Distinguishing the larvae and juveniles of the numerous Lutjanus species in the region can be difficult since many share the basic body form as well as most fin-ray counts. Fortunately, two common species, both with a lateral spot, do separate out by meristics: L. mahogoni and L. synagris have only twelve vs. the typical 14 dorsal-fin soft rays for the genus. Beyond this, distinctions can be difficult since pre-transitional larvae often have few identifying markings. It is likely that many pre-transitional snapper larvae will require molecular identification, with equipment leasing for DNA sequencing for species identification. Transitional and juvenile snappers can also share many of the basic markings that later distinguish the species (such as lateral spots, incipient bar patterns, and eye stripes). This pattern of earlier stages sharing characters that later diverge is commonly seen among reef fishes. The spot snappers The three shallow-water spot snappers (the Lane Snapper L. synagris, Mahogany Snapper L. mahogoni, and Mutton Snapper L. analis) are easily confused as larvae and juveniles. Unlike most fishes, these snappers converge even more in appearance after they settle than in the transitional stages. Notably, the relative dorsal-fin spine lengths and various spot and bar configurations that separate species well at transition can overlap to some degree as small juveniles. Subtle color-pattern differences are key to separating the larger juveniles. The series below shows transitional recruits captured on their first few days on the reef, when they can still be relatively easily distinguished. The barred snappers There is a great deal of individual variation in the marking patterns of transitional larvae and recruits of the barred snappers (the Gray Snapper L. griseus, Schoolmaster Snapper L. apodus, and Dog Snapper L. jocu). These snappers can all display stripes and/or bars or uniform speckling to some degree immediately after settlement and only cleanly diverge a week or two after settlement. For example, immediately after settlement some Gray Snappers can show the vertical bars characteristic of Schoolmaster Snappers. However, on Gray Snappers the bars tend to fade near the anal fin (see photo below). Similarly, some Gray Snappers are uniformly speckled before they develop their characteristic striping and thus look similar to newly recruited Dog Snappers, however the latter typically have finer speckles. Some individuals can appear intermediate and would require DNA sequencing. Nevertheless, the vast majority of newly-settled snappers, even those of this difficult clade, can be identified to species using the characters discussed below.
The deep snappers DNA sequence matching on my specimens has clarified the identification of the late-stage larvae of the shallow-water snappers of the region. The deeper-water species, L. buccanella, L. campechanus, and L. vivanus, however, await more comprehensive sampling for a similarly complete treatment.
Based on the new information added here, a total of eight Lutjanus species are now recorded from the southwestern Atlantic (Brazilian common names are in parentheses): L. alexandrei , the Brazilian snapper (“ baúna ”, “caranha”, “caranho”); L. analis (Cuvier) , the mutton snapper (“caranho-vermelho”, “cioba”, “saioba”); L. bucanella (Cuvier) , the blackfin snapper (“pargo-boca-preta”); L. cyanopterus (Cuvier) , the cubera snapper (“caranha”, “caranho”); L. jocu (Bloch & Schneider) , the dog snapper (“ dentão ”, “vermelho”); L. purpureus (Poey) , the southern red snapper (“pargo”, “vermelho”, “cachucho”); L. synagris (Linnaeus) , the lane snapper (“ greacó ”, “ ariocó ”, “vermelho-henrique”, “ baúna ”); and L. vivanus (Cuvier) , the silk snapper (“pargo”, “vermelho”). Brazilian records of L. mahogany (Cuvier) , the mahogany snapper are probably based on misidentifications (Carvalho-Filho 1994). As noted for the western North Atlantic (e.g. Camber 1955, Carpenter1965), common names used for snappers has been very inconsistent in the southwestern Atlantic.
Key to the Western Atlantic species of Lutjanus (modified from Allen 1985 and Anderson 2003)
1a. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and usually 12 soft rays (rarely 11 or 13)............................................................2
1b. Dorsal fin usually with 10 spines (rarely 9 or 11) and 14 soft rays (rarely 13 or 15)................................. 3
2a. Gill rakers 7-8 + 15-17 (including rudiments); 1/4 to 1/2 of black lateral spot extending below lateral line; no evident paler (yellow in life) stripes on body and head; angle of preopercle greatly projecting and strongly serrated........................................................................................................... L. mahogoni (Cuvier) [southeastern coast of Florida and eastern coast of Yucatan peninsula to Venezuela]
2b. Gill rakers 6-7 + 13-14 (including rudiments); less than 1/4 of black lateral spot extending below lateral line; 8-10 prominent paler (golden-yellow in life) stripes on body, often also 3-4 irregular paler (goldenyellow in life) stripes on head; angle of preopercle scarcely projecting and finely serrated......................... ................................................................................................................................... L. synagris (Linnaeus) [Bermuda and North Carolina to Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, including the West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
3a. Large, pronounced black spot at base and in axil of pectoral fin in specimens larger than 5 cm SL; dark area at base of soft portion of dorsal fin (not always visible on preserved specimens); no black spot on flanks; anal fin rounded ............................................................................................ L. buccanella (Cuvier) [Bermuda and North Carolina to northeastern Brazil (at least to Bahia), including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
3b. No black spot at base or axil of pectoral fin no dark area at base of soft portion of dorsal fin; black spot on flanks may be present or absent; anal fin rounded or angulate .................................................................... 4
4a. Anal fin angulated, at least in specimens larger than 10 cm SL; middle anal-fin rays produced, the longest at least half length of head (rounded in L. analis , L. campechanus , L. purpureus and L. vivanus less than 4 to 6 cm SL); a black spot on flank (disappears in L. campechanus , L. purpureus and L. vivanus at about 20 cm SL) ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
4b. Anal fin rounded at all sizes, middle rays less than half the length of head; no dark spot on flank ............ 8
5a. Vomerine tooth path without a distinct medial posterior extension; anal soft rays usually 8 (rarely 7); iris red in life; spot on flanks below anterior part of soft dorsal fin distinct at all sizes, being relatively larger in smaller specimens .......................................................................................................... L. analis (Cuvier) [New England to São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
5b. Vomerine tooth path triangular or anchor-shaped, with a medial posterior extension; anal soft rays 7 to 9; spot on flank below anterior part of soft dorsal fin distinct in smaller specimens but may be absent in specimens larger than 20 cm SL ( L. campechanus , L. purpureus and L. vivanus ) ............................................. 6
6a. Scales on sides of anterior part of body, below lateral line, conspicuously larger than those on posterior part of body; anal soft rays 9 (rarely 8); lateral line scales usually 47 or 49 (rarely 46 or 50); scales above lateral line 7 to 10, most frequently 8 or 9 ............................................................... L. campechanus (Poey) [North American coast from Massachussetts to the Florida Keys and in the Gulf of Mexico; rare north of the Carolinas]
6b. Scales on anterior part of body, below lateral line, not conspicuously larger than those on posterior part of body; anal soft rays 8 (rarely 7 or 9); lateral line scales usually 50 or 51 (rarely 49, 52 or 53); scales above lateral line 9 to 12, most frequently 10 or 11 ............................................................................................... 7
7a. Cheek scale rows 6 (rarely 5 or 7); scales above lateral line, on anterior part of body, smaller than those below; scales below lateral line 16 to 19; lateral spot on flank present on juveniles equal to, or larger than eye; iris red in live and freshly preserved specimens; sum of lateral scales and scales above and below lateral line usually 77 to 81 (rarely 76 or 82) .................................................................... L. purpureus (Poey) [Yucatan Peninsula and the southern coast of Cuba southeastward throughout the Caribbean and most of the Antilles to São Paulo, southeastern Brazil; also collected at localities off the Carolinas, Georgia, and Northeast Florida].
7b. Cheek scale rows 7 (rarely 8); scales on anterior part of body above lateral line, on anterior part of body, about equal in size to those below; scales below lateral line 20 to 24; lateral spot on flank, when present, smaller than eye; iris yellow in live and freshly preserved specimens; sum of lateral scales and scales above and below lateral line usually 82 to 87 (rarely 81 or 88) ..................................... L. vivanus (Cuvier) [Bermuda and North Carolina south to São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
8a. Vomerine tooth patch without a distinct medial posterior extension; upper and lower canines very strong and about equally developed; cheek scales usually in 9 rows (rarely 8 or 10) ........ L. cyanopterus (Cuvier) [Nova Scotia and Bermuda south to São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
8b. Vomerine tooth patch triangular or anchor-shaped, with a distinct medial posterior extension; upper canines larger than lower; cheek scales usually in 7 or 8 rows (rarely 5, 6 or 9) ........................................ 9
9a. Usually 9 to 10 scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line (rarely 8 or 11); 45-49 transverse scale rows on body; a triangle-shaped whitish bar between the ventral margin of the orbit and the area immediately posterior to the maxilla in specimens larger than 15 cm SL.................... L. jocu (Bloch & Schneider) [From Massachussets south to São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea; rare north of Florida]
9b. Five to 7 scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; usually 40 to 43 (rarely 39 or 44) transverse scale rows on body; no triangular whitish bar between the ventral margin of the orbit and the area immediately posterior to the maxillary...............................................................................................................10
10a. Scale rows below soft portion of dorsal fin oblique to the longitudinal body axis; no evident banding pattern on body..................................................................................................................... L. griseus (Cuvier) [Massachussets and Bermuda to French Guiana, including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
10b. Scale rows parallel to the longitudinal body axis, not becoming oblique below the posterior portion of soft dorsal fin; evident banding pattern on body (may disappear in preserved specimens)......................11
11a. Yellowish to gray fins and body; eight pale vertical lines usually present separating darker bands on dorsal surface of flank; sixth pale vertical line under the junction of spiny and soft portions of dorsal fin; no conspicuous dark spots on cheek and preopercle ...................................................... L. apodus (Walbaum) [Massachusetts and Bermuda south to Tobago, including West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea]
11b. Reddish fins and body; six white vertical lines separating darker bands on dorsal surface of flanks; fifth paler vertical bar under junction of spiny and soft portions of dorsal fin; conspicuous dark spots (bright blue in life) on cheek and preopercle, 7-10 of these typically present with varying placement on snout and ventral portion of head ................................................................................................... L. alexandrein. sp. [Tropical southwestern Atlantic, from Maranhão to Bahia, Brazil]
Lutjanus és un gènere de peixos de la família dels lutjànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[2]
Lutjanus és un gènere de peixos de la família dels lutjànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.
Lutjanus ist eine aus etwa 75 Arten bestehende Fischgattung aus der Familie der Schnapper (Lutjanidae). Lutjanus-Arten kommen in tropischen und subtropischen Zonen des Atlantik, Pazifik und des Indischen Ozean vor.
Lutjanus-Arten werden 15,5 bis 160 cm lang. Sie besitzen eine charakteristische Gestalt mit einem hohen Rückenprofil und einem großen Kopf mit langer Schnauze und dreieckigem bis konischem Profil. Augen und Maul sind groß, die Maulspalte reicht für gewöhnlich bis unterhalb der Augen. Das Maul ist zugespitzt und protraktil (vorstülpbar). Der Bereich zwischen den Augen ist konvex. Die Kiefer sind mit mehreren Reihen einspitziger Zähne besetzt, die der ersten sind normalerweise vergrößert. In der ersten Oberkieferreihe befinden sich vorn zwei bis vier große Fangzähne. Auch Pflugscharbein und Gaumenbein sind mit bürstenförmigen Zähnen besetzt. Die Zahnplatte des Pflugscharbeins ist V-förmig, halbmondförmig oder dreieckig. Ausgewachsene Tiere verfügen auch über eines oder mehrere Felder feiner Zähne auf der Zunge.
Das Praeoperculare ist fein gesägt und besitzt eine mehr oder weniger deutliche, aber immer vorhandene Einbuchtung am Unterrand, wobei die benachbarte Partie des Interoperculare einen knöchernen Höcker aufweisen kann. Bei Arten mit einer besonders ausgeprägten Einbuchtung im Praeoperculare ist dieser Höcker meist sehr kräftig entwickelt. Das Tränenbein ist sehr breit. Die Kiemenreusenstrahlen sind kurz, der untere Ast des ersten Kiemenbogens trägt sieben bis neun davon. Abgesehen von einem schrägen Schuppenband im Nacken ist der Kopf unbeschuppt.
Lutjanus-Arten sind sehr variabel gefärbt. Oft sind sie rötlich, gelb, grau oder braun und zeigen ein Muster von dunkleren Streifen oder Bändern, manchmal auch einen großen schwarzen Fleck auf der oberen Körperhälfte unterhalb des weichstrahligen Abschnitts der Rückenflosse.
Die Basis des weichstrahligen Bereichs der Rückenflosse und die der Afterflosse sind von Schuppen ummantelt. Die Rückenflosse ist durchgehend, oft mit einer leichten Einbuchtung zwischen hart- und weichstrahligem Abschnitt, die Schwanzflosse ist halbmondförmig oder leicht eingebuchtet, seltener gegabelt.
Lutjanus-Arten leben küstennah vor allem in flachem Wasser oberhalb von 30 bis 40 Metern, einige größere Arten auch in Tiefen bis 200 Metern. Kleiner Arten schließen sich tagsüber zu Schwärmen zusammen und gehen in der Nacht auseinander, um kleinere Fische und Krebstiere zu jagen.
Beim Blaustreifen-Schnapper wurde das Ablaichen in Gruppen beobachtet. Ein Männchen eröffnet die Laichaktivität, indem es gegen den Körper eines Weibchens stößt und seinen Körper an ihren reibt. Weitere laichbereite Schnapper kommen hinzu und gemeinsam schwimmen die Fische in einem sich spiralförmig drehenden Schwarm zur Wasseroberfläche und geben kurz darunter Eizellen und Spermien ab. Die Eier sind klein mit einem Durchmesser von 8 mm, die nach 18 Stunden schlüpfenden Fischlarven etwa 18 mm lang. Ein Weibchen von Lutjanus griseus kann mehr als 5 Millionen Eier legen.
Wie viele andere Schnapper sind die Lutjanus-Arten begehrte Speisefische. Zu der Gattung gehören auch die Schnapper, die unter dem Handelsnamen „Roter Schnapper“ verkauft werden, in Deutschland sind Lutjanus malabaricus und in den USA Lutjanus campechanus unter dem englischen Namen „Red Snapper“ im Handel.
Lutjanus ist eine aus etwa 75 Arten bestehende Fischgattung aus der Familie der Schnapper (Lutjanidae). Lutjanus-Arten kommen in tropischen und subtropischen Zonen des Atlantik, Pazifik und des Indischen Ozean vor.
Ang mga isdang nasa genus na Lutjanus (binaybay din ni Marcus Elieser Bloch bilang Lutianus[1] ) ay kinabibilangan ng may 67 na mga espesye ng mga perciform, at karaniwang kilala bilang mga bambangin (Ingles: snapper). Isa sa mga pinakakilalang bambanging kinakain ang Lutjanus campechanus (Ingles: red snapper). Pangkaraniwan sa Pilipinas ang Lutjanus fulvus. Ilan sa mga karaniwang pangalan ng Lutjanus ang: bangbangin, Blacktail snapper, adgawan, aluman, bagong, comay, dapak, islawan, katambak, labongan, labungan, mangat laod, maya-maya, pargo, rina, saying-saying, tinga, tingarog, Yellow-margined seaperch.[2]
Kabilang sa mga Lutjanus ang mga sumusunod:
Ang mga isdang nasa genus na Lutjanus (binaybay din ni Marcus Elieser Bloch bilang Lutianus ) ay kinabibilangan ng may 67 na mga espesye ng mga perciform, at karaniwang kilala bilang mga bambangin (Ingles: snapper). Isa sa mga pinakakilalang bambanging kinakain ang Lutjanus campechanus (Ingles: red snapper). Pangkaraniwan sa Pilipinas ang Lutjanus fulvus. Ilan sa mga karaniwang pangalan ng Lutjanus ang: bangbangin, Blacktail snapper, adgawan, aluman, bagong, comay, dapak, islawan, katambak, labongan, labungan, mangat laod, maya-maya, pargo, rina, saying-saying, tinga, tingarog, Yellow-margined seaperch.
Kabilang sa mga Lutjanus ang mga sumusunod:
Yellow-banded snapper, Lutjanus adetii (Castelnau, 1873). African red snapper, Lutjanus agennes (Bleeker, 1863). Ambiguous snapper, Lutjanus ambiguus (Poey, 1860). Mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828). Schoolmaster snapper, Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum, 1792). Mullet snapper, Lutjanus aratus (Günther, 1864). Mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775). Yellow snapper, Lutjanus argentiventris (Peters, 1869). Bengal snapper, Lutjanus bengalensis (Bloch, 1790). Two-spot banded snapper, Lutjanus biguttatus (Valenciennes, 1830). Indonesian snapper, Lutjanus bitaeniatus (Valenciennes, 1830). Two-spot red snapper, Lutjanus bohar (Forsskål, 1775). Moluccan snapper, Lutjanus boutton (Lacépède, 1802). Blackfin snapper, Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier, 1828). Northern red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860). Spanish flag snapper, Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson, 1842). Blueline snapper, Lutjanus coeruleolineatus (Rüppell, 1838). Colorado snapper, Lutjanus colorado (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882). Cubera snapper, Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828). Checkered snapper, Lutjanus decussatus (Cuvier, 1828). African brown snapper, Lutjanus dentatus (Duméril, 1861). Sunbeam snapper, Lutjanus dodecacanthoides (Bleeker, 1854). Blackspot snapper, Lutjanus ehrenbergii (Peters, 1869). Guinea snapper, Lutjanus endecacanthus (Bleeker, 1863). Crimson snapper, Lutjanus erythropterus (Bloch, 1790). Golden African snapper, Lutjanus fulgens (Valenciennes, 1830). Dory snapper, Lutjanus fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775). Blacktail snapper, Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, 1801). Freshwater snapper, Lutjanus fuscescens (Valenciennes, 1830). Humpback red snapper, Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775). Papuan black snapper, Lutjanus goldiei (Macleay, 1882). Gorean snapper, Lutjanus goreensis (Valenciennes, 1830). Mangrove snapper, Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758). Yellowfin red snapper, Lutjanus guilcheri (Fourmanoir, 1959). Spotted rose snapper, Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869). Eastern Pacific golden snapper, Lutjanus inermis (Peters, 1869). Dog snapper, Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). John's snapper, Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792). Jordan's snapper, Lutjanus jordani (Gilbert, 1898). Bluestripe snapper, Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskål, 1775). Yellowstreaked snapper, Lutjanus lemniscatus (Valenciennes, 1828). Lunartail snapper, Lutjanus lunulatus (Park, 1797). Bigeye snapper, Lutjanus lutjanus (Bloch, 1790). Indian snapper, Lutjanus madras (Valenciennes, 1831). Mahogany snapper, Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier, 1828). Malabar blood snapper, Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Pygmy snapper, Lutjanus maxweberi (Popta, 1921). Samoan snapper, Lutjanus mizenkoi (Allen & Talbot, 1985). Onespot snapper, Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828). Bluestriped snapper, Lutjanus notatus (Cuvier, 1828). Pacific cubera snapper, Lutjanus novemfasciatus (Gill, 1862). Spotstripe snapper, Lutjanus ophuysenii (Bleeker, 1860). Pacific red snapper, Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922). Southern red snapper, Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1876). Five-lined snapper, Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790). Blubberlip snapper, Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828). Yellow-lined snapper, Lutjanus rufolineatus (Valenciennes, 1830). Russell's snapper, Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker, 1849). Humphead snapper, Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier, 1828). Emperor red snapper, Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier, 1816). Black-banded snapper, Lutjanus semicinctus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Star snapper, Lutjanus stellatus (Akazaki, 1983). Lane snapper, Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758). Timor snapper, Lutjanus timorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Blue and gold snapper, Lutjanus viridis (Valenciennes, 1846). Brownstripe red snapper, Lutjanus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Silk snapper, Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier, 1828).
Lutjanus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, snappers belonging to the family Lutjanidae. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. They are predatory fish usually found in tropical and subtropical reefs, and mangrove forests. This genus also includes two species that only occur in fresh and brackish waters.
Lutjanus was created in 1790 by the German physician and zoologist Marcus Elieser Bloch with Lutjanus lutjanus as its type species by tautonymy.[1] It is the type genus of the subfamily Lutjaninae and the family Lutjanidae. The name is derived from a local Indonesian name for snappers, ikhan Lutjang.[2] Bloch erroneously stated that the type locality for L. lutjanus was Japan when the name he gave it suggested that it was collected in the East Indies.[3] A taxonomic study of snappers within the subfamily Lutjaninae in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean indicated that the at monotypic genera Ocyurus and Rhomboplites sit within the genus Lutjanus.[4] Lutjanus ambiguus is considered by some authorities to most likely to be a hybrid between L. synagris and Ocyurus chrysurus, supporting the close relation between the two genera.[5]
Currently, 73 recognized species are placed in this genus:[6][7]
Lutjanus snappers are small to large in size with oblong shaped bodies which vary from deep to slender and fusiform in form. They have relatively large mouths which is protractable. The teeth are arranged in one or more rows in the jaws and are pointed and conical in shape with the outer row consisting of canine-like teeth with the anterior ones enlarged into more obvious canine-like fangs. The vomerine teeth are arranged in patches which may be chevron, triangular or lunate and may or may not have a posterior extension, or be arranged in a rhombus. The space between the eyes is convex and they have a aserrated preopercle which has a deep incision on its lower margin. They sometimes have a bony knob between the operculum and the preopercle which is most obvious in those species which have a deep incision in the preopercle. They have a continuous dorsal fin, frequently having a slight incision between the spiny portion and the soft-rayed portion. The spiny part of the dorsal fin may have 10 or 11 spines while the soft rayed part may have 11 to 16 rays. The anal fin has 3 spines and between 7 and 10 soft rays while the pectoral fins have between 15 and 18 soft rays. The dorsal and anal fins are scaled while the caudal fin may be emarginate, truncate or, rarely, forked. These snappers are extremely variable in colour frequently having a background colour of reddish, yellow, grey, or brown overlain with a pattern of darker stripes or bars. They are often marked with a large blackish spot on upper flanks underneath the front soft rays of the dorsal fin.[12]
Lutjanus snappers have a circumtropical and subtropical distribution and are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.[12] The mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus),[13] and the dory snapper (Lutjanus fulviflamma) have been recorded in the Mediterranean as possible Lessepsian migrants having entered that sea through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea while the dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu), a western Atlantic species, has been recorded in the Ligurian Sea.[14] Many species are associated with coral reefs where they are conspicuous members of the fish fauna, while some of the larger red snapper species descend into deeper waters, at least to 200 m (660 ft) in depth.[12] 2 species, L. fuscescens and L. maxweberi, only occur in fresh and brackish waters.[7]
Smaller Lutjanus species are often observed in large, diurnal aggregations which stay near the reef, these disperse at night to feed. Their diet is largely made up of fishes and crustaceans. Group spawning has been obserbed in at least one species. Courtship is initiated by the males who peck and rub themselves on the females' body and when other individuals are attracted to the initial pair they all spiral towards the surface, releasing the milt and eggs just underneath the surface. The eggs are minute and spherical in shape and take 18 hours or so to hatch into larvae.[12]
Lutjanus is a genus which contains many species, especially the larger ones, which are important commercial fish and which are considered to be excellent food fish in the tropics. The catch is taken using a variety of methods including handlines, traps, spears, nets and trawling gear. They are mainly sold as fresh fish but may be preserved by freezing or dry-salted.[12]
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Lutjanus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, snappers belonging to the family Lutjanidae. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. They are predatory fish usually found in tropical and subtropical reefs, and mangrove forests. This genus also includes two species that only occur in fresh and brackish waters.
Lutjanus es un género de peces de la familia Lutjanidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Las especies de este género son:[1]
Lutjanus es un género de peces de la familia Lutjanidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Lutjanus on ahvenkalojen (Perciformes) lahkoon, napsijoiden (Lutjanidae) heimoon ja Lutjaninae-alaheimoon kuuluva kalasuku.
Sukuun kuuluu 68 lajia. [1]
Lutjanus on ahvenkalojen (Perciformes) lahkoon, napsijoiden (Lutjanidae) heimoon ja Lutjaninae-alaheimoon kuuluva kalasuku.
Lutjanus est un genre de poissons de la famille des Lutjanidae, appelés en français « vivaneaux » (et en anglais « snappers »).
Selon World Register of Marine Species (18 mars 2014)[1] :
Lutjanus fulviflamma juvénile
Lutjanus est un genre de poissons de la famille des Lutjanidae, appelés en français « vivaneaux » (et en anglais « snappers »).
Lutjanus Bloch, 1790 è un genere di pesci ossei della famiglia Lutjanidae.[1]
Il genere è presente nei mari e negli oceani tropicali e subtropicali.
Nel mar Mediterraneo è presente una specie di origine lessepsiana Lutjanus argentimaculatus, di cui è nota una sola cattura nelle acque libanesi[2].
Il genere comprende le seguenti specie:[1]
Lutjanus Bloch, 1790 è un genere di pesci ossei della famiglia Lutjanidae.
Lutjanus is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van snappers (Lutjanidae).[1] Het geslacht is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven in 1790 door Bloch.
Lutjanus is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van snappers (Lutjanidae). Het geslacht is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven in 1790 door Bloch.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Lutjanus – rodzaj ryb z rodziny lucjanowatych. W j.polskim określane nazwą lucjany[2]
Występują w sąsiedztwie raf koralowych Morza Karaibskiego i Indopacyfiku.
Ciało wrzecionowate, lekko bocznie ścieśnione, z dużą, ostro zakończoną głową. Płetwa grzbietowa z dłuższym odcinkiem ciernistym, ogonowa lekko wcięta lub prosta. Ubarwienie różnorodne od różowo-czerwonego po żółto-niebieskie. Największe osobniki osiągają ponad 1 m długości i do 30 kg masy ciała.
Gatunki zaliczane do tego rodzaju [3]:
Lutjanus – rodzaj ryb z rodziny lucjanowatych. W j.polskim określane nazwą lucjany
Lutjanus é um género de peixe perciforme da família Lutjanidae.[1]. Este género é referido pelo nome popular de "vermelho".[2]
Lutjanus é um género de peixe perciforme da família Lutjanidae.. Este género é referido pelo nome popular de "vermelho".
Lutjanus là một chi trong Họ Cá hồng được tìm thấy trong các đại dương lớn gồm Đại Tây Dương, Ân Độ Dương và Thái Bình Dương Chi này gồm cả hai loài (L. fuscescens and L. maxweberi )[1]
Hiện hành có khoảng 70 loài được ghi nhận trong chi này[1]
Lutjanus là một chi trong Họ Cá hồng được tìm thấy trong các đại dương lớn gồm Đại Tây Dương, Ân Độ Dương và Thái Bình Dương Chi này gồm cả hai loài (L. fuscescens and L. maxweberi )
Lutjanus Bloch, 1790
Синонимы
Луцианы или лутьяны, или снэпперы[1] (лат. Lutjanus) — род окунеобразных рыб семейства луциановых. Встречаются в тропических и субтропических зонах Атлантического, Индийского и Тихого океанов.
Луцианы или лутьяны, или снэпперы (лат. Lutjanus) — род окунеобразных рыб семейства луциановых. Встречаются в тропических и субтропических зонах Атлантического, Индийского и Тихого океанов.
見內文
笛鯛屬（Lutjanus）是輻鰭魚綱鱸形目笛鯛科下的一個屬。牠們通常是生活在熱帶和亞熱帶暗礁和紅樹林中的掠食性魚類。[1]這個屬也包括了兩種（L. fuscescens和L. maxweberi）只發現於淡水與汽水的笛鯛。[1]
目前這個屬有73個被認可的種：[2]
笛鯛屬（Lutjanus）是輻鰭魚綱鱸形目笛鯛科下的一個屬。牠們通常是生活在熱帶和亞熱帶暗礁和紅樹林中的掠食性魚類。這個屬也包括了兩種（L. fuscescens和L. maxweberi）只發現於淡水與汽水的笛鯛。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 目 : スズキ目 Perciformes 亜目 : スズキ亜目 Percoidei 科 : フエダイ科 Lutjanidae 英名 Snapper 亜科・属 4亜科17属108種（本文参照） フエダイ科 Lutjanidae は、スズキ亜目の下位分類群の一つ。中型・大型の肉食魚のグループで、熱帯の沿岸海域を中心に100種類以上が知られている。
スズキ亜目としては大型魚が多いグループで、成魚の全長は数十cm程度、種類によっては1mを超える。
体は側扁するが体高は種類によって違い、いわゆるタイ形のものからサバ類のように細長いものまでさまざまな体形のものがいる。尾鰭は截形（三角形）のものとV字型に二叉したものがいる。口は大きく、顎には牙状の犬歯が並ぶ。
「フエダイ」（笛鯛）の名は、フエダイ属の口が前方に突き出て口笛を吹いているような形状をしていることに由来する。和名も形態もよく似たフエフキダイ科 Lethrinidae と紛らわしいが、フエダイ属は頭部に鱗が多いこと、口の中は赤くないこと、臼歯がなく牙状の犬歯が並ぶことなどで区別できる。なおフエダイ属以外のフエダイ科魚類では、口が前に突き出たものは少ない。
全世界の熱帯・亜熱帯域に分布する。日本でも暖流に面した本州中部以南で見られ、南西諸島で種類が多くなる。
多くの種類が浅い海の岩礁・サンゴ礁から水深数百mの深海まで生息している。また一部の種類は汽水域を生息場所とし、ゴマフエダイやウラウチフエダイは純淡水域までも入りこむ。食性は肉食性で、小魚・甲殻類など小動物を幅広く捕食するが、いくつかの種はプランクトンを食べる。
ほぼ全種が食用となり、重要な漁業資源となるものも多い。沿岸では釣り・刺し網・定置網など、深海性のものも釣りや底延縄などで漁獲される。南西諸島では沿岸性のものが多く漁獲され、市場にも流通している。
身は白身で様々な料理に利用される。ただしバラフエダイやアオチビキなどでシガテラ中毒が報告されており、大型個体を利用する際は注意が必要である。
また、サンゴ礁性のものには体色が鮮やかなものが多く、水族館などで飼育される。ただ大型種が多いため個人での飼育には向かない。
現生種は4亜科・17属・108種に分けられるが、このうち68種はフエダイ属である。スズキ亜目の分類上ではハチビキ科 Emmelichthyidae・タカサゴ科 Caesionidae が近縁で、タカサゴ科はフエダイ科の亜科として扱われていたこともある。
mtDNAを用いた分子系統解析では、イトヒキフエダイ亜科・ハマダイ亜科の2亜科が、タカサゴ科を含む他の亜科の姉妹群となることが示された[1]。
アメフエダイ亜科 Apsilinae は、口は比較的小さい。浅海から深海に生息する。
ハマダイ亜科 Etelinae は、体は比較的前後に細長く、尾鰭が大きく二叉する。大きな口と頑丈な顎をもつ。水深数百mほどの深海に生息するものが多いが、イシフエダイとアオチビキは沿岸浅海性である。
フエダイ亜科 Lutjaninaeは、フエダイ属を含み、大半がこのグループに属する。浅海に多く、一部は汽水域・純淡水域まで進入する。
ベニフエダイやOcyurus chrysurusを含む大西洋産のフエダイ属は、インド太平洋に産するフエダイ属から派生したと考えられている。また、マダラタルミ属はタカサゴ亜科との類縁関係が示唆されている[1]。
イトヒキフエダイ亜科 Paradichthyinae インド太平洋のサンゴ礁産・2属2種のみが分類される。第二背鰭と臀鰭の軟条が長い。特にイトヒキフエダイでは和名通り第二背鰭の軟条数本が糸を引くように伸びる。
ウメイロ Paracaesio xanthura
ハマダイ Etelis coruscans (Deepwater longtail red snapper)
ゴマフエダイ Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Mangrove red snapper)
イレズミフエダイ Symphorichthys spilurus
フエダイ科 Lutjanidae は、スズキ亜目の下位分類群の一つ。中型・大型の肉食魚のグループで、熱帯の沿岸海域を中心に100種類以上が知られている。
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