dcsimg

Natricinae

provided by wikipedia EN

The Natricinae are a subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Natricidae).[1] The subfamily comprises 36 genera. Members include many very common snake species, such as the European grass snakes, and the North American water snakes and garter snakes. Some Old World members of the subfamily are known as keelbacks, because their dorsal scales exhibit strong keeling.

Natricine snakes are found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. A single species, Tropidonophis mairii, reaches Australia. Although the highest diversity is in North America, the oldest members are in Asia and Africa, suggesting an Old World origin for the group. Most species are semiaquatic and feed on fish and amphibians, although a few are semifossorial or leaf-litter snakes that feed on invertebrates. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few (e.g., Thamnophis sirtalis, Thamnophis elegans) are capable of inflicting bites that can result in local, nonlife-threatening symptoms, and at least two members of the genus Rhabdophis (R. tigrinus and R. subminiatus) are capable of inflicting life-threatening bites to humans, though they have only enlarged, ungrooved fangs in the back of the mouth.[2]

Classification

They are recognised as a sister group of the Dipsadinae plus the Pseudoxenodontinae.[3]

Genera

References

  1. ^ Dowling, Herndon G.; Jenner, Janann V. (1988). Snakes of Burma: Checklist of reported species and bibliography. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service #76. Washington, D.C.: Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 23345387.
  2. ^ Weinstein, Scott A.; Warrell, David A.; White, Julian; Keyler, Daniel E. (2011). Venomous Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes: A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of "Colubrid" Snake Bites. London: Elsevier. 364 pp. ISBN 978-0123877321.
  3. ^ Pyron, R. Alexander; et al. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2013.
  4. ^ "Blythia reticulata | The Reptile Database".
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Natricinae: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Natricinae are a subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Natricidae). The subfamily comprises 36 genera. Members include many very common snake species, such as the European grass snakes, and the North American water snakes and garter snakes. Some Old World members of the subfamily are known as keelbacks, because their dorsal scales exhibit strong keeling.

Natricine snakes are found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. A single species, Tropidonophis mairii, reaches Australia. Although the highest diversity is in North America, the oldest members are in Asia and Africa, suggesting an Old World origin for the group. Most species are semiaquatic and feed on fish and amphibians, although a few are semifossorial or leaf-litter snakes that feed on invertebrates. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few (e.g., Thamnophis sirtalis, Thamnophis elegans) are capable of inflicting bites that can result in local, nonlife-threatening symptoms, and at least two members of the genus Rhabdophis (R. tigrinus and R. subminiatus) are capable of inflicting life-threatening bites to humans, though they have only enlarged, ungrooved fangs in the back of the mouth.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Natricinae ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Los natricinos (Natracinae) son una subfamilia de serpientes de la familia Colubridae, o bien una familia de la superfamilia Colubroidea.[1]​ Sus 225 especies se distribuyen por todo el planeta, excepto los polos.

Géneros

Se reconocen los siguientes:[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Natricidae». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 2 de febrero de 2015.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Natricinae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Los natricinos (Natracinae) son una subfamilia de serpientes de la familia Colubridae, o bien una familia de la superfamilia Colubroidea.​ Sus 225 especies se distribuyen por todo el planeta, excepto los polos.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Natricinae ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Natricinae: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Natricinae on madude alamsugukond.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Natricidae ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Natricidae sugeen barruko narrasti familia bat da.

Generoak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Natricidae: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Natricidae sugeen barruko narrasti familia bat da.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Natricidae ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Natricidae (Dari bahasa latin Natrix="Ular air" atau "Ular dalam rerumputan") atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama ular rumput adalah suku ular yang terdiri dari jenis-jenis ular yang hidup dan berkelana di tempat-tempat basah dan berumput.[1][2][3]

Jenis-jenis

Referensi

  1. ^ Pyron, R. Alexander; et al. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58.2: 329–342. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 3 October 2013.Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (link)
  2. ^ Dowling, Herndon G. and Jenner, Janann V. (1988). Snakes of Burma: Checklist of reported species and bibliography. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service #76. Washington, D.C.: Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 23345387.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Natricidae". The Reptile Database, Zoological Museum Hamburg.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ID

Natricidae: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

provided by wikipedia ID

Natricidae (Dari bahasa latin Natrix="Ular air" atau "Ular dalam rerumputan") atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama ular rumput adalah suku ular yang terdiri dari jenis-jenis ular yang hidup dan berkelana di tempat-tempat basah dan berumput.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ID

Natricidae ( Latin )

provided by wikipedia LA

Natricidae (-arum, m.pl.) sunt familia serpentium praesertim aquatilium, quarum cibus consetus in amphibiis constat. Olim et saepe etiam hodie Natricinae vocantur subfamilia Colubridarum, at vero familia seiuncta sunt.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Et auctores varius id editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LA

Žalčiai ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT
Disambig.svg Šis straipsnis apie pošeimį. Apie gentį skaitykite straipsnyje Žalčiai (gentis).
Užklausa „žaltys“ nukreipia čia. Apie žaltį mitologijoje skaitykite straipsnyje Žaltys (mitologija)

Žalčiai (lot. Natricinae) – žaltinių (Colubridae) pošeimis.

Gentys

Vikiteka

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Žalčiai: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Žalčiai (lot. Natricinae) – žaltinių (Colubridae) pošeimis.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimta ( Latvian )

provided by wikipedia LV

Ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimta (Natricinae) ir viena no zalkšu dzimtas (Colubridae) apakšdzimtām, kas reizēm tiek izdalīta kā atsevišķa dzimta — Natricidae.[1] Šajā apakšdzimtā ir apvienotas apmēram 200 sugas, kas tiek iedalītas 31 ģintī.[1][2] Vistuvākā radniecība ūdenszalkšu grupai ir ar zalkšu apakšdzimtu (Colubrinae).[2] Ūdenszalkšu sugas sastopamas gandrīz visos kontinentos, izņemot Dienvidameriku un Antarktīdu. Tās mājo arī Austrālāzijas salās.[1] Lielākā sugu dažādība sastopama ziemeļu puslodē.[3] Sastopamas galvenokārt saldūdens tilpņu krastos, bet dažas sugas piemērojušās dzīvei viegli sāļos ūdeņos piekrastes seklajās jūrās. Visas šīs sugas dzīvo daļēji uz sauszemes, daļēji ūdenī.[1] Latvijā mājo viena ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimtas suga — parastais zalktis (Natrix natrix).[4]

Kopīgās īpašības

 src=
Ūdens prievīšzalktis (Thamnophis atratus)

Ūdenszalkšu sugām ir raksturīgi spēcīgi, drukni ķermeņi, kurus sedz ķīļveida zvīņas. Galvai raksturīga trīsstūrveida forma.[3] Lielākā daļa ūdenszalkšu sugu nav indīgas čūskas, kā arī tās ļoti reti kož. Toties, ja tās paņem rokās, ļoti bieži ūdenszalkši izdala fekālijas vai smirdīgu šķidrumu no anālā dziedzera.[3] Tomēr dažas sugas cilvēkam ir bīstamas, piemēram, ķīļmugurzalkšu (Rhabdophis) kodiens var būt nāvējošs.[5] Ūdenszalkši medī vai nu ūdenī, vai ūdenstilpnes krastā, dažas sugas atstāj ūdeni tikai, lai pasildītos saulītē.[3] Tie barojas ar dažādiem ūdens dzīvniekiem, piemēram, abiniekiem un zivīm. Dažas sugas specializējušās uz īpašu diētu: gliemjiem, sliekām vai vēžveidīgajiem.[1] Atkarībā no sugas ūdenszalkši vairojas vai nu ar olām, vai dzemdējot dzīvus mazuļus, piemēram, visas Ziemeļamerikas sugas ir oldzīvdzemdētājas un vairojas, dzemdējot mazuļus, bet lielākā daļa Vecās pasaules sugu dēj olas.[1][3]

Sistemātika

 src=
Tīģerzalktis (Rhabdophis tigrinus) ir indīgs un tā kodums var izraisīt cilvēkam nāvi
 src=

Ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimta (Natricinae)[2][6]

Incertae sedis:

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Robert D. Aldridge,David M. Seve, 2011. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 «Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2014. gada 19. augustā. Skatīts: 2014. gada 17. augustā.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Britannica: Water snake
  4. Latvijas daba: Zalkšu dzimta (Colubridae)
  5. Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G., ed. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  6. Naturwindow: Colubridae
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LV

Ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimta: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

provided by wikipedia LV

Ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimta (Natricinae) ir viena no zalkšu dzimtas (Colubridae) apakšdzimtām, kas reizēm tiek izdalīta kā atsevišķa dzimta — Natricidae. Šajā apakšdzimtā ir apvienotas apmēram 200 sugas, kas tiek iedalītas 31 ģintī. Vistuvākā radniecība ūdenszalkšu grupai ir ar zalkšu apakšdzimtu (Colubrinae). Ūdenszalkšu sugas sastopamas gandrīz visos kontinentos, izņemot Dienvidameriku un Antarktīdu. Tās mājo arī Austrālāzijas salās. Lielākā sugu dažādība sastopama ziemeļu puslodē. Sastopamas galvenokārt saldūdens tilpņu krastos, bet dažas sugas piemērojušās dzīvei viegli sāļos ūdeņos piekrastes seklajās jūrās. Visas šīs sugas dzīvo daļēji uz sauszemes, daļēji ūdenī. Latvijā mājo viena ūdenszalkšu apakšdzimtas suga — parastais zalktis (Natrix natrix).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LV

Zaskrońcowate ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Zaskrońcowate (Natricinae) – podrodzina węży z rodziny połozowatych. Żyją na wszystkich kontynentach oprócz Australii i Antarktydy. Osiągają od 50 do 200 cm długości. Uzębienie typu opisthoglypha. Głowa pokryta dużymi tarczkami, łuski zwykle z wyraźnym kilem. W Polsce występuje zaskroniec zwyczajny.

Rozmnażanie

Jajorodność lub jajożyworodność.

Zagrożenie

Większość nie jest jadowita. Nieliczne warunkowo jadowite.

Rodzaje

Do podrodziny zaliczane jest 236 gatunków zgrupowanych w 38 rodzajach[2]:

Wybrane gatunki

Przypisy

  1. Natricinae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Natricinae (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 31 marca 2018].
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Zaskrońcowate: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Zaskrońcowate (Natricinae) – podrodzina węży z rodziny połozowatych. Żyją na wszystkich kontynentach oprócz Australii i Antarktydy. Osiągają od 50 do 200 cm długości. Uzębienie typu opisthoglypha. Głowa pokryta dużymi tarczkami, łuski zwykle z wyraźnym kilem. W Polsce występuje zaskroniec zwyczajny.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Natricinae ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Natricinae là một phân họ trong họ Colubridae, gồm khoảng 28 chi. Phân họ này gồm nhiều loài rắn rất phổ biến, như rắn cỏ.

Phân loại

Trong khi thường được xem như một phân họ của họ Colubridae,[1][2] trong vài hệ thống phân loại, chúng được nâng lên cấp họ với tên Natricidae.[3]

Natricinae là nhóm có quan hệ chị em với Sibynophiinae. Chúng cùng nhau hợp thành một nhánh có quan hệ chị em với nhánh chứa DipsadinaePseudoxenodontinae.[1][4]

Các chi

Phát sinh chủng loài

Phát sinh chủng loài nội bộ phân họ Natricinae theo Figueroa et al. (2016)[4]

Natricinae





Macropisthodon rudis





Amphiesma



Hebius sauteri





Herpetoreas




Trachischium



Hebius









Natriciteres



Afronatrix






Xenochrophis schnurrenbergeri




Atretium schistosum





Xenochrophis asperrimus



Atretium yunnanensis




Xenochropis piscator + X. punctulatus + X. flavipunctatus







Xenochrophis vittatus



Rhabdophis + Macropisthodon rhodomelas









Aspidura




Opisthotropis




Sinonatrix




Natrix





Liodytes





Clonophis



Virginia





Haldea



Storeria









Tropidoclonion



Regina grahamii




Nerodia + Regina septemvittata




Thamnophis + Adelophis foxi









Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Pyron, R. Alexander và đồng nghiệp (2011). “The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees” (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58.2: 329–342. Bản gốc lưu trữ (PDF) ngày 3 tháng 10 năm 2013. Bảo trì CS1: Định rõ "và đồng nghiệp" (link)
  2. ^ “Natricinae”. The Reptile Database, Zoological Museum Hamburg.
  3. ^ Dowling, Herndon G. and Jenner, Janann V. (1988). Snakes of Burma: Checklist of reported species and bibliography. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service #76. Washington, D.C.: Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 23345387.
  4. ^ a ă Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). “A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus”. PLoS ONE 11: e0161070.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan họ Rắn nước này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Natricinae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Natricinae là một phân họ trong họ Colubridae, gồm khoảng 28 chi. Phân họ này gồm nhiều loài rắn rất phổ biến, như rắn cỏ.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

游蛇亞科 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

詳見內文

游蛇亞科學名Natricinae)是蛇亞目游蛇科下的一個亞科,其下目前共有28個

主要種屬

備註


小作品圖示这是一篇與蛇類相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

游蛇亞科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

游蛇亞科(學名:Natricinae)是蛇亞目游蛇科下的一個亞科,其下目前共有28個

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

ユウダ科 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ユウダ科 Natrix natrix (Marek Szczepanek).jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : 有鱗目 Squamata 亜目 : ヘビ亜目 Serpentes 下目 : ナミヘビ下目 Caenophidia : ユウダ科 Natricidae 学名 Natricidae
Bonaparte, 1838[1]
 src=
ガーターヘビ属の一種 Thamnophis elegans

ユウダ科 (游蛇科、Natricidae) はヘビの一つ。かつてはユウダ亜科 (游蛇亜科、Natricinae) としてナミヘビ科に含められていた。主に湿った環境に生息する[2]

毒性[編集]

およそ70%の種がデュベルノワ腺という器官を持つ。これは毒腺とされることもあるが、実際に人命に関わるほどの強毒を分泌するのはヤマカガシ属の数種のみである[3]

ハブモドキ属に毒性があるという報告もある[4]

分類[編集]

およそ30属に220種が含まれる[5]。和名は『ヘビ大図鑑』による[6]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Hussam Zaher, Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin, John E. Cadle, Robert W. Murphy, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite, Sandro L. Bonatto (2009). “Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa”. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 49 (11). doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001.
  2. ^ Family Natricidae”. ^ Kardong, Kenneth V (2002), “Colubrid snakes and Duvernoy's “venom” glands”, Toxin Reviews 21 (1-2): 1-19, http://www.philodryas.com/publications/venim/ColubridSnakesAndDuvernoyVenomGland.pdf
  3. ^ Subaraj, R (2008). “A personal account of envenomation by a blue-necked keelback, Macropisthodon rhodomelas (Boie)(Reptilia: Squamata: Natricidae)”. Nature Singapore 1: 109-111. http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/nus/images/data/nature_in_singapore/online_jurnal/2008/2008nis109-111.pdf.
  4. ^ Natricidae in Reptiles database”. ^ クリス・マティソン 『ヘビ大図鑑』、緑書房、2000年、152-177頁
  5. ^ Alfaro, Michael E and Arnold, Stevan J (2001). “Molecular Systematics and Evolution of Regina and the Thamnophiine Snakes”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21 (3): 408-423. http://www.naherpetology.org/pdf_files/61.pdf.
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語

ユウダ科: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
 src= ガーターヘビ属の一種 Thamnophis elegans

ユウダ科 (游蛇科、Natricidae) はヘビの一つ。かつてはユウダ亜科 (游蛇亜科、Natricinae) としてナミヘビ科に含められていた。主に湿った環境に生息する。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語