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This empty test is beginning to show signs of decay. The study of the process of decay is called taphonomy; understanding the processes that cause certain changes in foraminiferal tests after death is very important for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Individual isolated from the Hamble estuary, southern England. Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. and Murray, J.W. Ecology and taphonomy of benthic foraminifera in a temperate mesotidal inlet. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 24:18-27.
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This test, which no longer contains a living foraminiferan, is beginning to decay. The small chambers at the top of the test are gone, leaving a spiral of holes where they once were. Individual isolated from the Hamble estuary, southern England. Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. and Murray, J.W. Ecology and taphonomy of benthic foraminifera in a temperate mesotidal inlet. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 24:18-27.
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Agglutinated multilocular foraminiferan islolated from sandy sediment in Eel Pond in Woods Hole, MA, USA by Laura Wegener Parfrey.
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Guadiana saltmarshes; figs. 1-2 from Pl. I in Camacho, S., Moura, D., Connor, S., Scott, D. and Boski, T. 2015. Ecological zonation of benthic foraminifera in the lower Guadiana Estuary (southeastern Portugal). Marine Micropaleontology, 114: 1-18; and figs. 1-5 from Fig. 3 in Camacho, S., Moura, D., Connor, S., Boski, T. and Scott, D. 2015. Taxonomy, ecology and biogeographical trends of dominant benthic foraminifera species from an Atlantic-Mediterranean estuary (the Guadiana, southeast Portugal). Palaeontologia Electronica, 18.1.17A, 1-27.
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Trochammina inflata sensu Jones, R.W. 1994. The Challenger Foraminifera. Image source: Brady, H.B. (1884) Pl. 41
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Image source: Goës, A. 1894. A Synopsis of the Arctic and Scandinavian recent marine Foraminifera hitherto discovered. Kong. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 25(9): 1-127 + 25 pls. (Notae numerorum tenues mensuram indicant millimetricam).
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Image source: Cushman, J.A. 1910. A Monograph of the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. Part I. Astrorhizidae and Lituolidae. Bull. U.S. Nation. Mus 71: xiv+134 pp.
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Otago, Purakanui Inlet, high tide marsh; of Pl. 2 in Hayward, B.W., Grenfell, H.R., Reid, C.M., Hayward, K.A. 1999. Recent New Zealand shallow-water benthic Foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecologic distribution, biogeography, and use in paleoenvironmental assessment. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 21, 258 p.
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Otago, Purakanui Inlet, high tide marsh; of Pl. 2 in Hayward, B.W., Grenfell, H.R., Reid, C.M., Hayward, K.A. 1999. Recent New Zealand shallow-water benthic Foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecologic distribution, biogeography, and use in paleoenvironmental assessment. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 21, 258 p.
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Southland, Waikawa Habour, salt marsh; of Pl. 2 in Hayward, B.W., Grenfell, H.R., Reid, C.M., Hayward, K.A. 1999. Recent New Zealand shallow-water benthic Foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecologic distribution, biogeography, and use in paleoenvironmental assessment. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 21, 258 p.