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Life Cycle

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Maturing luderick form large aggregations. Mature fish undertake 'runs' from inside the rivers and coastal lakes to the sea. The fish spawn in the surf zone and estuary mouths (Ref. 6390).
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Trophic Strategy

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Larvae inhabit seagrass beds, moving out of them into mangrove-lined creeks and estuaries during their first year (Ref. 6390).Luderick are moderately sedentary, schooling fish. They do however, move between and within estuaries and coastal lakes, with a more pronounced movement or migration occurring prior to spawning (Ref. 5962, 28604, 28605). They are daytime foragers which rove about in large groups browsing over algal beds in shallow water (Ref. 26966).
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Biology

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Adults favor estuarine (including mangroves), rocky reef and inshore, coastal water habitats (Ref. 5962, 27248). They flourish in seagrass areas (Ref. 6390). Ludericks are moderately sedentary, schooling fish. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on seagrasses (Ref. 6390). Filamentous algae (Ref. 26966) and cabbage weed also form part of their diet (Ref. 28607). Marketed as fresh fish (Ref. 10384).
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Girella tricuspidata ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Girella tricuspidata és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels kifòsids.[5]

Descripció

  • Pot arribar a fer 71 cm de llargària màxima (normalment, en fa 35) i 4 kg de pes.[6][7][8]

Alimentació

Menja principalment algues.[9][10][11]

Depredadors

A Nova Zelanda és depredat pel gall de Sant Pere (Zeus faber) i a Austràlia per delfínids.[12]

Hàbitat

És un peix marí i d'aigua salabrosa, bentopelàgic i de clima temperat (25°S-43°S) que viu fins als 20 m de fondària.[6][13]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al Pacífic occidental: el sud-est d'Austràlia (des del sud de Queensland fins a Austràlia Meridional) i Nova Zelanda.[6][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Ús comercial

Es comercialitza fresc.[26]

Observacions

És inofensiu per als humans.[6]

Referències

  1. Gray J. E., 1830-1835. Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke, F.R.S., .... 20 parts in 2 vols. Illus. Indian Zool.
  2. uBio (anglès)
  3. Quoy, J. R. C. & Gaimard, J. P., 1824-1825. Description des Poissons. Chapter IX. A: Freycinet, L. de, Voyage autour du Monde... exécuté sur les corvettes de L. M. "L'Uranie" et "La Physicienne," pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. París. Description des Poissons: 192-401 (1-328 in 1824; 329-616 in 1825), Atlas pls. 43-65.
  4. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  5. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 FishBase (anglès)
  7. Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee i C. Grieve, 1993. Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Austràlia. 422 p.
  8. Grant, E. M., 1965. Guide to fishes. 1a edició. Department of Harbours and Marine, Queensland. 280 p.
  9. Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee i C. Grieve, 1993.
  10. Russell, B. C., 1983. The food and feeding habits of rocky reef fish of north-eastern New Zealand. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 17(2):121-145.
  11. Anderson, T. A., 1987. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the digestive system of the luderick, Girella tricuspidata (Pisces, Kyphosidae) (Quoy & Gaimard). Universitat de Sydney. 119 p. Tesi doctoral.
  12. FishBase (anglès)
  13. Kuiter, R.H., 1993. Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 437 p.
  14. Choat, J. H. i K. D. Clements, 1992. Diet in Odacid and Aplodactylid fishes from Australia and New Zealand. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 43(6):1451-1459.
  15. Francis, M.P., 1996. Geographic distribution of marine reef fishes in the New Zealand region. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 30:35-55.
  16. Henry, G. W. i J. L. Virgona, 1980. The impact of the Munmorah power station on the recreational and commercial finfish fisheries of Tuggerah Lakes. New South Wales State Fisheries, Sydney. 91 p.
  17. Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton i G.R. Allen, 2006. Fishes. A Beasley, O.L. i A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volum 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia Part 1, pp. xxiv 1-670; Part 2, pp. xxi 671-1472; Part 3, pp. xxi 1473-2178.
  18. Johnson, J.W., 1999. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 43(2):709-762.
  19. Neira, F.J., A.G. Miskiewicz i T. Trnski, 1998. Larvae of temperate Australian fishes: laboratory guide for larval fish identification. University of Western Australia Press. 474 p.
  20. Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts i P. McMillan, 1989. New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series Núm. 19. xiv+279 p.
  21. Pollock, B. R., 1981. Age determination and growth of luderick, Girella tricuspidata (Quoy & Gaimard), taken from Moreton Bay, Australia. J. Fish Biol. 19:475-485.
  22. Ramm, D. C., 1986. An ecological study of the ichthyoplankton and juvenile fish in the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria. Universitat de Melbourne. 161 p. Tesi doctoral.
  23. Russell, B. C., 1983. The food and feeding habits of rocky reef fish of north-eastern New Zealand. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 17(2):121-145.
  24. Taylor, R.B. i T.J. Willis, 1998. Relationships amongst length, weight and growth of north-eastern New Zealand reef fishes. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 49:255-260.
  25. Virgona, J.L., 1983. Lake Macquarie fish study. Prepared for the Electricity Commission of NSW. New South Wales State Fisheries. Sydney. 131 p.
  26. Organització per a la Cooperació i el Desenvolupament Econòmic, 1995. Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products (4a edició). Fishing News Books. The University Press, Cambridge. 352 p.


Bibliografia


Enllaços externs

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Girella tricuspidata: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Girella tricuspidata és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels kifòsids.

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Лудерик ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Лудерик.

Лудерик (лат. Girella tricuspidata) — гирелла балыктарынын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Parore

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The parore (Girella tricuspidata) also known as luderick, black bream, black snapper or blackfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea chub from the family Kyphosidae which is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean off Australia and New Zealand. Parore or paraore is the common name in New Zealand but in Australia luderick is preferred.

Description

The parore is known for its distinctive vertical black stripes

The parore was first formally described as Boops tricuspidatus in 1824 by Jean René Constant Quoy & Joseph Paul Gaimard with the type locality given as "Shark Bay, Western Australia".[2]

The parore has a moderately deep, compressed, oval shaped body with a thin caudal peduncle, It has a small head which has a slightly convex forehead, and small eyes. The mouth is small and does not extend as far as the eye. The jaws have an outer row of overlapping, flattened, tricuspid teeth beside a wide band of teeth of similar shape but which are tiny. Much of the body is covered im moderately small ctenoid scales and there is an arched lateral line, made up of 48-51 pored scales, which is parallel to the dorsal profile. It has a continuous dorsal fin which has no demarcation between its spiny and rayed parts. The spiny part has 14-16 spines and is one and a half times to almost twice as long as the soft rayed part which contains 11-12 soft rays. The spines in the middle of the dorsal fin are the longest and are just a little bit shorter than the soft rays, which get shorter towards the tail. The anal fin is similar to the soft-rayed part of the dorsal fin, contains 3 spines and 11-12 soft rays and is situated opposite it. The caudal fin has 17 rays, is very large and broadly forked. The pectoral fins are small, with 16 rays the uppermost being the longest, and the pelvic fins are small, containing a spine and 5 rays.[3] The maximum size recorded is a fork length of 71 centimetres (28 in), although total lengths around 35 centimetres (14 in) are more normal. The maximum published weight is 4 kilograms (8.8 lb).[1] The colour and pattern of the parore is dark greenish-grey dorsally and silvery grey on the flanks and ventrally and belly. There are around 11 thin dark vertical bars underneath the dorsal finwhich fade ventrally. The head and pectoral fins are sometimes yellowish in colour but the fins are usually the same colour as the part of the body they are nearest to.[3]

Distribution

The parore occurs off eastern Australia and New Zealand. In Australia it occurs from Mackay, Queensland,[3] to east of Adelaide in South Australia and off most of Tasmania.[4] In New Zealand it occurs on both the east and west coasts of the North Island from the North Cape to the Cook Strait.[5]

Habitat and biology

A school of parore in a kelp forest, near Waiheke Island in New Zealand

Parore are found in shallow coastal and estuarine waters where the frequently congregate in large schools in the vicinity of rocky outcrops and jetties. The small juveniles use seagrass beds to hide from predators.[3] The species use their small sharp, incisor-like teeth for grazing on seaweed and algae such as Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, Ulva intestinalis and sea cabbage, and use a band of crushing teeth which are used to grind algae. While primarily consuming algae, the species is an opportunistic omnivore, feeding on other food items like small crustaceans, pipi, mussels and worms.[4][6] As parore mature, they congregate in large shoals and the adults form 'runs' from estuarine waters and coastal lakes into the sea. The fish spawn in the surf zone and mouths of estuaries,[1] spawning takes place in the winter.[7]

The species schools during the daytime, and at night hides in sheltered areas, camouflaging themselves by turning a brown colour.[6]

In a human context

Fishing for luderick from a wharf

Parore are a traditional food of Māori, especially the Te Tai Tokerau Māori tribes of Northland. The fish were often caught using nets that dredged the bottoms of harbours.[6] During the early colonial period of New Zealand, the fish developed a bad reputation among European New Zealanders, with most people believing it to have a terrible taste. The fish was detested by fishermen, as the fish's spines would tangle and tear nets. Over time this perception has begun to change, with fishmongers selling parore under the name black snapper.[6]

While disliked in New Zealand, parore is a very popular fish in Eastern Australia, being one of the most important commercial fish at different points of the 20th Century.[6] In modern times, parore are fished for commercially in New South Wales[3] and in New Zealand they are landed as a bycatch in the grey mullet fishery.[5] The fish are sold fresh.[1] They are a popular quarry for recreational fisheries in Australia and can be caught of seaweed under a float or artificial wee fly,[4] less so in New Zealand where they appear to be mainly caught by recreational fishermen targeting other species.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Girella tricuspidata" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Boops tricuspidatus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e Bray, D.J. (2017). "Girella tricuspidata". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 24 Apr 2020.
  4. ^ a b c Dr Ben Diggles (4 October 2012). "Fish Facts:Luderick". Fishing World. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Parore (Par)". Fisheries New Zealand. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022). Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 138–141. ISBN 978-1-77554-179-0. Wikidata Q114871191.
  7. ^ "Fishing for Parore". The Fishing Website. June 1997. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
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Parore: Brief Summary

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The parore (Girella tricuspidata) also known as luderick, black bream, black snapper or blackfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea chub from the family Kyphosidae which is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean off Australia and New Zealand. Parore or paraore is the common name in New Zealand but in Australia luderick is preferred.

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Girella tricuspidata ( Basque )

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Girella tricuspidata Girella generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Kyphosidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Girella tricuspidata FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Girella tricuspidata: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Girella tricuspidata Girella generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Kyphosidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Girella tricuspidata ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Girella tricuspidata is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de loodsbaarzen (Kyphosidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1824 door Quoy & Gaimard.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Girella tricuspidata. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
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Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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三尖魢 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Girella tricuspidata
Quoy & Gaimard, 1824

三尖魢輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目舵魚科的其中一,分布於西太平洋澳洲東南部及紐西蘭海域,棲息深度可達20公尺,體長可達71公分,棲息在沿岸岩礁區或河口、紅樹林,成小群活動,以藻類為食,可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。

参考文献

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三尖魢: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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三尖魢為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目舵魚科的其中一,分布於西太平洋澳洲東南部及紐西蘭海域,棲息深度可達20公尺,體長可達71公分,棲息在沿岸岩礁區或河口、紅樹林,成小群活動,以藻類為食,可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。

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