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Brief Summary

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Seahorses are related to the pipefish. This strange fish, no longer than 15 centimeters, lives between eelgrass and seaweed, which it grips with its tail. Seahorses eat mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae. The eggs of seahorses are carried by the males in a pouch. Seahorses live mostly in the Mediterranean Sea, but in recent years have also been found more often in the Wadden Sea.
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Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Zeepaardjes zijn verwant aan de zeenaalden. Deze eigenaardige, maximaal 15 centimeter lange vissen leven tussen zeegrassen en wieren, waar zij zich met hun staart aan vastgrijpen. Ze leven voornamelijk van kleine kreeftachtigen en vislarven. De eieren van zeepaardjes worden door het mannetje in een buidel meegesleept. Zeepaardjes leven vooral in de Middellandse Zee, maar worden de laatste jaren vaker gezien in de Waddenzee.
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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs mostly in shallow inshore waters among algae (Ref. 6733). May over-winter in deeper water. It is primarily an ambush predator, but also actively hunts for planktonic and epibenthic prey; feeds also on organic debris (Ref. 89230).
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 1619
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Life Cycle

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Ovoviviparous, with the female depositing eggs into the male brood pouch. During the mating season, mature males and females have been observed to change hue, i.e., become brighter, when greeting, courting, or mating (Ref. 88171). Newly hatched young are thought to have a planktonic stage that lasts at least eight weeks (Refs. 47822, 52034).
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Diagnostic Description

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Description (based on 35 specimens): Adult height: 7.0-13.0cm. Rings: 11 + 37 (35-38). Snout length: 3.0 (2.8-3.4) in head length. Dorsal fin rays: 17 (16-19) covering 2+1 rings. Pectoral fin rays: 14 (13-15). Coronet: narrow, ridge-like and joined smoothly to nape of neck, or wedge-shaped (front narrow, back high and broad); some specimens with very large angular coronet (especially specimens from West Africa). Spines: low, very low in adults. Other distinctive characters: very short snout (usually less than 1/3 head length) that is slightly upward-bent; prominent eye spine. Color pattern: mottled brown to yellow, to maroon and rust (Refs. 52034, 89230); also orange, purple or black; sometimes with tiny white dots, but these do not coalesce into thick horizontal wavy lines as in H. guttulatus.
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Biology

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Inhabits dense, complex habitats as well as patchy, relatively open and sparse habitats of coastal areas. Found on soft bottoms amongst rocks and algae (Ref. 6733), on sparsely vegetated areas, and in coastal lagoons with strong oceanic influences (Refs. 52034, 89230). Mimics the green or yellow coloration of plants allowing it to hide among the vegetation. This ability likely plays a role in seahorse feeding strategy and in predator avoidance (Ref. 52034). Makes limited daily movements within very restricted home ranges (0.7-18.1 m2) (Refs. 52034, 89256). May over-winter in deeper water. (Ref. 53712). Adult dispersal over large distances is probably caused by strong wave action during storms or when it anchors itself to floating debris (Ref. 52034).Is thought to live for 3-5 years (Ref. 52034). Because of its short generation time and multiple breeding cycles during each spawning season, resilience is thought to be high. However, in tropical areas where seagrass beds are regularly exploited for other species of seahorses for the aquarium trade, traditional medicine, etc., populations have been quickly eradicated (Ref. 89253). Feeds on small prey and organic debris. Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35416).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: show aquarium; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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Cavall de mar xato ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El cavall de mar xato (Hippocampus hippocampus) és una espècie de peix de la família dels singnàtids i de l'ordre dels singnatiformes.

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 15 cm de longitud total.[3][4]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba des del Mar de Wadden fins al Golf de Guinea i les Illes Canàries. També a la Mar Mediterrània.[3]

Referències

  1. Rafinesque C. S. 1810. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. (Part 1 involves fishes, pp. [i-iv] 3-69 [70 blank], Part 2 with slightly different title, pp. ia-iva + 71-105 [106 blank]). Caratteri.
  2. BioLib (anglès)
  3. 3,0 3,1 FishBase (anglès)
  4. Dawson, C.E., 1986. Syngnathidae. p. 628-639. A P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen i E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, París, França. Vol. 2.


Bibliografia

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cavall de mar xato Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall (2000).
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
  • Lourie, S. A., Amanda C.J. Vincent i Heather J. Hall: Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World's Species and their Conservation. Dorling Print Limited, Dorling House: Londres, Gran Bretanya: Project Seahorse, 1999.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Viccionari

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Cavall de mar xato: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El cavall de mar xato (Hippocampus hippocampus) és una espècie de peix de la família dels singnàtids i de l'ordre dels singnatiformes.

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Kurzschnäuziges Seepferdchen ( German )

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Das Kurzschnäuzige Seepferdchen (Hippocampus hippocampus) ist eine Art von Knochenfischen (Strahlenflossern) aus der Gattung der Seepferdchen, die als Bewohner von Seegraswiesen im nordöstlichen Atlantischen Ozean und im Mittelmeer verbreitet ist.

Merkmale

Das Kurzschnäuzige Seepferdchen wird bis zu 15 cm lang. Es hat über jedem Auge einen hervorstechenden Dorn. Die leicht nach oben gebogene Schnauze von Hippocampus hippocampus ist mit weniger als einem Drittel der Kopflänge für die Verhältnisse eines Seepferdchens kurz. Die dem Antrieb dienende Rückenflosse hat 16 bis 18 Strahlen mit einem dunklen, parallel zum Rand verlaufenden Streifen. Die 13- bis 15-strahligen Brustflossen setzen unterhalb der Kiemenöffnungen an und dienen insbesondere der Stabilisierung und Steuerung. Bauchflossen fehlen ebenso wie eine Schwanzflosse. Die Knochenplatten mit ihren Knötchen geben dem Seepferdchen seine gebogene und gleichzeitig knotige Gestalt. Die Körperoberfläche des Tieres ist schwarz, rosa, orange oder braun und manchmal blass gefleckt. Der sich verjüngende, geringelte Greifschwanz dient der Befestigung an Pflanzen und kann nicht aktiv nach hinten gebogen werden.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Hippocampus hippocampus ist im nordöstlichen Atlantischen Ozean von der Nordsee und der nördlichen Küste Schottlands über die Azoren, Madeira und die Kanarischen Inseln bis zum Senegal sowie im Mittelmeer verbreitet, wo es besonders an den Küsten Italiens häufig ist. Das Seepferdchen lebt bevorzugt im seichten Meereswasser in Seegraswiesen auf schlammigem Untergrund wie auch in Flussmündungen (Ästuaren), wobei es in Meerestiefen bis zu 77 m angetroffen worden ist. Die dichten Pflanzen bieten ihm eine gute Tarnung. Als sehr langsamer Schwimmer hat es ein begrenztes Verbreitungsgebiet und wird vor allem von starken Strömungen bei Stürmen angeklammert an abgerissenen Pflanzen transportiert.

In der Deutschen Bucht galt es auf Grund der Zerstörung der Seegraswiesen durch Pilzinfektionen seit den 1930er Jahren als ausgestorben, doch wurde in den Jahren 2003, 2008, 2020 und 2022 jeweils mindestens ein Seepferdchen gefunden, was schon vor dem dritten Fund wiederum als Anzeichen für eine Rückkehr der Seegraswiesen gedeutet wurde.[1][2][3][4] 2007 wurden Seepferdchenkolonien in der Themse bei London und Southend-on-Sea gefunden.[5]

Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit ist die Rückkehr der Seepferdchen auch darauf zurückzuführen, dass der Japanische Beerentang (Sargassum muticum) ihnen die Möglichkeiten bietet, sich in der Strömung festzuhalten. Ähnlich wie Seegras bildet die invasive Braunalge Unterwasserwälder, die den Seepferdchen Unterschlupf vor Feinden gewähren. Davon abgesehen überleben mittlerweile mehr Tiere den Winter, weil die Nordsee aufgrund der Klimaerwärmung im Winter nicht mehr so stark abkühlt.[6]

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Hippocampus hippocampus im Naturreservat Serra da Arrábida, Portugal

Beim Kurzschnäuzigen Seepferdchen erreichen Männchen wie auch Weibchen ihre Geschlechtsreife zur ersten Paarungszeit nach ihrer Geburt, was von Temperatur, Wasser und Wasserströmung abhängig ist. Das geschlechtsreife Männchen ist an seiner Bauchtasche zu erkennen, die dem Ausbrüten der Eier dient.

Das Kurzschnäuzige Seepferdchen lebt meist in einer monogamen Paarbeziehung, in der sich Männchen und Weibchen regelmäßig für einige Minuten begrüßen. Die Männchen haben ein Revier, das sie gegen männliche Artgenossen verteidigen, in dem der Gegner mit der Schnauze angegriffen wird oder zwei Männchen mit ineinander verschlungenen Schwänzen ringen. Der Unterlegene flacht sich ab und wird dunkler.

Ist das Männchen paarungsbereit, pumpt es Wasser in die und aus der Bauchtasche. Das Weibchen richtet seinen Kopf gegen die Wasseroberfläche aus und zeigt so, dass es auch paarungsbereit ist. Sie orientiert nun ihre Geschlechtsöffnung zur Bauchtasche des Männchens und legt ihre birnenförmigen Eier hinein, wo sie vom Sperma des Männchens befruchtet werden. Nach etwa 6 bis 10 Sekunden sind die Eier übertragen, und die Bauchtasche des Männchens schließt sich.

Die befruchteten Eier werden in der Bauchtasche von einem Gewebe umwachsen, durch das die Embryonen über Kapillaren mit sauerstoff- und nährstoffreichem Blut versorgt werden und das somit die Funktion einer Placenta übernimmt. Darüber hinaus werden die Embryonen auch durch den aus dem Weibchen stammenden Dotter der Eier versorgt. Das Männchen produziert in dieser Zeit das Hormon Prolactin, das die Auflösung der äußersten Schicht der Eier auslöst, so dass eine nährstoffreiche Placentaflüssigkeit entsteht. 20 bis 21 Tage nach der Übertragung und Befruchtung der Eier gebiert das Männchen die Jungtiere, deren Anzahl in Abhängigkeit vom Alter des Männchens bei etwa 50 bis 100 liegt, wobei ältere Männchen mehr Kinder gebären. Die Jungfische sind sofort nach der Geburt sich selbst überlassen. Das Männchen kann sich bereits wenige Stunden danach erneut mit dem Weibchen paaren, um weitere Jungtiere in seinem Bauchbeutel heranwachsen zu lassen. Im Weibchen sind nämlich inzwischen neue Eier herangereift.

Ernährung

Das Kurzschnäuzige Seepferdchen ernährt sich von kleinen Krebstieren, vorzugsweise kleinen Garnelen, Flohkrebsen und Ruderfußkrebsen, auf die es in Lauerstellung wartet. Schwimmt Beute vorbei, streckt es seinen Kopf hervor und saugt sie durch die zahnlose Schnauze ein. Das Seepferdchen hat nur einen einfachen Darmkanal ohne magenartige Erweiterung, so dass die Beute den Darm schnell passiert. Ein durchschnittliches erwachsenes Seepferdchen frisst etwa 30 bis 50 kleine Garnelen pro Tag, um satt zu werden.

Literatur

  • Rudie H. Kuiter: Seepferdchen, Seenadeln, Fetzenfische und ihre Verwandten: Syngnathiformes. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3244-3.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Lena Ullrich: Nordsee: Seepferdchen aufgetaucht. Geo online, ohne Datum, abgerufen am 14. August 2018.
  2. Nordsee – Seepferdchen kehren zurück. Focus (jsc), 21. August 2008.
  3. Junge findet zufällig seltenes Seepferdchen. In: Der Spiegel. Abgerufen am 2. September 2020.
  4. Fund auf Wangerooge – Naturschützer entdecken zufällig zwei seltene Seepferdchen. In: Der Spiegel. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2022.
  5. Rare seahorses breeding in Thames. BBC News, 7. April 2007.
  6. Tina Baier: Willkommen daheim. Sie galten in Deutschland als ausgestorben - jetzt kommen sie zurück. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Nr. 228 vom 2./3. Oktober 2021, S. 32
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Kurzschnäuziges Seepferdchen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Das Kurzschnäuzige Seepferdchen (Hippocampus hippocampus) ist eine Art von Knochenfischen (Strahlenflossern) aus der Gattung der Seepferdchen, die als Bewohner von Seegraswiesen im nordöstlichen Atlantischen Ozean und im Mittelmeer verbreitet ist.

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Cavaddu di mari ( Corsican )

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U cavaddu di mari (o cavallu di mare) (Hippocampus hippocampus) hè una spezia d'animali di a fauna marina chì faci partita di u genaru di l'Hippocampus.

In Corsica

Altri nomi di u cavaddu di mari sò: u cavaddu marinu, u pesciu cavaddu (Carghjesi), u cavallucciu (Bastia) o u cavadducciu marinu.

Prutizzioni

U cavaddu di mari (Hippocampus hippocampus) hè prutettu da:

  • a cunvinzioni internaziunali di Washington (CITES) chì intardisci u cummerciu di i spezii di fauna è di flora minacciati di sparizioni.

Rifarenzi

Liami

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Cavaddu di mari: Brief Summary ( Corsican )

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U cavaddu di mari (o cavallu di mare) (Hippocampus hippocampus) hè una spezia d'animali di a fauna marina chì faci partita di u genaru di l'Hippocampus.

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Short-snouted seahorse

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The short-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) is a species of seahorse in the family Syngnathidae. It was endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the North Atlantic, particularly around Italy and the Canary Islands. In 2007, colonies of the species were discovered in the River Thames around London and Southend-on-Sea.[4]

Their preferred habitat is shallow muddy waters, estuaries or seagrass beds.[4]

Protection

In the United Kingdom they are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and two of the 27 Marine Conservation Zones designated in seas off England were established to protect populations and the habitats of short-snouted seahorses.[5][6] In 2010, the London Zoo, which operates a short-snouted seahorse breeding programme, saw the birth of 918 baby seahorses.[7] Regionally, the short-snouted seahorse is classified as Near Threatened in the Mediterranean and Data Deficient in Croatia. In Europe this species is normally caught as bycatch and such catches may be sold as curios, some live animals are collected under licence in Spain and Portugal for Aquaria. In West Africa it is commoner as bycatch than in Europe.[1]

This species is listed on CITES Appendix II, as are all seahorses but the amount traded is masked by misidentification and in at least one shipment H' hippocampus was listed as another species. There are few trading records from the western Atlantic/Mediterranean region where this species is native and many records of exports from the Indo-Pacific area which are either misidentifications or re-exports of specimens which were exported from the native range without the appropriate export certificates being issued.[1]

Other listings for this species include the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention) Annex II, Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention): Annex V and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention): Appendix II.[8]

Habitat and distribution

Hippocampus hippocampus are typically found on the bottoms of rocks, in seaweed or in the edge of sea grass beds in shallow muddy water. They can only be found in waters that are up to 77 metres (253 ft) deep.[9] They have a very restricted home range because they have very limited daily movements. The most of their movement occurs when storms occur and the seahorses are moved with the current or they are carried away because of their grasp on debris that is floating in the water.[10] In the winters they typically move into the deeper water to escape rough seas. They will use their tails to anchor themselves to stems of plants and are able to camouflage very well.[11]

The short-snouted seahorse is found in the northeastern Atlantic, from the north western Scotland[12] and the Netherlands south to Senegal and into the Mediterranean Sea as well as in the coastal waters of the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.[1] In Britain and Ireland the distribution is influenced by the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream which create the conditions for higher productivity of plankton and this means that both this species and the long-snouted seahorse are found mainly on southern and western coasts but as the Gulf Stream flows into the North Sea to the north and south of the Great Britain small populations of both species do exist in the North Sea.[12]

Description

Hippocampus hippocampus has potential to be up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long. They have a prominent spine above each eye. They have snouts that are short and upturned.[9] Their snouts are about 1/3 of the length of their head.[10] Their dorsal fin has 16-18 rays with a dark stripe that runs parallel to the margin and provides propulsion. Their pectoral fins have 13-15 rays and are located below the gill openings. Their pectoral fins are mostly utilized for stability and steering. Their angular appearance comes from the bony tubercles that are in the body rings. Their bodies can be black, purple, orange or brown. They have a tail that is unable to bend backwards but is considered semi-flexible. They use it as an anchor by wrapping it around coral or sea grass. The tail is also used to get hold of a partner during greeting and mating services.[9]

Feeding

On average the adult seahorse will eat roughly between 30 and 50 tiny shrimp a day. Hippocampus hippocampus are known to be ambush predators whom feed on live, moving food. They will remain still until a small animal passes within reach and then grab it.[9] They do not have teeth or a stomach so they use their snout to suck their food straight into their gut.[11] Since they lack a stomach the prey will pass through the digestive system very fast.[9]

Reproduction

Short snouted seahorses are considered ovoviviparous meaning that the female deposits eggs into a pouch on the males stomach, called a brood pouch, and the male goes through pregnancy and labour.[9] Sexual maturation occurs during the first reproductive season after birth. The length of the reproductive season can vary based on temperature, light, and water turbulence. Sexual maturity in males is recognized by a brood pouch.[9]

Males have two common yet very aggressive courtship behaviours. The first is snapping, a male will aim and flick his snout at his opposing male in order to propel him away. If the male is successful the opposing seahorse will darken and flatten into a submissive position signalling that he has given up. The second behaviour is wrestling. This occurs when one male refuses to release the opposing male from his hold. Both males will fall with their interlocked tail but the submissive male will darken and flatten in a submissive position until it is released.[9]

Male and female pairs of short snouted seahorses are very faithful to each other. This is showcased by their reproductive states and their greetings to one another. Male and females who are in faithful pairs will have synchronised reproductive state changes to confirm that they are faithful to each other. They also greet one another daily which lasts from six to eight minutes. When the male is ready for reproduction he will pump water in and out of his pouch. Females point their head towards the water surface to show that they are ready for reproduction. The female will line up the base of her trunk to the opening pouch of the male and insert her ovipositor into the males pouch. The eggs are then deposited and fertilised in the brood pouch. The transfer of eggs from females to males only takes about 6-10 seconds. The males pouch will close up after the eggs are fertilised.[9]

The pear shaped eggs are implanted into the wall of the pouch and surrounded by tissues. Oxygen is able to get through to the eggs through the capillaries. There is placental fluid present which provides the eggs with nutrients and oxygen and removes waste products. The egg yolk which comes from the mother is also full of necessary nutrients. The male secretes the enzyme prolactin which initiates the breakdown of the outer layer of the egg in order for the placental fluid to be produced. Pregnancy only lasts 20-21 days and the male will usually go into labour in the night time. The number of young produced can range from 50 to 100 and greatly depends on the age of the male. The older males will produce a larger number of offspring. If the male is in a pair that he is familiar with he will be able to mate again within a few hours of giving birth without having any negative health impacts.[9]

Similar species

  • H. erectus, found in the western Atlantic, is larger and the young of the species usually have more prominent spines.[13]
  • H. guttulatus is larger and has more fin rays, a small coronet with five rounded points or knobs that is not connected smoothly to the nape of the neck, and a long horizontal plate in front of the coronet. It usually has thick skin filaments on the head and dorsal upper trunk, and often has dark-edged white spots coalescing into wavy horizontal lines on the body.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Woodall, L. (2017). "Hippocampus hippocampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10069A67618259. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T10069A67618259.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "Taxon: Hippocampus hippocampus (C. Linnaeus, 1758) - short-snouted seahorse". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  4. ^ a b "Rare seahorses breeding in Thames". BBC News. 2007-04-07.
  5. ^ "Short-Snouted Seahorse - Hippocampus hippocampus". Marine Conservation Society. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  6. ^ "Project Seahorse". Zoological Society of London. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  7. ^ "Seahorse breeding programme". Zoological Society of London. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  8. ^ Barrabes, Michel; Ader, Denis; Louisy, Patrick (2008). "Hippocampe à museau court Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758)" (in French). Données d'Observations pour la Reconnaissance et l'Identification de la faune et la flore Subaquatiques (DORIS). Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sabatini, Marisa; Ballerstedt, Susie. "Short snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus)". MarLIN. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  10. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Hippocampus hippocampus" in FishBase. February 2018 version.
  11. ^ a b "Short snouted seahorse". JNCC. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  12. ^ a b Neil Garrick-Maidment; John Newman (2011). "Diver study of wild Short Snouted Seahorses (Hippocampus hippocampus) in Torbay, Devon" (PDF). The Seahorse Trust.
  13. ^ Lourie; S.A.; Foster, S. J.; Cooper, E. W. T.; Vincent, A. C. J. "A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses". Project Seahorse. Retrieved 2022-04-19.

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Short-snouted seahorse: Brief Summary

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The short-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) is a species of seahorse in the family Syngnathidae. It was endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the North Atlantic, particularly around Italy and the Canary Islands. In 2007, colonies of the species were discovered in the River Thames around London and Southend-on-Sea.

Their preferred habitat is shallow muddy waters, estuaries or seagrass beds.

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Hippocampus hippocampus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El caballito de mar común (Hippocampus hippocampus) es una especie de pez de la familia Syngnathidae.

Es una de las tres especies de caballito de mar presentes en Europa y el mar Mediterráneo.

Morfología

Como seña de identidad propia y diferenciadora presenta un hocico corto en comparación con otras especies de Hippocampus, su longitud es menos de un tercio del largo de la cabeza. Desprovistos de aleta caudal, que se ha visto modificada en forma de una cola prensil que les permite fijarse sobre algas y plantas. Las aletas pectorales y la dorsal son muy tenues y tienen forma de abanico. La dorsal impulsa los desplazamientos horizontales, está situada a su espalda y la agita unas 3 veces y media por segundo. Las pectorales impulsan los movimientos verticales.

De color marrón, a veces con pequeñas motas blancas por todo el cuerpo, puede cambiar a naranja, pardo o casi negro, debido a las condiciones medioambientales. Esta estrategia la realiza con el fin de camuflarse, ya que, al contar con aletas minúsculas es muy lento de movimientos, su área de desplazamiento diaria no supera los 18 m², y no posee aparentemente ninguna defensa frente a predadores.

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 15 cm de longitud total. Viven entre 3 y 5 años.[3]

Las diferencias entre sexos son fácilmente distinguibles: Los machos presentan un vientre más abultado de forma redondeada, mientras que en la hembra éste finaliza en forma de ángulo de 90º.

Hábitat y distribución

Viven cerca de las costas. Se trata de una especie no migratoria que se encuentra hasta los 60 m de profundidad. Normalmente lo encontramos entre algas. Habitan las praderas y comunidades algares próximas a fondos rocosos. Normalmente en aguas turbias.[4]

Se distribuyen en aguas subtropicales del océano Atlántico Este, desde las islas Azores y Canarias, Irlanda e Inglaterra, mar de Frisia, y a lo largo de la costa africana hasta Guinea. También en el Mediterráneo.[5]

Alimentación

Los hipocampos en general son depredadores voraces. Sus ojos, que tienen movilidad independiente entre sí, les ayudan a reconocer sus presas, pequeños crustáceos que forman parte del zooplancton. Tragan enteras a sus presas al no disponer de dientes, y se ven obligados a consumir grandes cantidades de comida para compensar su rápida e ineficiente digestión, al no poseer estómago. Se alimentan de pequeños invertebrados y larvas planctónicas, que aspiran gracias a su hocico en forma de pipeta, provocando un ruido seco con cada aspiración.

Reproducción

Son incubadores estacionales, de abril a octubre. El macho y la hembra se entrelazan con la cola. Después de una danza nupcial, en esta posición, la hembra traspasa de su cloaca, con ayuda de una papila genital de unos 3 mm. de largo, sus huevos a la bolsa ventral (incubatriz) de los machos, que está recubierta de suave tejido y dispuesta en compartimentos, para mantener cada huevo separado.

El macho puede juntarse con varias hembras que le dejan huevos, se desarrollan en esta bolsa hasta los 50 o 60 días, y eclosionan dentro ella. Un macho puede dar a luz a más de 400 caballitos. El nacimiento o eyección de los jóvenes parece ser agotador para el padre. Agarrándose firmemente con la cola sobre un soporte, frota su bolsa contra una concha o roca hasta que salen los jóvenes, con fracciones de sus tejidos internos. Los primeros días, los alevines entrarán y saldrán de la bolsa según haya peligro o no en el exterior.

Conservación

Especie protegida, ya que es recolectada para ser vendida como curiosidad incluso en su área de distribución. A la vez que su hábitat es degradado por la acción humana.

Incluido en CITES: Apéndice II, OSPAR, la Convención de Berna y la Convención de Barcelona. Regionalmente, está en la categoría "casi amenazada" en el Mediterráneo[6]​ y protegida en el Reino Unido.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Woodall, L. (2012). «Hippocampus hippocampus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.3.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 15 de enero de 2013.
  2. Bailly, N. «Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758)». Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas (en inglés). Consultado el 15 de enero de 2013.
  3. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/10069/0
  4. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 5 de septiembre de 2015. Consultado el 15 de enero de 2013.
  5. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Hippocampus-hippocampus.html
  6. Abdul Malak, D., Livingstone S.R., Pollard, D. Polidoro, B.A., Cuttelod, A., Bariche, M., Bilecenoglu, M., Carpenter, K.E., Collette, B.B., Francour, P., Goren, M., Kara, M.H., Massuti, E., Papaconstantinou, C. and Tunesi, L. 2011. Overview of the Conservation Status of the Marine Fishes of the Mediterranean Sea. In: IUCN (ed.). Gland, Switzerland

Bibliografía

  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos, 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986. A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.
  • Garrick-Maidment, Neil: "Seahorses (Practical Fishkeeping)", Ringpress Books.Gloucestershire. Año 2003

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Hippocampus hippocampus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El caballito de mar común (Hippocampus hippocampus) es una especie de pez de la familia Syngnathidae.

Es una de las tres especies de caballito de mar presentes en Europa y el mar Mediterráneo.

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Itsas zaldi muturmotz ( Basque )

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Itsas zaldi muturmotza (Hippocampus hippocampus) Syngnathidae familiako ur gaziko arraina da, ipar-ekialdeko Ozeano Atlantikoan eta Mediterraneo itsasoan bizi dena[1].

Banaketa

Erreferentziak


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Itsas zaldi muturmotz: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Itsas zaldi muturmotza (Hippocampus hippocampus) Syngnathidae familiako ur gaziko arraina da, ipar-ekialdeko Ozeano Atlantikoan eta Mediterraneo itsasoan bizi dena.

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Hippocampus hippocampus ( French )

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Hippocampus hippocampus, l'Hippocampe à museau court, est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Syngnathidae et du genre Hippocampus.

Distribution

C'est l'une des deux espèces d'hippocampe présente en France avec son cousin, l'hippocampe moucheté Hippocampus guttulatus. L'Hippocampe à museau court est présent en Méditerranée, en Atlantique jusqu'en Manche.

Description

C'est un hippocampe qui atteint une taille d'environ 10 cm. il est de couleur brune à marron. La taille du museau est égale d'environ 1/3 de la taille de la tête.

Espèce voisine

Voir aussi

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Hippocampus hippocampus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Hippocampus hippocampus, l'Hippocampe à museau court, est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Syngnathidae et du genre Hippocampus.

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Hippocampus hippocampus ( Italian )

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Il cavalluccio marino (Hippocampus hippocampus Linnaeus, 1758) è un pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Syngnathidae.

Habitat e distribuzione

Il cavalluccio marino è presente nel Mar Mediterraneo, nell'Oceano Atlantico orientale dal Golfo di Guinea, presso le Isole Canarie fino alle Isole britanniche meridionali. Spesso è reperibile intorno ai 10 metri di profondità, in prossimità di alghe o di Posidonia oceanica a cui si appiglia con la coda.

Descrizione

Corpo di colore giallo o variopinto, talvolta rosso, grigio o marrone. Capo appuntito, piuttosto corto. Non ha escrescenze formate dall'esoscheletro sul corpo, tipiche di altre specie dello stesso genere, come lo H. guttulatus. È dotato della pinna dorsale e delle pinne pettorali, poco sviluppate.

Alimentazione

Si nutrono di piccoli crostacei ed alghe.[2]

Riproduzione

È una specie ovovivipara. La femmina, dopo la fecondazione, depone le uova di 2 mm di diametro che vengono raccolte nella tasca posta sul ventre del maschio. Da questa tasca dopo due mesi nascono dei piccoli cavallucci di 15 mm.[2]

A differenza dello H. guttulatus i due sessi non si trattengono, durante l'accoppiamento, avvolgendo la coda.

Curiosità

L'ippocampo rappresenta lo stemma di due squadre calcistiche italiane: il Cesena e la Salernitana.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Project Seahorse, Hippocampus hippocampus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Alessandro Minelli, Il grande dizionario illustrato degli animali, Firenze, Edizioni primavera, 1992, p. 89, ISBN 8809452445.

Bibliografia

  • Egidio Trainito, Atlante di flora e fauna del Mediterraneo, 2004ª ed., Milano, Il Castello, 2004, ISBN 88-8039-395-2.
  • Patrick Louisy, Guida all'identificazione dei pesci marini d'Europa e del Mediterraneo, a cura di Trainito, Egidio, Milano, Il Castello, 2006, ISBN 88-8039-472-X.

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Hippocampus hippocampus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il cavalluccio marino (Hippocampus hippocampus Linnaeus, 1758) è un pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Syngnathidae.

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Kortsnuitzeepaardje ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Het kortsnuitzeepaardje (Hippocampus hippocampus) is een soort uit het geslacht Hippocampus (zeepaardjes) uit de familie Syngnathidae. Het is een soort die voorkomt in het oosten van de Atlantische Oceaan van de Waddenzee tot de Golf van Guinee, Canarische Eilanden en langs de Afrikaanse kust.

Deze soort wordt net als het langsnuitzeepaardje incidenteel gevangen in de Nederlandse kustwateren. In het Verenigd Koninkrijk zijn in 2007 in de Theems zich voortplantende kortsnuitzeepaardjes aangetroffen.[2] De soort is daar een beschermde diersoort krachtens de Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Het kortsnuitzeepaardje staat als data deficient op de internationale Rode Lijst van de IUCN.

In Belgische wateren wordt dit zeepaardje sinds 2008 met enige regelmaat aangetroffen.[3]

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Kortsnuitzeepaardje op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. BBC Rare seahorses breeding in Thames
  3. Boordverslag[dode link] van de Belgica voor oktober 2008.
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Kortsnuitzeepaardje: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het kortsnuitzeepaardje (Hippocampus hippocampus) is een soort uit het geslacht Hippocampus (zeepaardjes) uit de familie Syngnathidae. Het is een soort die voorkomt in het oosten van de Atlantische Oceaan van de Waddenzee tot de Golf van Guinee, Canarische Eilanden en langs de Afrikaanse kust.

Deze soort wordt net als het langsnuitzeepaardje incidenteel gevangen in de Nederlandse kustwateren. In het Verenigd Koninkrijk zijn in 2007 in de Theems zich voortplantende kortsnuitzeepaardjes aangetroffen. De soort is daar een beschermde diersoort krachtens de Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Het kortsnuitzeepaardje staat als data deficient op de internationale Rode Lijst van de IUCN.

In Belgische wateren wordt dit zeepaardje sinds 2008 met enige regelmaat aangetroffen.

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Hippocampus hippocampus ( Portuguese )

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Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) é uma espécie de cavalo-marinho pertencente à família Syngnathidae. A área de distribuição natural inclui o Mediterrâneo e a região nordeste do Oceano Atlântico, desde os Açores às Canárias e ao noroeste da Península Ibérica.

Para determinar a situação de uma espécie é necessário conhecer a sua distribuição e abundância (Planas Oliver, 2014). A Lista Roja de la UICN (Union Internacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza) utiliza varias categorias para a determinação da situação das espécies (Planas Oliver, 2014). Das 38 espécies do gênero Hippocampus incluídas na lista, 27 espécies encontram-se deficientes de informação e as duas espécies europeias (Hippocampus hippocampus e Hippocampus guttulatus) estão incluídas nesta categoria (Planas Oliver, 2014). Isto quer dizer que para determinar o estado das populações dos cavalos marinhos é necessária a obtenção de informação, pois os dados disponíveis são muito poucos (Planas Oliver, 2014).

As populações de cavalos marinhos estão maiormente afetadas devido à degradação dos seus habitats, captura acidental e exploração para aquários ou medicinas tradicionais (Vicent, 1996). Além disso, habitam águas pouco profundas, costeiras, onde a influência antropogénica é maior e mais frequente (Correia et. al, 2015). É também suposta uma capacidade de dispersão muito reduzida devido a uma capacidade de natação limitada, ainda que ligações genéticas sugerem a existência de habilidades de longa dispersão, através do denominado “rafting”, estratégia de muitos peixes e invertebrados (Boehm et.al, 2013). A sua distribuição e abundância vão depender da existência de um habitat adequado, disponibilidade de alimento, capacidade de camuflagem e comportamento reprodutor (Planas Oliver, 2014).

Hippocampus hippocampus é com certeza a espécie menos frequente em águas continentais, apesar de nas Ilhas Canarias só se ter determinado a presença de esta espécie (Planas Oliver, 2014). O seu esqueleto é rígido, está composto por placas ósseas imbricadas, que lhes permite proteger-se dos predadores, ainda que não possam realizar movimentos rápidos. Passam maior parte do tempo agarrados a um suporte com a sua cauda preênsil, seja alga, coral, esponja ou estrutura artificial como linhas de pesca. (Correia et. al, 2015). De forma geral encontra-se em pontos da costa concretos, criando pequenas populações, em zonas com vegetação onde há pequenos crustáceos dos quais se alimentam;

A espécie está presente na Ria Formosa.

Colónias da espécie foram em 2008 descobertas no Rio Tâmisa entre Londres e Southend-on-Sea.[3]

O seu habitat preferido são áreas costeiras pouco profundas e turvas, estuários ou prados de gramíneas marinhas.[3]

Notas

  1. «'Hippocampus hippocampus'». Lista Vermelha da IUCN de espécies ameaçadas da UICN 2022 (em inglês). 2003. ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado em Fevereiro 9, 2010
  2. «Taxon: Hippocampus hippocampus (C. Linnaeus, 1758) - short-snouted seahorse». The Taxonomicon. Consultado em 9 de fevereiro de 2010
  3. a b «Rare seahorses breeding in Thames». BBC News. 7 de abril de 2007
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Hippocampus hippocampus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) é uma espécie de cavalo-marinho pertencente à família Syngnathidae. A área de distribuição natural inclui o Mediterrâneo e a região nordeste do Oceano Atlântico, desde os Açores às Canárias e ao noroeste da Península Ibérica.

Para determinar a situação de uma espécie é necessário conhecer a sua distribuição e abundância (Planas Oliver, 2014). A Lista Roja de la UICN (Union Internacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza) utiliza varias categorias para a determinação da situação das espécies (Planas Oliver, 2014). Das 38 espécies do gênero Hippocampus incluídas na lista, 27 espécies encontram-se deficientes de informação e as duas espécies europeias (Hippocampus hippocampus e Hippocampus guttulatus) estão incluídas nesta categoria (Planas Oliver, 2014). Isto quer dizer que para determinar o estado das populações dos cavalos marinhos é necessária a obtenção de informação, pois os dados disponíveis são muito poucos (Planas Oliver, 2014).

As populações de cavalos marinhos estão maiormente afetadas devido à degradação dos seus habitats, captura acidental e exploração para aquários ou medicinas tradicionais (Vicent, 1996). Além disso, habitam águas pouco profundas, costeiras, onde a influência antropogénica é maior e mais frequente (Correia et. al, 2015). É também suposta uma capacidade de dispersão muito reduzida devido a uma capacidade de natação limitada, ainda que ligações genéticas sugerem a existência de habilidades de longa dispersão, através do denominado “rafting”, estratégia de muitos peixes e invertebrados (Boehm et.al, 2013). A sua distribuição e abundância vão depender da existência de um habitat adequado, disponibilidade de alimento, capacidade de camuflagem e comportamento reprodutor (Planas Oliver, 2014).

Hippocampus hippocampus é com certeza a espécie menos frequente em águas continentais, apesar de nas Ilhas Canarias só se ter determinado a presença de esta espécie (Planas Oliver, 2014). O seu esqueleto é rígido, está composto por placas ósseas imbricadas, que lhes permite proteger-se dos predadores, ainda que não possam realizar movimentos rápidos. Passam maior parte do tempo agarrados a um suporte com a sua cauda preênsil, seja alga, coral, esponja ou estrutura artificial como linhas de pesca. (Correia et. al, 2015). De forma geral encontra-se em pontos da costa concretos, criando pequenas populações, em zonas com vegetação onde há pequenos crustáceos dos quais se alimentam;

A espécie está presente na Ria Formosa.

Colónias da espécie foram em 2008 descobertas no Rio Tâmisa entre Londres e Southend-on-Sea.

O seu habitat preferido são áreas costeiras pouco profundas e turvas, estuários ou prados de gramíneas marinhas.

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Kortnosad sjöhäst ( Swedish )

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Kortnosad sjöhäst (Hippocampus hippocampus) är en av två arter inom släktet sjöhästar som förekommer i europeiska vatten.[1]

Utseende

Den kortnosade sjöhästen har brunaktig kroppsfärg, oftast tämligen mörk. Den blir upp till 15 centimeter lång. Nosen är som namnet antyder kort, utgör mindre än en tredjedel av huvudlängden. Till skillnad från den nära släktingen långnosad sjöhäst saknar den i regel några flikar på huvud eller kropp.

Utbredning

Arten förekommer nära kusten från Svarta havet och Medelhavet, och vidare utmed spanska, portugisiska och franska kusten så långt norrut som Engelska kanalen.[1] Sällsynt observeras den i södra Nordsjön.

Vanor

Den kortnosade sjöhästen lever i kustnära, tidvattenspåverkade tångbälten, där gripsvansen kommer till användning. Den livnär sig av zooplankton som den suger i sig med den snabelliknande munnen. Lektiden sträcker sig från april till oktober. De omkring 2 millimeter stora äggen kläcks efter en knapp månad. Ynglens längd när de lämnar pappans yngelpåse är omkring 15 millimeter.

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Pethon & Svedberg, 1995

Källor

Externa länkar

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Kortnosad sjöhäst: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Kortnosad sjöhäst (Hippocampus hippocampus) är en av två arter inom släktet sjöhästar som förekommer i europeiska vatten.

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Морський коник звичайний ( Ukrainian )

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Ареал

Поширений у східній Атлантиці від Британських островів і Ваденського моря на південь до Гвінейської затоки, Азорських і Канарських островів, вздовж африканських берегів до Гвінеї. Також відзначений у Середземному морі.

Дуже численний у прибережних водах Італії, біля Канар. Колонії цього виду відзначені в річці Темзі біля Лондону і Саутенд-он-Сі.[3]

Біологія та екологія

Живуть переважно на мулястих мілинах лиманів або у заростях морських рослин.[3]

Посилання

  1. Taxon: Hippocampus hippocampus (C. Linnaeus, 1758) - short-snouted seahorse. The Taxonomicon. Процитовано February 9, 2010.
  2. Dawson, C.E., 1986. Syngnathidae. p. 628—639. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Volume 2. Unesco, Paris.
  3. а б Rare seahorses breeding in Thames. BBC News. 2007-04-07.

Джерела

Див. також


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歐洲海馬 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Hippocampus hippocampus
Linnaeus, 1758

歐洲海馬輻鰭魚綱棘背魚目海龍科的其中一,分布於東大西洋區,從不列顛群島幾內亞灣海域,棲息深度60公尺,背鰭軟條16-19枚,體環35-38個,體色多變,黃色、黑色、橘色或紫色,有時體具有白色小斑點,體長可達15公分,棲息在岩石底質或海草床,屬肉食性,以小型甲殼類為食,卵胎生,可作為觀賞魚。

参考文獻

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歐洲海馬: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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歐洲海馬為輻鰭魚綱棘背魚目海龍科的其中一,分布於東大西洋區,從不列顛群島幾內亞灣海域,棲息深度60公尺,背鰭軟條16-19枚,體環35-38個,體色多變,黃色、黑色、橘色或紫色,有時體具有白色小斑點,體長可達15公分,棲息在岩石底質或海草床,屬肉食性,以小型甲殼類為食,卵胎生,可作為觀賞魚。

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