fokus auf Australien wurde 2007 von Paul Horner vorgenommen. Dabei wurden einige Arten in neue aufgeteilt wie beispielsweise C. plagiocephalus. Insgesamt identifizierte Horner 54 Arten.[1] Geringe genetische Divergenz zwischen den Cryptoblepharus-Arten im Indischen Ozean (Rocha et al. 2006[9]) und Schwierigkeiten bei der morphologischen Unterscheidung legen nahe, dass die Gültigkeit vieler von Horner (2007) identifizierter Arten weitere Untersuchungen erfordert. Diese werden daher in der Region nicht allgemein anerkannt (z. B. Blom et al. 2019[10], Augros und Hawlitschek 2019[11]).[4]

In der Reptile Database werden Stand 2021 insgesamt 53 Arten unterschieden:[12]

Literatur

  • Horner, P. & Adams, M. 2007. A molecular systematic assessment of species boundaries in Australian Cryptoblepharus (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) – a case study for the combined use of allozymes and morphology to explore cryptic biodiversity. The Beagle Supplement 3: 1–19. BHL
  • Horner, P. 2007. Systematics of the snake-eyed skinks, Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) – an Australian based review. The Beagle Supplement 3: 21–198. BHL
  • Rocha, S., Carretero, M.A., Vences, M., Glaw, F. and Harris, D.J. 2006. Deciphering patterns of transoceanic dispersal: the evolutionary origin and biogeography of coastal lizards (Cryptoblepharus) in the Western Indian Ocean region. Journal of Biogeography 33: 13–22.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Snake-eyed skinks. Cryptoblepharus - Wiegmann, 1834. Australian Reptile Online Database, abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2021 (englisch).
  2. Cryptoblepharus: Beobachtungen der Art auf iNaturalist
  3. C. egeriae (EW) in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2017. Eingestellt von: Woinarski, J., Cogger, H., Mitchell, N.M & Emery, J., 2017. Abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021.
  4. a b C. caudatus (CR) in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2021. Eingestellt von: Sanchez, M., Verburgt, L., Pietersen, D., Farooq, H., Chapeta, Y. & Guillerault, N., 2019. Abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021.
  5. C. ater (VU), C. gloriosus (VU) und C. quinquetaeniatus (VU) in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.Vorlage:IUCN/Wartung/Mehrere Arten
  6. C. bitaeniatus (NT), C. boutonii (NT) und C. nigropunctatus (NT) in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.Vorlage:IUCN/Wartung/Mehrere Arten
  7. Cryptoblepharus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2021. Abgerufen am 2021-12-02.
  8. Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann, 1834. Siebente Abhandlung. Amphibien. in Meyen, F.J.F Beiträge zur Zoologie gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 17: 185–268. online
  9. Rocha, S., Carretero, M.A., Vences, M., Glaw, F. and Harris, D.J. 2006. Deciphering patterns of transoceanic dispersal: the evolutionary origin and biogeography of coastal lizards (Cryptoblepharus) in the Western Indian Ocean region. Journal of Biogeography 33: 13–22.
  10. Blom, M.P.K., Matzke, N.J., Bragg, J.G., Arida, E., Austin, C.C., Backlin, A.R., Carretero, M.A., Fisher, R.N., Glaw, F., Hathaway, S.A., Iskandar, D.T., McGuire, J.A., Karin, B.R., Reilly, S.B., Rittmeyer, E.N., Rocha, S., Sanchez, M., Stubbs, A.L., Vences, M. and Moritz, C. 2019. Habitat preference modulates trans-oceanic dispersal in a terrestrial vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286(1904).
  11. Augros, S. and Hawlitschek, O. 2019. Monographies. In: Augros, S. (ed.), Atlas des reptiles et amphibiens terrestres de l'archipel des Comores, pp. 81-213. Biotope éditions, Mèze, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (Collection Inventaires & biodiversité).
  12. Cryptoblepharus In: The Reptile Database; abgerufen am 28. November 2021.
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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary ( German )

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Cryptoblepharus ist eine Gattung der Skinke (Scincidae) aus der Unterfamilie Eugongylinae.

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Cryptoblepharus

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Cryptoblepharus is a genus of skinks, lizards in the family Scincidae. The genus contains at least 53 species.

Taxonomy

The genus Cryptoblepharus was established in 1834 by the zoologist Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann. The type species of the genus was not nominated by the author, but this was assigned to Ablepharus poecilipleurus Wiegmann, 1834 in a revision by Leonhard Stejneger published in 1899.[2][3] An emendation to the name as Cryptoblepharis by J. T. Cocteau in 1836 is considered a synonym,[4] as is Petia, the name published by John Edward Gray in 1839 without a type or description.[3]

They occupy a fairly basal position among the Eugongylus group.[5]

Cryptoblepharus species, some of which are often seen in urban environments, are commonly named as fence skinks, or by characteristics such as their lack of eyelids, snake-eyed skinks,[6] or as shining-skinks for their glossy skins.

Description

Member species of the genus Cryptoblepharus are small-bodied, lack eyelids, are pentadactyl, and have shiny scales. They are able to move rapidly and with great agility, snatching insects from the air and climbing vertical surfaces with ease. They are often observed basking in the sun and disappearing into a hole or crevice in response to a perceived threat. Females may share a site to deposit their eggs, the species returning annually to lay a small clutch.[6]

There are a large number of species, with a distribution range across many continents; they are the most widespread genus of the scincid family.[7] Species are found at the east coast of Africa and on Madagascar in a western Indian Ocean range that is isolated from the species found in a region that includes Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea and the Pacific area. Outlying from the Pacific region are species found at three areas on the west coast of South America. The species are often associated with vertical, often rocky microhabitats and other niches, foraging and residing on surfaces that lack available water. Cliffs and rocks are typical abodes, sandstone near shorelines in a common habitat for some species, as well as trees in forest environments, and they are known to occur at ground level to forage or commute to another location or in environments that lack this habitat. The species may be locally common to abundant, in numbers up to twenty or thirty at a cliff, rock pile or other favoured site.[7]

All species are oviparous, each female laying several eggs, and sexes are strongly dimorphic, the female distinguished by larger overall size with proportionally shorter head and legs. Detailed aspects of the reproduction activity are poorly known, especially the secretive manner in which the female places the eggs. Several sites of Cryptoblepharus species have been located, the include within the inner chambers of ant plants in New Guinea, ant inhabited species of Rubiaceae which also contained the broods of several females. The ability to occupy vertical environs is favoured by the fences and brick walls of urbanisation, where clusters of eggs have also occasionally been discovered within the cavities, and glimpses of them basking in the sun are frequently made before they rapidly flee any disturbance. When seen on a tree, the arboreal species will continually circle to the opposite side to evade a possible threat.[7]

Feeding is probably opportunistic, any arthropod that is small enough to consume, which is known to include spiders, ants and termites. Trails of winged ants have been observed as feeding opportunities, and some species are recorded seizing dead insects being carried by a line of worker ants. Juvenile fish are also known to be eaten. These skinks are a source of food to a number of predators, but which species are able to capture them is also poorly surveyed. An individual has been observed as prey to a centipede, albeit when both were trapped (C. cygnatus), and they are a known prey item of other lizards, such as the pygopod Lialis burtonis.[7]

Cryptoblepharus metallicus,
metallic snake-eyed skink

A revision of Australasian species, published in two papers in 2007, compared morphological and molecular phylogenies and concluded that there was unrecognised diversity within the genus.[8] The author, Paul Horner of the Northern Territory Museum, published revised systematics that sampled widely distributed populations in the Australian region, with small samples of taxa from other regions, to identify twenty five taxa in Australia, another thirteen in the southwest of the Indian oceanic area, and a further twenty four in the Indo-Pacific, listing 62 taxonomic descriptions of the genus in total.[7]

Species

A list of recognised species includes the following 53 species.[9]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Cryptoblepharus.

References

  1. ^ "Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ^ Stejneger L (1899). "The Land Reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 21 (1174): 783–813. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.21-1174.783.
  3. ^ a b "Genus Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834". Australian Faunal Directory. Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  4. ^ Cocteau JT (1836). Études sur les Scincoïdes. Paris: Imprimerie de Terzuolo. p. 8. (in French).
  5. ^ Austin, J.J.; Arnold, E.N. (2006). "Using ancient and recent DNA to explore relationships of extinct and endangered Leiolopisma skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) in the Mascarene islands". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011. PMID 16473026.
  6. ^ a b Bush B; Maryan B; Browne-Cooper R; Robinson D (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia. Perth: University of Western Australia Press. p. 173. ISBN 9781920694746.
  7. ^ a b c d e Horner P, Adams M (2007). "A molecular systematic assessment of species boundaries in Australian Cryptoblepharus (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) – a case study for the combined use of allozymes and morphology to explore cryptic biodiversity". The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory. Supplement 3: 1–19.
  8. ^ Horner P (2007). "Systematics of the snake-eyed skinks, Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) – an Australian-based review". The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory. Supplement 3: 21–198.
  9. ^ Cryptoblepharus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary

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Cryptoblepharus is a genus of skinks, lizards in the family Scincidae. The genus contains at least 53 species.

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Cryptoblepharus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Cryptoblepharus es un género que agrupa 53 especies de lagartos escamosos comúnmente llamados lagartijas ojos de serpiente o lagartijas brillantes, perteneciente a la familia Scincidae. Su nombre vulgar hace referencia al hecho de que sus párpados se han fusionado como una cápsula transparente, como las serpientes, y por lo tanto no se pueden abrir y cerrar. Ocupa una posición algo basal en el «grupo Eugongylus».[1]

Alimentación

Su dieta incluye insectos y arácnidos.

Distribución

Este género se encuentra distribuido en Australia, Indonesia, en costas del este de África y en islas africanas del océano Índico, y en islas del océano Pacífico hasta Fiyi, la isla de Pascua, y las islas Ogasawara.

Especie y localidad tipo

Ablepharus poecilopleurus es la especie tipo del género Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834. La localidad tipo de Ablepharus poecilopleurus Wiegmann, 1836 es «Isla Pisacoma, Perú»; sin embargo, aún se debe confirmar su existencia en islas de América del Sur.[2]

Lista de especies

Este género está integrado por 53 especies:[3]

Especies que fueron pasadas a sinonimia

Referencias

  1. Wiegmann, 1835: Amphibien. in Meyen Beiträge zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um de Erde. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academia Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolina (Halle), vol. 17, pp. 185-268
  2. Greer, A.E. 1974. The generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Austr. J. Zool. (Suppl.) 31: 1-67.
  3. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Cryptoblepharus». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 2 de febrero de 2015.

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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Cryptoblepharus es un género que agrupa 53 especies de lagartos escamosos comúnmente llamados lagartijas ojos de serpiente o lagartijas brillantes, perteneciente a la familia Scincidae. Su nombre vulgar hace referencia al hecho de que sus párpados se han fusionado como una cápsula transparente, como las serpientes, y por lo tanto no se pueden abrir y cerrar. Ocupa una posición algo basal en el «grupo Eugongylus».​

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Cryptoblepharus ( Basque )

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Cryptoblepharus Scincidae familian sailkatutako narrasti genero bat da. Oso hedapen zabala dute, Australia, Indonesia, Afrikako Indiar Ozeanoan dauden uharteen kostaldetan, Fijin eta Ogasawarako uhartedian aurki daitezke.

Espezieak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Cryptoblepharus Scincidae familian sailkatutako narrasti genero bat da. Oso hedapen zabala dute, Australia, Indonesia, Afrikako Indiar Ozeanoan dauden uharteen kostaldetan, Fijin eta Ogasawarako uhartedian aurki daitezke.

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Cryptoblepharus ( French )

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Cryptoblepharus est un genre de sauriens de la famille des Scincidae[1].

Répartition

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Australie, en Indonésie, sur la cote et les îles africaines de l'océan Indien et dans les îles de l'océan Pacifique jusqu'aux Fidji et dans l'archipel d'Ogasawara[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (8 aout 2012)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Wiegmann, 1835 "1834" : Beiträge zur Zoologie gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Siebente Abhandlung. Amphibien. Nova Acta Physico-Medica, Academiae Caesarae Leopoldino-Carolinae, Halle, vol. 17, p. 185-268 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Cryptoblepharus est un genre de sauriens de la famille des Scincidae.

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Cryptoblepharus ( Italian )

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Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834 è un genere di sauri della famiglia Scincidae.[1]

Distribuzione e habitat

Le specie di questo genere sono diffuse nelle aree costiere e nelle isole del versante africano dell'oceano Indiano, in Indonesia, in Australia e nelle isole dell'oceano Pacifico sino alle Figi e all'arcipelago di Ogasawara.[1]

Tassonomia

Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c Cryptoblepharus, in The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 18 novembre 2015.

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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834 è un genere di sauri della famiglia Scincidae.

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Cryptoblepharus ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Cryptoblepharusrodzaj jaszczurki z podrodziny Eugongylinae w rodzinie scynkowatych (Scincidae).

Zasięg występowania

Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Azji, Afryce, Ameryce Południowej i Australii[3].

Systematyka

Etymologia

Cryptoblepharus: gr. κρυπτος kruptos „ukryty”[4]; βλεφαρων blepharōn „powieka”[5].

Podział systematyczny

Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[3]:

Przypisy

Bibliografia

  1. E.C. Jaeger: Source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1944, s. 1–256. (ang.)
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Cryptoblepharus: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Cryptoblepharus – rodzaj jaszczurki z podrodziny Eugongylinae w rodzinie scynkowatych (Scincidae).

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Cryptoblepharus ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Cryptoblepharus[1] este un gen de șopârle din familia Scincidae.[1]


Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Cryptoblepharus

Cryptoblepharus aldabrae



Cryptoblepharus balinensis



Cryptoblepharus bitaeniatus



Cryptoblepharus boutonii



Cryptoblepharus burdeni



Cryptoblepharus carnabyi



Cryptoblepharus caudatus



Cryptoblepharus cursor



Cryptoblepharus egeriae



Cryptoblepharus eximius



Cryptoblepharus fuhni



Cryptoblepharus gloriosus



Cryptoblepharus keiensis



Cryptoblepharus leschenault



Cryptoblepharus litoralis



Cryptoblepharus megastictus



Cryptoblepharus novaeguineae



Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


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