Black And White Snapper

Die Swartnooi (Macolor niger) is 'n vis wat voorkom in die Indiese-Pasifiese area en aan die ooskus van Afrika vanaf die Rooisee tot by Sodwanabaai. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Black and white snapper.

Voorkoms

Die volwasse vis is grys tot swart en daar is verspreide blou strepe op die kop van pas gevangde visse. Die onvolwasse vis is hoofsaaklik wit met die vinne en aangrensende gedeeltes van die lyf wat swart is. Die kop is wit met 'n vertikale swart streep oor die oë. Die punt van die snoet is ook swart. Ouer onvolwasse visse word swart aan die bokant. Die vis word tot 75 cm lank.

Habitat

Die vis leef in koraal- en rotsriwwe in water wat 5–90 m diep is alhoewel hulle gewoonlik in water van minder as 30 m voorkom. Hulle vreet ander visse, skaaldiere en soöplankton en leef in skole saam. Dit is 'n gewilde eetvis.

Sien ook

• Alfabetiese lys van visse
• Lys van Suider-Afrikaanse visse volgens wetenskaplike name
• Lys van varswater visfamilies
• Lys van visfamilies

Bron

• Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa. Phil & Elaine Heemstra. 2004. ISBN 1-920033-01-7

Verwysings

Eksterne skakel

• http://fishbase.org/summary/Macolor-niger.html

Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.

Macolor niger és una espècie de peix de la família dels lutjànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Morfologia

• Els mascles poden assolir 75 cm de longitud total.^[4][5]

Alimentació

Menja peixos i crustacis.^[6]

Hàbitat

És un peix marí de clima tropical i associat als esculls de corall que viu entre 2-90 m de fondària.^[4][7]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba des de l'Àfrica Oriental^[8][9][10] fins a Samoa,^[11] el Japó^[12] i Austràlia.^{[13][14][4][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]}

Referències

Bibliografia

• Allen, G.R., 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(6):208 p.
• Allen, G.R., 1995. Lutjanidae. Pargos. p. 1231-1244. A W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter i V. Niem (eds.) Guía FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Roma, Itàlia.
• Anderson, W.D. Jr., 2002. Lutjanidae. Snappers. p. 1479-1504. A K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 3: Bony fishes part 2 (Opistognathidae to Molidae), sea turtles and marine mammals.
• Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba i K.E. Carpenter, 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). Núm. 9. Roma, Itàlia, FAO. 103 p.
• Eschmeyer, William N.: Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8 (1990).
• Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
• Hardy, J.D. Jr., 2003. Coral reef fish species. NOAANational Oceanographic Data Center. NODC Coral Reef Data and Information Management System. Estats Units. 537 p.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
• Kishimoto, H., K. Amaoka, H. Kohno i T. Hamaguchi, 1987: A revision of the black-and-white snappers, genus Macolor (Perciformes: Lutjanidae). Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 34 (núm. 2): 146-156.
• Lloris, D. i J. Rucabado, 1990. Lutjanidae. p. 773-779. A J. C. Quéro, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A Post i L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisboa, Portugal; SEI, París; i UNESCO, París, França. Vol. 2.
• Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall. Any 2000.
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
• Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Der Schwarzweiß-Schnapper (Macolor niger) ist ein Meeresfisch aus der Familie der Schnapper, der im tropischen Indopazifik von der Ostküste Afrikas im Westen bis zu den Samoainseln im Osten und den Ryūkyū-Inseln im Norden, sowie im Roten Meer vorkommt.^[1]

Merkmale

Sehr junger Jungfisch

Älterer Jungfisch

Der Schwarzweiß-Schnapper erreicht eine Länge von maximal 75 cm und hat einen relativ hochrückigen, seitlich abgeflachten Körper und ein abgerundetes Kopfprofil. Die größte Körperhöhe liegt beim 2,2 bis 2,4-fachen der Standardlänge. Das Maul ist groß und reicht nach hinten bis unter die vordere Augenhälfte. Es ist mit einer Reihe konischer Zähne besetzt die vorne größer sind. Im vorderen Bereich des Oberkiefers und an den Seiten des Unterkiefers gibt es ein innere Reihe kleiner, bürstenartiger Zähne. Der bezahnte Bereich des Gaumens ist V-förmig. Die Maxillare ist unbeschuppt. Im unteren Bereich des Präoperculums gibt es einen tiefen, keilförmigen Einschnitt. Die Rückenflosse ist durchgehend. Bei Jungfischen sind der hart- und der weichstrahlige Abschnitt der Rückenflosse durch eine tiefe Einbuchtung voneinander getrennt. Die Enden von Rücken- und Afterflosse sind zugespitzt. Ihre Basen sind beschuppt. Bei Jungfischen sind die Brustflossen abgerundet, bei ausgewachsenen Fischen lang und zugespitzt. Sie reichen dann bis zum Anus. Die Schwanzflosse der Jungfische ist abgerundet, die der ausgewachsenen Schwarzweiß-Schnapper gegabelt. Die Bauchflossen der Jungfische sind stark verlängert und zugespitzt, die der Alten sind abgerundet. Die Schuppen auf dem Rücken verlaufen parallel zur Seitenlinie.^[1][2]

Morphometrie:^[2]

• Flossenformel: Dorsale X/13–15, Anale III/10–11, Pectorale 17–(18).
• Schuppenformel: SL 50–56.
• Kiemenrechen: 26–38 + 60–71 = 89–107.

Ausgewachsene Schwarzweiß-Schnapper sind silbergrau und zeigen eine mehr oder weniger deutlich ausgeprägte schwärzliche Fleckung. Im Unterschied zum sehr ähnlichen Gelbaugenschnapper gibt es keinen gelblichen Einschlag im unteren Körper- und Kopfbereich und auch die gewundenen, schmalen blauen Linien oder Punkte auf dem Kopf fehlen. Die Iris ist viel dunkler als beim Gelbaugenschnapper. Jungfische zeigen ein schwarz-weißes Muster, wobei der hintere Kopfbereich und der vordere Rumpf überwiegend weiß sind. Die Anzahl der weißen Flecken auf dem Rücken ist geringer als beim Gelbaugenschnapper.^[2]

Lebensweise

Der Schwarzweiß-Schnapper lebt in großen Gruppen in Korallenriffen in Tiefen von 2 bis 90 Metern und ernährt sich von Fischen und Krebstieren. Jungfische sind solitär.^[2]

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b} Gerald R. Allen: FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 6. Snappers of the world: an annotated and illustrated catalogue of Lutjanid species known to date. FAO fisheries synopsis 125,6. ISBN 9789251023211. S. 127 u. 128.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Schwarzweiß-Schnapper auf Fishbase.org (englisch)

The black and white snapper (Macolor niger), the black and white seaperch or black snapper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

Taxonomy

The black and white snapper was first formally described in 1775 as Sciaena nigra by the Swedish speaking Finnish-born explorer and naturalist Peter Forsskål with the type locality given as Jeddah.^[3] The specific name niger means “black”, a reference to the blackish colour of the adults.^[4] When the genus Macolor was described in 1860, by the Dutch physician, herpetologist and ichthyologist, Pieter Bleeker, he used the name Macolor tautonymously, for the type species which was Cuvier’s Diacope macolor. Bleeker needlessly renamed D. macolor, Macolor typus.^[5]

Description

Young M. niger showing the juvenile coloration

The black and white snapper has a relatively deep body. It has a convex dorsal profile of the head and a large mouth which extends back to the front of the eye. Each jaw has an outer band of conical teeth which are enlarged into canine-like teeth at the front, on the inside of these are bands of bristle-like teeth, at the side in the upper jaw and set anteriorly in the lower jaw. The vomerine teeth are arranged a rough chevron with no a median posterior extension. There is a deep incision on the lower margin of the preoperculum.^[6] The dorsal fin contains 10 spines and 13-15 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 10-11 soft rays.^[2] The rear tips of both the dorsal and anal fins are clearly pointed. The pectoral fins are long, extending as far as the anus, containing 17-18 fin rays and the caudal fin is emarginate.^[6] The black and white snapper can reach a maximum total length of 75 cm (30 in), though most do not exceed 35 cm (14 in). Its fins and eyes are black and its body varies in color from light grey to black depending on age. Juveniles are typically striped, changing in complete black when adult.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

The black and white snapper has a wide Indo-Pacific range. It occurs along the eastern coastline of Africa from the Red Sea south as far as South Africa, the Seychelles, islands in the Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and western Mascarenes, east to the Maldives, Laccadives, the Chagos Islands, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island and Sri Lanka. In the Pacific it occurs from western Malaysia, western Indonesia and the Andaman Sea east to the Marshall Islands, Samoa and Tonga south to Australia north to central Japan. It has also recorded from Niue and the Cook Islands. It is found at depths between 2 and 90 m (6 ft 7 in and 295 ft 3 in) around the steep outer slopes of lagoon reefs, channels and on the seaward slopes.^[1]

Biology

The black and white snapper are solitary as juveniles, while adults aggregate in large schools. It is a predatory fish which preys on fishes and crustaceans. This species gathers in aggregations to spawn.^[1] This species is frequently confused with its congener the midnight snapper (M. macularis) with which it is known to form mixed aggregations.^[7]

Fisheries

Black and white snapper are prized as food fish and are caught commercially, as well as recreationally. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.^[2]

References

Macolor niger es una especie de peces de la familia Lutjanidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 75 cm de longitud total.^[1]​^[2]​

Alimentación

Come peces y crustáceos.

Hábitat

Es un pez de mar de clima tropical y asociado a los arrecifes de coral que vive entre m de profundidad.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra desde el África Oriental hasta Samoa, el Japón y Australia.

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
• Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
• Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
• Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

Macolor niger Macolor generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Lutjanidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Espezie hau Agulhasko itsaslasterran aurki daiteke.

Erreferentziak

• FishBase.org

Ikus, gainera

• Macolor
• Lutjanidae

Kakap hitam muda memiliki warna tubuh belang hitam putih

Kakap hitam adalah sejenis ikan kakap yang berasal dari wilayah Samudra Hindia dan Pasifik barat. Ikan ini menghuni terumbu karang, muncul dalam kawanan besar sepanjang subtrat miring yang curam di kedalaman 2–90 meter (6,6–295,3 ft).^[1][2][3] Di Indonesia timur ikan ini dikenal dengan nama Kakap balong dan Bekuku, sedangkan di Australia dengan Black and white snapper (Kakap hitam putih).

Ikan ini bisa mencapai panjang maksimal 75 sentimeter (^{[convert: unknown unit]}), meski kebanyakannya tidak mencapai panjang lebih dari 35 sentimeter (^{[convert: unknown unit]}).^[1] Sirip dan matanya berwarna hitam dan warna tubuhnya beragam mulai abu-abu terang sampai hitam tergantung pada usianya. Khusus ikan muda memiliki tubuh belang hitam putih, yang akan berubah menjadi hitam sepenuhnya saat dewasa. Ikan ini hidup menyendiri ketika masih muda, namun ketika dewasa membentuk kawanan besar. Ikan ini memangsa udang-udangan dan ikan kecil.^[1] Ikan ini kadang dikira sebagai kerabatnya yaitu kakap malam (Macolor macularis).

Kakap malam dihargai sebagai sumber makanan dan ditangkap untuk kepentingan komersial juga rekreasi. Ikan ini juga kadang dijual sebagai ikan hias di akuarium.^[1]

Referensi

Due stadi della colorazione dei giovani

Macolor niger (Forsskål, 1775) è un pesce osseo marino appartenente alla famiglia Lutjanidae diffuso nell'Indo-Pacifico.^[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

Il suo areale si estende dalla costa dell'Africa orientale, dove è presente dal mar Rosso fino al Sudafrica, alle Isole Ryukyu e al Giappone a nord, alla Micronesia, Samoa e alle Isole Cook a est e all'Australia (Middleton Reef, Elizabeth Reef) a sud.^[3][1] È particolarmente comune nelle Isole Marianne Settentrionali. Vive tra i 3 e i 90 m di profondità nelle barriere coralline e su fondali duri.^[1]

Descrizione

Il corpo è compresso lateralmente e raggiunge una lunghezza massima di 75 cm; la testa ha un profilo arrotondato.^[4] Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale intorno ai 38 cm e si stima che questa specie possa superare i 40 anni di età.^[1] La pinna dorsale e la pinna anale presentano rispettivamente 10 e 3 raggi spiniformi.^[3]

L'aspetto varia molto nel corso della vita del pesce: gli esemplari adulti hanno una colorazione piuttosto uniforme, grigia-nerastra e più chiara sul ventre; gli esemplari giovani sono invece a fasce bianche e nere orizzontali lungo il corpo e verticali sulla testa. Le pinne pelviche, sempre arrotondate, sono in proporzione di dimensioni maggiori nei giovani, e con la crescita il margine della pinna caudale varia da arrotondato-romboidale a quasi dritto.^[3]

Si distingue dal simile Macolor macularis per l'assenza di macchie blu e sfumature gialle nella colorazione degli adulti, per la presenza di una netta fascia bianca dietro la testa nei giovani, e per la forma delle pinne pelviche, sempre arrotondate; gli esemplari giovani presentano inoltre meno macchie bianche sul dorso.^[3] Un'altra differenza è il colore degli occhi: negli adulti di M. macularis l'iride è di un giallo acceso, mentre quella di M. niger ha un colore più smorto.^[5]

Biologia

Comportamento

Gli esemplari adulti possono formare banchi, mentre i giovani sono principalmente solitari.^[1]

Alimentazione

Si nutre di crostacei e altri pesci.^[6]

Tassonomia

Descritto nel 1775 da Peter Forsskål come Sciaena nigra, è stato riclassificato nel genere Macolor, di cui è la specie tipo.^[7] La sua località tipo è Gedda.^[4]

Pesca

Catturato con reti da posta, lenze e nasse, è di interesse anche per la pesca sportiva. È principalmente consumato fresco.^[4]

Conservazione

È una specie comune il cui areale si sovrappone a diverse aree marine protette e lo sfruttamento per la pesca non sembra influire significativamente sulle sue popolazioni; la principale minaccia è costituita dal degrado del suo habitat.^[1] La lista rossa IUCN lo classifica come "a rischio minimo" (LC).

Note

Bibliografia

• (EN) G.R. Allen, FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date (PDF), in FAO Fisheries Synopsis, vol. 125, n. 6, 1985.
• (EN) John E. Randall, Gerald R. Allen, Roger C. Steene, Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea, University of Hawaii Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8248-1895-4.

De zwarte snapper (Macolor niger) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van snappers (Lutjanidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 75 centimeter.

Leefomgeving

Macolor niger is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert een tropisch klimaat en heeft zich verspreid over de Grote en Indische Oceaan. De diepteverspreiding is 2 tot 90 meter onder het wateroppervlak.

Relatie tot de mens

Macolor niger is voor de visserij van aanzienlijk commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Externe link

• Foto's van Macolor niger op FishBase

• Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.

Cá chưa trưởng thành

Cá hồng đen trắng, tên khoa học Macolor niger, là một loài cá trong họ Cá hồng được tìm thấy ở Ấn Độ Dương và Thái Bình Dương. Nó cũng thường được gọi là cá hồng đen, nhưng không nên nhầm lẫn với các cá hồng khác với tên gọi chung như nhau.

Mô tả

Cá hồng màu đen và trắng có thể đạt chiều dài tối đa 75 cm. Vây và mắt của nó là màu đen và cơ thể của nó thay đổi màu sắc từ ánh sáng màu xám đen tùy thuộc vào tuổi. Cá vị thành niên màu sắc nhẹ hơn còn cá trưởng thành có thể có màu gần như hoàn toàn đen.

Cá hồng màu đen và trắng đơn độc khi còn non, nhưng tạo thành các đàn cá khi trưởng thành. Chúng ăn động vật giáp xác và các loài cá nhỏ và sinh sống bức tường rạn san hô và các đầm phá bên ngoài. Nó đôi khi bị nhầm lẫn với các cá hồng nửa đêm, Macolor macularis. Loài cá này là hải sản được đánh giá cao và được đánh bắt thương mại, cũng như giải trí.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Macolor niger tại Wikispecies
• Phương tiện liên quan tới Macolor niger tại Wikimedia Commons

Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

黑體羽鰓笛鯛，又稱黑背笛鯛、黑羽鳃笛鲷（学名：Macolor niger）为笛鲷科羽鳃笛鲷属的鱼类，俗名黑背笛鲷、黑笛鲷。分布于印度洋非洲东岸至太平洋萨摩亚群岛、北至台湾海域以及西沙群岛、南沙群岛等，常生活于珊瑚礁浅水区。该物种的模式产地在红海。

特徵

本魚體高而側扁；呈長橢圓形。口中大；上下頜具細小齒帶，外列齒擴大，前端具4至6犬齒；鋤骨具齒。前鰓蓋下緣具一深缺刻。體被中小型櫛鱗，背鰭與臀鰭基底上多少被鱗；側線完全，鱗列數49至58枚。幼魚背部黑褐色，有數個白斑，頭部白色，前端有一寬橫帶，體下部白色，白胸鰭腋部至尾部中間有一黑色縱帶；各鰭大部分黑色。成魚則完全為黑褐色，各鰭色深，頭部滿佈縱條紋。背鰭硬棘10枚，軟條13至14枚；臀鰭硬棘3枚，軟條11枚；幼魚時，腹鰭就已寬而短；尾鰭叉形。體長可達75公分。

生態

喜單獨或一小群棲息於礁盤外緣或礁體斜坡上，伺機捕食獵物。主要以魚類及甲殼類為主食。

經濟利用

為高經濟價值之食用魚，適合各種烹調方式食用，味美。

参考文献

• 黑背笛鲷 Macolor niger Forssk?l, 1775. 台湾物种名录. 台湾: 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心. [2013-1-24] （繁体中文）. 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)

マダラタルミ（斑たるみ、学名 Macolor niger） は、スズキ目・フエダイ科に分類される魚の一種。インド太平洋熱帯域のサンゴ礁に生息する肉食魚で、幼魚の体色が白黒に色分けされる。分布域に入る沖縄ではイナフクとも呼ばれる。

マダラタルミ属 Macolor は、本種とホホスジタルミ M. macularis の2種だけで構成される。

特徴[編集]

成魚は全長50cmほど。頭部の輪郭は円く、他のフエダイ科魚類のような吻は発達しない。目と口が大きく、口は頭部の下面にあって「への字口」になる。

幼魚は太い黒の過眼線があり、黒い背中には白の斑点、体側に白の縦帯が走り、体が白黒に色分けされる。成魚ではこの色分けがなくなり、体色は一様に黒灰色になる。

マダラタルミの幼魚

和名の「マダラ」は幼魚期の体色に由来し、「タルミ」は浅海性フエダイ類の別名である。英名"Black and white snapper"も「黒と白のフエダイ」で、やはり幼魚期の体色に由来する。また学名の属名"Macolor"も、「斑」を意味するラテン語"Macula"に由来する。

アフリカ東岸・南日本・オーストラリアまで、インド太平洋の熱帯海域に広く分布する。日本では南西諸島以南に分布している。

浅い海の岩礁・サンゴ礁域に生息する。幼魚は単独生活をするが、成魚は大きな群れを作ることが多い。食性は肉食性で、小魚や甲殻類など小動物を捕食する。

同属種[編集]

ホホスジタルミ（頬筋たるみ） Macolor macularis Fowler,1931

マダラタルミによく似ていて混同されることもあるが、幼魚は各鰭が長く伸びる。また成魚では和名通り頬に黄色の縦線が多数走り、目の虹彩も黄色になる。南西諸島からオーストラリアまでの西太平洋熱帯域に分布する。

参考文献[編集]

• 荒俣宏『世界大博物図鑑 2 魚類』ISBN 4582518222
• 岡村収・尼岡邦夫監修『山溪カラー名鑑 日本の海水魚』（フエダイ科解説 : 岩槻幸雄）ISBN 4-635-09027-2
• Macolor niger / Macolor macularis - Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2008.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version(10/2008).