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Phi6 Phage Group

Cystoviridae

Cystoviridae ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Cystoviridae és una família de virus d'ARN bicatenari que infecten certs bacteris gramnegatius.

Tots els cystovirus tenen en total 14 kb de longitud i una capa externa de lípids i proteïnes. Molts cystovirus infecten espècies de Pseudomonas.[1] L’espècie tipus és Pseudomonas phage Φ6, però n’hi ha altres com Φ7, Φ8, Φ9, Φ10, Φ11, Φ12 i Φ13 identificats,[2] també s'han aïllat altres cystovirus.[1]

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM, et al. «Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102, 52, December 2005, pàg. 19009–14. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503074102. PMC: 1323146. PMID: 16365305.
  2. Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D «Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA». J. Bacteriol., 181, 15, August 1999, pàg. 4505–8. PMC: 103579. PMID: 10419946.

Enllaços externs

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Cystoviridae: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Cystoviridae és una família de virus d'ARN bicatenari que infecten certs bacteris gramnegatius.

Tots els cystovirus tenen en total 14 kb de longitud i una capa externa de lípids i proteïnes. Molts cystovirus infecten espècies de Pseudomonas. L’espècie tipus és Pseudomonas phage Φ6, però n’hi ha altres com Φ7, Φ8, Φ9, Φ10, Φ11, Φ12 i Φ13 identificats, també s'han aïllat altres cystovirus.

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Cystoviridae ( German )

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 src=
Schematische 3D-Darstellung eines Cystovirus-Virions

Die Cystoviridae sind eine Virusfamilie behüllter RNA-Viren mit segmentiertem doppelsträngigem Genom. Die Familie umfasst bislang (Stand Januar 2021) nur eine einzige offiziell bestätigte Gattung Cystovirus. Als Bakteriophage nutzt es verschiedene Gram-negative Bakterien als Wirt.

Cystoviren sind die einzige Bakteriophagenfamilie mit einer vollständigen Virushülle und die einzige mit RNA-basiertem Genom. Die Familien der Tectiviridae und der Corticoviridae haben zwar Lipide in ihren Kapsiden eingeschlossen, aber keine äußere Virushülle.

 src=
Schematischer Aufbau eines Virions der Cystoviridae (Querschnitt und Aufsicht)

Die Familie der Cystoviren scheint am nächsten mit den Reoviridae verwandt zu sein,[3] besitzen jedoch auch Homologien zu den Totiviridae. Dadurch sind Cystoviren die einzige Familie von Bakteriophagen, die näher mit Viren von Eukaryoten verwandt sind, als mit anderen Phagen.

Genom

 src=
Genom-Organisation von Pseudomonas-Virus phi6

Das Genom der Cystoviren besteht aus drei Segmenten (tripartit): Das S-Segment mit 2,9 kbp (Kilobasenpaaren), das M-Segment mit 4 kbp und L-Segment mit 6,4 kbp. Das Genom kodiert für 12 Proteine. Die meisten identifizierten Cystoviren infizieren Arten der Gattung Pseudomonas, wobei dies auch an der Untersuchungs- und Anreicherungsmethode liegen kann.[4] Die Pseudomonas-Phagen Phi6, Phi7, Phi8, Phi9, Phi10, Phi11, Phi12 und Phi13 wurden charakterisiert und benannt,[5] weitere wurden bisher nur isoliert.[4]

Während der Tropismus bei manchen Cystoviren wie Phi6 über die Bindung des multimeren Proteins P3 an Typ-IV-Pili als Rezeptor bestimmt wird, verwenden Phi8, Phi12 und Phi13 ein heterodimeres Protein, welches an Lipopolysaccharide bindet.

Reproduktionszyklus

 src=
Schematische Darstellung des Reproduktionszyklus von Pseudomonas-Virus phi6
 src=
Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme (Dünnschliff) von Virionen der Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phi6 am Pilus-Rezeptor der bakteriellen Wirtszelle (rechts). Balken 200 nm.
 src=
Assemblierung und Verpackung der Cystoviridae-Virionen

Das Protein P6 vermittelt die Fusion mit der Zellmembran der Wirtszelle und das anschließende Einschleusen des Nukleokapsids, ohne die RNA zu entpacken. P5 ist ein hydrolytisches Enzym zur Auflösung der bakteriellen Proteoglykan-Schicht. P2 sorgt als RNA-abhängige RNA-Polymerase für die Replikation des Genoms innerhalb des Nukleokapsids. P4 befördert die einzelsträngigen viralen RNA-Segmente positiver Polarität unter ATP-Verbrauch in die neu hergestellten Kapsidproteine, wo sie durch P2 zur doppelsträngigen RNA vervollständigt werden. Die Zelle wird anschließend durch Lyse verlassen.

Systematik

 src=
Phylogenetische Analyse der Cystoviridae

Das ICTV hat mit der Master Species List #35 vom März 2020 die Cystoviridae dem neu geschaffenen Phylum Duplornaviricota [en] zugeordnet.[6] Eine Kladogramm findet sich bei Picornavirales §ICTV Master Species List #35. Vom ICTV offiziell bestätigt ist in dieser Familie lediglich die einzige Gattung Cystovirus (ist also monotypisch). Nach diesem Stand besteht die Familie aus folgenden Mitgliedern (ergänzt um Vorschläge nach NCBI mit Stand 6. Februar 2021[7] und nach Mindich 1999 – in Anführungszeichen):

  • Familie Cystoviridae
  • Gattung Cystovirus
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phi6 [en](englisch Pseudomonas virus phi6, Typusspezies)
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phi8
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phi12
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phi13
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phi2954
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phiNN
  • Spezies Pseudomonas-Virus phiYY
  • Spezies „Lactococcus-Phage phi7-9
  • Spezies „Pectobacterium-Phage MA14
  • weitere Vorschläge ohne Gattungszuweisung
  • Spezies „Pseudomonas-Phage phi7
  • Spezies „Pseudomonas-Phage phi9
  • Spezies „Pseudomonas-Phage phi10
  • Spezies „Pseudomonas-Phage phi11[5]

Literatur

  • Hans-Wolfgang Ackermann, M. S. DuBow: Cystoviridae. In: Viruses of Prokaryotes, Vol II. (1987), CRC Press, Boca Raton Florida, S. 171-218.
  • D. H. Bamford, R. B. Wickner: Assembly of double-stranded RNA viruses: bacteriophage f6 and yeast virus L-A. “Sem. ViroI”. (1994), Bd. 5, S. 61–69.
  • S. Onodera, X. Qiao, J. Qiao, L. Mindich: Directed changes in the number of double-stranded RNA genomic segments in bacteriophage phi6. Proc. Acad. Nall. Sci. USA (1998), Bd. 95, S. 3920–3924.
  • Index of Viruses - Cystoviridae (2009). In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Hrsg.), Columbia University, New York, USA. [1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Human alphaherpesvirus 1, EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL #35)
  2. ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2. MSL #34, März 2019
  3. Butcher SJ, Dokland T, Ojala PM, Bamford DH, Fuller SD: Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6. In: EMBO J.. 16, Nr. 14, Juli 1997, S. 4477–87. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.14.4477. PMID 9250692. PMC 1170074 (freier Volltext).
  4. a b O. K. Silander, D. M. Weinreich, K. M. Wright et al.: Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages. In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 102, Nr. 52, Dezember 2005, S. 19009–19014. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503074102. PMID 16365305. PMC 1323146 (freier Volltext).
  5. a b Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D: Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA. In: J. Bacteriol.. 181, Nr. 15, August 1999, S. 4505–4508. PMID 10419946. PMC 103579 (freier Volltext).
  6. ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1, New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL #35)
  7. NCBI: unclassified Cystovirus und unclassified Cystoviridae
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Cystoviridae: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Schematische 3D-Darstellung eines Cystovirus-Virions

Die Cystoviridae sind eine Virusfamilie behüllter RNA-Viren mit segmentiertem doppelsträngigem Genom. Die Familie umfasst bislang (Stand Januar 2021) nur eine einzige offiziell bestätigte Gattung Cystovirus. Als Bakteriophage nutzt es verschiedene Gram-negative Bakterien als Wirt.

Cystoviren sind die einzige Bakteriophagenfamilie mit einer vollständigen Virushülle und die einzige mit RNA-basiertem Genom. Die Familien der Tectiviridae und der Corticoviridae haben zwar Lipide in ihren Kapsiden eingeschlossen, aber keine äußere Virushülle.

 src= Schematischer Aufbau eines Virions der Cystoviridae (Querschnitt und Aufsicht)

Die Familie der Cystoviren scheint am nächsten mit den Reoviridae verwandt zu sein, besitzen jedoch auch Homologien zu den Totiviridae. Dadurch sind Cystoviren die einzige Familie von Bakteriophagen, die näher mit Viren von Eukaryoten verwandt sind, als mit anderen Phagen.

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Cystovirus

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Cystovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses which infects bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Cystoviridae. The name of the group cysto derives from Greek kystis which means bladder or sack. There are seven species in this genus.[1][2][3]

Discovery

Pseudomonas virus phi6 was the first virus in this family to be discovered and was initially characterized in 1973 by Anne Vidaver at the University of Nebraska. She found that when she cultured the bacterial strain Pseudomonas phaseolicola HB1OY with halo blight infected bean straw, cytopathic effects were detected in cultured lawns, indicating that there was a lytic microbe or bacteriophage present.[4]

In 1999, phi7–14 were identified by the laboratory of Leonard Mindich at the Public Health Research Institute associated with New York University. They did this by culturing various leaves in Lysogeny Broth and then plating the broth on lawns of Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. They were able to identify viral plaques from this and then subsequently sequence their genomes.[5]

Microbiology

Structure

Virion assembly and pre-genome packaging of family Cystoviridae

Cystovirus particles are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The virion diameter is around 85 nm. Cystoviruses are distinguished by their outer layer protein and lipid envelope. No other bacteriophage has any lipid in its outer coat, though the Tectiviridae and the Corticoviridae have lipids within their capsids.[1][2]

Genome

Cystoviruses have a tripartite double-stranded RNA genome which is approximately 14 kbp in total length. The genome is linear and segmented, and labeled as large (L) 6.4 kbp, medium (M) 4 kbp, and small (S) 2.9 kb in length. The genome codes for twelve proteins.[1][2]

Life cycle

Life cycle of cystoviruses

Cytoviruses enter the bacteria by adsorption on its pilus and then membrane fusion. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The progeny viruses are released from the cell by lysis.[1][2]

Most identified cystoviruses infect Pseudomonas species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.[6] There are many proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,[5] but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.[6] These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,[5] with the distant relatives thought to infect via the LPS rather than the pili.[7]

However, cystoviruses do not only infect Pseudomonas. But also bacteria of the genera Streptomyces,[8] Microvirgula,[9] Acinetobacter,[10] Lactococcus, Pectobacterium,[11] and possibly other bacterial genera.

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of Cystovirus

Members of the Cystoviridae appear to be most closely related to the Reoviridae,[12] but also share homology with the Totiviridae. In particular, the structural genes of cystoviruses are highly-similar to those used by a number of dsRNA viruses that infect eukaryotes.[13] The genus Cystovirus has seven species:[1]

Other unassigned phages:

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "ICTV Report Cystoviridae".
  2. ^ a b c d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. ^ "NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Cystoviridae". NCBI. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  4. ^ Vidaver AK, Koski RK, Van Etten JL (May 1973). "Bacteriophage Φ6 a Lipid-Containing Virus of Pseudomonas phaseolicola". Journal of Virology. 11 (15): 799–805. doi:10.1128/jvi.11.5.799-805.1973. PMC 355178. PMID 16789137.
  5. ^ a b c Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D (August 1999). "Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA". J. Bacteriol. 181 (15): 4505–8. doi:10.1128/JB.181.15.4505-4508.1999. PMC 103579. PMID 10419946.
  6. ^ a b Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM, et al. (December 2005). "Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (52): 19009–14. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10219009S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503074102. PMC 1323146. PMID 16365305.
  7. ^ Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I (2002). "Characterization of φ12, a Bacteriophage Related to φ6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA". Virology. 295 (2): 266–271. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1436. PMID 12033785.
  8. ^ a b Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Andrew B. Janowski,Guoyan Zhao, Dan Barouch, David Wang (2016). Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity. PlosOne.
  9. ^ a b Xiaoyao Cai, Fengjuan Tian, Li Teng, Hongmei Liu, Yigang Tong Tong, Shuai Le, Tingting Zhang (2021). Cultivation of a Lytic Double-Stranded RNA Bacteriophage Infecting Microvirgula aerodenitrificans Reveals a Mutualistic Parasitic Lifestyle. American Society for Microbiology.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Clay S. Crippen, Bibi Zhou, and Christine M. Szymanski (2021). RNA and Sugars, Unique Properties of Bacteriophages Infecting Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter radioresistens Strain LH6. NCBI.
  11. ^ a b c Cystoviridae. NCBI Taxonomy.
  12. ^ Butcher SJ, Dokland T, Ojala PM, Bamford DH, Fuller SD (July 1997). "Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6". EMBO J. 16 (14): 4477–87. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.14.4477. PMC 1170074. PMID 9250692.
  13. ^ Koonin, Eugene V.; Dolja, Valerian V.; Krupovic, Mart (2015). "Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity". Virology. 479–480: 2–25. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039. PMC 5898234. PMID 25771806.

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Cystovirus: Brief Summary

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Cystovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses which infects bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Cystoviridae. The name of the group cysto derives from Greek kystis which means bladder or sack. There are seven species in this genus.

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Cystoviridae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Cystoviridae es una familia de virus que infectan bacterias (bacteriófagos). Presentan un genoma de ARN bicatenario por lo que se incluyen en el Grupo III de la Clasificación de Baltimore. La cápside está estructuralmente definida por una simetría compleja y poseen una envoltura viral.[1]​ El único género de la familia es Cystovirus.

Todos los cistovirus se caracterizan por sus tres cadenas (análogas a cromosomas) de ARN bicatenario, totalizando aproximadamente 14 kb, sus proteínas y una capa exterior lipídica. No se conocen otros bacteriófagos que tengan lípidos en su cubierta exterior, aunque Tectiviridae y Corticoviridae tienen lípidos dentro de su cápside. Se pueden dividir en dos grupos de virus. El primer grupo está formado por virus líticos que infectan bacterias gram-negativas siendo este grupo el mejor estudiado.[2][3]​ Un segundo grupo está formado por virus atemperados que infectan bacterias gram-positivas.[4]​ Muchos han sido aislados, principalmente por metagenómica.[5][4]

Cystoviridae esta íntimamente relacionado con Reoviridae,[6]​ y Totiviridae, por ello estos son reunidos en el filo Duplornaviricota los cuales parecen ser ancestros de los virus ARN monocatenario negativo (Negarnaviricota).

Referencias

  1. Prescott, L.M. (199). Microbiología. McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España, S.A.U. ISBN 84-486-0261-7.
  2. Silander, O. K., D. M. Weinreich, K. M. Wright, K. J. O'Keefe, C. U. Rang, P. E. Turner, and L. C. 2005. Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:19009-19014. full text
  3. Xiaoyao Cai, Fengjuan Tian, Li Teng, Hongmei Liu, Yigang Tong Tong, Shuai Lee (2021). Cultivation of a Lytic Double-Stranded RNA Bacteriophage Infecting Microvirgula aerodenitrificans Reveals a Mutualistic Parasitic Lifestyle. American Society for Microbiology.
  4. a b Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Andrew B. Janowski,Guoyan Zhao, Dan Barouch, David Wang (2016). Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity. PlosOne.
  5. Mindich, L., X. Qiao, J. Qiao, S. Onodera, M. Romantschuk, and D. Hoogstraten. 1999. Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA. J. Bacteriol. 181:4505-4508. full text
  6. Butcher, S. J., T. Dokland, P. M. Ojala, D. H. Bamford, and S. D. Fuller. 1997. Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6. EMBO J. 16:4477-4487. full text
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Cystoviridae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Cystoviridae es una familia de virus que infectan bacterias (bacteriófagos). Presentan un genoma de ARN bicatenario por lo que se incluyen en el Grupo III de la Clasificación de Baltimore. La cápside está estructuralmente definida por una simetría compleja y poseen una envoltura viral.​ El único género de la familia es Cystovirus.

Todos los cistovirus se caracterizan por sus tres cadenas (análogas a cromosomas) de ARN bicatenario, totalizando aproximadamente 14 kb, sus proteínas y una capa exterior lipídica. No se conocen otros bacteriófagos que tengan lípidos en su cubierta exterior, aunque Tectiviridae y Corticoviridae tienen lípidos dentro de su cápside. Se pueden dividir en dos grupos de virus. El primer grupo está formado por virus líticos que infectan bacterias gram-negativas siendo este grupo el mejor estudiado.​​ Un segundo grupo está formado por virus atemperados que infectan bacterias gram-positivas.​ Muchos han sido aislados, principalmente por metagenómica.​​

Cystoviridae esta íntimamente relacionado con Reoviridae,​ y Totiviridae, por ello estos son reunidos en el filo Duplornaviricota los cuales parecen ser ancestros de los virus ARN monocatenario negativo (Negarnaviricota).

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Cystoviridae ( Italian )

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Viruses.11.-2019-76-Tbl-1-Cystoviridae.png

Cystoviridae è una famiglia di virus che infettano i batteri (batteriofagi). Hanno un genoma di RNA a doppio filamento e sono quindi inclusi nel gruppo III della classificazione di Baltimore. Il capside è strutturalmente definito dalla simmetria complessa e ha un involucro virale. L'unico genere della famiglia è Cystovirus.

 src=
Meccanismi di ingresso del fago Φ6 di Pseudomonas

Tutti i cistovirus sono caratterizzati dai loro tre filamenti (analoghi ai cromosomi) di RNA a doppia elica, per un totale di circa 14 kb, dalle loro proteine e da uno strato lipidico esterno. Nessun altro batteriofago è noto per avere lipidi nel loro guscio esterno, sebbene Tectiviridae e Corticoviridae abbiano lipidi all'interno del loro capside. La specie tipo è lo fago Φ6 di Pseudomonas, ma sono noti molti altri membri di questa famiglia, di cui hanno nomi Φ7, Φ8, Φ9, Φ10, Φ11, Φ12 e Φ13,3 e molti altri sono stati isolati.

Cystoviridae è strettamente imparentato con Reoviridae, e Totiviridae, per questo motivo sono raccolti nel Duplornaviricota phylum che sembrano essere gli antenati dei virus a RNA a filamento singolo negativo (Negarnaviricota). Cystoviridae sembra essere l'antenato dei virus Duplornaviricota phylum. I cistovirus ei loro parenti sono probabilmente discendenti di repliconi primordiali del mondo a RNA.

Note

  1. ^ Cystoviridae. NCBI.
Controllo di autoritàLCCN (EN) sh2020001173
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Cystoviridae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Viruses.11.-2019-76-Tbl-1-Cystoviridae.png

Cystoviridae è una famiglia di virus che infettano i batteri (batteriofagi). Hanno un genoma di RNA a doppio filamento e sono quindi inclusi nel gruppo III della classificazione di Baltimore. Il capside è strutturalmente definito dalla simmetria complessa e ha un involucro virale. L'unico genere della famiglia è Cystovirus.

 src= Meccanismi di ingresso del fago Φ6 di Pseudomonas

Tutti i cistovirus sono caratterizzati dai loro tre filamenti (analoghi ai cromosomi) di RNA a doppia elica, per un totale di circa 14 kb, dalle loro proteine e da uno strato lipidico esterno. Nessun altro batteriofago è noto per avere lipidi nel loro guscio esterno, sebbene Tectiviridae e Corticoviridae abbiano lipidi all'interno del loro capside. La specie tipo è lo fago Φ6 di Pseudomonas, ma sono noti molti altri membri di questa famiglia, di cui hanno nomi Φ7, Φ8, Φ9, Φ10, Φ11, Φ12 e Φ13,3 e molti altri sono stati isolati.

Cystoviridae è strettamente imparentato con Reoviridae, e Totiviridae, per questo motivo sono raccolti nel Duplornaviricota phylum che sembrano essere gli antenati dei virus a RNA a filamento singolo negativo (Negarnaviricota). Cystoviridae sembra essere l'antenato dei virus Duplornaviricota phylum. I cistovirus ei loro parenti sono probabilmente discendenti di repliconi primordiali del mondo a RNA.

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囊狀噬菌體科 ( Chinese )

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囊狀噬菌體科 病毒分类 族: Group III (dsRNA) 分類
  • 囊狀噬菌體屬(Cystovirus) - 代表種:假单胞菌噬菌體Φ6(Pseudomonas phage Φ6)
Marburg virus.jpg 這是與病毒相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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囊狀噬菌體科: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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囊狀噬菌體科Cystoviridae

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