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Alethinophidia

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Common names: advanced snakes.

The Alethinophidia are an infraorder of snakes that includes all snakes other than blind snakes and thread snakes. Snakes have long been grouped into families within Alethinophidia based on their morphology, especially that of their teeth. More modern phylogenetic hypotheses using genetic data[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] support the recognition of 19 extant families (see below), although the taxonomy of alethinophidian snakes has long been debated, and ultimately the decision whether to assign a particular clade to a particular Linnaean rank (such as a superfamily, family, or subfamily) is arbitrary.

Etymology

The infraorder name Alethinophidia derives from the two Ancient Greek words ἀληθινός (alēthinós), meaning "truthful, genuine", and ὄφις (óphis), meaning "snake".[12][13]

Fossil record

Fossils of alethinophidians were found in Cenomanian (Middle Cretaceous) sites of Wadi Milk Formation in Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan.[1] Coniophis presents the vertebral morphology similar to modern-day Aniliidae. Two extinct families from the same location, the Anomalophiidae and Russellophiidae, also belong to the Alethinophidia. Krebsophis is the earliest russellophiid. The family Nigerophiidae includes both aquatic[1] Nubianophis from Wadi Abu Hashim and Nigerophis from the Palaeocene of Niger. The genus Eoanilius (belongs to Aniliidae) appeared in the Eocene. It is also existed in Oligocene and early Miocene.[1]

Systematics

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d J.-C. Rage and C. Werner. 1999."Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: The earliest snake assemblage". 35, 85-110
  2. ^ "Alethinophidia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  3. ^ Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  4. ^ Reynolds, RG; Niemiller, ML; Revell, LJ (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. PMID 24315866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  5. ^ Streicher, J. W.; Ruane, S. (2018). "Phylogenomics of Snakes". eLS: 1–8. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027476. ISBN 9780470015902.
  6. ^ Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  7. ^ Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  8. ^ Scanlon, J. D.; Lee, M. S. Y. (2011). Aldridge, R. D.; Sever, D. M. (eds.). The Major Clades of Living Snakes: Morphological Evolution, Molecular Phylogeny, and Divergence Dates in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. pp. 55–95.
  9. ^ Vidal, N.; Delmas, A. S.; Hedges, S. B. (2007). Henderson, R. W.; Powell, R. (eds.). The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Eagle Mountain, Utah, USA: Eagle Mountain Publishing. pp. 27–33.
  10. ^ Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P. (2014). Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles (4th ed.). Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 108–109.
  11. ^ Uetz, Peter. "Serpentes at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. EMBL. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  12. ^ Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
  13. ^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  14. ^ "Search results | The Reptile Database". reptile-database.reptarium.cz. Retrieved 2022-07-21.

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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary

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Common names: advanced snakes.

The Alethinophidia are an infraorder of snakes that includes all snakes other than blind snakes and thread snakes. Snakes have long been grouped into families within Alethinophidia based on their morphology, especially that of their teeth. More modern phylogenetic hypotheses using genetic data support the recognition of 19 extant families (see below), although the taxonomy of alethinophidian snakes has long been debated, and ultimately the decision whether to assign a particular clade to a particular Linnaean rank (such as a superfamily, family, or subfamily) is arbitrary.

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Alethinophidia ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los aletinofidios (Alethinophidia) son un infraorden de saurópsidos (reptiles) escamosos del orden de las serpientes.

Taxonomía

El infraorden Alethinophidia se subdivide en las siguientes familias:[1][2][3][4]

Referencias

  1. TSN (634390) Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica
  2. Lee, Hugall, Lawson & Scanlon, 2007 : Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity, vol.5, n. 4, p.371–389.
  3. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 : Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo), vol.49, n. 11.
  4. Pyron, Burbrink, Colli, Montes de Oca, Vitt, Kuczynski & Wiens, 2011 The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.58, n. 2, p.329-342.

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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los aletinofidios (Alethinophidia) son un infraorden de saurópsidos (reptiles) escamosos del orden de las serpientes.

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Alethinophidia ( Estonian )

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Alethinophidia on maoliste alamseltsi kuuluv infraselts, mõne autori järgi ka ülemsugukond.[1]

 src=
Eefa (Echis carinatus)

Klassifikatsioon

Infraseltsi Alethinophidia klassifitseeritakse järgmised maosugukonnad:

Infraseltsi liigitatakse Paleobiology Database veebipõhises portaalis Fossilworks sugukond: Nigerophiidae Rage 1975[2].

Fülogeneetiline liigitus

Infraseltsi Alethinophidia fülogeneetelise liigituse on pakkunud välja Zaher et al., (2009)[3]:

Viited

  1. Mark O'Shea, Boas and Pythons of the World, lk 25, 2007, ISBN 978 1 84537 544 7 Google'i raamatu veebiversioon (vaadatud 18.09.2013) (inglise keeles)
  2. Sissekanne Fossilworks- is, veebiversioon (vaadatud 08.06.2014) (inglise keeles)
  3. Hussam Zaher, Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin, John E. Cadle, Robert W. Murphy, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite,Sandro L. Bonatto, Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 49. köide, nr 11, 2009 (vaadatud 17.09.2013). (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Alethinophidia seisuga 08.06.2014.

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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Alethinophidia on maoliste alamseltsi kuuluv infraselts, mõne autori järgi ka ülemsugukond.

 src= Demansia psammophis  src= Ninia atrata  src= Eefa (Echis carinatus)  src= Naja oxiana
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Alethinophidia ( Finnish )

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Alethinophidia on käärmeiden osalahko, joka sisältää kaikki käärmeet, jotka eivät kuulu Scolecophidia-osalahkoon.

Luokittelu

Alethinophidia jaetaan seuraaviin heimoihin:[1][2][3][4]

Lähteet

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS): Alethinophidia (TSN 634390) itis.gov. Viitattu 6.9.2017. (englanniksi)
  2. Lee, Hugall, Lawson & Scanlon, 2007 : Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity, vol.5, n. 4, p.371–389.
  3. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 : Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo), vol.49, n. 11.
  4. Pyron, Burbrink, Colli, Montes de Oca, Vitt, Kuczynski & Wiens, 2011 The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.58, n. 2, p.329-342.
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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Alethinophidia on käärmeiden osalahko, joka sisältää kaikki käärmeet, jotka eivät kuulu Scolecophidia-osalahkoon.

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Alethinophidia ( French )

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Les Alethinophidia sont un infra-ordre de serpents.

Classification

Ils regroupe toutes les familles de serpents autres que les serpents aveugles qui forment l'infra-ordre des scolécophidiens.

Liste des familles actuelles

Selon The Reptile Database (février 2017):

Phylogénie

Phylogénie des familles actuelles de serpents, d'après Wiens et al., 2012[1] et Zeng et Wiens, 2016[2] :

Serpentes Scolecophidia

Leptotyphlopidae




Gerrhopilidae




Typhlopidae



Xenotyphlopidae







Anomalepididae


Alethinophidia Amerophidia

Aniliidae



Tropidophiidae



Afrophidia Booidea

Uropeltidae




Anomochilidae



Cylindrophiidae







Xenopeltidae




Loxocemidae



Pythonidae






Boidae




Bolyeriidae



Xenophidiidae






Caenophidia

Acrochordidae




Xenodermatidae


Colubroidea

Pareatidae




Viperidae


Proteroglypha

Homalopsidae




Colubridae




Elapidae



Lamprophiidae













Publication originale

  • Nopcsa, 1923 : Die Familien der Reptilien. Fortschritte der Geologie und Paläontologie, vol. 2, p. 1-210.

Notes et références

  1. (en) J. J. Wiens, C. R. Hutter, D. G. Mulcahy, B. P. Noonan, T. M. Townsend, J. W. Sites et T. W. Reeder, « Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species », Biology Letters, vol. 8, no 6,‎ 2012, p. 1043–1046 (PMID , PMCID , DOI )
  2. (en) Yuchi Zheng et John J. Wiens, « Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species », Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 94,‎ 2016, p. 537–547 (DOI , lire en ligne)Arbre en ligne sur le site RDB

Bibliographie

  • Lee, Hugall, Lawson & Scanlon, 2007 : Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity, vol. 5, n. 4, p. 371–389 (texte intégral).
  • Pyron, Burbrink, Colli, Montes de Oca, Vitt, Kuczynski & Wiens, 2011 The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 58, n. 2, p. 329-342 (texte intégral).
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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Alethinophidia sont un infra-ordre de serpents.

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Alethinophidia ( Latin )

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Alethinophidia ( Latin )

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Alethinophidia ( Malay )

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Alethinophidia merupakan infraorder ular yang merangkumi kesemua ular selain ular buta dan ular benang. Kini, 15 famili telah dikenal pasti, termasuk 9 subfamili dan 316 genus.[1]

Rujukan

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Alethinophidia.
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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Alethinophidia merupakan infraorder ular yang merangkumi kesemua ular selain ular buta dan ular benang. Kini, 15 famili telah dikenal pasti, termasuk 9 subfamili dan 316 genus.

Famili: Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 -- ular berkutil Famili: Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907 -- ular karang palsu Famili: Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993 -- ular paip kerdil Famili: Atractaspididae Günther, 1858 -- ular asp mengorek Afrika, ular tumit tinggi Famili: Boidae Gray, 1825 -- boa Subfamili: Boinae Gray, 1825 -- boa Subfamili: Erycinae Bonaparte, 1831 -- boa pasir Dunia Lama Famili: Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 -- ular Mauritius Famili: Colubridae Oppel, 1811 -- colubrid, ular biasa Subfamili: Homalopsinae Günther, 1864 Subfamili: Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838 Subfamili: Xenodontinae Cope, 1895 Famili: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 -- Asian pipe snakes Famili: Elapidae F. Boie, 1827 -- kobra, ular karang, mamba, ular laut Famili: Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 -- ular sawa Mexico Famili: Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 -- ular sawa Famili: Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 -- boa kerdil Famili: Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 -- ular paip, ular berekor perisai Famili: Viperidae Oppel, 1811 -- ular kapak Subfamili: Azemiopinae Liem, Marx and Rabb, 1971 -- ular kapak Fae Subfamili: Causinae Cope, 1859 -- adder malam Subfamili: Crotalinae Oppel, 1811 -- ular orok-orok Subfamili: Viperinae Oppel, 1811 -- ular kapak tanpa lubang Famili: Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 -- ular sinar matahari Famili: †Nigerophiidae
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Alethinophidia ( Norwegian )

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Alethinophidia er en delgruppe av slanger som omfatter alle nålevende slanger, unntatt ormeslangene. De fleste artene jakter på forholdvis store byttedyr, som regel virveldyr. Etter at de har slukt et bytte, kan de gå i lang tid uten mat.

Bygning og levevis

Primitive slanger har en ekstra knokkel, coronoidbeinet, i underkjeven, og de har som regel to fungerende lunger. Bukskjellene er ikke så brede som hos de avanserte slangene. Noen primitive slanger har rester av bekkenbeltet i form av to sporer som stikker ut på hver side av analåpningen. Ingen primitive slanger har giftig bitt. Ifølge Lee et al. er primitive slanger er en parafyletisk gruppe, noe en ikke ønsker i moderne fylogenetisk systematikk.[1]

Utbredelse

Slangene utviklet seg sannsynligvis i de vestlige delene av superkontinentet Gondwana. Da Sør-Amerika og Afrika skilte lag i midten av kritt, ble Alethinophidia delt i to grupper. Den søramerikanske gruppen Amerophidia omfatter falsk korallslange og dvergboaer, mens den opprinnelig afrikanske gruppen Afrophidia omfatter alle andre arter. Afrophidia har i ettertid spredd seg over hele verden, og er i dag den dominerende gruppen også i Sør-Amerika.

Indeling

Flere genetiske studier viser at Alethinophidia er en naturlig gruppe. Vidal & Hedges hevder i en artikkel fra 2009 at evnen til å gape høyt (makrostomi) er en opprinnelig egenskap hos Alethinophidia. Falsk korallslange og de asiatiske artene i gruppen Uropeltoidea har sekundært mistet denne egenskapen, i forbindelse med overgang til et gravende liv.[2]

Det har vært vanlig å dele slangene i tre infraordener: ormeslanger, primitive slanger og avanserte slanger. I gruppen primitive slanger (Henophidia) har en samlet arter som har beholdt opprinnelige bygningstrekk, som er forsvunnet hos de avanserte slangene. De mest kjente primitive slangene er kvelerslangene, altså boa- og pytonslangene, men gruppen omfatter også noen mindre kjente, gravende arter.

Fylogeni

Følgende kladogram viser slektskapsforholdene innenfor Alethinophidia ifølge Vidal & Hedges. Den lite kjente sørøstasiatiske slekten Xenophidion er ikke tatt med i denne studien. Afrophidia utenom de avanserte slangene danner en naturlig gruppe som eventuelt kan kalles Henophidia.[3]

Alethinophidia Afrophidia

avanserte slanger


Henophidia




pytonslanger



spisshodepyton




mudderslanger




boaslanger (inkl. Ungaliophiinae)




Uropeltoidea (skjoldhaler, valseslanger, dvergvalseslanger)




bolyeriaslanger




Amerophidia

dvergboaer



falsk korallslange





Referanser

  1. ^ M.S.Y. Lee m.fl. (2007). «Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood Bayesian and parsimony analyses». Systematics and Biodiversity. 5 (4): 371–389. ISSN 1477-2000. doi:10.1017/S1477200007002290.
  2. ^ N. Vidal og S.B. Hedges (2009). «The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians». C. R. Biologies. 332 (2–3): 129–139. ISSN 1631-0691. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010.
  3. ^ N. Vidal m.fl. (2009). «Snakes (Serpentes)». I S.B. Hedges og S. Kumar. The Timetree of Life (PDF). Oxford University Press. s. 390–397. ISBN 978-0-19-953503-3.

Eksterne lenker

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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Alethinophidia er en delgruppe av slanger som omfatter alle nålevende slanger, unntatt ormeslangene. De fleste artene jakter på forholdvis store byttedyr, som regel virveldyr. Etter at de har slukt et bytte, kan de gå i lang tid uten mat.

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Alethinophidia ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Alethinophidiainfrarząd węży zawierający wszystkie węże niezaliczane do infrarzędu Scolecophidia. Opisano 25 rodzin, zawierających łącznie 23 podrodziny i 336 rodzajów[1] [2].

Oraz wymarłe:

Przypisy

  1. a b Alethinophidia, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. [hhttp://www.reptile-database.org/db-info/taxa.html#Ser Alethinophidia] (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 22 marca 2018].

Linki zewnętrzne

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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Alethinophidia – infrarząd węży zawierający wszystkie węże niezaliczane do infrarzędu Scolecophidia. Opisano 25 rodzin, zawierających łącznie 23 podrodziny i 336 rodzajów .

Rodzina: Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 — brodawkowcowate Rodzina: Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach i Rossman, 1993 Rodzina: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 - cylindrowężowate Rodzina: Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 — tarczogonowate Rodzina: Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 - pytoniakowate Rodzina: Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 — pytony Rodzina: Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 — tęczowcowate Rodzina: Boidae Gray, 1825 — dusicielowate Rodzina: Erycidae Bonaparte, 1831 Rodzina: Calabariidae Gray, 1858 Rodzina: Candoiidae Pyron, Reynolds and Burbrink, 2014 Rodzina: Sanziniidae Romer, 1956 Rodzina: Charinidae Gray, 1849 Podrodzina: Charininae Gray, 1849 Podrodzina: Ungaliophiinae McDowell, 1987 Rodzina: Colubridae Oppel, 1811 — połozowate Podrodzina: Ahaetuliinae Podrodzina: Calamariinae Podrodzina: Colubrinae Oppel, 1811 - połozy właściwe Podrodzina: Dipsadinae Bonaparte, 1838 Podrodzina: Grayiinae Meirte, 1992 Podrodzina: Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838 - zaskrońcowate Podrodzina: Pseudoxenodontinae McDowell, 1987 Podrodzina: Sibynophiinae Dunn, 1928 Rodzina: Lamprophiidae Podrodzina: Aparallactinae Podrodzina: Atractaspidinae Podrodzina: Cyclocorinae Podrodzina: Lamprophiinae Podrodzina: Psammophiinae Podrodzina: Prosymninae Podrodzina: Pseudaspidinae Podrodzina: Pseudoxyrhophiinae Rodzina: Elapidae F. Boie, 1827 — zdradnicowate Podrodzina: Elapinae Podrodzina: Hydrophiinae Podrodzina: Laticaudinae Rodzina: Homalopsidae Bonaparte, 1845 Rodzina: Pareidae Rodzina: Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 Rodzina: Viperidae Oppel, 1811 — żmijowate Podrodzina: Azemiopinae Liem, Marx i Rabb, 1971 Podrodzina: Crotalinae Oppel, 1811 — grzechotniki Podrodzina: Viperinae Oppel, 1811 — żmije właściwe Rodzina: Xenodermidae Rodzina: Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907 — cylindrowcowate Rodzina: Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 Rodzina: Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 Rodzina: Xenophidiidae

Oraz wymarłe:

Rodzina: †Madtsoiidae Hoffstetter, 1961 Rodzina: †Nigerophiidae
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Alethinophidia ( Portuguese )

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Alethinophidia é uma infraordem do clado Serpentes.

Inclui dezoito famílias:[1][2][3]

Referências

  1. N. Vidal and S. B. Hedges. 2002. Higher-level relationships of snakes inferred from four nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Comptes Rendus Biologies 325(9):977-985
  2. Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009 : Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo), vol. 49, n. 11 , p.
  3. Pyron, Burbrink, Colli, Montes de Oca, Vitt, Kuczynski & Wiens, 2011 The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 58, n. 2, p. 329-342
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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Alethinophidia é uma infraordem do clado Serpentes.

Inclui dezoito famílias:

Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907 Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach & Rossman, 1993 Boidae Gray, 1825 Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 Colubridae Oppel, 1811 Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 Elapidae Boie, 1827 Homalopsidae Bonaparte, 1845 Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 Pareatidae Romer, 1956 Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 Viperidae Oppel, 1811 Xenodermatidae Gray, 1849 Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845
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Alethinophidia ( Turkish )

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Alethinophidia kör yılanlar ve ipliksi yılanlar dışındaki bütün yılanları kapsayan infra takımdır. 9 alt familya ve 316 cinsin dahil olduğu 15 familyası mevcuttur.[1]

  • Familya: Acrochordidae - Bonaparte, 1831 --
  • Familya: Aniliidae - Stejneger, 1907—Yalancı mercan yılanları
  • Familya: Anomochilidae - Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993 --
  • Familya: Atractaspididae - Günther, 1858 --
  • Familya: Boidae - Gray, 1825—Boalar
    • Alt familya: Boinae - Gray, 1825—Boalar
    • Alt familya: Erycinae - Bonaparte, 1831—Eski Dünya kum boaları
  • Familya: Bolyeriidae - Hoffstetter, 1946—Mauritius yılanları
  • Familya: Colubridae - Oppel, 1811—Kırbaç yılanları
  • Familya: Cylindrophiidae - Fitzinger, 1843 --
  • Familya: Elapidae - F. Boie, 1827—Kobralar, mercan yılanları, mambalar, deniz yılanları
  • Familya: Loxocemidae - Cope, 1861—Meksika pitonları
  • Familya: Pythonidae - Fitzinger, 1826—Pitonlar
  • Familya: Tropidophiidae - Brongersma, 1951—Cüce boalar
  • Familya: Uropeltidae - Müller, 1832 --
  • Familya: Viperidae - Oppel, 1811—Engerekler, çukur engerekler
    • Alt familya: Azemiopinae - Liem, Marx and Rabb, 1971—Fae engereği
    • Alt familya: Causinae - Cope, 1859—Gece engerekleri
    • Alt familya: Crotalinae - Oppel, 1811—Çukur engerekler, çıngıraklı yılanlar
    • Alt familya: Viperinae - Oppel, 1811—Çukursuz engerekler, asıl engerekler
  • Familya: Xenopeltidae - Bonaparte, 1845 --

Dış bağlantılar

 src= Wikimedia Commons'ta Alethinophidia ile ilgili medyaları bulabilirsiniz.

Notlar

  1. ^ Alethinophidia. ITIS - Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (Erişim: 14 Ağustos 2007)
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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Alethinophidia kör yılanlar ve ipliksi yılanlar dışındaki bütün yılanları kapsayan infra takımdır. 9 alt familya ve 316 cinsin dahil olduğu 15 familyası mevcuttur.

Familya: Acrochordidae - Bonaparte, 1831 -- Familya: Aniliidae - Stejneger, 1907—Yalancı mercan yılanları Familya: Anomochilidae - Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993 -- Familya: Atractaspididae - Günther, 1858 -- Familya: Boidae - Gray, 1825—Boalar Alt familya: Boinae - Gray, 1825—Boalar Alt familya: Erycinae - Bonaparte, 1831—Eski Dünya kum boaları Familya: Bolyeriidae - Hoffstetter, 1946—Mauritius yılanları Familya: Colubridae - Oppel, 1811—Kırbaç yılanları Alt familya: Homalopsinae - Günther, 1864 Alt familya: Natricinae - Bonaparte, 1838 Alt familya: Xenodontinae - Cope, 1895 Familya: Cylindrophiidae - Fitzinger, 1843 -- Familya: Elapidae - F. Boie, 1827—Kobralar, mercan yılanları, mambalar, deniz yılanları Familya: Loxocemidae - Cope, 1861—Meksika pitonları Familya: Pythonidae - Fitzinger, 1826—Pitonlar Familya: Tropidophiidae - Brongersma, 1951—Cüce boalar Familya: Uropeltidae - Müller, 1832 -- Familya: Viperidae - Oppel, 1811—Engerekler, çukur engerekler Alt familya: Azemiopinae - Liem, Marx and Rabb, 1971—Fae engereği Alt familya: Causinae - Cope, 1859—Gece engerekleri Alt familya: Crotalinae - Oppel, 1811—Çukur engerekler, çıngıraklı yılanlar Alt familya: Viperinae - Oppel, 1811—Çukursuz engerekler, asıl engerekler Familya: Xenopeltidae - Bonaparte, 1845 --
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Alethinophidia ( Vietnamese )

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Alethinophidia là một cận bộ rắn bao gồm tất cả các loài rắn trừ nhóm rắn chỉ và rắn mù. Hiện tại cận bộ này có 15 họ được công nhận, 9 phân họ và 316 chi.[1]

Phát sinh chủng loài

Cây phát sinh chủng loài vẽ theo Figueroa et. al. (2016)[2]

Alethinophidia



Aniliidae



Tropidophiidae








Calabariidae



Candoiidae



Boidae s.l


Sanziniidae (Sanziniinae)



Charinidae


Charininae



Ungaliophiinae





Erycidae



Boidae s.s










Cylindrophiidae



Anomochilidae




Uropeltidae





Xenophidiidae




Loxocemidae



Pythonidae









Bolyeridae



Xenophidiidae



Caenophidia


Acrochordidae


Colubroidea


Xenodermatidae





Pareidae (Pareatidae)


Viperidae


Viperinae




Azemiopinae



Crotalinae








Homalopsidae



Lamprophiidae + Elapidae



Colubridae




Sibynophiinae



Natricinae





Pseudoxenodontinae



Dipsadinae







Grayinae



Calamariinae





Ahaetuliinae



Colubrinae












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Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Alethinophidia
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Alethinophidia: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Alethinophidia là một cận bộ rắn bao gồm tất cả các loài rắn trừ nhóm rắn chỉ và rắn mù. Hiện tại cận bộ này có 15 họ được công nhận, 9 phân họ và 316 chi.

Họ: Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831 Họ: Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907 Họ: Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach và Rossman, 1993 Họ: Atractaspididae Günther, 1858 Họ: Boidae Gray, 1825 Phân họ: Boinae Gray, 1825 Phân họ: Erycinae Bonaparte, 1831 Họ: Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 Họ: Colubridae Oppel, 1811 Phân họ: Homalopsinae Günther, 1864 Phân họ: Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838 Phân họ: Xenodontinae Cope, 1895 Họ: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 Họ: Elapidae F. Boie, 1827 Họ: Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 Họ: Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 Họ: Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 Họ: Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 Họ: Viperidae Oppel, 1811 Phân họ: Azemiopinae Liem, Marx and Rabb, 1971 Phân họ: Causinae Cope, 1859 Phân họ: Crotalinae Oppel, 1811 Phân họ: Viperinae Oppel, 1811 Họ: Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 Họ: †Nigerophiidae
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真蛇下目 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

真蛇下目(学名:Alethinophidia)是爬蟲綱蛇亞目下的一個下目,包括新蛇總科原蛇總科,除了盲蛇科外所有蛇類都屬於真蛇下目。目前,真蛇下目有15個科,其下有9個亞科及316屬。[1]

分類

真蛇下目:共15個科
種類 學名/命名者/命名年 例種 圖片 瘰鱗蛇科 Acrochordidae
Bonaparte,1831[2] 瘰鱗蛇 筒蛇科 Aniliidae
Stejneger,1907[3] 紅尾筒蛇 倭管蛇科 Anomochilidae
Cundall、Wallach及Rossman,1993[4] 李奧拿氏倭管蛇 穴蝰科 Atractaspididae
Günther,1858[5] 穴蝰 蚺科 Boidae
Gray,1825[2] 森蚺 Eunectes murinus.jpg 島蚺科 Bolyeriidae
Hoffstetter,1946 島蚺 游蛇科 Colubridae
Oppel,1811[2] 食卵蛇瘦蛇 Eierschlange frisst Zwergwachtelei.jpg 管蛇科 Cylindrophiidae
Fitzinger,1843 紅尾管蛇 眼鏡蛇科 Elapidae
Boie,1827[2] 眼鏡王蛇印度眼鏡蛇虎蛇死亡蛇 KINGCOBRA.jpg 美洲閃鱗蛇科 Loxocemidae
Cope,1861 美洲閃鱗蛇 Loxocemus bicolor.jpg 蟒蛇科 Pythonidae
Fitzinger,1826 盾蟒網紋蟒窩瑪蟒 Blackheaded python.jpg 林蚺科 Tropidophiidae
Brongersma,1951 古巴林蚺 盾尾蛇科 Uropeltidae
Müller,1832 紅腹銼尾蛇 Rhinophis microlepis.jpg 蝰蛇科 Viperidae
Oppel,1811[2] 角蝰 Cerastes-cerastes head.jpg 閃鱗蛇科 Xenopeltidae
Bonaparte,1845 海南閃鱗蛇 XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg

備註

  1. ^ 真蛇下目. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2007 [14 August, 2007] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 康加(1991年),頁23。
  3. ^ Aniliidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2007 [12 December, 2007] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  4. ^ Anomochilidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2007 [13 December, 2007] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  5. ^ Atractaspididae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2007 [13 December, 2007] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)

外部連結

真蛇下目
Titanoboa NT.jpg
盲蛇下目
 title=
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维基百科作者和编辑

真蛇下目: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

真蛇下目(学名:Alethinophidia)是爬蟲綱蛇亞目下的一個下目,包括新蛇總科原蛇總科,除了盲蛇科外所有蛇類都屬於真蛇下目。目前,真蛇下目有15個科,其下有9個亞科及316屬。

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참뱀하목 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

참뱀하목(Alethinophidia)은 뱀목 뱀아목에 속하는 파충류 하목의 하나이다. 장님뱀류를 제외한 모든 을 포함하고 있다. 현재, 9개 아과를 포함하여 15과 316속으로 분류하고 있다.[1]

하위 분류

계통 분류

다음은 2013년과 2014년, 피론(Pyron, R.A.), 2016년 정(Zheng, Yuchi)과 존(John J. Wiens) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[2][3][4]

뱀아목    

가는장님뱀과

     

게르호필루스과

     

제노티프롭스과

   

장님뱀과

           

미국실뱀과

       

파이프뱀과

   

난쟁이왕뱀과

       

제노피디온과

         

아시아파이프뱀과

   

가시꼬리뱀과

         

햇살뱀과

     

멕시코비단뱀과

   

비단뱀과

           

제노피디온과

   

왕뱀사촌과

       

칼라바비단뱀과

왕뱀과

마다가스카르나무왕뱀아과

     

운갈리오피스아과

     

태평양왕뱀아과

     

모래왕뱀아과

   

왕뱀아과

                       

줄판비늘뱀과

   

제노데르무스과

       

파레아스과

     

살무사과

       

호말롭시스과

     

람프로피스과

   

코브라과

       

뱀과

                   

각주

  1. “Alethinophidia”. 미국 통합 분류학 정보 시스템(Integrated Taxonomic Information System, ITIS).
  2. Pyron, R.A.; Frank T Burbrink, John J Wiens 2013. “A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes.”. 《BMC Evol Biol 13: 93》.
  3. R. ALEXANDER PYRON, R. GRAHAM REYNOLDS & FRANK T. BURBRINK. “A Taxonomic Revision of Boas (Serpentes: Boidae)” (PDF). 《Zootaxa 3846 (2): 249–260》.
  4. Zheng, Yuchi; John J. Wiens (2016). “Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species” (PDF). 《Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537–547, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009》.
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