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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 20 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Behavior

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Most sharks are known to use body language to signal aggression, but there is little data available on whether sharks utilize other forms of communication between individuals. Like all sharks, blue sharks have highly developed senses of smell, sight, and touch. The lateral line is a sensory organ running down the length of their body that detects pressure waves from movements in the water, allowing the sharks to perceive movements of prey. They also possess electroreceptors called Ampullae of Lorenzini on the underside of the snout, which detect electrical fields generated by the muscle contractions of prey items.

Communication Channels: visual

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical ; electric

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Although not usually a targeted species, blue sharks are caught as bycatch by longline and dragnet fishing fleets, and to a lesser extent by sport fishermen. International conservation projects have been implemented to decrease the harvest of pelagic sharks, including this species. In 1991, the Australian Government implemented legislation that banned Japanese longline fishing fleets from taking shark fins without their attendant carcasses. Canada issued a fishery management plan for shark species in 1995 that established catch limits of 250,000 kg for blue sharks, and implemented limitations on finning and gear use, licenses, areas and seasons, and bycatch limits. Management plans have been in place in the US since 1993. Proper licensing and commercial quota limits have been introduced, and finning has also been banned within the US Exclusive Economic Zone. However, exploitation by the shark finning industry has still decreased populations globally, and the IUCN lists this species as "Near Threatened".

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Cycle

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After fertilization, embryos develop inside the female's uterus, nourished by a placenta-like yolk sac. Females give birth to fully-developed, live young. Blue sharks have one of the fastest growth rates of all sharks, growing up to 30 cm annually until maturity. Blue sharks are 35to 50 cm in length at birth, and will grow up to 400 cm (although the average length is 335 cm). Both sexes reach adulthood at about 220 cm in length. Juveniles usually stay in pupping areas of the sub-Arctic boundary (42°N North Pacific Ocean) until they reach maturity at 5 years of age.

Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Blue sharks are considered by commercial fishermen (particularly those of mackerel, pilchard, and salmon) to be a nuisance species, as they prey on target species and ruin nets by becoming entangled in them.

Due to their pelagic lifestyle, blue sharks are not often encountered by divers and swimmers. They are considered to be a dangerous species, however, with the International Shark Attack File recording a dozen confirmed, unprovoked attacks (4 fatal), and nearly two dozen additional, provoked attacks.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Although mainly caught indirectly as bycatch on long lines and in gill nets, blue sharks, like many shark species, are valued commercially for their fins, squalene (liver oil), skin, cartilage, and their teeth and jaws. Their meat is less valued because of its high ammonia content.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Blue sharks are top-level predators that help to regulate prey populations in the marine pelagic environment.

Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) have a mutualistic symbiosis with blue sharks. They clean the shark's teeth and gills and removes any parasitic species that have attached themselves to the shark's skin. In return, pilotfish gain protection from predators and a ready source of food.

Many species of copepods are found on the gills and outer skin of blue sharks. Several tapeworm and one nematode species have been found in the stomach and spiral valve of blue sharks, resulting from consumption of infected fish that are the intermediate hosts of these parasites.

Mutualist Species:

  • pilot fish (Naucrates ductor)

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Kroyeria carchariaeglauci (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
  • Kroyeria lineata (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
  • Pandarus floridanus (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
  • Phyllothereus cornutus (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
  • Echthrogaleus sp. (Subclass Copepoda, Subphylum Crustacea)
  • Anisakis simplex (Family Anisakidae, Phylum Nematoda)
  • Anthrobothrium laciniatum (Class Cestoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
  • Pelichnibothrium speciosum (Class Cestoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
  • Platybothrium auriculatum (Class Cestoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
  • Prosobothrium armigerum (Class Cestoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Blue sharks prey on up to 24 species of cephalopods and 16 species of fish. They primarily feed upon non-active, gelatinous, mesopelagic/bathypelagic cephalopods such as blanket octopus (genus Tremoctopus), bathyscaphoid squids (family Cranchiidae), and pelagic octopus (Ocythoe tuberculata). Prey also includes small schooling fishes, such as long-snouted lancetfish (Alepisaurus feroxe), snake mackerel (Gempylus serpens), and castor oil fish (Ruvettus pretiosus). During their reproductive migration cycles off of the coast of Brazil, blue sharks were found to have consumed seabirds, including great shearwaters (Puffinus gravis).

Animal Foods: birds; fish; mollusks

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Blue sharks are one of the most wide ranging shark species and can be found in all major oceans (except the Arctic), as well as the Mediterranean Sea and in temperate and tropical pelagic waters.

Biogeographic Regions: indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: cosmopolitan

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Blue sharks inhabit the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones (from the surface to about 350 m in depth), in water temperatures ranging between 12 and 20°C. While they are mainly found in pelagic, open-ocean waters, they may sometimes be found closer to shore in the neritic zone, near the edge of continental shelves.

Range depth: 0 to 350 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Blue sharks in the wild have an average lifespan of 15 to 16 years. Blue shark life expectancy decreases to an average of 8 years when held in captivity, likely due to their inability to engage in their pelagic and migratory lifestyle.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
20 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
8 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
15 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
8 (high) years.

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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The striking coloration of blue sharks makes them one of the most distinctive species in the family Carcharhinidae (requiem or whaler sharks). The dorsum is a deep shade of indigo, while the flanks are a vibrant blue. The ventral surface fades to a light grey, exhibiting the typical pelagic countershaded coloration that deceives the eyes of bottom-dwelling prey or predators by blending in with light coming from the sun. The body is streamlined and thin, with an elongated heterocercal caudal (tail) fin, making it one of the fastest sharks in the ocean. The second dorsal fin is approximately half the size of the first, and the pectoral fins are proportionately longer than in most other shark species. The eyes are large, and the mouth is lined with several rows of triangular, serrated teeth; each tooth is usually replaced every 8 to 15 days. Blue sharks can reach 4 m in total length and weigh up to 240 kg.

Range mass: 240 (high) kg.

Range length: 4 (high) m.

Average length: 3.35 m.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Aside from predation by humans for the lucrative shark fin trade, blue sharks are not frequently preyed upon. Occasional predators can include larger sharks such as shortfin makos Isurus paucus and great whites (Carcharodon carcharias), as well as killer whales Orcinus orca, while juveniles can also be taken by California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).

Due to their pelagic lifestyle, blue sharks exhibit countershading. The lighter coloration on the ventral surface helps to camouflage the sharks against the background of lighter-colored water when viewed from below. In contrast, the darker shades of blue and silver on the dorsal side allows them to blend in with the depths below when viewed from above. This countershading, along with a streamlined body shape, allows blue sharks to maneuver both swiftly and unnoticed as both predator and prey.

Known Predators:

  • short fin mako sharks (Isurus paucus)
  • great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)
  • orcas (Orcinus orca)
  • California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Blue sharks congregate together on continental shelves during the summer. Mating begins when a male bites a female between her first and second dorsal fins. For this reason, the skin over most of a female's dorsum may be up to three times as thick as in males. Insemination occurs via insertion of one of the claspers into the female's urogenital opening. Pair bonding does not occur, and after mating, individuals separate.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Males reach sexual maturity at 187 cm in length, while females become mature at 220 cm. It is not definitively known if females breed every year and deposited sperm may be stored within the female's oviductal gland for several months after mating. Once pregnant, females migrate north to birthing and pupping grounds in the sub-Arctic boundary. Gestation lasts from 9 to 12 months, and up to 130 pups in a litter have been documented, but 25 to 50 pups are born on average. Pups average 39 cm at birth. Unlike bony fish, sharks utilize internal fertilization. The male bites down and insert a clasper inside the female to transfer sperm. Females have thick skin to protect them from injury when the males bite them during mating. Blue sharks are viviparous.

Breeding interval: It is unknown whether female blue sharks breed annually, or less frequently.

Breeding season: In the northern Pacific, most births occur from December to April.

Range number of offspring: 25 to 130.

Range gestation period: 9 to 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 6 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 6 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous ; sperm-storing ; delayed fertilization

As in other viviparous species, female blue sharks provide nourishment and protection to their young as they develop. After birth, shark pups separate from their mother and have no further contact.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Axtell, A. and J. Boucree 2012. "Prionace glauca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Prionace_glauca.html
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Alexandra Axtell, San Diego Mesa College
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Joseph Boucree, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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Blue sharks are viviparous, giving birth to live young after a gestation period of nine to twelve months (6) (7). Up to 135 pups can be born per litter, partially depending on the size of the female, but the average is 25 to 50 (5) (6). Maturity is reached at approximately five to six years old and blue sharks are known to have lived to 20 years (7). Although often observed cruising slowly and sluggishly the blue shark is capable of rapid movement if it is excited or feeding (6). This species will often circle its prey before moving in to attack it. Blue sharks primarily feed upon relatively small prey, such as bony fish and squid, but will also take larger prey including mammalian carrion (1).
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Conservation

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International obligations that regulate the fishing of sharks include the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Plan of Action for Sharks (IPOA-SHARKS), the United Nations' Agreement on Straddling Stocks and Highly Migratory Species, and the Sustainable Fisheries Act. Although some countries have banned finning, there are no binding international treaties for the management of sharks, including the regulation or outlawing of finning (9). The blue shark is listed on Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (3), which stresses the need for international cooperation in the conservation, management and utilization of living aquatic resources, especially of migratory species. This does not, however, enforce any regulations (9). Fortunately, the blue shark is a prolific species with good rebound potential, and the abundance and wide distribution of this species offers a reasonable buffer against extinction (7).
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Description

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The blue shark is easily identified by its beautifully coloured slender body, which is a deep indigo-blue across the back, shading to a vibrant blue on the sides, and paling to white underneath (4). This shark has large eyes, triangular teeth, a conical snout, long pectoral fins and a second dorsal fin much smaller than the first (2) (4). While its elongated caudal fin provides swimming power, its sleek, tapered body makes it a graceful mover (5).
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Habitat

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The blue shark is a pelagic species occurring in the open ocean near the surface, inhabiting slightly deeper, cooler waters when in tropical environments (4). Although typically an offshore species, the blue shark may venture inshore, especially at night (1).
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Range

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Blue sharks are probably the most wide-ranging and (at least initially) one of the most abundant of all shark species, occurring in temperate and tropical waters from 50°N to 40°S around the globe (2). A migratory species, they periodically travel clockwise around the Atlantic, seemingly riding the Gulf Stream to Europe, taking various currents down the European and African coasts, and riding the Atlantic North Equatorial Current to the Caribbean region (1).
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Status

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Classified as Lower Risk / Near Threatened (LR/nt) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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Although blue sharks are among the most abundant, widespread, fecund and faster growing of the sharks, they are one of the most heavily fished sharks in the world. With an estimated 10 to 20 million individuals caught and killed each year, there is concern not only about what this is doing to blue shark populations, but also about the effect the removal of such an important predator might be having on the oceanic ecosystem (1). Blue sharks are one of the most important species in the international shark fin trade. However, their meat, while eaten in a few countries, is not very popular (8). They are also an important angling species in some areas (1).
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Blue Shark

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The heaviest Blue Shark weighed 862LB.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
fieldmarks: Dorsal coloration dark blue, bright blue on sides and abruptly white on the undersides, usually slender body, long snout, large eyes, gill raker papillae, long, narrow, pointed pectoral fins, short labial furrows, first dorsal fin on back but closer to the pectoral bases than the pelvics, second dorsal less than a third size of first but about opposite it, a weak keel on the caudal peduncle, and a narrow-lobed caudal fin with a long ventral lobe. Body rather slender. Head narrow, only moderately depressed, not trowel-shaped; snout narrowly parabolic in dorsoventral view, very long, with preoral length greater than internarial space and mouth width; eyes large, without posterior notches; spiracles absent; unique papillose gill rakers present on internal gill openings; nostrils small, internarial space about 2.5 to 3 times the nostril width; anterior nasal flaps very short and broadly triangular, not tubular; labial furrows very short with uppers shorter than lowers and with their ends falling far behind eyes; teeth well differentiated in upper and lower jaws; upper and anteroposteriors with broad, triangular, curved erect to oblique, serrated cusps but with no blades or cusplets (except in very young specimens); lowers with slender cusps, no blades or cusplets, and variable serrations; cusps of lower teeth not prominently protruding when mouth is closed; 24 to 31/25 to 34 rows of teeth. Interdorsal ridge absent; low dermal keels present on caudal peduncle; upper precaudal pit transverse and crescentic. First dorsal origin well behind pectoral rear tips, its midbase much closer to pelvic than to pectoral bases, and free rear tip slightly anterior to pelvic origins; second dorsal fin much smaller than first, its height 1/2 of first dorsal height or less; its origin slightly posterior to anal insertion; pectoral fins very narrow and somewhat falcate, pectoral length from origin to free rear tip 1/2 or less of pectoral anterior margin; pectoral origins varying from under interspace between third and fourth gill slits to under fourth gill slits; anal slightly larger than second dorsal, with short preanal ridges and a deeply notched posterior margin. Colour intense deep blue above, white below, without a colour pattern. Large sharks, adults possibly reaching 4 m or more.

References

  • Casey, (1979)
  • Clarke & Stevens, (1975)
  • Compagno, (l979, 1981)
  • Compagno & Vergara, (1978)
  • Feder, Turner & Limbaugh, (1974)
  • Fourmanoir, (1961)
  • Gubanov & Grigor'ev, (1975)
  • Pratt, (1979)
  • Randall, (1963)
  • Sciarotta & Nelson, (1979)
  • Stevens, (1973, 1974, 1975, 1976)
  • Tricas, (1979)

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bibliographic citation
FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes.Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 2
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Maximum size 383 cm on reasonably good evidence, though unconfirmed reports of larger individuals up to 4.8 to 6.5 m are mentioned in the literature; males maturing between 182 and 281 cm, and reaching at least 311 cm, females adolescent at 173 to 221 cm, adult at 221 to at least 323 cm; size at birth about 35 to 44 cm. A length/weight equation for the blue shark (Strasberg, 1958) is: Log Wt(lbs) = -5.396 + 3.134 log TL (cm).
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes.Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 2
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
A wide-ranging, oceanic-epipelagic and fringe-littoral shark, occurring from the surface to at least 152 m. depth. Although an offshore species it may venture inshore, especially at night, and often in areas with a narrow continental shelf or off oceanic islands.In temperate waters blue sharks occasionally venture to the edges of kelp forests or sufficiently far inshore to be caught in pound nets. The blue shark is often found in large aggregations, not tightly organized schools, and often close to or at the surface in temperate waters.It prefers relatively cool water at 7 to 16°C but can tolerate water at 21°C or even more; it ranges far into the tropics but shows tropical submergence and occurs at greater depths there. In the tropical Indian Ocean the greatest abundance of blue sharks occurs at depths of 80 to 220 m, with temperatures about 12 to 25°C. The blue shark is often seen cruising slowly at the surface, with its large pectoral fins outspread, and its first dorsal fin and terminal caudal lobe out of the water. [more...] Viviparous, with a yolk-sac placenta; number of young 4-135 per litter. The number of young varies considerably among females, more so than any other livebearing shark, and may be partially dependent on size of the female. In the Indian Ocean sex ratios of fetuses were in aggregate 1:1, though individual females often have slightly more of one sex than another. The gestation period is 9 to 12 months, and possible maximum age at least 20 years. Off the Western North Atlantic most female blue sharks are immature at 0 to 4 years old, adolescent at 4 to 5 years, and adult from 5 to 6 years and beyond. Males mature at about 4 to 5 years old. [more...] The blue shark feeds heavily on relatively small prey, especially bony fishes and squid, though other invertebrates, small sharks, and mammalian carrion is readily taken and seabirds occasionally are caught at the surface of the water. Much of the prey of the blue shark is pelagic, though bottom fishes and invertebrates figure in its diet also. [more...] Squid are a very important prey of these sharks; [more...]
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes.Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 2
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Benefits

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This common oceanic shark is usually caught with pelagic longlines but also hooks and lines, pelagic trawls, and even bottom trawls near coasts. Catches for the blue shark have been reported to FAO only from area 27 (Northeast Atlantic); countries reporting, since 1978, are mainly France (with a peak of 358 t in 1994) and Denmark (only a few metric tons). The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 3 199 t. The countries with the largest catches were Spain (2 233 t) and New Zealand (593 t). It is utilized fresh, smoked, and dried salted for human consumption; its hides are used for leather; fins for shark-fin soup base; and also for fishmeal and liver oil. This shark is also considered a game fish and taken by sports anglers with rod and reel. The blue shark is the most widespread oceanic shark and has a great overall abundance. It is a very common bycatch in high-seas longline and driftnet fisheries but it is not a very valuable shark, so mostly only the fins are taken. However, there are some countries that readily consume blue sharks such as Spain, Brazil, Italy, and France (Bonfil 1994, Stevens in press c). This species is the most popular shark in sport fisheries in the US (Hoff and Musick 1990) and is likely taken by recreational fishermen throughout the world. There are no reliable statistics for the catches (directed or incidental) of blue sharks around the world and this makes difficult to understand the impact of fisheries on the stocks. Bonfil (1994) made some rough calculations based on reported catch rates in the literature and estimated that the high-seas longline and driftnet fisheries of the late 1980s could have taken some 6.2-6.5 million blue sharks annually. Matsunaga and Nakano (1996) compare changes over time of CPUE data in two areas of the Pacific (0-10° N and 10-20° N) and find no significant changes in blue shark abundance. Nakano (1996) detected a 20% decrease in Japanese longline CPUE for blue sharks in the North Pacific but no trend in other areas of the world. The only known assessment of the impact of high seas fisheries on blue shark stocks was done by Nakano and Watanabe (1992). These authors concluded that the catch levels in the late 1980s had no significant impact on the blue shark populations of the North Pacific. However, other authors (Anon. 1992, Wetherall and Seki 1992) consider that appropriate information is lacking for such an assessment. In the United States, blue sharks were an important bycatch during the development of the California swordfish/thresher shark driftnet fishery but the total numbers killed were relatively low (Cailliet et al 1993). Off the U.S. Atlantic coast, blue shark catch rates from pelagic longline logbook data decreased sharply in the first 3 years of data available but remained without trend since 1989 (Cramer 1998). In contrast to this, standardised catch rates for the sport fishery of Virginia-Massachusetts showed an increasing trend over the same period (Brown 1998). This conflicting information suggests likely errors in the above data. Canada started an experimental fishery for blue sharks off its Atlantic coast in the early 1990s. This fishery has a 225 t TAC (Mooney-Seus and Stone 1996). Conservation Status : The blue shark is a prolific species with an intrinsic rebound potential that is above the average of 26 species analysed by Smith et al. (1998). The IUCN Red List classifies blue shark as a Lower Risk/Near Threatened species at the world level (Camhiet al. 1998). The high abundance and worldwide distribution of this species offers a relative buffer against extinction. However, some discrete stocks might become threatened in the future if bycatch in high seas fisheries does not come under strict monitoring and control. Fortunately, efforts towards alleviating the lack of monitoring data are currently being taken by multiple regional tuna fisheries organisations around the globe. Additional information from IUCN database Additional information from CITESdatabase
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes.Compagno, L.J.V. 1984. FAO Fish. Synop., (125) Vol.4, Part 2
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Diagnostic Description

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A slim, graceful blue shark with a long, conical snout, large eyes, and curved triangular upper teeth with saw edges; pectorals long and narrow; no interdorsal ridge (Ref. 5578). Dark blue dorsally, bright blue on the sides, white ventrally (Ref. 5578). Tips of pectoral fins and anal fin dusky (Ref. 9997). The first case of diprosopus tetrophthalmus (cranofacial duplication) in a foetus of this species was reported from South Atlantic (Ref. 119190).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle

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Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Viviparous (Ref. 26281), placental (Ref. 50449); 4-63 young in a litter (Ref. 9997); 4-135 (usually 15-30) pups (Ref.58048), about 35-44 cm at birth. Gestation period ranges from 9 to 12 months (Ref. 244).Sexual dimorphism is evident in skin thickness of maturing and adult females (Ref. 49562). Females have thicker skin layer than males of the same size (Ref. 49562).
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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Trophic Strategy

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Found worldwide in tropical and temperate seas; a pelagic species, sometimes advancing into coastal waters (Ref. 9137). Occurs on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Prefer temperatures of 7-16°C; usually found in deeper waters in the tropics (Ref. 5951). A carnivore (Ref. 9137). Parasites of the species include: Hepatoxylon squali pleurocercoid, Phyllobothrium dagnallium, Phyllobothrium sp. and Platybothrium parvum (Ref. 5951).
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Biology

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Oceanic, but may be found close inshore where the continental shelf is narrow (Ref. 6871, 58302). Usually found to at least 150 m (Ref. 26938). Maximum size from Ref. 128029. Reported from estuaries (Ref. 26340). Epipelagic, occasionally occurs in littoral areas (Ref. 58302). Feeds on fishes (herring, silver hake, white hake, red hake, cod, haddock, pollock, mackerel, butterfish, sea raven and flounders (Ref. 5951)), small sharks, squids, pelagic red crabs, cetacean carrion, occasional sea birds and garbage (Ref. 5578). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Sexual dimorphism occurs in skin thickness of maturing and adult females (Ref. 49562). May travel considerable distances (one specimen tagged in New Zealand was recaptured 1,200 km off the coast of Chile) (Ref. 26346). Potentially dangerous to humans (Ref. 6871, 13513). Marketed fresh, dried or salted, and frozen; meat utilized for consumption, hides for leather and fins for soup (Ref. 9987). Sexually mature at 250 cm long and 4-5 years old. The female gives birth up to 80 young measuring 40 cm long, gestation lasts almost a year (Ref. 35388). Produces from 4 to 135 young a litter (Ref. 26938).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: medium; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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分布

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分布於全球各溫、熱帶水域。臺灣東北部及東部海域有分布。
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利用

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主要以底拖網、圍網、誘籠、流刺網及延繩釣捕獲,具經濟價值。肉質尚可,可加工成各種肉製品;鰭可做上品魚翅;皮厚可加工成皮革;肝可加工製成維他命及油;剩餘物製成魚粉。
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描述

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體呈紡錘型,軀幹頗修長。頭窄而縱扁。尾基上下方各具一凹窪。吻長而呈拋物線狀。眼大,圓形,眼眶後緣不具缺刻,瞬膜發達。前鼻瓣短而呈寬三角形;無口鼻溝或觸鬚。唇溝短,通常僅侷限於口角部位。口裂寬大,深弧形,口閉時下頜齒不明顯露出;上頜齒寬扁三角形,外緣凹入,邊緣具明顯鋸齒,齒尖稍外斜,無小齒尖;下頜齒較窄長而直立,邊緣具鋸齒。噴水孔缺如。背鰭2個,背鰭間無隆脊,第一背鰭中大,起點遠在胸鰭基底之後,後緣凹入,上角鈍尖,下角尖突;第二背鰭小,起點與臀鰭起點相對,後緣入凹,後角尖突;胸鰭狹長,後緣凹入,外角尖突,內角圓突,鰭端伸達第一背鰭基底後部;尾鰭窄長,尾椎軸上揚,下葉前部顯著三角形突出,中部低平延長,與後部間有一深缺刻,後部小三角形突出,尾端尖突。體背側深藍色;腹側白色;體無任何色斑。胸及臀鰭之鰭尖暗色。
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棲地

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棲息於大洋上層大型鯊魚,偶可見於沿海水域,曾有報導出現於河口區。一般皆在水表面活動,胸鰭開展,背鰭及尾鰭上葉會露出水面,緩慢游動。性兇猛,活動力強,對人們具有主動攻擊的危險性。主要以硬骨魚類、甲殼類、頭足類、海洋哺乳類、海龜、海鳥、大洋性蟹類等為食,甚至垃圾等。胎生,一胎可產下4-135尾幼鯊,剛出生之幼鯊體長可達35-44公分。
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Blouhaai ( Afrikaans )

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Die Blouhaai (Prionace glauca) is 'n haai wat in alle oseane van die wêreld voorkom en ook reg rondom die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. In Engels staan die haai as die Blue shark bekend.

Voorkoms

Die haai is blou van kleur wat vinnig grys word na sy dood. Die haai het die klassieke haai vorm met die pektorale vinne wat 'n bietjie langer as normaalweg is. Die haai word 3.8 m lank en weeg dan 250 kg.

Habitat en gewoontes

Die haai verkies water met temperatuur van tussen 12 - 16 °C en kom voor op dieptes tussen 80 – 350 m. In die Wes-Kaap kom hulle nader aan die kus en ook in vlakker water voor. Hulle is vivipaar met 35 - 135 kleintjies wat gebore word op 'n keer. Hulle eet hoofsaaklik pelagiese vis. Studies het bewys dat die haaie ver deur die oseane migreer, bv. trans-Altantiese togte.

Sien ook

Bron

Verwysings

Eksterne skakel

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Blouhaai: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Blouhaai (Prionace glauca) is 'n haai wat in alle oseane van die wêreld voorkom en ook reg rondom die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. In Engels staan die haai as die Blue shark bekend.

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Prionace glauca (canía) ( Asturian )

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La canía , tamién caniya o caella (Prionace glauca) ye una especie d'elasmobranquiu carcarriniforme de la familia Carcharhinidae. Ye un tiburón peláxicu, cosmopolita, que se distribúi per tolos océanos y mares del mundu y recibe distintos nomes vulgares según el llugar: tintorera -nome que tamién fai referencia al tiburón tigre- n'España y Méxicu, caella o canía n'Asturies, tiburón azul n'Uruguái, Arxentina, Estaos Xuníos y Reinu Xuníu, y azulexu en Chile.

Morfoloxía y anatomía

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Canía o Caella

La canía ye un tiburón de cuerpu estilizáu y allargáu, con un focicu llargu y cónicu. Tien güeyos grandes que, neto que tolos carcarriniformes, atópense provistos d'una membrana nictitante, una especie de párpagu semitresparente que va de riba a embaxo y protexe los globos oculares cuando lluchen cola so presa. Tien cinco fendedures branquiales, dos aletes dorsales, dos aletes pectorales, dos aletes anales y una aleta caudal. Les aletes pectorales son llargues y delgaes, y l'aleta caudal ta provista d'un llóbulu cimeru tamién bien allargáu. Tien una coloración blanca na parte ventral, y un azul metálico bien intenso nel restu del cuerpu. Los sos dientes, cuando cayen y renacen de siguío, son de forma triangular con cantos serruchaos. Tien un llargor promediu de 2,5 m y un pesu de 80 kg, anque se rexistraron casos de femes adultes con llargores superiores a los 4 m y un pesu d'hasta 220 kg.

Como particularidá hai que destacar que, pola mor del llargor de la so ñariz, el so quexal afíxose pa poder morder ensin problemes, porque la parte cimera del quexal ye capaz de proyeutase p'alantre, de manera que pa morder nun precisa alzar la cabeza.

  • Cuerpu bastante allargáu y fusiforme.
  • Focicu abondo estruyíu y estrechamente cónicu.
  • La primera dorsal ta asitiada na metá del cuerpu, la segunda dorsal y l'anal son pequeñes.
  • Les aletes pectorales son estreches, llargues y un pocu falciformes.
  • Presenta cinco pares de fendedures branquiales, el postreru percima de les pectorales.
  • La coloración ye d'un azul brilloso intenso, la punta de les aletes ye escura, el banduyu ye blancu.
  • El so color vuélvese gris apagáu una vegada muerta.
  • Consigue 383 cm de llargor total.
  • El machu maurez ente los 182 y los 281 cm. La fema failo cuando tien ente 173 y 221 cm.

Alimentación

 src=
Aspeutu esternu de la canía, Prionace glauca.

La so alimentación constitúise básicamente de pexes como xardes, sardines, meros, chicharros, bonitos, gádidos, calamares y aves marines. Puede ser agresivu colos humanos si se siente amenaciáu. De normal caza en pareya o grupos pequeños p'ayudar a esvalixar los cardúmenes. Na so busca d'alimentu puede percorrer grandes distancies. Calcúlase que pueden percorrer distancies d'hasta 5.500 km.[ensin referencies]

Reproducción

La canía ye un pexe vivíparu. El maduror sexual asocede ente los 5 y 6 años nes femes y los 4 y 5 nos machos. La fecundación tien llugar dientro del cuerpu de la fema que'l machu fertiliza gracies a un par d'aletes coxales especiales llamaes pterigópodos. Les femes tienen dos úteros en llugar d'unu, dientro de los que se desenvuelven ente 4 y 135 críes. Les caníes recién nacíes miden aprosimao 40 cm de llargor. Al igual que n'otres especies de tiburones vivíparos, les femes pierden el mambís poco primero de parir pa evitar taramellar a los sos propios fíos. La xestación dura ente 9 y 12 meses. Les tintoreres son dafechu independientes al nacer y darréu busquen abellugu de los depredadores, ente ellos los sos propios padres. Al nacer tienen entá'l so sacu vitelín, un allongamientu del so abdome onde s'atopen los sos órganos internos, y que se reabsuerbe escontra'l cuerpu pocu tiempu dempués.

Hábitat

Ye una especie peláxica qu'ocupa tantu la superficie de mar abiertu como les zones costeres. Muévese solu o en grupos peles agües fríes, ente 7 º y 16 º C, anque tolera los 21 º C o más. Presenta costumes nocherniegues. Ye un migrante bien activu. Los individuos de la población segréguense por edaes y sexos.

Población y estáu de caltenimientu

Al ser la canía un tiburón de vezos oceánicos y migratorios, cualquier cálculu que se faiga sobre la so población ye pocu fiable. Asina y too, considérase, basándose n'estimaciones sobre la so pesca deportiva, que tien d'atopase nun riesgu baxo d'estinción. La Unión Mundial pa la Naturaleza (IUCN) difier ya incluyela na so llista colorada d'especies amenaciaes.

La baxa calidá de la carne fai que nun tenga muncha importancia comercial, a pesar de la so bayura. Péscase principalmente con palangre, pero tamién nel arte d'arrastre. Les aletes aprovéchense pa faer la sopa d'aleta de tiburón y los quexales viéndense como ornamientu.

Ver tamién

  • Anexu:Taxonomía de los tiburones

Referencies

  1. Stevens, J. (2009). «Prionace glauca» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2011.1. Consultáu'l 30 de xineru de 2012.

Bibliografía

  • El léxico de la fauna marina en los puertos pesqueros de Asturias Central, Emilio Barriuso, Uviéu 1986. IDEA.

Enllaces esternos

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Prionace glauca (canía): Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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La canía , tamién caniya o caella (Prionace glauca) ye una especie d'elasmobranquiu carcarriniforme de la familia Carcharhinidae. Ye un tiburón peláxicu, cosmopolita, que se distribúi per tolos océanos y mares del mundu y recibe distintos nomes vulgares según el llugar: tintorera -nome que tamién fai referencia al tiburón tigre- n'España y Méxicu, caella o canía n'Asturies, tiburón azul n'Uruguái, Arxentina, Estaos Xuníos y Reinu Xuníu, y azulexu en Chile.

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Morc'hast c'hlas ( Breton )

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Ar vorc'hast c'hlas (liester: morc'histi glas), Prionace glauca eus hec'h anv skiantel, a zo ur pesk migornek kar d'ar rinkin. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Prionace.

Annez

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Tiriad ar vorc'hast c'hlas
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Morc'hast c'hlas: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar vorc'hast c'hlas (liester: morc'histi glas), Prionace glauca eus hec'h anv skiantel, a zo ur pesk migornek kar d'ar rinkin. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Prionace.

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Tintorera (tauró) ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La tintorera (Prionace glauca) és una espècie de tauró de cos estilitzat i allargat, amb un musell llarg i cònic. Té ulls grans que, igual que tots els carcariniformes, estan proveïts d'una membrana nictitant, una espècie de parpella semitransparent que va de dalt a baix i protegeix els globus oculars quan lluiten amb la seva presa. Posseeix cinc fenedures branquials, dues aletes dorsals, dues aletes pectorals, dues aletes anals i una aleta caudal. Les aletes pectorals són llargues i primes, i l'aleta caudal està proveïda d'un lòbul superior també molt allargat. Té una coloració blanca a la part ventral, i un blau metàl·lic molt intens a la resta del cos. Les seves dents, que cauen i són reemplaçades constantment, són de forma triangular amb vores serrades. Té una longitud mitjana de 2,5 m i un pes de 80 kg, encara que s'han registrat casos de femelles adultes amb longituds superiors als 4 m i un pes de fins a 220 kg.

 src=
Aspecte extern de la tintorera.

Com a particularitat cal destacar que, donada la longitud del seu nas, la seva mandíbula s'ha adaptat per poder mossegar sense problemes, ja que la part superior de la mandíbula és capaç de projectar-se cap endavant, de tal manera que per mossegar no necessita alçar el cap.

  • Cos força allargat i fusiforme.
  • Musell bastant comprimit i estretament cònic.
  • La primera dorsal és situada a la meitat del cos; la segona dorsal i l'anal són petites.
  • Les aletes pectorals són estretes, llargues i un xic falciformes.
  • Presenta cinc parells de fenedures branquials, el darrer per sobre de les pectorals.
  • La coloració és d'un blau brillant intens, la punta de les aletes és fosca; la panxa és blanca.
  • El seu color es torna gris apagat un cop morta.
  • Aconsegueix 383 cm de longitud total.
  • El mascle madura entre els 182 i 281 cm. La femella ho fa quan té entre 173 i 221 cm.

Hàbitat

És una espècie pelàgica que ocupa tant la superfície de mar obert com les zones costaneres. Pul·lula sol o en grups per les aigües fredes, entre 7° i 16 °C, tot i que tolera els 21 °C o més. Presenta costums nocturns. És un migrador força actiu. Els individus de la població se segreguen per edats i sexes.

Alimentació

 src=
Tintorera

S'alimenta principalment de petites preses que captura tant entre dues aigües com al fons del mar. Menja peixos pelàgics i demersals, cefalòpodes (sobretot calamars) i alguns crustacis. No menysprea ni la carronya ni les deixalles. Pot ser agressiu amb els humans si se sent amenaçat. Normalment caça en parella o en grups petits per ajudar-se a dispersar els cardúmens. En la seva recerca d'aliment pot recórrer grans distàncies. S'estima que poden recórrer distàncies de fins a 5.500 km.

Reproducció

La tintorera és un peix vivípar. La maduresa sexual ocorre entre els 5 i 6 anys en les femelles i els 4 i 5 en els mascles. La fecundació té lloc dins el cos de la femella que el mascle fertilitza gràcies a un parell d'aletes pèlviques especials anomenades pterigòpodes. Les femelles posseeixen dos úters en lloc d'un, dins dels quals es desenvolupen entre 4 i 35 cries, a finals de la primavera o a principis d'estiu, segons la mida i la regió que habiti. La femella pot retenir l'esperma d'un any per l'altre. Les tintoreres nounades mesuren aproximadament 40 cm de longitud. Igual que en altres espècies de taurons vivípars, les femelles perden la gana poc abans de parir per evitar devorar als seus propis fills. La gestació dura entre 9 i 12 mesos. Les tintoreres són completament independents en néixer i instantàniament busquen refugi dels depredadors, entre ells els seus propis pares. En néixer posseeixen encara el seu sac vitelí, una prolongació del seu abdomen on es troben els seus òrgans interns, i que és reabsorbit cap al cos poc temps després.

Aprofitament

La baixa qualitat de la carn fa que no tingui gaire importància comercial, tot i la seua abundor. Es captura principalment amb palangre, però també s'enxarxa en l'art de ròssec. Les aletes s'aprofiten per a fer la sopa d'aleta de tauró i les mandíbules es venen com a ornament.

Referències

Enllaços externs

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Tintorera (tauró): Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La tintorera (Prionace glauca) és una espècie de tauró de cos estilitzat i allargat, amb un musell llarg i cònic. Té ulls grans que, igual que tots els carcariniformes, estan proveïts d'una membrana nictitant, una espècie de parpella semitransparent que va de dalt a baix i protegeix els globus oculars quan lluiten amb la seva presa. Posseeix cinc fenedures branquials, dues aletes dorsals, dues aletes pectorals, dues aletes anals i una aleta caudal. Les aletes pectorals són llargues i primes, i l'aleta caudal està proveïda d'un lòbul superior també molt allargat. Té una coloració blanca a la part ventral, i un blau metàl·lic molt intens a la resta del cos. Les seves dents, que cauen i són reemplaçades constantment, són de forma triangular amb vores serrades. Té una longitud mitjana de 2,5 m i un pes de 80 kg, encara que s'han registrat casos de femelles adultes amb longituds superiors als 4 m i un pes de fins a 220 kg.

 src= Aspecte extern de la tintorera.

Com a particularitat cal destacar que, donada la longitud del seu nas, la seva mandíbula s'ha adaptat per poder mossegar sense problemes, ja que la part superior de la mandíbula és capaç de projectar-se cap endavant, de tal manera que per mossegar no necessita alçar el cap.

Cos força allargat i fusiforme. Musell bastant comprimit i estretament cònic. La primera dorsal és situada a la meitat del cos; la segona dorsal i l'anal són petites. Les aletes pectorals són estretes, llargues i un xic falciformes. Presenta cinc parells de fenedures branquials, el darrer per sobre de les pectorals. La coloració és d'un blau brillant intens, la punta de les aletes és fosca; la panxa és blanca. El seu color es torna gris apagat un cop morta. Aconsegueix 383 cm de longitud total. El mascle madura entre els 182 i 281 cm. La femella ho fa quan té entre 173 i 221 cm.
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Morgi Glas ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn, a math o siarc, sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Carcharhinidae ydy'r morgi glas sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: morgwn glas/gleision (Lladin: Prionace glauca; Saesneg: Blue shark). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America.

Mae'n bysgodyn dŵr hallt ac mae i'w ganfod ym Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Yn agos at fod dan fygythiad' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.[1]

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Morgi Glas: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn, a math o siarc, sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Carcharhinidae ydy'r morgi glas sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: morgwn glas/gleision (Lladin: Prionace glauca; Saesneg: Blue shark). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America.

Mae'n bysgodyn dŵr hallt ac mae i'w ganfod ym Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Yn agos at fod dan fygythiad' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.

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Žralok modrý ( Czech )

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Žralok modrý (Prionace glauca), někdy též žralok modravý, je žralok dosahující až délky 4 metrů a vyskytující se téměř na celém světě. Jedná se o nočního lovce, který se živí převážně rybami žijícími v hejnech. Jedná se o první druh žraloka, na kterém byl testován tzv. „protižraločí oděv“ v podobě oblečení z kovových kroužků.[2]

Žralok i přes své celosvětové rozšíření není hojným druhem, jelikož je stále komerčně loven.[2]

Popis

Žralok modravý má typické protáhlé hydrodynamické tělo dosahující okolo 4 metrů s dlouhým špičatým rypcem. Povrch těla je podobně jako u ostatních žraloků pokryt hladkou šupinatou kůží s malými zoubky. Na hřbetě se nachází dvojice ploutví, první hřbetní ploutev je značně větší než druhá ležící mezi prsní a ocasní ploutví.[3]

Maximální pozorovaná hmotnost tohoto žraloka se pohybuje okolo 250 kilogramů.[2]

Výskyt

Vyskytuje se v rozsáhlých oblastech Světového oceánu a vyjma Severního ledového oceánu se vyskytuje ve všech ostatních do hloubky 100m. Preferují vody tropickéhomírného pásu.[2]

Chování

Tento druh žraloka je noční predátor, kdy loví hejnové ryby jako např. makrely, sledě, tresky, ostrouny či hlavonožce.[3]

Odkazy

Externí odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d Žraloci.cz - Žralok modravý [online]. Žraloci.cz [cit. 2009-01-31]. Dostupné online.
  3. a b databáze ryb : Žralok modravý [online]. [cit. 2009-01-31]. Dostupné online.
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Žralok modrý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Žralok modrý (Prionace glauca), někdy též žralok modravý, je žralok dosahující až délky 4 metrů a vyskytující se téměř na celém světě. Jedná se o nočního lovce, který se živí převážně rybami žijícími v hejnech. Jedná se o první druh žraloka, na kterém byl testován tzv. „protižraločí oděv“ v podobě oblečení z kovových kroužků.

Žralok i přes své celosvětové rozšíření není hojným druhem, jelikož je stále komerčně loven.

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Blåhaj ( Danish )

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Blåhajen (Prionace Glauca) tilhører familien af blinkhindehajer. De kan blive op til 4 meter lange og blive op til 20 år gamle. (Thor Heyerdahl har i bogen om Kon-Tiki ekspeditionen rapporteret observation af en blåhaj på over 5 meter). Blåhajen findes over det meste af verden. Den findes også ved Danmark.

Blåhajen har på grund af sin strømlining været til inspiration for designere af flyvemaskiner. Derfor kan man se en vis lighed mellem flyvemaskiner og blåhajer[kilde mangler].


Referencer

  1. ^ "Prionace glauca". IUCN's Rødliste. 2008. Hentet 2015-05-19.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Blåhaj: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Blåhajen (Prionace Glauca) tilhører familien af blinkhindehajer. De kan blive op til 4 meter lange og blive op til 20 år gamle. (Thor Heyerdahl har i bogen om Kon-Tiki ekspeditionen rapporteret observation af en blåhaj på over 5 meter). Blåhajen findes over det meste af verden. Den findes også ved Danmark.

Blåhajen har på grund af sin strømlining været til inspiration for designere af flyvemaskiner. Derfor kan man se en vis lighed mellem flyvemaskiner og blåhajer[kilde mangler].


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Blauhai ( German )

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Der Blauhai (Prionace glauca) gehört innerhalb der Haie (Selachii) zur Familie der Requiemhaie (Carcharhinidae) und stellt die einzige Art der Gattung Blauhaie (Prionace) dar. Neben dem Weißspitzen-Hochseehai (Carcharhinus longimanus) und dem Seidenhai (Carcharhinus falciformis) gehört er zu den drei häufigsten Hochseehaiarten.

Merkmale

 src=
Blauhai

Der Blauhai erreicht normalerweise eine Körperlänge von etwa 3,40 Metern, kann in Einzelfällen jedoch auch deutlich größer werden. So hatte der bislang längste gemessene Blauhai eine Länge von 3,83 Metern und unbestätigte Berichte sprechen sogar von Tieren mit über 4,5 Metern Körperlänge. Das maximal bekannte Körpergewicht eines Blauhais lag bei 205,9 kg.[1] Der Rücken der Tiere sowie die Oberseiten der Flossen sind strahlend dunkelblau und damit namensgebend für die Art. Der Bauch und die Flossenunterseiten sind weiß und an den Flossenspitzen sind die Tiere schwarz. Im Vergleich zu anderen Vertretern der Requiemhaie ist die erste Rückenflosse deutlich weiter nach hinten verlagert und die Brustflossen sind lang und sichelförmig. Die Schwanzflosse ist im Vergleich mit anderen Haien mittelgroß und auf der Schwanzwurzel befinden sich kleine Kiele.

Die Schnauze des Hais ist relativ lang – die Länge ist größer als die Breite – und zur Spitze hin nach oben gebogen. Die sehr großen Augen werden wie bei vielen anderen Haien von einer Nickhaut geschützt. Charakteristisch ist die Bezahnung des Blauhais, der eine artspezifische Gebissformel aufweist:

14 – 0 oder 1 – 14 / 13 bis 15 – 1 bis 4 – 13 bis 15

Das bedeutet, dass die Tiere im Oberkiefer meist einen zentralen Zahn und dann auf jeder Seite bis zu 14 weitere Zähne haben, im Unterkiefer einen bis vier zentrale Zähne und 13 bis 15 Seitenzähne. Die dreieckigen Zähne des Oberkiefers sind dabei charakteristisch gesägt und besitzen konkav gebogene Schneidekanten, die Zahnbasen überlappen einander. Im Unterkiefer stehen ebenfalls dreieckige, fast symmetrische, Zähne, die Sägung ist allerdings deutlich feiner.

Lebensraum und Verbreitung

Der Blauhai bewohnt meist küstenfernere oder ozeanische Gewässer abseits des Küstenschelfs und taucht bis in eine Tiefe von rund 350 Metern. Er kommt als Kosmopolit in allen tropischen bis gemäßigten Meeresgebieten vor, dabei stellt er die wahrscheinlich am weitesten verbreitete Art aller Knorpelfische dar.

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Blauhais

Sehr häufig ist er dabei im Nordatlantik von der Südküste Großbritanniens bis zum Senegal sowie um die Azoren, die Kanarischen Inseln, die Kapverden und Madeira. Außerdem besiedelt er das Mittelmeer und kommt als Sommergast auch in der Nordsee sowie dem Skagerrak und den Gewässern vor Norwegen vor. Im Nordwestatlantik trifft man ihn vor allem weitab der Küste Floridas und der Antillen an; hier ist er Sommergast im Golf von Maine, vor Neufundland und Neuschottland. Im Südatlantik kommt der Hai als Hochseeart vor Südafrika und vor der südamerikanischen Küste (Argentinien, Brasilien, Uruguay) regelmäßig vor. Auch im Indischen Ozean ist er eine Hochseeart, die vor allem zwischen dem 35. und 13. südlichen Breitengrad angetroffen wird; in Küstennähe ist er hier selten. Im Pazifik ist er in allen warmtemperierten Meeresgebieten anzutreffen.

In Teilen seines Verbreitungsgebietes kommt es zu saisonalen Wanderungen in Gebiete, die sich im Sommer aufwärmen. Diese erfolgen teilweise aufgrund der Züge von Fischschwärmen wie denen der Heringe, Makrelen oder auch Thunfische, vor allem im nördlichen Atlantik und im nördlichen Pazifik. Die längste Wanderungsstrecke, die bislang ermittelt werden konnte, stammte dabei von einem Tier, welches vor der Küste Neuseelands markiert und rund 12.000 Kilometer davon entfernt, vor der Küste Chiles, wieder gefangen wurde. Die Tiere bevorzugen offensichtlich Wassertemperaturen im Oberflächenbereich zwischen 7 und 15 °C, seltener Temperaturen bis 21 °C. Im tropischen Bereich findet man die Tiere entsprechend in tieferen und damit kühleren Wasserschichten, wodurch sie seltener gesichtet werden.

Ernährung und Feinde

 src=
Blauhai

Der Blauhai frisst als großer Hochseehai fast alles, was er erbeuten kann. Den Hauptteil seiner Nahrung stellen dabei Fische jeder Größe dar, überwiegend Schwarmfische wie Heringe, Makrelen, Sardinen oder auch Thunfische. Außerdem jagt er Kopffüßer und auch kleinere Haiarten. Von Schiffen ins Meer geworfene Fischereireste frisst er ebenso wie unverdaulichen Müll, den man regelmäßig in seinem Magen finden kann. Von Hochseefischern und Walfängern wird er neben anderen Arten als Schädling betrachtet, da er sowohl in Netzen als auch in Fangleinen gefangene Tiere attackiert.

Als Feinde der Blauhaie werden neben den Menschen vor allem größere Haie wie der Weiße Hai (Carcharodon carcharias) oder der Makohai (Isurus oxyrinchus) angesehen, besonders für kleinere Blauhaie gilt der Kalifornische Seelöwe (Zalophus californianus) als häufiger Jäger. Parasiten des Blauhais sind vor allem parasitische Krebstiere, die relativ unspezifisch verschiedene Haie und andere Großfische befallen. Häufige Parasiten sind dabei die Copepoden Pandarus satyrus an den Brustflossen, Kroeyerina elongata in der Nase des Hais, Echthrogaleus coleoptratus auf der Körperoberfläche sowie Kroyeria carchariaeglauci und Phyllothyreus cornutus in den Kiemen. Dabei kann die Befallsrate mit Parasiten bis zu 3.000 Tiere auf einem Hai betragen und sich in einer Veränderung der Kiemenstruktur auswirken.

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

Blauhaie sind wie die meisten Vertreter der Requiemhaie vivipar. Der Paarung geht wahrscheinlich ein Vorspiel voraus, bei dem die Männchen die Weibchen mit den Zähnen festhalten. Obwohl bislang keine Paarungen beobachtet wurden, wird dies aufgrund der bei den Weibchen deutlich dickeren Haut sowie aufgrund von Bissspuren bei den Weibchen vermutet. Die Tiere gebären zwischen vier und 63 Jungtiere, wobei eine Abhängigkeit zum Alter und der Größe der Mutter angenommen wird. Die Junghaie ernähren sich im Uterus der Mutter von einem Dotter in Form eines Dottersacks und sind bei der Geburt etwa 50 Zentimeter lang. Die Tragezeit beträgt dabei zwischen neun und zwölf Monate.

Ab einer Länge von etwa 2,20 Metern werden die Weibchen geschlechtsreif, das entspricht einem Alter von vier bis fünf Jahren. Über das Einsetzen der Geschlechtsreife der Männchen ist nichts bekannt, auch bei ihnen geht man jedoch von einem fortpflanzungsfähigen Alter ab etwa vier bis fünf Jahren aus. Das älteste bis heute bekannte Tier war etwa 20 Jahre alt.

Taxonomie

 src=
Nahansicht eines Blauhais, Faial, Azoren

Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung des Blauhais erfolgte 1758 durch Carl von Linné unter dem noch heute gültigen Namen Prionace glauca. Dabei wurde der Gattungsname Prionace abgeleitet von den griechischen Wörtern prion für „Säge“ und akis für „Punkt“, der Artname glauca stammt vom lateinischen glaucus für „blau“ oder „blaugrün“. Als Synonyme tauchten seit der Beschreibung die Namen Squalus glaucus Linnaeus 1758, Squalus caeruleus Blainville 1826, Thalassinius rondelettii Moreau 1881, Carcharias pugae Perez Canto 1886, Carcharias gracilis Philippi 1887 und Prionace mackiei Phillips 1934 auf.

Die Gattung Carcharhinus ist auf den Blauhai mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit paraphyletisch, müsste diesen also entsprechend einschließen. Nach einer molekularbiologischen Untersuchung von 2008 stellt der Hai die Schwesterart des Großnasenhais C. altimus und des Seidenhais C. falciformis dar, die inmitten der Gattung gruppiert werden.[2]

Menschen und Blauhaie

 src=
Blauhai in einem französischen Supermarkt.

Der Blauhai stellt einen der beliebtesten Fangfische für Hochseeangler dar. Gemeinsam mit anderen Arten wie dem Weißen Hai, dem Tigerhai und dem Makohai gehört er zu den sieben größten Arten, die in die Listen der International Game Fish Association (IGFA) aufgenommen wurden und für die regelmäßig Fangrekorde angemeldet werden.

Für die kommerzielle Fischerei spielen die Haie vor allem als potentielle Angreifer der in den Netzen gefangenen Fische eine Rolle. Eine kommerzielle Nutzung des Blauhais ist aufgrund des stark harnsäurehaltigen Fleischs nur in Südostasien und in Japan üblich. Angeboten werden Teile der Tiere als Frischware, gesalzen oder getrocknet. Außerdem werden die Flossen zu Haifischflossensuppe verarbeitet und die Haut wird für Lederprodukte genutzt.

Zugleich gilt der Blauhai als eine der für den Menschen potentiell gefährlichen Haiarten. Es gibt mehrere Berichte von Haiattacken durch diese Art auf badende oder tauchende Menschen sowie auf Boote. Dabei ist anzunehmen, dass die Haie die Menschen für eine zu überwältigende Beute hielten. Aufgrund ihres Lebensraumes, der im Normalfall nicht in den Küstenbereichen liegt, sind diese Angriffe jedoch äußerst selten. Der Blauhai kann als Beispiel für die übertriebene Darstellung der Gefährlichkeit von Haien für den Menschen gesehen werden.

Bedrohung und Schutz

Wie bei anderen großen Hochseehaien stellt die Bejagung für den Blauhai nur eine untergeordnete Gefahr dar. Viel gravierender sind die Verluste, die bei der Schleppnetz- oder Leinenfischerei entstehen. Die Haie werden dabei als Beifang gefangen und sterben meist noch im Netz und an der Leine, da sie für ihre Atmung in ständiger Bewegung sein müssen. Auf diese Weise sterben jährlich zwischen 10 und 20 Millionen Tiere.

Auf der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten sind die Blauhaie als (near threatened) potenziell gefährdet eingeordnet.

2017 wurden Blauhaie in der Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) auf die Liste der appendix II aufgenommen.

Belege

  1. nach fishbase auf Fishbase.org (englisch)
  2. Mine Dosay-Akbulut: The phylogenetic relationship within the genus Carcharhinus. In: Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331, 2008, S. 500, doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.04.001

Literatur

Weblinks

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Blauhai: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Blauhai (Prionace glauca) gehört innerhalb der Haie (Selachii) zur Familie der Requiemhaie (Carcharhinidae) und stellt die einzige Art der Gattung Blauhaie (Prionace) dar. Neben dem Weißspitzen-Hochseehai (Carcharhinus longimanus) und dem Seidenhai (Carcharhinus falciformis) gehört er zu den drei häufigsten Hochseehaiarten.

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Blue shairk ( Scots )

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The blue shairk (Prionace glauca) is a species o requiem shairk, in the faimily Carcharhinidae, that inhabits deep watters in the warld's temperate an tropical oceans. Preferrin ceuler watters,[3] blue shairks migrate lang distances, sic as frae New Ingland tae Sooth Americae. The species is leetit as Near Threatened bi the IUCN.

Awtho generally lethargic, thay can muive vera quickly. Blue shairks are viviparous an are notit for lairge litters o 25 tae ower 100 pups. Thay feed primarily on smaw fish an squid, awtho thay can tak lairger prey. Maximum lifespan is still unkent, but it is believit that thay can live up tae 20 years.[4]

References

  1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived frae the oreeginal on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2008-01-09. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
  2. Stevens, J. (2009) Prionace glauca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39381A10222811.en
  3. Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 521–524, 555–61, 590.
  4. Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, published by the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; undated Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.

Freemit airtins

Template:Selachimorpha

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Blue shairk: Brief Summary ( Scots )

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The blue shairk (Prionace glauca) is a species o requiem shairk, in the faimily Carcharhinidae, that inhabits deep watters in the warld's temperate an tropical oceans. Preferrin ceuler watters, blue shairks migrate lang distances, sic as frae New Ingland tae Sooth Americae. The species is leetit as Near Threatened bi the IUCN.

Awtho generally lethargic, thay can muive vera quickly. Blue shairks are viviparous an are notit for lairge litters o 25 tae ower 100 pups. Thay feed primarily on smaw fish an squid, awtho thay can tak lairger prey. Maximum lifespan is still unkent, but it is believit that thay can live up tae 20 years.

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Pesciucane ( Corsican )

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U pesciucane [1] hè un tipu di squalu di a famiglia di i Carcharhinidae. [2] Hè assai prisente in l'oceani timperati è trupicali da 350 metri di prufundità à a superficia. 'Ssu cagnacciu hè caratterizatu da a so forma assai lungarina è da a tinta turchina di a parte superiore di u so corpu.

Hè a sola spezia di u generu Prionace.

Caratteristiche

Descrizzione

U pesciucane hà un corpu chjaru è longhe nutaghjole pettorale. Cum'è altri assai cagnacci, i pesciucani sò cuntrastati : u sopra di u corpu hè turchinu scuru, più chjaru annantu à i lati è u sottu hè biancu. U pesciucane masciu aghjunghje generalmente da 1,82 à 2,82 m à maturità, mentre e femine più grosse aghjunghjenu generalmente 2,2 à 3,3 metri à maturità. I grossi esimplari ponu aghjunghje 3,8 metri di longu. U pesciucane hè abbastanza lungarinu è smilzu di taglia è pesa di solitu da 27 à 55 kilò ind'è i masci è da 93 à 182 kilò ind'è e grande femine. Qualchì volta, una femina chì a so lunghezza varca 3 metri pesa più di 204 kilò. U più pesu grevu mintuvatu per a spezia era di 391 kilò. U pesciucane hè dinù ectotermicu è hà unu odoratu assai sviluppatu.

U pesciucane si nutrisce di totani, di pesci, di picculi cagnacci, di crustacei è in modu più eccezziunale d'acelli è di cadaveri di mammiferi marini.

Riproduzzione

I pesciucani sò vivipari è danu nascita à quattru à 135 chjuchi per catellata. U periodu di gistazione hè cumpresa trà 9 è 12 mesi. E femine ghjunghjenu à maturità à l'età di cinque o sei anni è i masci à l'età di quattru o cinque anni. Omu pensa ch'è a parata nuzziale implicheghja u morsu da u masciu, chì i campioni maturi ponu esse sessuati incù accuratezza in funzione di a prisenza o di l'assenza di venice di morsu. I pesciucani femini si sò adattati à u rituale rigurosu di l'accupiamentu sviluppendu una pelle trè volte più spessa ch'è quella di i masci.

Cibu

I totani sò prede impurtante per i pesciucani, ma u so rigimu alimintare cumprende altri invertebrati, cum'è a seppia è i polpi pelagichi, cum'è u luccapante, u gamberettu, u granciu, un grande numeru di pesci ossacuti, picculi cagnacci, a carogna di i mammiferi è uni pochi di acelli marini. U lardu è a carne di balena è di marsuinu sò stati prilivati in u stomacu di esemplari catturati è omu sà ch'elli prilevanu u baccalà in e sciabiche. I cagnacci sò stati ossirvati è documintati travagliendu inseme cum'è " caneghju " per cuncoglie e so prede in un gruppu cuncintratu chì ne ponu faciule nutrisce si. I pesciucani ponu manghjà u tonnu, chì sò statu ossirvati prufittendu di u cumpurtamentu d'accolta per nutrisce si opportunamente di prede chì scappanu. U cumpurtamentu d'accolta ossirvatu ùn hè micca statu disturbatu da differente spezie di cagnacci in i circondi, chì perseguiteghjanu nurmalmente a preda cumuna. U pesciucane pò nutà lestru, ciò chì li permette di chjappà faciule a so preda. In particulare, i so denti triangulari li permettenu di chjappà faciule e prede sculisciante.

Ecolugia

U pesciucane stà in tutti l'oceani è mari di u mondu in e latitudine cumprese trà 66° Nordu à 55° Sudu. 'Ssu cagnacciu hè pelagicu ma pò occasiunalmente stà in a vicinanza di a cinta cuntinentale. I ghjovani pesciucani sò stati qualchì volta ossirvati vicinu à e coste. Priferisce l'acque trà 7 °C è 16 °C ma supporta bè l'acque appena sopra à 20 °C.

Relazione incù l'omu

Si stima ch'è 10 à 20 milioni di 'ssi cagnacci sò tumbati ogni annu à a seguita di a pesca. A carne hè manghjareccia, ma poca ricircata. Hè cunsumata fresca, siccata, fumata è salita. A pelle hè imprudata per u coghju, e nutaghjole per a suppa à l'alettoni di cagnacciu è u fecatu per l'oliu. I pesciucaini sò qualchì volta ricircati cum'è pesci di caccia per a so bellezza è a so lestrezza.

U pesciucane pizzica raramente l'omu. Da u 1580 à u 2013, u pesciucane ùn hè statu implicatu ch'è in 13 incidenti di morsi, frà i quali quattru murtali.

Note

  1. Casanova (2010), p. 482.
  2. 'Ss'articulu pruvene in parte da l'articulu currispundente di a wikipedia in inglese.

Bibliugrafia

  • Petru Casanova, Motti, Albiana, 2010

Ligami

Da vede dinù

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Pesciucane: Brief Summary ( Corsican )

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U pesciucane hè un tipu di squalu di a famiglia di i Carcharhinidae. Hè assai prisente in l'oceani timperati è trupicali da 350 metri di prufundità à a superficia. 'Ssu cagnacciu hè caratterizatu da a so forma assai lungarina è da a tinta turchina di a parte superiore di u so corpu.

Hè a sola spezia di u generu Prionace.

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Γλαυκοκαρχαρίας ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο γλαυκοκαρχαρίας (επιστημονική ονομασία Prionace glauca) είναι ένας καρχαρίας της οικογένειας Καρχαρινίδες, που ζει στις τροπικές και εύκρατες θάλασσες. Αν και συνήθως οκνηροί, μπορούν να κινηθούν γρήγορα. Οι γλαυκοκαρχαρίες είναι ζωοτόκοι, γεννώντας 25 με 100 μικρά. Τρέφονται με μικρά ψάρια και καλαμάρια, αλλά μπορούν να επιτεθούν και σε μεγαλύτερη λεία. Οι γλαυκοκαρχαρίες σχηματίζουν κοπάδια διαχωρισμένα ανάλογα με το φύλο και μέγεθος.

Οι γλαυκοκαρχαρίες έχουν ελαφριά κατασκευή σώματος και μακρά θωρακικά πτερύγια. Το επάνω μέρος του σώματός τους είναι μπλε, το πλάι γαλάζιο και από κάτω λευκό. Φτάνουν σε μήκος τα 3,8 μέτρα και βάρος τα 390 κιλά,[2] αν και ο μέσος όρος είναι γύρω στα 200.

Οι ενήλικες καρχαρίες δεν απειλούνται τακτικά από κανένα είδος με εξαίρεση τον άνθρωπο. Οι μικρότεροι καρχαρίες μπορεί να γίνουν λεία αρκετά μεγάλων καρχαριών όπως ο λευκός καρχαρίας και ο καρχαρίας τίγρης.

Παραπομπές

  1. Stevens, J. (2009). Prionace glauca στην Κόκκινη Λίστα Απειλούμενων Ειδών της IUCN. Έκδοση 2013.2. Διεθνής Ένωση Προστασίας της Φύσης (IUCN). Ανακτήθηκε 12 Μαρτίου 2014.
  2. Henry F. Mollet. «Summary of Large Blue Sharks Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) in progress». Ανακτήθηκε στις 12 Μαρτίου 2014.


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Γλαυκοκαρχαρίας: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο γλαυκοκαρχαρίας (επιστημονική ονομασία Prionace glauca) είναι ένας καρχαρίας της οικογένειας Καρχαρινίδες, που ζει στις τροπικές και εύκρατες θάλασσες. Αν και συνήθως οκνηροί, μπορούν να κινηθούν γρήγορα. Οι γλαυκοκαρχαρίες είναι ζωοτόκοι, γεννώντας 25 με 100 μικρά. Τρέφονται με μικρά ψάρια και καλαμάρια, αλλά μπορούν να επιτεθούν και σε μεγαλύτερη λεία. Οι γλαυκοκαρχαρίες σχηματίζουν κοπάδια διαχωρισμένα ανάλογα με το φύλο και μέγεθος.

Οι γλαυκοκαρχαρίες έχουν ελαφριά κατασκευή σώματος και μακρά θωρακικά πτερύγια. Το επάνω μέρος του σώματός τους είναι μπλε, το πλάι γαλάζιο και από κάτω λευκό. Φτάνουν σε μήκος τα 3,8 μέτρα και βάρος τα 390 κιλά, αν και ο μέσος όρος είναι γύρω στα 200.

Οι ενήλικες καρχαρίες δεν απειλούνται τακτικά από κανένα είδος με εξαίρεση τον άνθρωπο. Οι μικρότεροι καρχαρίες μπορεί να γίνουν λεία αρκετά μεγάλων καρχαριών όπως ο λευκός καρχαρίας και ο καρχαρίας τίγρης.

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Canisca ( Sardinian )

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Su canísca (in italianu verdasca) est unu animale de su mare.

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Blue shark

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The blue shark (Prionace glauca), also known as the great blue shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, which inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. Averaging around 3.1 m (10 ft) and preferring cooler waters,[3] the blue shark migrates long distances, such as from New England to South America. It is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.

Although generally lethargic, they can move very quickly. Blue sharks are viviparous and are noted for large litters of 25 to over 100 pups. They feed primarily on small fish and squid, although they can take larger prey. Maximum lifespan is still unknown, but it is believed that they can live up to 20 years.[4]

Anatomy and appearance

Blue sharks are light-bodied with long pectoral fins. Like many other sharks, blue sharks are countershaded: the top of the body is deep blue, lighter on the sides, and the underside is white. The male blue shark commonly grows to 1.82 to 2.82 m (6.0 to 9.3 ft) at maturity, whereas the larger females commonly grow to 2.2 to 3.3 m (7.2 to 10.8 ft) at maturity.[5] Large specimens can grow to 3.8 m (12 ft) long. Occasionally, an outsized blue shark is reported, with one widely printed claim of a length of 6.1 m (20 ft), but no shark even approaching this size has been scientifically documented.[5] The blue shark is fairly elongated and slender in build and typically weighs from 27 to 55 kg (60 to 121 lb) in males and from 93 to 182 kg (205 to 401 lb) in large females.[6][7][8] Occasionally, a female in excess of 3 m (9.8 ft) will weigh over 204 kg (450 lb). The heaviest reported weight for the species was 391 kg (862 lb).[9] The blue shark is also ectothermic and it has a unique sense of smell.

Reproduction

Back of blue shark

They are viviparous, with a yolk-sac placenta, delivering 4 to 135 pups per litter. The gestation period is between 9 and 12 months. Females mature at five to six years of age and males at four to five. Courtship is believed to involve biting by the male, as mature specimens can be accurately sexed according to the presence or absence of bite scarring. Female blue sharks have adapted to the rigorous mating ritual by developing skin three times as thick as male skin.[3]

Ecology

Range and habitat

The blue shark is an oceanic and epipelagic shark found worldwide in deep temperate and tropical waters from the surface to about 350 m (1,150 ft).[10] In temperate seas it may approach shore, where it can be observed by divers; while in tropical waters, it inhabits greater depths. It lives as far north as Norway and as far south as Chile. Blue sharks are found off the coasts of every continent, except Antarctica. Its greatest Pacific concentrations occur between 20° and 50° North, but with strong seasonal fluctuations. In the tropics, it spreads evenly between 20° N and 20° S.[3] It prefers water temperatures between 12 and 20 °C (54–68 °F), but can be seen in water ranging from 7 to 25 °C (45–77 °F).[11] Records from the Atlantic show a regular clockwise migration within the prevailing currents.[3]

Feeding

Squid are the most important prey for blue sharks, but their diet includes other invertebrates, such as cuttlefish, blanket octopuses,[12] and pelagic octopuses, as well as lobster, shrimp, crab, a large number of bony fishes (such as long-snouted lancetfish, snake mackerel and oilfish),[13] small sharks, mammalian carrion and occasional sea birds (such as great shearwaters).[14] Whale and porpoise blubber and meat have been retrieved from the stomachs of captured specimens and they are known to take cod from trawl nets.[3] Sharks have been observed and documented working together as a "pack" to herd prey into a concentrated group from which they can easily feed. Blue sharks may eat tuna, which have been observed taking advantage of the herding behaviour to opportunistically feed on escaping prey. The observed herding behaviour was undisturbed by different species of shark in the vicinity that normally would pursue the common prey.[15] The blue shark can swim at fast speeds, allowing it to catch up with prey easily. Its triangular teeth allow it to easily catch hold of slippery prey.

Predators

Young and smaller individuals may be eaten by larger sharks, such as the great white shark and the tiger shark. Orcas have been reported to hunt blue sharks.[16] This shark may host several species of parasites. For example, the blue shark is a definitive host of the tetraphyllidean tapeworm, Pelichnibothrium speciosum (Prionacestus bipartitus). It becomes infected by eating intermediate hosts, probably opah (Lampris guttatus) and/or longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox).[17]

Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) and Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) have been observed to feed on blue sharks.[18][19]

Relationship to humans

Blue shark meat is edible, but not widely sought after; it is consumed fresh, dried, smoked and salted and diverted for fishmeal. There is a report of high concentration of heavy metals (mercury and lead) in the edible flesh.[20] The skin is used for leather, the fins for shark-fin soup and the liver for oil.[3] Blue sharks are occasionally sought as game fish for their beauty and speed.

Blue sharks rarely bite humans. From 1580 up until 2013, the blue shark was implicated in only 13 biting incidents, four of which ended fatally.[21]

In captivity

A blue shark at the Sendai Umino-Mori Aquarium, having lived for 367 days in captivity
A blue shark at the Tokyo Sea Life Park

Blue sharks, like most pelagic sharks, tend to fare poorly in captivity. The first attempt of keeping blue sharks in captivity was at Sea World San Diego in 1968,[22] and since then a small number of other public aquariums in North America, Europe and Asia have attempted it.[23] Most of these were in captivity for about three months or less,[23] and some of them were released back to the wild afterwards.[22] The record time for blue sharks in captivity is 246 and 224 days for two individuals at Tokyo Sea Life Park,[22] 210 days for an individual at New Jersey Aquarium,[23] and 194 days for one at Lisbon Oceanarium[22] and 252 and 873 days for two individuals at Sendai Umino-Mori Aquarium.[24][25]

The blue shark that survived the longest in captivity was captured in Shizugawa Bay on July 27, 2018, and taken to the Sendai Umino-Mori Aquarium.[26] The total length at the time of delivery was 51 cm (1.67 ft), the estimated weight was 0.345 kg (0.76 lb), and the age was about 1 year old.[26] After that, it lived for 873 days, but died due to factors such as disordered swimming due to dehydration.[26] At the time of death, the total length was 114 cm (3.74 ft) and the weight was 4 kg (8.8 lb).[26] This growth rate is said to be the same as that of wild blue sharks.[26]

Blue sharks are relatively easy to feed and store in captivity, and the three primary issues appear to be transport, predation by larger sharks and trouble avoiding smooth surfaces in tanks.[22] Small blue sharks, up to 1 m (3.3 ft) long, are relatively easy to transport to aquariums, but it is much more complicated to transport larger individuals.[22] However, this typical small size when introduced to aquariums means that they are highly vulnerable to predation by other sharks that are often kept, such as bull, grey reef, sandbar and sand tiger sharks.[22][23] For example, several blue sharks kept at Sea World San Diego initially did fairly well, but were eaten when bull sharks were added to their exhibit.[23] Attempts of keeping blue sharks in tanks of various sizes, shapes and depths have shown that they have trouble avoiding walls, aquarium windows and other smooth surfaces, eventually leading to abrasions to the fins or snout, which may result in serious infections.[22][23] To keep blue sharks, it is therefore necessary with tanks that allow for relatively long, optimum swimming paths where potential contact with smooth surfaces is kept at a minimum. It has been suggested that prominent rockwork may be easier to avoid for blue sharks than smooth surfaces, as has been shown in captive tiger sharks.[22]

Conservation status

In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the blue shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[27] The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. ISBN 9780877104506. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
  2. ^ a b Rigby, C.L., Barreto, R., Carlson, J., Fernando, D., Fordham, S., Francis, M.P., Herman, K., Jabado, R.W., Liu, K.M., Marshall, A., Pacoureau, N., Romanov, E., Sherley, R.B. & Winker, H. (2019). Prionace glauca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39381A2915850.en
  3. ^ a b c d e f Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 521–524, 555–61, 590.
  4. ^ Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, published by the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador in Emerging Species Profile Sheets. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Canada. Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Blue Shark Archived 2013-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
  6. ^ Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) – Ireland's Wildlife Archived 2013-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Irelandswildlife.com (2011-07-21). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
  7. ^ Sharks – Greenland (Somniosus microcephalus), Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and Porbeagle (Lamna nasus). Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine fishaq.gov.nl.ca
  8. ^ Sea Angling in Ireland – Blue Shark. Sea-angling-ireland.org (2006-10-21). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
  9. ^ Summary of Large Blue Sharks Prioncae glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) in progress. elasmollet.org (March 2008)
  10. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Prionace glauca" in FishBase. 9 2006 version.
  11. ^ Compagno, L.; M. Dando & S. Fowler (2004). Sharks of the World. HarperCollins. pp. 316–317. ISBN 0-00-713610-2.
  12. ^ "Prionace glauca (Blue Shark)". Animal Diversity Web.
  13. ^ "Prionace glauca (Blue Shark)". Animal Diversity Web.
  14. ^ "Prionace glauca (Blue Shark)". Animal Diversity Web.
  15. ^ Monique, Fallows (29 January 2013). "Blue Sharks Feeding on Anchovy Baitball". Apex Predators Blog. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  16. ^ Fertl, D.; Acevedo-Gutierrez, A.; Darby, F. L. (1996). "A report of killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on a carcharhinid shark in Costa Rica" (PDF). Marine Mammal Science. 12 (4): 606–611. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00075.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  17. ^ Scholz, Tomáš; Euzet, Louis; Moravec, František (1998). "Taxonomic status of Pelichnibothrium speciosum Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of Alepisaurus ferox Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and Prionace glauca (L.) (Euselachii: Carcharinidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 41 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1023/A:1006091102174. S2CID 33831101.
  18. ^ Keith, E. O.; Condit, R. S.; Le Boeuf, B. J. (1984). "California Sea Lions Breeding at Ano Nuevo Island, California". Journal of Mammalogy. 65 (4): 695. doi:10.2307/1380857. JSTOR 1380857.
  19. ^ Fallows, C.; Benoît, H.P.; Hammerschlag, N. (16 March 2015). "Intraguild predation and partial consumption of blue sharks Prionace glauca by Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus" (PDF). African Journal of Marine Science. 37 (1): 125–128. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2015.1013058. S2CID 2563222.
  20. ^ Lopez, S.; Abarca, N.; Meléndez, R. (2014). "Heavy Metal Concentrations of two highly migratory sharks (Prionace glauca and Isurus oxyrinchus) in the south-eastern Pacific waters: comments on public health and conservation" (PDF). Tropical Conservation Science. 6 (1): 126–137. doi:10.1177/194008291300600103.
  21. ^ Species Implicated in Attacks :: Florida Museum of Natural History. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 2016-11-17.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i Baylina; Pereira; Batista; João Correia (2017). Smith; Warmolts; Thoney; Hueter; Murray; Ezcurra (eds.). Collection, transport and husbandry of the blue shark, Prionace glauca. Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II. Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 43–52. ISBN 978-0-86727-166-9.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) in Captivity. elasmollet.org (2007)
  24. ^ "<うみの杜水族館>ヨシキリザメ飼育 新記録". 河北新報. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  25. ^ "ヨシキリザメ死亡について" (PDF). 17 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  26. ^ a b c d e "ヨシキリザメ№25について 仙台うみの杜水族館公式サイト". 24 January 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  27. ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 11. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.

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Blue shark: Brief Summary

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The blue shark (Prionace glauca), also known as the great blue shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, which inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. Averaging around 3.1 m (10 ft) and preferring cooler waters, the blue shark migrates long distances, such as from New England to South America. It is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.

Although generally lethargic, they can move very quickly. Blue sharks are viviparous and are noted for large litters of 25 to over 100 pups. They feed primarily on small fish and squid, although they can take larger prey. Maximum lifespan is still unknown, but it is believed that they can live up to 20 years.

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Blua ŝarko ( Esperanto )

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 src=
Ilustraĵo de Prionace glauca.
 src=
Dorso de blua ŝarko

La Blua ŝarko (Prionace glauca) estas specio de ŝarko de la familio de Karĉarinedoj, kiu loĝas ĉe profundaj akvoj de moderaj kaj tropikaj oceanoj de la tuta mondo. Preferante pli malvarmajn akvojn,[1] bluaĵ ŝarkoj migras longajn distancojn, kiaj el Nov-Anglio al la Suda Ameriko.

Kvankam ĝenerale letargia, ili povas moviĝi tre rapide. Bluaj ŝarkoj estas vivonaskuloj kaj notindas pro idaroj de 25 al ĉirkaŭ 100 ŝarkidoj. Ili manĝas ĉefe malgrandajn fiŝojn kaj kalmarojn, kvankam ili povas kapti pli grandajn predojn. Maksimuma vivodaŭro estas ankoraŭ nekonata, sed oni supozas, ke ili povas vivi ĝis 20 jaroj.[2]

Referencoj

  1. Leonard J. V. Compagno. (1984) Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, p. 521–524, 555 – 61, 590.
  2. Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, publikigita de la Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; sendata

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Blua ŝarko: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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 src= Ilustraĵo de Prionace glauca.  src= Dorso de blua ŝarko

La Blua ŝarko (Prionace glauca) estas specio de ŝarko de la familio de Karĉarinedoj, kiu loĝas ĉe profundaj akvoj de moderaj kaj tropikaj oceanoj de la tuta mondo. Preferante pli malvarmajn akvojn, bluaĵ ŝarkoj migras longajn distancojn, kiaj el Nov-Anglio al la Suda Ameriko.

Kvankam ĝenerale letargia, ili povas moviĝi tre rapide. Bluaj ŝarkoj estas vivonaskuloj kaj notindas pro idaroj de 25 al ĉirkaŭ 100 ŝarkidoj. Ili manĝas ĉefe malgrandajn fiŝojn kaj kalmarojn, kvankam ili povas kapti pli grandajn predojn. Maksimuma vivodaŭro estas ankoraŭ nekonata, sed oni supozas, ke ili povas vivi ĝis 20 jaroj.

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Prionace glauca ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La tintorera o tiburón azul (Prionace glauca) es una especie de elasmobranquio carcarriniforme de la familia Carcharhinidae. Es un tiburón pelágico, cosmopolita, que se distribuye por todos los océanos y mares del mundo y recibe diferentes nombres vulgares según el lugar: tintorera -nombre que también hace referencia al tiburón tigre- en España y México, caella, caguella o quenlla en España, tiburón azul en Uruguay, Argentina, Perú, y en Chile azulejo.

Morfología y anatomía

 src=
Tintorera

La tintorera es un tiburón de cuerpo estilizado y alargado, con un hocico largo y cónico. Tiene ojos grandes que, al igual que todos los carcarriniformes, se encuentran provistos de una membrana nictitante, una especie de párpado semitransparente que va de arriba abajo y protege los globos oculares cuando luchan con su presa. Posee cinco hendiduras branquiales, dos aletas dorsales, dos aletas pectorales, dos aletas anales y una aleta caudal. Las aletas pectorales son largas y delgadas, y la aleta caudal está provista de un lóbulo superior también muy alargado. Tiene una coloración blanca en la parte ventral, y un azul metálico muy intenso en el resto del cuerpo. Sus dientes, que se caen y son reemplazados constantemente, son de forma triangular con bordes aserrados. Tiene una longitud promedio de 2,5 m y un peso de 80 kg.

Como particularidad cabe destacar que, dada la longitud de su nariz, su mandíbula se ha adaptado para poder morder sin problemas, ya que la parte superior de la mandíbula es capaz de proyectarse hacia adelante, de tal modo que para morder no necesita alzar la cabeza.

  • Cuerpo bastante alargado y fusiforme.
  • Hocico bastante comprimido y estrechamente cónico.
  • La primera dorsal está situada en la mitad del cuerpo, la segunda dorsal y la anal son pequeñas.
  • Las aletas pectorales son estrechas, largas y un poco falciformes.
  • Presenta cinco pares de hendiduras branquiales, el último por encima de las pectorales.
  • La coloración es de un azul brillante intenso, la punta de las aletas es oscura, la panza es blanca.
  • Su color se vuelve gris apagado una vez muerta.
  • Consigue 383 cm de longitud total.
  • El macho madura entre los 182 y los 281 cm. La hembra lo hace cuando tiene entre 173 y 221 cm.

Alimentación

 src=
Vista lateral.

Su alimentación se constituye básicamente de peces como caballas, arenques, meros, jureles, bonitos, gádidos, calamares y aves marinas. Normalmente caza en pareja o grupos pequeños para ayudarse a dispersar los cardúmenes. En su búsqueda de alimento puede recorrer grandes distancias. Se estima que pueden recorrer distancias de hasta 5500 km.[cita requerida]

Reproducción

La tintorera es un pez vivíparo. La madurez sexual tiene lugar entre los cinco y los seis años en las hembras y entre los cuatro y cinco en los machos. La fecundación tiene lugar dentro del cuerpo de la hembra que el macho fertiliza gracias a un par de aletas pélvicas especiales llamadas pterigópodos. Las hembras poseen dos úteros en lugar de uno, dentro de los cuales se desarrollan entre cuatro y treinta y cinco crías. Las tintoreras recién nacidas miden aproximadamente 40 cm de longitud. Al igual que en otras especies de tiburones vivíparos, las hembras pierden el apetito poco antes de parir para evitar devorar a sus propias crías. La gestación dura entre nueve y doce meses. Las tintoreras son completamente independientes al nacer e instantáneamente buscan refugio de los depredadores, entre ellos sus propios progenitores. Al nacer poseen aún su saco vitelino, una prolongación de su abdomen en donde se encuentran sus órganos internos, y que es reabsorbido hacia el cuerpo poco tiempo después.

Hábitat

Es una especie pelágica que ocupa tanto la superficie de mar abierto como las zonas costeras. Se desplaza solo o en grupos por las aguas frías, entre 7 y 16 °C, aunque tolera los 21 °C o más. Presenta costumbres nocturnas. Es un migrante muy activo. Los individuos de la población se segregan por edades y sexos.

Población y estado de conservación

Al ser la tintorera un tiburón de costumbres oceánicas y migratorias, cualquier cálculo que se haga sobre su población es poco fiable. Aun así, se considera, basándose en estimaciones sobre su pesca deportiva, que debe encontrarse en un riesgo bajo de extinción. La Unión Mundial para la Naturaleza (IUCN) difiere y la incluyó en su lista roja de especies amenazadas.

La baja calidad de la carne hace que no tenga mucha importancia comercial, a pesar de su abundancia. Se captura principalmente con palangre, pero también en el arte de arrastre. Las aletas se aprovechan para hacer la sopa de aleta de tiburón y las mandíbulas se venden como ornamento.

Depredadores

Los tiburones grandes, como el gran tiburón blanco y el tiburón tigre, pueden comer individuos jóvenes y pequeños. Se ha informado que las orcas cazan tiburones azules. Este tiburón puede albergar varias especies de parásitos. Por ejemplo, el tiburón azul es el hospedador definitivo de la tenia tetrafilídica, Pelichnibothrium speciosum (Prionacestus bipartitus). Se infecta al comer huéspedes intermedios, probablemente opah (Lampris guttatus) y / o lancetfish de pico largo (Alepisaurus ferox).

Relación con los humanos

Se estima que entre diez y veinte millones de estos tiburones mueren cada año como resultado de la pesca. La carne es comestible, pero no muy buscada; Se consume fresco, seco, ahumado, salado y desviado para la harina de pescado. Hay un informe de alta concentración de metales pesados (mercurio y plomo) en la carne comestible. La piel se usa para el cuero, las aletas para la sopa de aleta de tiburón y el hígado para el aceite. Los tiburones azules se buscan ocasionalmente como peces de caza por su belleza y velocidad.

Los tiburones azules rara vez muerden a los humanos. Desde 1580 hasta 2013, el tiburón azul estuvo implicado en solo trece incidentes de mordeduras, cuatro de los cuales terminaron fatalmente.[2]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Stevens, J. (2009). «Prionace glauca». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2011.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2012.
  2. Species Implicated in Attacks :: Florida Museum of Natural History. Flmnh.ufl.edu. (en inglés) Consultado el 17 de Noviembre de 2016.

Galería de imágenes

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Prionace glauca: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La tintorera o tiburón azul (Prionace glauca) es una especie de elasmobranquio carcarriniforme de la familia Carcharhinidae. Es un tiburón pelágico, cosmopolita, que se distribuye por todos los océanos y mares del mundo y recibe diferentes nombres vulgares según el lugar: tintorera -nombre que también hace referencia al tiburón tigre- en España y México, caella, caguella o quenlla en España, tiburón azul en Uruguay, Argentina, Perú, y en Chile azulejo.

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Tintoleta ( Basque )

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Tintoleta (Prionace glauca) ur gaziko arrain kartilaginosoa da, Carcharhinidae familiakoa. Marrazoaren antzeko itsas arrain handi indartsua da, oso jatuna, gorputza luzarana eta urdina duena.

4 m inguru luzea da, indartsua eta jatuna, bizkarraldea gris arbel-kolorea eta sabelaldea zurixka dituena. Bularreko hegalak oso luzeak eta alboetara zabalduak ditu. Igerian oso lasterra da baina gaitasun horretaz ez da janaria harrapatzeko bestetarako baliatzen; gainerakoan oso mantso ibiltzen da, bizkarreko hegala uretatik kanpora duela askotan. Arrainak eta itsasoko beste animaliak janez elikatzen da. Munduko ozeano bero eta epel guztietan bizi da.

Erreferentziak


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Tintoleta: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Tintoleta (Prionace glauca) ur gaziko arrain kartilaginosoa da, Carcharhinidae familiakoa. Marrazoaren antzeko itsas arrain handi indartsua da, oso jatuna, gorputza luzarana eta urdina duena.

4 m inguru luzea da, indartsua eta jatuna, bizkarraldea gris arbel-kolorea eta sabelaldea zurixka dituena. Bularreko hegalak oso luzeak eta alboetara zabalduak ditu. Igerian oso lasterra da baina gaitasun horretaz ez da janaria harrapatzeko bestetarako baliatzen; gainerakoan oso mantso ibiltzen da, bizkarreko hegala uretatik kanpora duela askotan. Arrainak eta itsasoko beste animaliak janez elikatzen da. Munduko ozeano bero eta epel guztietan bizi da.

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Sinihai ( Finnish )

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Sinihai (Prionace glauca) on suurikokoinen tiikerihaiden heimon kala, joka painaa täysikasvuisena 60–80 kiloa. Sitä tavataan syvissä vesissä lauhkeilla ja trooppisilla merialueilla aina Norjasta Etelä-Afrikkaan. Sinihai viihtyy viileähkössä vedessä, ja siksi se lämpimämmillä alueilla pysyy varsin syvällä, kun taas viileämmillä alueilla se on lähempänä pintaa. Sinihaita ei myöskään tavata matalissa lämpimissä merissä kuten Punaisella merellä tai Meksikon lahdella.

Sinihai voi muuttaa pitkiä matkoja, esimerkiksi Uuden Englannin edustalta Etelä-Amerikkaan.

Lisääntyminen

Sinihain jälkeläiset kehittyvät emon ruumiin sisällä; poikasia on kerralla 25-100 kappaletta.

Ravinto

Sinihait syövät enimmäkseen kalaa ja mustekaloja, vaikka ne kykenevät tarvittaessa nappaamaan suurempiakin saaliseläimiä.

Lähteet

  1. Stevens, J.: Prionace glauca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. 2009. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Sinihai: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Sinihai (Prionace glauca) on suurikokoinen tiikerihaiden heimon kala, joka painaa täysikasvuisena 60–80 kiloa. Sitä tavataan syvissä vesissä lauhkeilla ja trooppisilla merialueilla aina Norjasta Etelä-Afrikkaan. Sinihai viihtyy viileähkössä vedessä, ja siksi se lämpimämmillä alueilla pysyy varsin syvällä, kun taas viileämmillä alueilla se on lähempänä pintaa. Sinihaita ei myöskään tavata matalissa lämpimissä merissä kuten Punaisella merellä tai Meksikon lahdella.

Sinihai voi muuttaa pitkiä matkoja, esimerkiksi Uuden Englannin edustalta Etelä-Amerikkaan.

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Requin bleu ( French )

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Prionace glauca

Le Requin bleu, dénommé également Peau bleue (Prionace glauca), est une espèce de requins pélagiques très présent dans les océans tempérés à tropicaux de 350 mètres de profondeur à la surface (néanmoins, un requin bleu a été observé à 750 m de profondeur dans les eaux angolaises). Ce requin est caractérisé par sa forme très effilée et par la teinte bleue de la partie supérieure de son corps. Sa taille maximale est de l'ordre de 4 m.

C'est la seule espèce du genre Prionace.

Habitat

Le requin bleu habite tous les océans et mers du monde dans des latitudes comprises entre 66° Nord à 55° Sud. Ce requin est pélagique mais peut occasionnellement rester à proximité de la ceinture continentale. De jeunes requins bleu sont parfois observés près des côtes. Il préfère les eaux entre 7 °C et 16 °C mais supporte bien les eaux légèrement au-dessus de 20 °C.

Biologie et écologie

Reproduction

Le requin bleu est vivipare avec un placenta vitellin. La maturité sexuelle est atteinte vers 5 ans chez les mâles et vers 6 ans chez les femelles. La gestation dure de neuf à douze mois et la femelle donne naissance de 4 à 135 petits par portée. Durant la parade nuptiale, le mâle mord la femelle. La femelle développe donc une peau trois fois plus épaisse[1].

Alimentation

 src=
Dents de la mâchoire supérieure

Le requin bleu se nourrit de calmars, de seiches, de pieuvres, de poissons (thons, morues...), de petits requins, de crustacés (crabes, homards, crevettes...), de charognes et plus exceptionnellement d'otaries. Des morceaux de marsouins et de baleines ont été récupérés dans l'estomac de spécimens capturés[1]. Ses dents triangulaires lui servent à attraper facilement les proies glissantes. Certains requins bleus se rassemblent pour regrouper des proies.

Comportement

Solitaire, mais pouvant se regrouper temporairement en banc de même sexe, le requin bleu d'Atlantique effectue une migration annuelle des Caraïbes vers les côtes d'Amérique du Nord puis vers l'Europe et enfin l'Afrique avant de revenir aux Caraïbes. Une ségrégation saisonnière des individus se déroule en Amérique du Nord ouest en fonction des sexes et des tailles des animaux[2].

Le requin bleu attaquant rarement les hommes, on ne le considère pas comme dangereux. La plupart des altercations entre des requins bleus et des humains ont lieu en eau profonde et près de petits bateaux ; les spécimens juvéniles qui vivent dans des zones constituant des nurseries peuvent parfois s'aventurer près du rivage. 13 attaques ont été recensées (de 1580 à 2012) dont 4 fatales[3].

Particularités

Un requin bleu a été marqué au large de Monterey en Californie et a été retrouvé quelques semaines plus tard au large du Japon. Ce requin est capable d'accélérer rapidement à des vitesses de l'ordre de 40 km/h.

Les études menées en Méditerranée française

En Méditerranée, afin de suivre en temps réel leurs habitudes migratoires, l'Aquarium du Grau-du-Roi a effectué des marquages de spécimens.

L'association Stellaris et l'Ifremer ont permis le balisage de nombreux individus à partir de balises MiniPAT, dont les résultats des suivis sont accessibles en ligne[4].

L’association AILERONS a coordonné au mois d’août 2011 deux campagnes de ce type au large de l’Hérault et des Pyrénées-Orientales, et organise chaque année des campagnes de prélèvement génétique. Le but des analyses financées par l'état français est de déterminer la taille de population efficace[5] de cette espèce en Méditerranée française, c'est-à-dire le nombre d'individus reproducteurs. Les résultats sont attendus pour 2020 pour des analyses menées conjointement par AILERONS et le laboratoire CRIOBE[6]. La répétition de ces opérations permet sur le long terme une surveillance des effectifs des populations de requins, et d'appuyer des mesures de protection. Le Golfe du Lion est aussi suspecté d'être une nurserie pour l'espèce en raison de la présence de nombreux nouveau-nés et de juvéniles[7].

En Corse, Corsica-Groupe de Recherche sur les Requins de Méditerranée, coordonne pour les eaux territoriales un programme destiné à recueillir des échantillons de tissus en vue d'analyses ADN sur des sujets vivants.

Exploitation

Bien que présentant peu d'intérêt pour les pêcheries, ce requin fait l'objet d'une pêche accessoire soutenue par les palangriers pour ses ailerons. À l'échelle mondiale le tonnage des captures a plus que doublé entre 2000 et 2010, puis a légèrement diminué entre 2010 et 2016 mais n'atteignant pas le niveau d'avant 21e siècle[8]. Ce requin est ciblé par la pêche professionnelle au Portugal et en Espagne. Il fait l'objet également de l'intérêt de la pêche sportive en tant que prise accessoire, en mordant aux hameçons destinés aux thons.

Conservation

L'UICN considère que ce requin est non menacée à l'échelle mondiale mais en danger critique d'extinction en Méditerranée en 2016[9].

Pollution

Le requin bleu peut être aussi victime de la pollution plastique. On enregistre des cas de blessures provoquées par des bandes de cerclage sur des individus juvéniles[10]. Les blessures sont majoritairement enregistrées sur la musculature dorsale, les nageoires pectorales ou encore les branchies.

Notes et références

  1. a et b Requins du monde : un catalogue annoté et illustré des espèces de requins connues à ce jour (lire en ligne), pp. 521–524 555–61, 590
  2. (en) Sara M. Maxwell, Kylie L. Scales, Steven J. Bograd et Dana K. Briscoe, « Seasonal spatial segregation in blue sharks (Prionace glauca) by sex and size class in the Northeast Pacific Ocean », Diversity and Distributions, vol. 25, no 8,‎ 2019, p. 1304–1317 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 29 juillet 2021)
  3. « ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark »
  4. « Suivi des requins », sur Stellaris (consulté le 30 juillet 2021)
  5. « Taille de population efficace », sur Projet GenoPopTaille (consulté le 29 juillet 2021)
  6. « CRIOBE | Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement » (consulté le 30 juillet 2021)
  7. (en) Nikolas Panayiotou, Sebastiαn Biton Porsmoguer, Dimitrios Κ Moutopoulos et Josep Lloret, « Offshore recreational fisheries of large vulnerable sharks and teleost fish in the Mediterranean Sea: first information on the species caught », Mediterranean Marine Science, vol. 21, no 1,‎ 30 avril 2020, p. 222–227 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 29 juillet 2021)
  8. « FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species », sur www.fao.org (consulté le 29 juillet 2021)
  9. « The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species », sur IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (consulté le 29 juillet 2021)
  10. (en) « Plastic debris straps on threatened blue shark Prionace glauca », Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 115, nos 1-2,‎ 15 février 2017, p. 436–438 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 29 juillet 2021)

Annexes

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Requin bleu: Brief Summary ( French )

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Prionace glauca

Le Requin bleu, dénommé également Peau bleue (Prionace glauca), est une espèce de requins pélagiques très présent dans les océans tempérés à tropicaux de 350 mètres de profondeur à la surface (néanmoins, un requin bleu a été observé à 750 m de profondeur dans les eaux angolaises). Ce requin est caractérisé par sa forme très effilée et par la teinte bleue de la partie supérieure de son corps. Sa taille maximale est de l'ordre de 4 m.

C'est la seule espèce du genre Prionace.

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Siorc gorm ( Irish )

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Is iasc é an siorc gorm a aimsítear in aigéin thrópaiceacha agus mheasartha an domhain. Tá siorcanna gorma beobhreitheach. Maireann siad go hiondúil ar éisc bheaga agus ar scuideanna. D'fhéadfadh siad a bheith contúirteach do dhaoine dá gcasfaí orthu i ngrúpa.

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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Quenlla ( Galician )

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A quenlla[2] (Prionace glauca) é unha especie de elasmobranquio da orde dos carcarriniformes (Carcharhiniformes), familia dos carcarrínidos (Carcharhinidae).

É un tiburón peláxico e cosmopolita, que se distribúe por todos os océanos e mares do mundo.

Anatomía

A quenlla é un tiburón de corpo alongado e estilizado, cun fociño comprimido, longo e cónico. Ten os ollos grandes que, ao igual que todos os carcarriniformes, están provistos dunha membrana nictitante, unnha pálpebra semitransparente que se move de arriba a abaixo e protexe os globos oculares cando o animal loita coa súa presa.

Ten cinco fendeduras branquiais, dúas aletas dorsais, dúas pectorais, dúas anais e unha caudal. As aletas pectorais son moi longas e estreitas, en forma de gadaña, a primeira dorsal está situada moi atrasada e a aleta caudal está provista dun lóbulo superior moi alongado, presentando unha crista dérmica delgada nos lados do pedúnculo.

Os dentes, que caen e son substituídos constantemente, son triangulares, serrados nos bordos, recurvados no maxilar superior e máis estreitos no inferior.

A súa coloración é azul escura no dorso, cos costados de cor azul máis viva e branca na rexión ventral.

Ten unha lonxitude media de 2,5 m (máximo, 4 m, nas femias), cun peso medio de 80 kg, aínda que rexistraron casos de femias adultas de até 220 kg.[3]

Como particularidade cabe destacar que, dada a lonxitude do seu nariz, a mandíbula adaptouse para poder morder sen problemas, polo que a parte superior da mandíbula pode proxectarse cara a adiante, de tal xeito que para morder o peixe no necesita levantar a cabeza.

 src=
Quenlla.

Hábitat e bioloxía

É unha especie peláxica de superficie, tanto de alta mar como das zonas costeiras, nadando só ou en grupos por aguas frías, de entre 7 e 16 °C, aínda que tolera os 21 °C ou máis. Os individuos da poboación segréganse por idades e sexos. De costures nocturnos, é un migrante moi activo. Aliméntase principalmente de pequenas presas: peixes como xardas, arenques, pequenos meros, xurelos, bonitos, gádidos, e tamén de luras e aves mariñas.

Normalmente caza en parella ou en grupos pequenos para axudar a dispersar os cardumes. Na busca de alimento pode percorrer grandes distancias; estímase que pode peecorrer distancias de até 5 500 km.[Cómpre referencia]

Pode ser agresivo cos humanos se se sente ameazado. [Cómpre referencia]

Reprodución

A quenlla é un peixe vivíparo. A madurez sexual alcánzase entre os 5 e 6 anos nas femias (cando miden de 1,73 a 2,21 m) e os 4 e 5 nos machos (ao alcanzaren uns 1,80 m) A fecundación ten lugar dentro do corpo da femia, á que o macho fecunda grazas a un par de aletas pélvicas especiais transformadas chamadas pterigópodos. As femias posúen dous úteros en lugar dun, dentro dos cales se desenvolven entre 4 e 135 crías que, ao naceren, miden aproximadamente de 35 a 44 cm de lonxitude.[3]

A xestación dura entre 9 e 12 meses. As quenllas son completamente independentes ao naceren e instantaneamente buscan refuxio dos depredadores, entre eles os seus propios pais (aínda que ao igual que noutras especies de tiburóns vivíparos, as femias perden o apetito pouco antes de parir, para evitar devorar aos seus propios fillos). Cando as crías nacen aínda teñen o seu saco vitelino, que se vai reabsorbendo pouco tempo despois.

Poboación e estado de conservación

Ao ser a quenlla un tiburón de costumes oceánicos e migratorios, calquera cálculo que se faga sobre a súa poboación é pouco fiábel. Aínda así, considérase, baseándose en estimacións sobre a súa pesca deportiva, que debe encontrarse nun risco baixo de extinción. Porén, a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza (IUCN) difire e incluína na súa lista vermella de especies ameazadas na categoría NT (risco baixo).[4]

A pesar da non moi alta cualidade da súa carne (non así das aletas, moi estimadas nos mercados asiáticos péscase activamente. Captúrase principalmente con palangres, pero tamén con artes dearrastre. As aletas aprovéitanse para facer a famosa sopa de aleta de tiburón e os esqueletos das mandíbulas véndense como ornamento.

 src=
Poxa de quenllas no porto de Vigo.

Notas

  1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002): "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera" (entrada Chondrichthyes), in Bulletins of American Paleontology, 364: 560. Prionace glauca Arquivado 10 de maio de 2012 en Wayback Machine. Consultada o 11 de novembro de 2012.
  2. Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para quenlla.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Rodríguez Villanueva (1992), p. 66.
  4. Stevens, J. (2005): Prionace glauca Lista Vermella da IUCN edición 2011.1 (en inglés) Consultada o 11 de novembro de 2012.

Véxase tamén

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Quenlla: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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A quenlla (Prionace glauca) é unha especie de elasmobranquio da orde dos carcarriniformes (Carcharhiniformes), familia dos carcarrínidos (Carcharhinidae).

É un tiburón peláxico e cosmopolita, que se distribúe por todos os océanos e mares do mundo.

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Modrulj ( Croatian )

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Modrulj (Prionace glauca) je vrsta morskog psa iz porodice Carcharhinidae (plavetni psi), rod (carcharias). U Hrvatskoj ga još nazivaju modri kučak, pas modrac, pas modrak, pas modrulj, zupka.

Rasprostranjenost

Psi modrulji žive u svim oceanima a može ih se naći čak od Norveške na sjeveru do Čilea na jugu. Može ga se naći do dubine od 350 metara[1].

Jadransko more

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Leđa modrulja

Modrulj je jedna od 29 vrsti morskih pasa koji obitavaju u Jadranu. Stanovnik je čitavog Jadrana ali nije gusto naseljen. U posljednje vrijeme zbog ugroženosti teško ga je vidjeti. Najviše vremena provodi na otvorenom moru posebno na južnom Jadranu. Ponekad prilazi bliže obali. Zimi odlazi u veće dubine, dok ljeti više vremena provodi na površini kad je i najuočljiviji. Ljeti se modrulj podjednako često pojavljuje na pučini i u zaljevima i kanalima.

Opis

Modrulj je vrlo snažna životinja izduženog tijela. Boja tijela ove rijetke vrste morskog psa se sjedinjuje s morskim plavetnilom. Gornji dio tijela je tamnomodre do modrozelenkaste boje, dok je donja znatno svjetlija, skoro bijela. U duljinu naraste do 400 cm (obično oko 335 cm) i dostiže težinu od oko 150 kilograma. Prosječna težina modrulja iznosi oko 50 kilograma ali može narasti i do 200 kg. Najveći uhvaćeni je težio 391 kg[2]. Tijelo mu ima oblik torpeda, izduženo je, blago zaobljeno i vitko, a usta su mu smještena poprečno, ispod duge i šiljaste glave. Najviše se ističu peraje, pogotovo prsne koje su znatno veće od ostalih, uske, savijene i vrlo snažne. Modrulj ima veliku leđnu peraju, a gornji dio repne peraje duži je i veći od donjeg. Koža mu je radi lakše plovnosti nazubljena sitnim zupcima polegnutim od glave prema repnoj peraji pa je vrlo hrapava. Nekad davno su je ribari koristili kao zamjenu za brusni papir. Zubi modrulja su trouglasti i nazubljeni sa vrlo oštrim ivicama. Ima izrazito velike oči.

Ishrana

Morski pas modrulj je veliki lovac, grabežljivac i proždrljivac. Najviše se hrani ribama, poglavito skušama, palamidama, srdelama i ostalom plavom ribom koje lovi i proždire u velikim količinama. Hrani se i rakovima, glavonošcima, ponajviše lignjama, a ponekad i galebovima i ostalim morskim pticama koje iznenadi tijekom njihovog boravka na površini. Također jede strvine većih uginulih morskih životinja, a nerijetko i otpatke s brodova. Lovi i hrani se pretežno noću.

Parenje i razmnožavanje

Modrulji se pare (mrijeste) uglavnom u proljeće i ljeto. Ženke spolnu zrelost dostižu u petoj godini života a mužjaci u četvrtoj. Kao i većina morskih pasa, ženka modrulja koti žive mlade koji su se prethodno razvijali u oplođenim jajima u njenoj utrobi gdje se i izvaljuju. Nakon devet do dvanaest mjeseci embrionalnog razvoja, ženka odjednom može okotiti prosječno od 25 do 50, a rijetko čak i do 135 mladih[3], dugačkih 40 do 60 centimetara.

Ljudi i modrulji

Modrulj poput veće i poznatije Velike bijele psine privučen krvlju može zabunom napasti ljude. Napadi su rijetki pa se modrulj smatra potencijalno opasnim morskim psom.

Diljem svijeta godišnje se, prema nekim procjenama, izlovi od 10 do 20 milijuna primjeraka[4]. Često ga se ulovi na mamce namijenjene tunama ili sabljarkama. Modrulj je također česta žrtva mreža stajačica a ponekad se zaleti i na mamac udice na parangalu. U Jadranu se smatra ugroženom vrstom.

Izvori

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Modrulj: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Modrulj (Prionace glauca) je vrsta morskog psa iz porodice Carcharhinidae (plavetni psi), rod (carcharias). U Hrvatskoj ga još nazivaju modri kučak, pas modrac, pas modrak, pas modrulj, zupka.

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Bláháfur ( Icelandic )

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Bláháfur (fræðiheiti: Prionace glauca) er stór uppsjávarfiskur af ætt mannætuháfa. Hann getur þó leitað niður á allt að 350 metra dýpi til dæmis í fæðuleit.

Vaxtarlag hans er vel aðlagað að ránlífi í uppsjónum, hann er grannvaxinn með langa og oddmjóa eyrugga, stóreygður og trýnið oddmjótt. Hann syndir yfirleitt hægt og rólega en eykur hraða sinn hratt þegar hann skynjar hugsanlega fæðu. Ef það gerist verður hann einn af hraðskreiðustu fiskum heims og hafa vísindamenn metið sundhraða hans á stuttum sprettum allt að 35 km á klukkustund. Sumir halda því reyndar fram að bláháfurinn geti náð mun meiri hraða eða rúmlega 90 km/klst. á mjög stuttum kafla. Slíkt hefur ekki verið sannað og er það dregið mjög í efa þar sem mótstaða vatnsins er það mikil að til að ná þessum hraða þyrfti óhemju mikla orku.

Veiði og veiðisvæði

Bláháfurinn finnst á ýmsum búsvæðum um allan heim. Hann dvelur helst í heitari hafsvæðum á að minnsta kosti 150 metra dýpt, allt að 350 metra dýpt. Þessi hafsvæði eru yfirleitt á breiddargráðunum 20° og 50° norður,[1] en á þessum breiddargráðum er hitastigið frá 7°-16°C. Hann hefur sést í sjó þar sem hitastigið er frá 7° til 25°C heitt.[2] Bláháfurinn heldur sér helst nálægt ströndum , honum finnst gaman að halda sér við ströndina þar sem kafarar og bátar sjá til hans.

Líffræði

Bláháfurinn getur orðið allt að 3,8 til 4 metra langur og 240 kg þungur. Hann verður kynþroska þegar hann er 4-5 ára gamall og orðinn 250 cm langur. Hann vex óvenju hratt, mun hraðar er aðrir stórar hákarlar fyrstu fjögur árin. Elsti bláháfurinn sem veiðst hefur var rúmlega 20 ára gamall[3] samkvæmt talningum á árhringjum í hryggjarliðum. En slíkir hringir myndast líkt og í trjám við samfelldan en breytilegan vöxt eftir árstíðum.

Bláháfurinn er rándýr og hafa margar tegundir fundist í maga han. Þar má nefna sem dæmi kolkrabba, smokkfisk, makríl, túnfisk, humar, krabba, smáhákarla og oft á tíðum sjófugla. Þeir leitast yfirleitt í smærri fiska, en ef þeir finna stór spendýr verður það hluti af matnum þeirra og erum við mennirnir ekkert undanskildir.

Bláháfurinn syndir kringum bráð sína áður en hann ræðst á hana. Þegar á þarf að halda slæst hann í hóp með öðrum bláháfum til þess að ráðast á stærra bráð. Sundhraði og tennur háfsins hjálpa honum og gera honum kleift að rífa húð og hold af bráðinni og jafnvel af flóknustu dýrum. Vitað er til að háhyrningar veiði bláháf.[4]

Matur

Bláháfur notað til neyslu og til að mynda eftirsóknarverður víða í Asíu. Uggarnir eru notaðir í hákarlauggasúpu, lifrin í olíu en kjötsins er einnig neytt og það unnið með ýmsum hætti svo sem þurrkað, saltað, reykt eða steikt. Þrátt fyrir þessa miklu veiði er heimsstofn bláháfsins ekki talinn í hættu, þó sjáanleg fækkun hafi orðið á staðbundnum stofnum.

Tilvísanir

  1. Snið:FishBase species
  2. Compagno, L.; M. Dando & S. Fowler (2004). Sharks of the World. HarperCollins. bls. 316–317.
  3. Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, published by the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; undated
  4. Fertl, D.; Acevedo-Gutierrez, A.; Darby, F. L. (1996). „A report of killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on a carcharhinid shark in Costa Rica“ (PDF). Marine Mammal Science. 12 (4): 606–611. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00075.x.
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Bláháfur: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Bláháfur (fræðiheiti: Prionace glauca) er stór uppsjávarfiskur af ætt mannætuháfa. Hann getur þó leitað niður á allt að 350 metra dýpi til dæmis í fæðuleit.

Vaxtarlag hans er vel aðlagað að ránlífi í uppsjónum, hann er grannvaxinn með langa og oddmjóa eyrugga, stóreygður og trýnið oddmjótt. Hann syndir yfirleitt hægt og rólega en eykur hraða sinn hratt þegar hann skynjar hugsanlega fæðu. Ef það gerist verður hann einn af hraðskreiðustu fiskum heims og hafa vísindamenn metið sundhraða hans á stuttum sprettum allt að 35 km á klukkustund. Sumir halda því reyndar fram að bláháfurinn geti náð mun meiri hraða eða rúmlega 90 km/klst. á mjög stuttum kafla. Slíkt hefur ekki verið sannað og er það dregið mjög í efa þar sem mótstaða vatnsins er það mikil að til að ná þessum hraða þyrfti óhemju mikla orku.

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Prionace glauca ( Italian )

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La verdesca[2] (Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)), conosciuto anche come squalo azzurro, è uno squalo appartenente alla famiglia Carcharhinidae che abita acque profonde temperate e tropicali in tutto il mondo. Predilige temperature più fredde[3], e può migrare attraverso lunghe distanze, ad esempio dal New England al Sudamerica. Anche se generalmente sono animali letargici, possono muoversi all'occorrenza assai velocemente. Sono pesci ovovivipari e sono noti per mettere al mondo anche più di 100 avannotti per volta. Si nutrono principalmente di pesci e calamari, anche se possono catturare prede più grandi. Spesso si muovono in banchi divisi per dimensione e sesso. La vita massima è ignota, ma si stima che possano arrivare ad età intorno ai 20 anni[4].

Distribuzione ed habitat

La verdesca è uno squalo oceanico ed epipelagico che si trova in tutto il mondo in acque temperate e tropicali dalla superficie fino a profondità di 350 metri[5]. Nei mari temperati si avvicinano alla costa dove possono essere osservati dai subacquei, mentre in acque tropicali abitano acque profonde. L'areale si estende a nord sino alla Norvegia e a sud sino al Cile. Li troviamo quindi al largo di tutti i continenti, escluso l'Antartide. Nell'Oceano Pacifico la maggior parte abita la fascia compresa tra il ventesimo ed il cinquantesimo parallelo Nord, anche se ci sono degli spostamenti stagionali. Nella fascia tropicale sono diffusi uniformemente tra il ventesimo parallelo nord ed il ventesimo parallelo sud. Prediligono acque a temperature comprese tra 7 e 16 °C, ma sopportano anche temperature superiori ai 21. Le osservazioni nell'Atlantico hanno individuato cicli migratori in senso orario che seguono le correnti principali[3]. Era abbastanza comune trovarle nel Mar Mediterraneo, soprattutto nel mar Adriatico, ma sempre molto al largo, mentre oggi il loro numero è in diminuzione.

Descrizione

 src=
Profilo della verdesca
 src=
Dorso di una verdesca
 src=
Mandibola di Prionace glauca

Questa specie è caratterizzata da corpo leggero, snello ed idrodinamico e da pinne pettorali allungate e strette, mentre le altre sono corte ed appuntite. La testa è appuntita, e la bocca è grande e provvista di forti denti triangolari. Il lobo superiore della pinna caudale misura 4 volte quello inferiore. Il dorso di questi squali è blu scuro, più chiaro sui fianchi, mentre il ventre è bianco. Alla maturità i maschi raggiungono lunghezze medie comprese tra 1,82 e 2,82 metri, le femmine invece maturano quando sono lunghe 2,2-3,3 metri[6]. Gli esemplari più grandi di cui si hanno misurazioni certe raggiungono i 3,8 metri, tuttavia ci sono testimonianze non verificate di esemplari più grandi[6]. Il corpo è snello ed allungato e le masse corporee dei maschi variano tra i 27 ed i 55 kg, mentre quelle delle femmine tra 93 e 182 kg[7][8][9] Una femmina di tre metri può pesare 204 kg, il peso record mai registrato era di 391 kg[10].

Biologia

Riproduzione

La riproduzione è ovovivipara, e la gestazione dura tra i 9 e i 12 mesi. Le femmine mettono al mondo da 4 a 135 avannotti per volta. Mentre le femmine maturano a 5-6 anni, i maschi lo fanno a 4-5. Il corteggiamento e l'accoppiamento sono cruenti: il maschio morde ripetutamente la femmina e gli esemplari possono essere suddivisi in categorie sessuali in base ai segni sul corpo. Le femmine si sono adattate a questa pratica sviluppando una pelle fino a tre volte più spessa di quella maschile[3].

Alimentazione

I calamari sono una preda importante per le verdesche, ma la loro dieta include anche seppie e polpi pelagici, nonché aragoste, gamberi, granchi, un gran numero di pesci ossei, squali più piccoli, carcasse di mammiferi marini ed occasionalmente anche uccelli marini. Negli stomaci di alcuni esemplari sono stati ritrovati blubbers e carne di balena e di focena; sono inoltre noti per inseguire le reti dei pescherecci per prendere i merluzzi che vi sfuggono[3]. Le verdesche sono state osservate muoversi in gruppi per raggruppare le prede e poterle catturare più facilmente. Raramente si nutrono anche di tonni, che al contrario sono stati osservati mentre seguono le verdesche che cacciano in gruppo e si nutrono di prede abbandonate o in fuga. Va notato che invece sono stati osservati altri squali che non hanno disturbato la pratica di raggruppamento delle prede, a cui si sono disinteressati[11].

Predatori e parassiti

Le verdesche adulte non vengono predate regolarmente, se si escludono l'uomo e le orche. Gli esemplari più giovani invece possono cader vittima di squali più grossi, come i grandi bianchi o i tigre.

Questi squali ospitano numerosi parassiti: rappresentano infatti l'organismo ospite definitivo per i cestodi dell'ordine Tetraphyllidea Pelichnibothrium speciosum. Vengono infettati quando divorano degli ospiti intermedi, probabilmente gli opah o i sauri feroci[12].

Interazioni con l'uomo

Pesca

Si stima che tra i 10 ed i 20 milioni di esemplari vengano uccisi ogni anno durante le battute di pesca. La carne è commestibile, ma non considerata particolarmente pregiata; viene consumata fresca, essiccata, affumicata o sotto sale ed inoltre viene utilizzata per produrre farina di pesce. La pelle viene utilizzata per produrre cuoio, le pinne per la zuppa di pinne di squalo, il fegato per l'olio[3]. Per la loro velocità e bellezza estetica, a volte sono cacciati per motivi ludici. Da non dimenticare che la Food and Drug Administration degli Stati Uniti ha inserito la carne di squalo, e quindi anche di questa specie (assieme a quella di Pesce spada ed alcune altre specie di pesci predatori pelagici) tra quelle che bambini e donne incinte dovrebbero evitare di mangiare per i rischi legati alle intossicazioni da mercurio e da altri metalli pesanti.

Attacchi contro l'uomo in tutto il mondo

Dal 1580 al 2013 sono stati registrati solamente 13 attacchi all'uomo da parte di questa specie, con 4 morti, tuttavia molti attacchi (specie quelli che avvenivano un tempo a carico dei naufraghi) possono non essere stati registrati adeguatamente o confusi con altre specie.[13]

In cattività

Come la maggior parte degli squali pelagici, anche questi tendono a soffrire in cattività. Vi sono stati tentativi di confinarli in vasche circolari con pareti scivolose e piscine con profondità centrale di tre metri digradante fino a zero alle estremità con risultati contrastanti: la maggior parte degli esemplari testati sono morti dopo 30 giorni. Infatti la maggior parte dei pesci pelagici trovano difficoltà nell'evitare ostacoli e pareti. In un caso presso il parco acquatico di Sea World San Diego una verdesca sopravvisse bene fino a quando nella vasca non furono aggiunti degli squali leuca, che la divorarono. Il record di sopravvivenza in cattività per le verdesche appartiene ad un esemplare che nel 2008 fu tenuto presso l'Adventure Aquarium nel New Jersey per 7 mesi, prima di morire per un'infezione batterica[14].

Tassonomia

Sinonimi

Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[5]

  • Carcharhinus macki (Phillipps, 1935)
  • Carcharias aethiops Philippi, 1902 (ambiguo)
  • Carcharias glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Carcharias gracilis Philippi, 1887
  • Carcharias hirundinaceus Valenciennes, 1839
  • Carcharias pugae Pérez Canto, 1886
  • Carcharias rondeletii Risso, 1810
  • Carcharias rondeletti Risso, 1810 (ambiguo)
  • Carcharinus glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Galeus thalassinus Valenciennes, 1835 (ambiguo)
  • Glyphis glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Hypoprion isodus Philippi, 1887
  • Isurus glaucus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Prionace mackiei Phillipps, 1935
  • Prionacea glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Squalus adscensionis Osbeck, 1765 (ambiguo)
  • Squalus caeruleus Blainville, 1816 (ambiguo)
  • Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Squalus rondeletii Risso, 1810 (ambiguo)
  • Thalassinus rondeletii Moreau, 1881
  • Thalassinus rondelettii Moreau, 1881
  • Thalassorhinus vulpecula Valenciennes, 1839 (ambiguo)

Sottospecie

Non sono state individuate sottospecie.[5]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Stevens, J., Prionace glauca, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su politicheagricole.it.
  3. ^ a b c d e Leonard J. V. Compagno, Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1984, pp. 521–524, 555–61, 590.
  4. ^ Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, published by the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; undated Archiviato il 7 ottobre 2013 in Internet Archive.
  5. ^ a b c (EN) Prionace glauca, su FishBase. URL consultato il 20/04/2013.
  6. ^ a b FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Blue Shark Archiviato il 17 maggio 2013 in Internet Archive.. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Consultato il 19 dicembre 2012.
  7. ^ Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) – Ireland's Wildlife Archiviato il 21 aprile 2013 in Internet Archive.. Irelandswildlife.com (2011-07-21). Consultato il 19 dicembre 2012.
  8. ^ Sharks – Greenland (Somniosus microcephalus), Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and Porbeagle (Lamna nasus). Archiviato il 7 ottobre 2013 in Internet Archive. fishaq.gov.nl.ca
  9. ^ Sea Angling in Ireland – Blue Shark. Sea-angling-ireland.org (2006-10-21). Consultato il 19 dicembre 2012.
  10. ^ Summary of Large Blue Sharks Prioncae glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) in progress. elasmollet.org (March 2008)
  11. ^ Fallows Monique, Blue Sharks Feeding on Anchovy Baitball, su apexpredators.com, Apex Predators Blog, 29 gennaio 2013. URL consultato il 6 febbraio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 21 aprile 2013).
  12. ^ Tomáš Scholz, Louis Euzet e František Moravec, Taxonomic status of Pelichnibothrium speciosum Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of Alepisaurus ferox Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and Prionace glauca (L.) (Euselachii: Carcharinidae), in Systematic Parasitology, vol. 41, n. 1, 1998, pp. 1–8, DOI:10.1023/A:1006091102174.
  13. ^ ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark, su flmnh.ufl.edu.
  14. ^ Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) in Captivity. elasmollet.org (2007)

Bibliografia

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Prionace glauca: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La verdesca (Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)), conosciuto anche come squalo azzurro, è uno squalo appartenente alla famiglia Carcharhinidae che abita acque profonde temperate e tropicali in tutto il mondo. Predilige temperature più fredde, e può migrare attraverso lunghe distanze, ad esempio dal New England al Sudamerica. Anche se generalmente sono animali letargici, possono muoversi all'occorrenza assai velocemente. Sono pesci ovovivipari e sono noti per mettere al mondo anche più di 100 avannotti per volta. Si nutrono principalmente di pesci e calamari, anche se possono catturare prede più grandi. Spesso si muovono in banchi divisi per dimensione e sesso. La vita massima è ignota, ma si stima che possano arrivare ad età intorno ai 20 anni.

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Melsvasis ryklys ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Prionace glauca
Paplitimas

Melsvasis ryklys (Prionace glauca) – pilkųjų ryklių (Carcharhinidae) šeimai priklausanti rūšis, vienintelė – mėlynųjų ryklių (Prionace) gentyje.

Tai vieni nuožmiausių plėšrūnų. Šie rykliai paplitę šiltose jūrose, taip pat pasitaiko stambiose atogrąžų upėse (Zambezė, Gangas) ir net ežeruose (Nikaragvos).

Charakteristika

Užauga iki 3 m ilgio. Turi tipišką heterocerkinę uodegą ir horizontalius krūtinės pelekus. Abiejose kūno pusėse yra po 5 žiaunų plyšius. Akys su mirksimąja membrana. Gyvagimdžiai. Vikiteka

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Melsvasis ryklys: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Melsvasis ryklys (Prionace glauca) – pilkųjų ryklių (Carcharhinidae) šeimai priklausanti rūšis, vienintelė – mėlynųjų ryklių (Prionace) gentyje.

Tai vieni nuožmiausių plėšrūnų. Šie rykliai paplitę šiltose jūrose, taip pat pasitaiko stambiose atogrąžų upėse (Zambezė, Gangas) ir net ežeruose (Nikaragvos).

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Grote blauwe haai ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Grote blauwe haai

De grote blauwe haai (Prionace glauca), ook wel "blauwe haai" genoemd, is een haai uit de familie der requiemhaaien (ook wel roofhaaien, Carcharhinidae), de familie die verantwoordelijk is voor de meeste aanvallen op mensen. Toch beschouwen veel duikers de grote blauwe haai als niet agressief, als een dier dat gemakkelijk afgeweerd kan worden.

De haai komt voor in de gematigde en tropische diepzeeën en zoekt zijn prooi aan de oppervlakte. Ze geven de voorkeur aan de koudere wateren en komen niet voor in de Golf van Mexico en de Rode Zee. Deze haaien kunnen grote afstanden afleggen bijvoorbeeld van New England tot Zuid-Amerika. De haai komt voor in de drie belangrijkste oceanen van de wereld (Grote, Atlantische (sporadisch maakt ook weleens een exemplaar een uitstapje in de Noordzee) en Indische Oceaan) en in de Middellandse Zee.

Anatomie

De grote blauwe haai is levendbarend en kan per worp 25 tot 100 jongen werpen. Ze leven hoofdzakelijk van kleine vissen en inktvissen, maar kunnen ook grotere prooien pakken. Meestal komen ze voor in scholen gegroepeerd naar sekse en grootte. Het dier kan maximaal 20 jaar oud worden. Het lichaam van de vis heeft een langgerekte vorm.

De grote blauwe haai heeft lange vinnen en is aan de bovenkant donkerblauw dat naar de zijkanten lichter wordt. De vis heeft twee rugvinnen en één aarsvin. De onderkant is wit. De haai kan bij uitzondering vier meter of meer worden, maar gemiddeld is een volwassen exemplaar 1,8 tot 2,4 meter lang. Het gewicht is 30 tot 50 kilogram voor de kleinste volwassen exemplaren en rond de 160 kilogram voor de grotere exemplaren van bijna drie meter.[2]

Leefwijze

De blauwe haai is een zoutwatervis die voorkomt in een subtropisch klimaat. De diepte waarop de soort voorkomt is maximaal 350 meter onder het wateroppervlak.
Het dieet van de blauwe haai bestaat uit kleine vissoorten van de open zee en inktvissen (vooral pijlinktvis), maar ook kreeftachtigen, andere haaien en zeezoogdieren (waarschijnlijk als kadaver) en zeevogels.

Relatie tot de mens

De blauwe haai is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. Deze haai is wel eetbaar en wordt als bijvangst gevangen en aangeland door de beroepsvisserij met drijfnetten en langelijnvisserij, die gericht is op zwaardvis of tonijn. In 1994 werd in de Grote Oceaan 140 duizend ton blauwe haai aangeland.[3] Verder wordt er op de vis gejaagd in de hengelsport.

Voor de mens is de blauwe haai niet geheel ongevaarlijk. De vis staat op nummer 9 van de lijst van wetenschappelijk beoordeelde aanvallen op mensen (die niet zijn uitgelokt). De witte haai staat op deze lijst nummer één met 244 aanvallen. Van de blauwe haai zijn tussen 1580 en 2008 13 aanvallen gedocumenteerd, waarvan er vier dodelijk.[4]
De populatie van de blauwe haai is zeer gevoelig voor intensieve visserij met drijfnetten en langelijnvisserij. Bewezen is dat in het noordelijk deel van de Grote Oceaan de populatie met 20% is afgenomen tussen de periode 1971-'82 en 1983-'93 (ruim 2% per jaar). De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN als gevoelig (near threatened).[3]

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Grote blauwe haai op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Nancy E. Kohler et al.1996. Length-Length and Length-Weight Relationships for 13 Shark Species from the Western North Atlantic. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-110. full text
  3. a b Stevens, J. 2005. Prionace glauca. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 06 March 2010.
  4. ISAF International Shark Attack File
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Grote blauwe haai: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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 src= Grote blauwe haai

De grote blauwe haai (Prionace glauca), ook wel "blauwe haai" genoemd, is een haai uit de familie der requiemhaaien (ook wel roofhaaien, Carcharhinidae), de familie die verantwoordelijk is voor de meeste aanvallen op mensen. Toch beschouwen veel duikers de grote blauwe haai als niet agressief, als een dier dat gemakkelijk afgeweerd kan worden.

De haai komt voor in de gematigde en tropische diepzeeën en zoekt zijn prooi aan de oppervlakte. Ze geven de voorkeur aan de koudere wateren en komen niet voor in de Golf van Mexico en de Rode Zee. Deze haaien kunnen grote afstanden afleggen bijvoorbeeld van New England tot Zuid-Amerika. De haai komt voor in de drie belangrijkste oceanen van de wereld (Grote, Atlantische (sporadisch maakt ook weleens een exemplaar een uitstapje in de Noordzee) en Indische Oceaan) en in de Middellandse Zee.

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Blåhai ( Norwegian )

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Blåhai (Prionace glauca) er en hai i familien blinkhinnehaier. Den har spiss snute, lange brystfinner, og kan bli 3–4 m lang. Den er sjelden å finne i norske farvann.

Blåhai

Eksterne lenker

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Blåhai: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Blåhai (Prionace glauca) er en hai i familien blinkhinnehaier. Den har spiss snute, lange brystfinner, og kan bli 3–4 m lang. Den er sjelden å finne i norske farvann.

Blåhai
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Żarłacz błękitny ( Polish )

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Żarłacz błękitny[3], rekin błękitny[4] (Prionace glauca) – gatunek ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej z rodziny żarłaczowatych (Carcharhinidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Prionace. W starszej literaturze ichtiologicznej określany był również nazwami rekin szary[5] lub żarłacz ludojad[5]. Zamieszkuje głębokie wody oceaniczne strefy umiarkowanej i tropikalnej. Preferuje jednak chłodniejsze wody. Jest znany ze swych długich migracji m.in. z Nowej Anglii do Ameryki Południowej. Choć pływa ospale, to może poruszać się ze znaczną prędkością.

Rekiny błękitne są żyworodne, a samica rodzi od 25 do 100 młodych. Poluje głównie na ryby i kalmary, choć jego ofiarami mogą paść większe zwierzęta. Gatunek niebezpieczny dla człowieka ze względu na możliwość pogryzienia, nawet śmiertelnego.

Taksonomia

Gatunek ten został po raz pierwszy opisany przez szwedzkiego lekarza medycyny i przyrodnika Karola Linneusza w 1758 roku w dziesiątej edycji Systema Naturae, jako Squalus glaucus. Nie wyznaczono okazu typowego (holotypu)[6]. W 1849 roku duński zoolog Theodore Edward Cantor stworzył dla tego gatunku nowy rodzaj Prionace[7]. Epitet gatunkowy pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa "glaucus" oznaczającego "niebiesko-zielony, niebiesko-szary" i odnosi się do błękitnego ubarwienia grzbietu rekina (podobnie jak polska nazwa). Nazwa rodzajowa jest połączeniem dwóch greckich słów "príōn/πρίων" oznaczającego "piłę" oraz "akis/άκης" czyli "punkt"[8].

Opis

Jest to dość duży rekin osiągający długość do 4 m i masę 200 kg[9]. Ubarwienie od spodu jasnoszare, na grzbiecie granatowobłękitne, stąd nazwa. Żywi się rybami, w tym mniejszymi rekinami, oraz kałamarnicami i dziesięcionogami[9]. Jest jednym z najszybszych rekinów, rozwija w wodzie prędkość do 13,3 m/s. Szybszy od niego jest tylko mako ostronosy, rozwijający do 19,2 m/s[10]. Ciało ma smukłe i wężowate, nie tak krępe jak np. żarłacz biały. Płetwy piersiowe wydłużone. Zęby spiczaste, piłkowane.

 src=
Ubarwienie żarłacza błękitnego sprawia, że zlewa się z błękitem wody, przez co jest niewidoczny dla ofiar

Przypisy

  1. Prionace glauca, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Prionace glauca. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Ryby. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo „Wiedza Powszechna”, 1976, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny.
  4. Wykaz oznaczeń handlowych gatunków ryb oraz wodnych bezkręgowców wprowadzanych do obrotu na rynek polski (pol.). Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi, 2015. [dostęp 2015-12-26].
  5. a b G. Nikolski: Ichtiologia szczegółowa. Tłum. Franciszek Staff. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1970.
  6. Karol Linneusz: Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, regnum animale, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis synonymis, locis. Ed. X. Stockholm: Holmiae, 1758, s. 235.
  7. Compagno, L.J.V.: Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rzym, Włochy: Food and Agricultural Organization, 1984, s. 521-524. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  8. Pete Cooper: Biological Profiles: Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) (ang.). Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department, 2012. [dostęp 2015-04-14].
  9. a b Prionace glauca. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 5 listopada 2012]
  10. Sundström L.F., Gruber S.H., Clermont S.M., Correia J.P.S., de Marignac J.R.C., Morrisey J.F., Lowrance C.R., Thomassen L. & Oliveira M.T.. Review of elasmobranch behavioural studies using ultrasonic telemetry with special reference to the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, around Bimini Islands, Bahamas.. „Environmental Biology of Fishes”. 60, s. 225-250, 2001 (ang.).
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Żarłacz błękitny: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Żarłacz błękitny, rekin błękitny (Prionace glauca) – gatunek ryby chrzęstnoszkieletowej z rodziny żarłaczowatych (Carcharhinidae), jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Prionace. W starszej literaturze ichtiologicznej określany był również nazwami rekin szary lub żarłacz ludojad. Zamieszkuje głębokie wody oceaniczne strefy umiarkowanej i tropikalnej. Preferuje jednak chłodniejsze wody. Jest znany ze swych długich migracji m.in. z Nowej Anglii do Ameryki Południowej. Choć pływa ospale, to może poruszać się ze znaczną prędkością.

Rekiny błękitne są żyworodne, a samica rodzi od 25 do 100 młodych. Poluje głównie na ryby i kalmary, choć jego ofiarami mogą paść większe zwierzęta. Gatunek niebezpieczny dla człowieka ze względu na możliwość pogryzienia, nawet śmiertelnego.

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Prionace glauca ( Portuguese )

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Prionace glauca(Lineu, 1758), tintureira ou tubarão-azul, é uma espécie de tubarão da família Carcharhinidae, o qual habita as zonas profundas dos oceanos, em águas temperadas e tropicais. Por preferir águas mais frias,[1] os tubarões azuis migram longas distâncias, eventualmente da Nova Inglaterra à América do Sul. A espécie está listada como quase ameaçada pela IUCN.

Embora geralmente letárgico, esses tubarões podem se mover de forma muito rápida. Os tubarões azuis são vivíparos e notáveis pelas suas grandes ninhadas de 25 a 100 filhotes. Eles alimentam-se primariamente de pequenos peixes e lulas, embora possam capturar presas maiores. A expectativa máxima de vida ainda não é conhecida, mas acredita-se que eles possam viver até vinte anos.[2]

Anatomia e aparência

Tubarões azuis são delgados e possuem grandes nadadoras peitorais. Como muitos outros tubarões, o dorso é sempre mais escuro — tendo nesta espécie a coloração azul escura — clareando em direção às laterais do corpo e tendo o ventre na cor branca. As pontas das nadadeiras costumam ser mais escuras.[3] Possui dentes triangulares, pontudos e serrilhados e curvados na mandíbula superior, em várias fieiras. O macho comumente tem entre 1,82 a 2,82 m, enquanto as fêmeas, maiores, têm entre 2,2 a 3,3 m quando adultas.[4] Espécimes grandes podem crescer até 3,8 m de comprimento. Um enorme tubarão azul foi reportado com 6,1 m de comprimento, mas nenhum tubarão que sequer chegasse perto dessa medição foi cientificamente documentado.[4] O corpo do tubarão azul é bastante alongado e delgado e os machos pesam, tipicamente, de 27 a 55 kg; as fêmeas, maiores, pesam de 93 a 182 kg.[5][2][6] Eventualmente, fêmeas maiores que 3 m pesarão mais de 204kg. O indivíduo mais pesado já documentado alcançava 391 kg.[7] O tubarão azul é ectotérmico e possui um apurado senso de olfato.

Reprodução

Eles são vivíparos, com um saco vitelino placentário, dando a luz de quatro a até 135 filhotes por ninhada. O período de gestação oscila de nove a doze meses. As fêmeas amadurecem entre os cinco e seis anos de idade e os machos entre os quatro e cincos anos. O ritual de acasalamento envolve mordidas do macho e espécimes mais maduros podem ter seu sexo identificado precisamente pela presença ou ausência das cicatrizes das mordidas. As fêmeas se adaptaram a essa forma de acasalamento desenvolvendo uma pele três vezes mais espessa que a dos machos.[1]

Ecologia

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

O tubarão azul é um peixe oceânico e epipelágico encontrado no mundo todo em águas profundas temperadas e tropicais a partir da superfície até uma profundidade de cerca de 350 m.[8] Em águas temperadas ele poderá se aproximar da costa, onde poderá ser observado por mergulhadores; enquanto que em águas tropicais ele preferirá maiores profundidades. O extremo norte do seu habitat alcança a Noruega, e o extremo sul, o Chile. Os tubarões azuis são encontrados ao largo da costa de todos os continentes, exceto a Antártica. Suas maiores concentrações no Pacífico correm entre os paralelos 20 e 50 N, embora com variações significativas durante o ano. Nos trópicos, ele ocupa uniformemente uma faixa entre os paralelos 20 N e 20 S. Esses tubarões preferem águas com temperaturas entre 7 e 6ºC mas tolerarão temperaturas de 21ºC ou mais. Registros no Atlântico mostram um padrão de migração no sentido horário dentro das correntes predominantes.[1]

Alimentação

Como é um tubarão oceânico, tem caráter oportunista (o que o coloca quase perto do galha-branca-oceânico em termos de perigo para náufragos e mergulhadores), podendo seguir navios para comer detritos jogados na água.

Tem o hábito de formar pequenos grupos para migrações, suas presas mais frequentes são: peixes, lulas, pequenos cações, caranguejos, aves marinhas e crustáceos.

Notas

  1. a b c Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. [S.l.]: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 521–24, 551–61, 590
  2. a b «Emerging Species Profile Sheets Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture» (PDF). Department of Fisheries Government of Newfound and Labrador. Consultado em 31 de maio de 2017
  3. Marcelo Szpilman, "Tubarões no Brasil: guia prático de identificação".
  4. a b «Prionace glauca :: Florida Museum of Natural History». www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu (em inglês). Consultado em 31 de maio de 2017
  5. «Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) - Ireland's Wildlife». Ireland's Wildlife (em inglês). 21 de julho de 2011
  6. «Sea Angling in Ireland - Blue Shark». www.sea-angling-ireland.org. Consultado em 31 de maio de 2017
  7. «large blue sharks». elasmollet.org. Consultado em 31 de maio de 2017
  8. «Prionace glauca summary page». FishBase (em inglês). Consultado em 31 de maio de 2017
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Prionace glauca: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Prionace glauca(Lineu, 1758), tintureira ou tubarão-azul, é uma espécie de tubarão da família Carcharhinidae, o qual habita as zonas profundas dos oceanos, em águas temperadas e tropicais. Por preferir águas mais frias, os tubarões azuis migram longas distâncias, eventualmente da Nova Inglaterra à América do Sul. A espécie está listada como quase ameaçada pela IUCN.

Embora geralmente letárgico, esses tubarões podem se mover de forma muito rápida. Os tubarões azuis são vivíparos e notáveis pelas suas grandes ninhadas de 25 a 100 filhotes. Eles alimentam-se primariamente de pequenos peixes e lulas, embora possam capturar presas maiores. A expectativa máxima de vida ainda não é conhecida, mas acredita-se que eles possam viver até vinte anos.

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Rechinul albastru ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Rechinul albastru (Prionace glauca) trăiește în Marea Mediterană și în Oceanul Atlantic. Are o lungime de peste 3 metri.

Este un pește cartilaginos, adică scheletul lui este alcătuit din cartilaje (țesuturi conjunctive elastice și rezistente). Gura se află ventral; coada are 2 lobi inegali. De o parte și de alta a extremității capului se găsesc 5-7 crăpături (fante) în care sunt situate branhiile. Gura comunică cu exteriorul prin aceste fante.

Referințe

  1. ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). „A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Chondrichthyes entry)”. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Accesat în 21 aprilie 2015.
  2. ^ Stevens (2005). Prionace glauca. Lista roșie a speciilor periclitate IUCN. Versiunea 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Accesat în 10 aprilie 2011.


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Rechinul albastru: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Rechinul albastru (Prionace glauca) trăiește în Marea Mediterană și în Oceanul Atlantic. Are o lungime de peste 3 metri.

Este un pește cartilaginos, adică scheletul lui este alcătuit din cartilaje (țesuturi conjunctive elastice și rezistente). Gura se află ventral; coada are 2 lobi inegali. De o parte și de alta a extremității capului se găsesc 5-7 crăpături (fante) în care sunt situate branhiile. Gura comunică cu exteriorul prin aceste fante.

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Žralok belasý (Prionace glauca) ( Slovak )

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Žralok belasý[1] (lat. Prionace glauca) je druh žraloka vyskytujúci sa takmer na celom svete (v Severnom ľadovom oceáne a v Južnom ocáne nežijú).

Je to prvý druh žraloka, na ktorom bol testovaný tzv. protižraločí odev v podobe oblečenia z kovových krúžkov.[2]

Napriek svojmu celosvetovému rozšíreniu nie je početným druhom, lebo je stále komerčne lovený.[2]

Výskyt

Žije vo všetkých oceánoch, okrem oceánov, ktoré omývajú severnú a južnú časť zemegule. V Európe ho možno nájsť v Stredozemnom mori, pri Turecku, severnej Afrike, Taliansku, Slovinsku a Chorvátsku. Ďalej sa v Európe vyskytuje od južného pobrežia Veľkej Británie, až po Španielske ostrovy: Madeira, Kanárske a Kapverdské ostrovy.

Opis

Žralok belasý má pretiahnuté, štíhle telo s dlhým rypákom a má hladkú kožu, iba s malými zúbkami. Má malé oči s tzv. tretím viečkom. Má 5 žiaber, kým posledný je nad prsnými plutvami, spirakulum chýba. Má dve chrbtové plutvy, prvá je väčšia než druhá a ležia medzi brušnými plutvami.[3] Má trojuholníkovité zuby s pílkovitými okrajmi. Chrbtová plutva ide šikmo hore, horný lalok je oveľa väčší. Má modré telo s bielymi bokmi. Meria 3,8 m a váži až 250 kg.[2]

Potrava

Je aktívny hlavne v noci, kedy aj loví. Loví najmä ryby v hejnách, ako makrely, slede či hlavonožce.[3]

Podniká dlhé púte od Atlantiku až po Afriku.

Rozmnožovanie

Žralok belasý je živorodý živočích. Samica si uchováva samcovu spermiu asi rok, aby sa mohla kedykoľvek znovu oplodniť. V závislosti od veľkosti samice, by samica mohla na svet priviesť 4 – 135 mláďat.[chýba zdroj]

Referencie

  1. BURNIE, David. Praktická encyklopédia zvierat. Bratislava : Mladé letá, 2003. ISBN 8010002496.
  2. a b c Žraloci.cz - Žralok modravý [online]. Žraloci.cz, [cit. 2009-01-31]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. a b databáze ryb : Žralok modravý [online]. [Cit. 2009-01-31]. Dostupné online.

Iné projekty

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Žralok belasý (Prionace glauca): Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Žralok belasý (lat. Prionace glauca) je druh žraloka vyskytujúci sa takmer na celom svete (v Severnom ľadovom oceáne a v Južnom ocáne nežijú).

Je to prvý druh žraloka, na ktorom bol testovaný tzv. protižraločí odev v podobe oblečenia z kovových krúžkov.

Napriek svojmu celosvetovému rozšíreniu nie je početným druhom, lebo je stále komerčne lovený.

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Blåhaj ( Swedish )

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Blåhajen (Prionace glauca), engelskt namn Blue shark, är den enda hajen i släktet Prionace och man kan hitta den på djupt vatten i världens tempererade och tropiska hav. Den är känd för att migrera långa sträckor och för att få många ungar (25 till 100).

Blåhajen blir normalt 1,8-2,4 meter (maximalt 3,8 m) lång och väger mellan 60 och 80 kilogram. Blåhajar i Stilla havet är oftast mindre än de hajar som man hittar i andra hav. Hajen har en slank kroppsform med en lång ryggfena. På ryggen är den djupt blåfärgad och den har ljusare sidor och vit undersida.

Den huvudsakliga födan är bläckfisk, men den äter också hummer, räkor, krabbor och ett stort antal fiskar, mindre hajar och ibland om tillfälle bjuds även sjöfågel. I individer som man har undersökt har man även hittat kött från tumlare och valar. Det tyder på att de äter allt de kommer över.

 src=
Prionace glauca.

En blåhaj kan få mellan 4 och 135 ungar efter en dräktighetsperiod på mellan 9 och 12 månader. Hanarna blir könsmogna när de är runt 5 år och honorna vid runt 4 år. En egenhet hos honorna är, på grund av den våldsamma parningen då hanen biter honan, att honorna har tre gånger så tjockt skinn som en hanne.

Blåhajen är den haj som fiskas mest i världen. Man uppskattar att mellan 10 och 20 miljoner blåhajar fångas varje år. Man torkar, röker och saltar in köttet och skinnen används som läder, fenorna blir hajfenssoppa och av levern tillverkas olja.

Det har hänt att blåhajen har attackerat människor och båtar.

Källor

Fritt översatt från den engelska Wikipedian.

Noter

  1. ^ IUCN: More oceanic sharks added to the IUCN Red List Arkiverad 6 juli 2008 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., "The blue shark, the world’s most abundant and heavily fished pelagic shark, stayed in the threat category Near threatened", hämtad 2007-02-25
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Blåhaj: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Blåhajen (Prionace glauca), engelskt namn Blue shark, är den enda hajen i släktet Prionace och man kan hitta den på djupt vatten i världens tempererade och tropiska hav. Den är känd för att migrera långa sträckor och för att få många ungar (25 till 100).

Blåhajen blir normalt 1,8-2,4 meter (maximalt 3,8 m) lång och väger mellan 60 och 80 kilogram. Blåhajar i Stilla havet är oftast mindre än de hajar som man hittar i andra hav. Hajen har en slank kroppsform med en lång ryggfena. På ryggen är den djupt blåfärgad och den har ljusare sidor och vit undersida.

Den huvudsakliga födan är bläckfisk, men den äter också hummer, räkor, krabbor och ett stort antal fiskar, mindre hajar och ibland om tillfälle bjuds även sjöfågel. I individer som man har undersökt har man även hittat kött från tumlare och valar. Det tyder på att de äter allt de kommer över.

 src= Prionace glauca.

En blåhaj kan få mellan 4 och 135 ungar efter en dräktighetsperiod på mellan 9 och 12 månader. Hanarna blir könsmogna när de är runt 5 år och honorna vid runt 4 år. En egenhet hos honorna är, på grund av den våldsamma parningen då hanen biter honan, att honorna har tre gånger så tjockt skinn som en hanne.

Blåhajen är den haj som fiskas mest i världen. Man uppskattar att mellan 10 och 20 miljoner blåhajar fångas varje år. Man torkar, röker och saltar in köttet och skinnen används som läder, fenorna blir hajfenssoppa och av levern tillverkas olja.

Det har hänt att blåhajen har attackerat människor och båtar.

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Pamuk balığı ( Turkish )

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Pamuk balığı (Prionace glauca), harharyasgiller (Carcharhinidae) familyasından bir köpek balığı türü.

Sürü halindeki küçük balıkları yiyerek beslenir. Ortalama boyu en fazla 2–3 m olmasına rağmen büyüklüğü 4m'ye kadar ulaşabilir. İlkbahar aylarında ürer. Boyları 40-60cm arası 8-12 yavru doğurur. Normal yetişkin bir erkek 270–300 cm normal yetişkin bir dişi ise 250–270 cm olur, büyüklerde erkek 370–400 cm dişi ise 350–370 cm olur.

Dış bağlantılar

Stub icon Köpekbalığı ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Pamuk balığı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Pamuk balığı (Prionace glauca), harharyasgiller (Carcharhinidae) familyasından bir köpek balığı türü.

Sürü halindeki küçük balıkları yiyerek beslenir. Ortalama boyu en fazla 2–3 m olmasına rağmen büyüklüğü 4m'ye kadar ulaşabilir. İlkbahar aylarında ürer. Boyları 40-60cm arası 8-12 yavru doğurur. Normal yetişkin bir erkek 270–300 cm normal yetişkin bir dişi ise 250–270 cm olur, büyüklerde erkek 370–400 cm dişi ise 350–370 cm olur.

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Акула блакитна ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина цієї акули досягає 3,8 м, з вагою близько 200 кг. Голова подовжена. Морда вузька. Очі помірно великі, округлі, наділені мигальною перетинкою. Є 5 пар недовгих зябрових щілин. У ніздрів є невелика канавка і носові клапани — маленькі шкірні складки. Зуби верхньої щелепи майже трикутні, із звуженою верхівкою та пилковими краями. На нижній щелепі — зуби шилоподібні, трохи увігнуті всередину пащі. Тіло тонке, струнке. Грудні плавці довгі та вузькі, серпоподібної форми. Перший спинний плавець починається у каудального краю грудних плавців. Гребінь між спинними плавцями відсутній. Перший плавець більше другого. У основі хвоста є невеликі нарости. Хвостове стебло довге, стиснуте з боків, без кіля, з поперечною виїмкою перед хвостовим плавцем. Верхня лопать хвостового плавця набагато більше нижньої лопаті, з виїмкою на кінчику, що утворює «вимпел-прапорець».

Її спина має синій з відтінками сірого колір, який може варіювати від темного, майже чорного, до блакитного (звідси походить назва цієї акули). З боків тулуба забарвлення поступово переходить у світле, майже біле на череві.

Спосіб життя

Відноситься до океанічних, хоча і трапляється іноді біля берегів. Найчастіше мешкає при температурі 10-15 °C і згідно з цим в прогрітих водах тропіків тримається не у поверхні, а на деякій глибині — до 300 м. Ця порівняно малорухома акула абсолютно змінюється при вигляді їжі. Живиться рибою (тунець, скумбрія, оселедцеві) і головоногими молюсками, переважно кальмарами. Також будь-якою іншою здобиччю, яку може відшукати. Іноді акула протягом тривалого часу супроводжує судна, що повільно пливуть, поїдаючи корабельні відходи.

Це живородна риба. Статева зрілість настає у 4—6 років. Кількість ембріонів може сильно варіювати — від 4 до 135 особин. Вагітність триває від 9 до 12 місяців. Довжина акуленят при народженні становить близько 30 см. Райони розмноження цієї акули перебувають за межами тропічної зони (зокрема, на південний захід від Великої Британії). В Адріатичному морі між Пунта-дела-Маестра та Ріміні знаходиться одна з найбільших областей розмноження цих акул. Тут дуже часто можна зустріти велике число вагітних самиць і невеликих акуленят, які живляться молодими рибами.

Розповсюдження

Акула блакитна є океанічним та епіпелагічним видом, який зустрічається скрізь в помірних та тропічних водах від поверхні до глибини 350 метрів[1]. У помірних морях сині акули наближаються до берега, де їх можуть спостерігати дайвери, в той час як в тропічних водах вони віддають перевагу великій глибині. Ареал синіх акул поширюється від Норвегії на півночі до Чилі на півдні. Сині акули трапляються біля берегів всіх континентів, крім Антарктиди. Найбільша концентрація цього виду в Тихому океані спостерігається між 20° і 50° північної широти, але чисельність схильна до сильних сезонних коливань. У тропіках ці акули рівномірно розподіляються між 20° пн. ш. та 20° пд. ш. Вони віддають перевагу температурному діапазону 7 — 16° C, але витримують температуру 21° C і вище. Є дані про регулярні міграції у водах Атлантики, що відбуваються за годинниковою стрілкою в межах течій[2].

Акула й людина

Вважається небезпечною, але достовірних випадків її нападу на людину майже немає. Під час оброблення китів, убитих в районі проживання цього виду, акули нерідко наближаються і жадібно пожирають їстівні шматки.

Блакитні акули мають невелике промислове значення і в деяких країнах, зокрема в Японії, вживаються в їжу. Багато гине у рибацьких тенетах. Водночас це найпоширеніший у світі вид акул, що добуваються рибалками-спортсменами. М'ясо цієї акули вважається одним з найцінніших в гастрономічному відношенні серед інших видів акул. Воно майже позбавлене аміачного запаху, ніжне і може використовуватися в їжу в свіжому, сушеному, копченому вигляді.

Примітки

  1. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). Prionace glauca in FishBase. 9 2006 version.
  2. Compagno, Leonard J.V. 2. Carcharhiniformes // FAO species catalogue. — Rome : Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1984. — P. 455–457. — ISBN 92-5-101383-7.

Джерела

  • Angela P., Angela A., Recchi A.L., Squali, Mondadori, 1995. ISBN 88-04-42907-0
  • Kuno Sch. Steuben, Gerhard Krefft: Die Haie der Sieben Meere — Arten, Fangweise und sportlicher Fang, Paul Parey Verlag Hamburg und Berlin, 1989 (ISBN 3-490-44314-4)
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Cá mập xanh ( Vietnamese )

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Cá mập xanh (tên khoa học Prionace glauca) là một loài cá thuộc họ Carcharhinidae sống ở vùng nước sâu trong các đại dương vùng ôn đớinhiệt đới. Chúng là loài cá mập di chuyển linh hoạt và nhanh, sống thành từng nhóm nhỏ tùy theo giới tính và kích thước, vì vậy chúng được mệnh danh là "sói biển". Loài này có tuổi thọ khoảng 20 năm.[2]

Phạm vi và môi trường sống

Cá mập xanh là một loài cá mập đại dương, sống ở tầng nước nổi các vùng biển sâu thuộc ôn đới và nhiệt đới trên toàn thế giới. Độ sâu phổ biến là từ bề mặt tới khoảng 350 mét.[3] Trong các vùng biển ôn đới người ta cũng có thể thấy chúng ở các vùng biển gần bờ, còn ở nhiệt đới thì chúng sống ở những vùng biển sâu. Chúng có mặt trên các vùng biển trải dài từ Na Uy về phía Bắc tới tận Chile. Cá mập xanh được tìm thấy ngoài khơi bờ biển ở tất cả các châu lục, trừ châu Nam Cực. Nhiều nhất là ở Thái Bình Dương, ở khu vực giữa 20 °và 50 °Bắc, nhưng với biến động theo mùa. Trong vùng nhiệt đới, nó có mặt ở giữa 20 °N 20 °S. Nó thích vùng biển mát lạnh với nhiệt độ dao động từ 7-16 °C (45-61 °F), nhưng cũng chịu đựng được nhiệt độ trên 21 °C (70 °F).[4]

Mô tả

 src=
Phần lưng của cá mập xanh

Cá mập xanh nổi bật với đôi vây ngực rất dài. Phần trên của cơ thể có màu xanh đậm, nhạt hơn ở hai bên sườn, và phần dưới là màu trắng. Con cá mập đực thường phát triển có chiều dài từ 1,82 đến 2,82 m (6,0 đến 9,3 ft), trong khi những con cái lớn hơn thường lên tới 2,2 đến 3,3 m (7,2 đến 11 ft).[5] Một số con có thể phát triển đến 3,8 m (12 ft) thậm chí là đạt 6,1 m (20 ft) nhưng vẫn chưa được xác nhận rõ.[5] Cá mập xanh có cơ thể khá thuôn và mảnh mai và thường nặng từ 27 đến 55 kg (60 120 lb) ở con đực và từ 93 đến 182 kg (210-400 lb) ở con cái.[6][7][8]. Theo báo cáo thì có những con cá mập xanh được phát hiện nặng tới 391 kg (860 lb).[9]

Sinh sản

Cá mập xanh là loài đẻ con, mỗi lần con cái đẻ từ 4 tới 135 con non. Thời kỳ mang thai là từ 9 đến 12 tháng. Độ tuổi trưởng thành sinh dục ở con cái là từ 5 đến 6 năm và ở con đực là từ 4 đến 5 năm tuổi. Những vết sẹo để lại ở con cái là do những vết cắn của con đực trong quá trình tán tỉnh. Vì vậy, để thích nghi với nghi lễ giao phối này, lớp da của con cái thường dày gấp 3 lần so với con đực.[4]

Thức ăn

Nguồn thức ăn quan trọng của cá mập xanh là các loài động vật không xương sống bao gồm mựcbạch tuộc, động vật giáp xác như tôm hùm, cua, các loài cá bao gồm các con cá mập nhỏ hơn, cá tuyết, và thi thoảng là các loài chim biển và thịt cá voi.[4]

Mối nguy hiểm

Cá mập xanh trưởng thành ít bị đe dọa ngoại trừ con người và loài cá voi sát thủ. Nhưng con nhỏ thì gặp nhiều những mối nguy hiểm hơn đến từ cả cá mập trắng lớn, cá nhám hổ. Không chỉ những kẻ săn mồi lớn hơn, cá mập xanh còn bị mối đe dọa từ các loài ký sinh trùng như sán dây khiến chúng bị nhiễm bệnh và chết. Nguyên nhân là do chúng ăn phải các loài thức ăn trung gian như cá tuyết chấm đen (Lampris guttatus) hay cá thương mũi dài (Alepisaurus ferox).[10]

Mối quan hệ với con người

Người ta ước tính rằng 10 - 20 triệu con bị giết mỗi năm. Thịt của chúng dùng để chế biến trong các món ăn dưới dạng tươi, sấy khô, hun khóiướp muối và sản xuất bột cá. Da được sử dụng cho sản xuất da thuộc, vây dùng để nấu súp vây cá mập và gan cho dầu.[4]

Cá mập xanh sinh trưởng kém trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt. Những mẫu vật thử nghiệm cuối cùng chỉ sống được khoảng 30 ngày. Trong năm 2008, một mẫu vật được nuôi ở hồ New Jersey State Aquarium sống được trong thời gian 7 tháng trước khi nó bị chết bởi nhiễm một loại vi trùng không rõ ràng.[11]

Tính đến năm 2009 đã có 13 cuộc tấn công con người được ghi nhận và 4 trường hợp đã tử vong.[12]

Xem thêm

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cá mập xanh
  1. ^ Stevens (2005). Prionace glauca. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2010.4. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 4 năm 2011.
  2. ^ Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, published by the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; undated
  3. ^ Thông tin "Prionace glauca" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 9 năm 2006.
  4. ^ a ă â b Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. tr. 521–524, 555 – 61, 590.
  5. ^ a ă FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Blue Shark. Flmnh.ufl.edu. Truy cập 2012-12-19.
  6. ^ Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) – Ireland's Wildlife. Irelandswildlife.com (2011-07-21). Truy cập 2012-12-19.
  7. ^ Sharks – Greenland (Somniosus microcephalus), Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and Porbeagle (Lamna nasus). fishaq.gov.nl.ca
  8. ^ Sea Angling in Ireland – Blue Shark. Sea-angling-ireland.org (2006-10-21). Truy cập 2012-12-19.
  9. ^ Summary of Large Blue Sharks Prioncae glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) in progress. elasmollet.org (March 2008)
  10. ^ Scholz, Tomáš; Euzet, Louis; Moravec, František (1998). “Taxonomic status of Pelichnibothrium speciosum Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of Alepisaurus ferox Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and Prionace glauca (L.) (Euselachii: Carcharinidae)”. Systematic Parasitology 41 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1023/A:1006091102174.
  11. ^ Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) in Captivity. elasmollet.org (2007)
  12. ^ ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark[liên kết hỏng]

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Blue shark
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Cá mập xanh: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cá mập xanh (tên khoa học Prionace glauca) là một loài cá thuộc họ Carcharhinidae sống ở vùng nước sâu trong các đại dương vùng ôn đớinhiệt đới. Chúng là loài cá mập di chuyển linh hoạt và nhanh, sống thành từng nhóm nhỏ tùy theo giới tính và kích thước, vì vậy chúng được mệnh danh là "sói biển". Loài này có tuổi thọ khoảng 20 năm.

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Синяя акула ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Prionace glauca.jpg

Си́няя аку́ла[1][2][3], или голуба́я аку́ла[2], или большая голубая акула[4], или моко́й[5] (лат. Prionace glauca) — вид хрящевых рыб из семейства серых акул отряда кархаринообразных, выделяемый в монотипный род Prionace[6]. Широко распространена во всём мире и обитает как в океане, так и у побережья, и является одной из наиболее распространённых акул на Земле. Этот вид более характерен для субтропических и умеренно тёплых вод, чем для тропической зоны.

Ареал

Синяя акула имеет, вероятно, самый широкий ареал среди хрящевых рыб[7]: она встречается почти повсеместно в умеренных и тропических водах. Живёт на глубинах от 0 до 350 метров[8]. В умеренных морях синие акулы приближаются к берегу, где их могут наблюдать дайверы, а в тропических водах они предпочитают держаться на большей глубине. Ареал синих акул распространяется от Норвегии на севере до Чили на юге. Синие акулы встречаются у берегов всех континентов, кроме Антарктиды. Наибольшая концентрация акул этого вида в Тихом океане наблюдается между 20° и 50° северной широты, но численность подвержена сильным сезонным колебаниям. В тропиках эти акулы равномерно распределяются между 20° с. ш. и 20° ю. ш. Они предпочитают температурный диапазон 7—16 °C, но выдерживают температуру 21 °C и выше[7]. Есть данные о регулярных миграциях в водах Атлантики, происходящих по часовой стрелке в пределах преобладающих течений[7]. Одна особь, помеченная в водах Новой Зеландии, была повторно поймана у побережья Чили, куда она приплыла, преодолев расстояние около 1200 км[9].

Описание

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Зубы синей акулы

У синей акулы вытянутое стройное тело с длинными грудными плавниками. Окрас тела сверху синий, по бокам он становится светлее, брюхо белое[7]. Синие акулы достигают 3,8 метров в длину и веса 204 килограмм. Максимально зарегистрированный вес составлял 391 кг. Первый спинной плавник начинается у каудального края грудных плавников. Гребень между спинными плавниками отсутствует. У основаниях хвоста имеются небольшие наросты.

Зубы треугольные, скошенные, с зазубринами, но без боковых зубчиков. Нижние существенно отличаются от верхних: они менее массивные и не всегда зазубрены[7].

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Синяя акула охотится на кальмаров

Биология

Обычно синяя акула охотится на костистых рыб, моллюсков, таких как кальмары, каракатицы и осьминоги, и ракообразных. Также в её рацион входят небольшие акулы, трупы млекопитающих и иногда морские птицы. В желудках пойманных синих акул находили останки китов и морских свиней. Известно, что синие акулы поедают треску, попавшую в траловые сети. На тунцов они охотятся редко. Взрослые синие акулы не имеют в природе естественных врагов, за исключением людей. Молодые особи могут стать жертвой крупных акул, таких как большая белая акула и тигровая акула[10].

Размножение

Это живородящий вид акул, у которых из желточного мешка образуется плацентарное соединение между матерью и эмбрионом. В помёте от 4 до 135 новорождённых размером около 40 см. Беременность длится 9—12 месяцев. Самки достигают половой зрелости в возрасте 5—6 лет, а самцы 4—5. В ходе прелюдии к спариванию самец кусает самку, поэтому пол акул можно легко определить по наличию или отсутствию шрамов на спине. У самок кожа на спине в 3 раза толще, чем у самцов[7]. Максимальная продолжительность жизни оценивается в 25 лет[8].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Считается, что ежегодно в рыболовных сетях гибнет от 10 до 20 миллионов особей синей акулы. Её мясо используют в пищу, но оно не пользуется большой популярностью. На мировой рынок мясо этой акулы поступает в свежем, вяленом или замороженом виде иногда под названиями: «серая рыба», «каменный лосось», «морской угорь». Сообщено о высоком содержании тяжелых металлов (ртуть, свинец) в мясе синей акулы[11].

Кроме того, из синих акул делают рыбную муку, плавники используют в суп, а из жира печени производят витамины[7]. Синяя акула является желанным трофеем у спортивных рыболовов за свою красоту и скорость.

Потенциально опасна для человека. В списке на 2011 год было зафиксировано 34 нападения этого вида. Из них 8 неспровоцированных атак привели к смерти жертвы. Осенью 2017 года было зафиксировано нападение стаи синих акул на терпящих бедствие нелегальных мигрантов у берегов Ливии в Средиземном море. Как минимум 31 человек погиб в данном происшествии[12].

Синяя акула, как и большинство пелагических акул, плохо уживается в неволе. Попытки содержать их в круглых аквариумах большого диаметра и бассейнах глубиной 3 метра показали, что в лучшем случае рыбы живут менее 30 дней. Как и другим пелагическим акулам, им трудно избежать столкновения со стенками аквариума и другими препятствиями. В одном случае в океанариуме синяя акула чувствовала себя довольно хорошо, пока к ней не подселили акул-быков, убивших её. Образец, помещенный в 2008 году в аквариум в Нью-Джерси, прожил около 7 месяцев и умер от бактериальной инфекции[13].

Примечания

  1. Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 39. — 575 с.
  2. 1 2 Губанов Е. П., Кондюрин В. В., Мягков Н. А. Акулы Мирового океана: Справочник-определитель. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1986. — С. 144. — 272 с.
  3. Линдберг, Г. У., Герд, А. С., Расс, Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 42. — 562 с.
  4. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 32. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  5. Моисеев Р. С., Токранов А. М. и др. Каталог позвоночных Камчатки и сопредельных морских акваторий. — Петропавловск-Камчатский: Камчатский печатный двор, 2000. — С. 16. — ISBN 5-85857-003-8.
  6. Виды рода Prionace в базе данных каталога FishBase
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Compagno, Leonard J.V. 2. Carcharhiniformes // FAO species catalogue. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1984. — Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — P. 455–457. — ISBN 92-5-101383-7.
  8. 1 2 Синяя акула (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  9. Geoffrey Cox & Malcolm Francis. Sharks and Rays of New Zealand. — Canterbury University Press, 1997. — 64 с. — ISBN 0-908812-60-4.
  10. Scholz, Tomáš; Euzet, Louis; Moravec, František (1998). “Taxonomic status of Pelichnibothrium speciosum Monticelli, 1889 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a mysterious parasite of Alepisaurus ferox Lowe (Teleostei: Alepisauridae) and Prionace glauca (L.) (Euselachii: Carcharinidae)”. Systematic Parasitology. 41 (1): 1–8. DOI:10.1023/A:1006091102174.
  11. Lopez, S., Abarca, N., Meléndez, R. (2013). “Heavy Metal Concentrations of two highly migratory sharks (Prionace glauca and Isurus oxyrinchus) in the southeastern Pacific waters: comments on public health and conservation” (PDF). Tropical Conservation Science. 6 (1): 126—137. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2014-07-13. (резюме)
  12. В Средиземном море акулы напали на тонущих мигрантов
  13. Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) в неволе (англ.) (Проверено 20 апреля 2012)
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Синяя акула: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Prionace glauca.jpg

Си́няя аку́ла, или голуба́я аку́ла, или большая голубая акула, или моко́й (лат. Prionace glauca) — вид хрящевых рыб из семейства серых акул отряда кархаринообразных, выделяемый в монотипный род Prionace. Широко распространена во всём мире и обитает как в океане, так и у побережья, и является одной из наиболее распространённых акул на Земле. Этот вид более характерен для субтропических и умеренно тёплых вод, чем для тропической зоны.

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大青鲨 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Prionace glauca
Linnaeus, 1759 大青鲨的分佈
大青鲨的分佈

大青鲨學名Prionace glauca),或稱鋸峰齒鯊、水鯊,属真鲨科,见于温带热带远洋区中。喜冷,因而在墨西哥湾亚德里亚海红海中未有发现。大青鲨以长距离迁徙著称,例如从新英格兰南美洲。一般情况下其行动较为迟缓,但在必要时能以极快的速度前进。大青鲨是卵胎生的,一次可生4到100只幼鲨。虽然它们有机会时完全有能力捕捉到更大的猎物,其主要食物来源仍是鱼和枪乌贼。大青鲨通常按性别和体形分群。

分布范围

全球范围内,大青鲨生活在热带或温带大洋中,从水面至水下350米处的海水上层。其在温带海域的分布更靠近海岸,可以被潜水者观察到。在热带海域则出现在更深处。其分布范围最北可达挪威,最南可达智利,在太平洋中以20°N至20°S间。大青鲨其最适宜的水温在7—16℃,但在21℃或更高水温中仍可生存。大青鲨会有规律地由大西洋开始沿盛行洋流迁徙。

外形

大青鲨体长可以达到3.7米,但一般为1.8到2.4米。有细长的胸鳍,体背深青,两侧颜色略浅,腹部白色。通常60—80千克,有记录的最大个体重达205千克。太平洋中的大青鲨体形普遍较小,一般不超过2米。其体征独特,没有典型的混淆物种。

食物来源

枪乌贼是大青鲨的主要猎物,但也包括乌贼远洋章鱼(pelagic octopus)、龙虾无脊椎动物,以及大量硬骨鱼,小型鲨鱼哺乳动物腐肉等。有时也以海鸟为食。在捕获的大青鲨的胃中有脂发现,也有发现大青鲨从渔船拖网中取食鳕鱼的现象。

繁殖

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大青鲨

大青鲨为胎生动物,有卵黄囊胎盘,每胎可生4—100只幼体。母鲨妊娠期为9—12个月。雌性个体在5—6岁时成熟,雄性则在4—5岁。目前普遍认为雄性在求偶过程中会咬雌性,因而成年大青鲨个体可根据其是否有啮痕来鉴定其性别,为适应这种交配方式, 雌性大青鲨进化出了比雄性厚3倍的皮层。

人类影响

大青鲨是目前世界上被捕杀最多的鲨鱼品种。据估计,每年有1000—2000万大青鲨个体遭渔网之灾。其肉、肝可熏制、腌制或制成鱼粉后可食用,但利用率不高;鲨皮可用于皮革制品;鳍可熬制鱼翅汤;鲨可用于提炼鱼肝油。大青鲨也偶尔被用于娱乐表演活动,并经常被商业捕鱼者捕捉剑鱼金枪鱼时误捉。由于大青鲨不常冒险靠近海岸,因而大多数人类与其相遇的情况发生在远海区。也曾有过数次大青鲨袭击人类或小型船的纪录。

参考资料

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维基百科作者和编辑

大青鲨: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

大青鲨(學名:Prionace glauca),或稱鋸峰齒鯊、水鯊,属真鲨科,见于温带热带远洋区中。喜冷,因而在墨西哥湾亚德里亚海红海中未有发现。大青鲨以长距离迁徙著称,例如从新英格兰南美洲。一般情况下其行动较为迟缓,但在必要时能以极快的速度前进。大青鲨是卵胎生的,一次可生4到100只幼鲨。虽然它们有机会时完全有能力捕捉到更大的猎物,其主要食物来源仍是鱼和枪乌贼。大青鲨通常按性别和体形分群。

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copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

ヨシキリザメ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ヨシキリザメ Prionace glauca by mark conlin.JPG 保全状況評価[1] NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata : 軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes : メジロザメ目 Carcharhiniformes : メジロザメ科 Carcharhinidae : ヨシキリザメ属 Prionace
Cantor, 1849[2] : ヨシキリザメ P. glauca 学名 Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) シノニム

Squalus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758

英名 Blue shark Prionace glauca dis.png
分布
 src=
上顎歯。
 src=
イカを捕食するヨシキリザメ。

ヨシキリザメ (葦切鮫、英名:Blue Shark、学名:Prionace glauca)はメジロザメ科に属するサメ。地方名はアオブカミズブカ・アオタ・アオナギなどがある。本種のみでヨシキリザメ属 Prionace を形成する。世界中の暖かい海に幅広く生息し、長距離を回遊する。全長2-3 m。主にイカや魚を捕食する。成長は早く、4-6年で成熟する。胎盤形成型の胎生で、一度に最大100尾以上の子どもを産む。

日本に水揚されるサメ類の中では最も多く、資源量も豊富である。肉や鰭、皮、軟骨などが利用されている。人や船を襲うこともあり、危険性が高い。

分布[編集]

最も広範な分布域を持つサメの一つ。世界中の熱帯から温帯海域に広く分布する。外洋の海表面から水深350mまで見られ、水温12-20℃を好む[1]。高度回遊性サメ類の一つであり、非常に長い距離を回遊する。

日本近海のヨシキリザメは黒潮親潮がぶつかる潮目のやや南の海域で生まれ、幼魚のころまで潮目の海域で成長する。成熟期前になると、オスは南の海域に、メスは北の海域に分かれて生息する。成熟して成魚になると、メスは南下してオスと同じ海域に生息するようになるが、交尾期以外は、雌雄で分離しているといわれている。理由はよく分かっていないが、サメの天敵はサメ自身であるので、自分より大きな個体から捕食されるのを防ぐためだともいわれている。

形態[編集]

Prionace glauca nms.jpg

最大で全長400cm、体重205.9kgに達する[3]。全長6 mになるという記述もあるが、公式な記録はない。体型は細身の流線形。吻は長く円錐形。眼は比較的大きい。背側の体色は鮮やかな藍青色で、英名の由来にもなっている。宮城県ではアオナギとの別名もあり、中国語でも「大青鯊」(ダーチンシャー、dàqīngshā)と呼ぶ地方がある。腹側は白色である。

両顎歯は異形。上顎歯は幅広の三角形で鋸歯縁を備え、先端は口角に向かってやや傾く。下顎歯は単尖頭で細身の三角形[4]

生態[編集]

比較的小型の硬骨魚類やイカが主要な餌生物であり、他に無脊椎動物、小型のサメ、哺乳類(鯨類)の死骸、まれに海鳥も捕食する[5]。餌生物の嗜好性は乏しく、機会選択的な捕食を行う[4]。他のメジロザメ類には見られない特徴として、鰓弓に鰓耙を備える[5]

天敵にはカリフォルニアアシカ Zalophus californianusアオザメホホジロザメがいる[4]。大型個体の天敵はほとんどいない。

雄は4-5年、182-281cmで成熟する[4]。雌は5-6年、221-323cmで成熟する[4]

胎生。胎盤を形成する。妊娠期間は9-12ヶ月。雌は卵殻腺に精子を長期間保存しておくことができる。産仔数は雌によって4-135尾まで(主に母体サイズによって)異なり、平均約35尾。産まれてくる子どもは35-50cmである[1]。寿命は20年以上と考えられている[5]

飼育が比較的難しいとされているが、仙台うみの杜水族館が常設展示を目指し挑戦しており[6]、2017年2月21日に飼育日数245日を達成して最長記録を更新している(日本国外での記録例がなく世界記録とみられている)[7]。この個体は飼育日数252日で死亡した[8]

人との関わり[編集]

漁業[編集]

日本では最も水揚量が多いサメとなっており、1992年から2009年の水揚量は8700-16000トンである[9]。マグロ延縄などでの混獲が主で、ヨシキリザメが漁業対象になることはほとんどない。スポーツ・フィッシングの対象になる。

ヨシキリザメの肉には独特の弾力があり、かまぼこ半片といった魚肉練り製品の材料として欠かせず[10]、また鰭も中華料理の高級食材であるフカヒレの原料になる。日本国内において食用となるサメ類の約9割は気仙沼漁港で水揚げされるが、その大半はヨシキリザメとネズミザメ(モウカザメ)である[10]

ヨシキリザメの魚肉は水っぽく、サメ独特のアンモニア臭もネズミザメより強いものの[11][10]、加工品としての需要が高いためネズミザメよりも高額で取引されるという[10]。また宮城県岩手県ではフカヒレの加工が盛んで、香港台湾などへも輸出されている。近年は、軟骨コラーゲンなどの摂取を目的とした健康食品に加工販売することも行われている。

危険性[編集]

ヨシキリザメは人を襲うこともあり[11]、実際1580年2015年の間に人身事故が13件(内4件は死亡事故)確認されており[12]、人に対して危険であると言える。攻撃前の行動パターンとして、遊泳者の周囲をゆっくり旋回することが知られている。ときには15分以上にわたり何度も旋回を行った後、攻撃に移行する[5]。最初の咬み付きはいわゆる試し咬みの場合がある。常に攻撃的であるとは限らないが、サメがゆっくりと接近してきた場合は注意が必要である。

食料として見た場合、ヨシキリザメの体内に含まれる微量の水銀に注意する必要がある。厚生労働省は、ヨシキリザメを妊婦が摂食量を注意すべき魚介類の一つとして挙げており、2005年11月2日の発表では、1回に食べる量を約80gとした場合、ヨシキリザメの摂食は週に2回まで(1週間当たり160g程度)を目安としている[13]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ a b c Stevens, J. 2005. Prionace glauca. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded on 26 January 2011.
  2. ^ WoRMS, Prionace, World Register of Marine Species英語版, http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105722
  3. ^ Prionace glauca Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (11/2010).
  4. ^ a b c d e Biological Profiles: Blue shark Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department.
  5. ^ a b c d Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984) "FAO Species Catalogue Vol.4, Part 2 Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States.
  6. ^ ヨシキリザメ、オープン前に死ぬ うみの杜水族館 朝日新聞デジタル(2015年6月30日)
  7. ^ “<うみの杜水族館>ヨシキリザメ飼育 新記録”. 河北新報. (http://www.kahoku.co.jp/tohokunews/201702/20170222_13011.html
  8. ^ “<うみの杜水族館>最長飼育ヨシキリザメ死ぬ”. 河北新報. (http://www.kahoku.co.jp/tohokunews/201703/20170302_13008.html
  9. ^ 平成22年国際漁業資源の現況:ヨシキリザメ 水産庁独立行政法人水産総合研究センター
  10. ^ a b c d “【特報 追う】サメ肉料理 目指せ宮城の名産品 官民連携課題は「臭み」”. MSN産経ニュース (産業経済新聞社). (オリジナルのhttps://web.archive.org/web/20091214070929/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/region/tohoku/miyagi/071214/myg0712140230002-n1.htm
  11. ^ a b 仲谷一宏; 尼岡 邦夫(監修). “ヨシキリザメ”. 海のお魚大百科 デジタルお魚図鑑. 長崎県水産部. ^ 『サメ-海の王者たち-改訂版-』ブックマン社
  12. ^ 厚生労働省医薬食品局食品安全部基準審査課 (妊婦への魚介類の摂食と水銀に関する注意事項の見直しについて(Q&A)(平成17年11月2日)”. 魚介類に含まれる水銀について. 厚生労働省. オリジナルよりアーカイブ。 ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヨシキリザメに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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ヨシキリザメ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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 src= 上顎歯。  src= イカを捕食するヨシキリザメ。

ヨシキリザメ (葦切鮫、英名:Blue Shark、学名:Prionace glauca)はメジロザメ科に属するサメ。地方名はアオブカ・ミズブカ・アオタ・アオナギなどがある。本種のみでヨシキリザメ属 Prionace を形成する。世界中の暖かい海に幅広く生息し、長距離を回遊する。全長2-3 m。主にイカや魚を捕食する。成長は早く、4-6年で成熟する。胎盤形成型の胎生で、一度に最大100尾以上の子どもを産む。

日本に水揚されるサメ類の中では最も多く、資源量も豊富である。肉や鰭、皮、軟骨などが利用されている。人や船を襲うこともあり、危険性が高い。

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청새리상어 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

청새리상어(Blue Shark, Prionace glauca)는 흉상어목 흉상어과에 속하는 상어이다. 온대와 열대 해역 깊숙한 곳에 서식한다. 시원한 물을 선호하여[1] 긴 거리(예컨대 뉴잉글랜드에서 아르헨티나)를 회유한다.

평소에는 별로 활발하지 못하지만, 빨리 움직일 때는 매우 빨리 움직인다. 청새리상어는 태생이며 한 배에 25 ~ 100 마리의 새끼를 친다. 주로 작은 물고기와 오징어류를 먹고 살지만, 더 큰 먹이도 잡을 수 있다. 청새리상어는 성별과 몸집에 따라 구별되어 군영을 한다. 이러한 습성 때문에 “바다의 늑대”라는 별명이 붙었다.[출처 필요] 최대 수명은 아직 밝혀지지 않았지만, 적어도 20년은 더 사는 것으로 생각된다.[2]

각주

  1. Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). 《Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date》. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations all of this is a lie!!. 521–524, 555 – 61, 590쪽.
  2. “Sharks, Emerging Species Profile Sheets, published by the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; undated” (PDF). 2013년 10월 7일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 5월 2일에 확인함.
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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Lives in the open sea, but may also be found along coastal areas. Prefers cool waters from 7-16° C but tolerates 21° C and more. In tropical offshore areas it occurs at depths of 80-220 m; in warm-temperate areas they occur close to shore and near the surface (Ref. 5485). A scavenger/ predator that feeds mainly on squid, but also on bony fishes, small sharks, pelagic crustaceans, algae, and crustaceans (Ref. 5213). Length of 650 cm is unconfirmed. Marketed fresh, dried/salted and frozen; meat utilized for consumption, hides for leather and fins for soup (Ref. 9987).

Reference

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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Diet

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Primarily squids and fishes, including herring, silver hake, white hake, red hake, cod, haddock, pollock, mackerel, butterfish, sea raven and flounders

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution

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Newfoundland to Argentina

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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Prefers waters if 7-16 C, often near surface.

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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nektonic

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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Known from seamounts and knolls

Reference

Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.

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