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Asílids ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els asílids (Asilidae) són una família de dípters braquícers de l'infraordre dels asilomorfs de distribució mundial. Segons les darreres estimacions conté 555 gèneres i 7531 espècies.[1]

Característiques

Són mosques robustes amb espines a les potes, un bigoti de pèls dens i amb tres ocels en una depressió entre els dos grans ulls compostos. Els pèls serveixen per protegir la cara quan combat amb les seves preses. La probòscide és curta i forta, amb ella injecta a les seves preses una saliva amb enzims neurotòxics i proteolítics. La saliva serveix per paralitzar a les víctimes i per preparar-les per a la digestió. A continuació absorbeix l'aliment liquat.

Història natural

S'alimenten d'altres mosques, diverses abelles i vespes, libèl·lules, llagostes i també d'aranyes. Les femelles dipositen els seus ous en una varietat de substrats. Les larves es troben sovint en la matèria orgànica en descomposició, en fems o en fusta semipodrida, i també a terra. En la majoria de les espècies les larves són omnívores i solen menjar els ous i larves d'altres insectes. El cicle vital complet pot portar d'un a tres anys.

Galeria d'imatges

Referències

  • Borror, D. J., DeLong, D. M., Triplehorn, C. A.(1976) cuarta edición. An introduction to the study of insects. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York, Chicago. ISBN 0-03-088406-3
  • Geller-Grimm F (2003): Photographic atlas and identification key to the robber flies of Germany (Diptera: Asilidae), CD-ROM, Amphx-Verlag Halle (Saale). ISBN 3-932795-18-0
  • Hull FM (1962): Robber flies of the world., Bulletin of the United States National Museum 224 (1, 2): 1-907; Washington.
  • Lavigne RJ (2003): Evolution of courtship behaviour among the Asilidae (Diptera), with a review of courtship and mating. Studia dipterologica 9(2)(2002): 703-742
  • Musso JJ (1978): Recherches sur le développement, la nutrition et l'écologie des Asilidae (Diptera - Brachycera), Aix-*Marseille: These université de droit, d'èconomie et des sciences: 312 S.
  • Oldroyd H (1969): Tabanoidea and Asiloidea, Handb Ident British Insects 9(4). London
  • Papavero N (1973): Studies of Asilidae (Diptera) systematics and evolution. I. A preliminary classification in subfamilies., Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo 23: 217-274; São Paulo.
  • Wood GC (1981): Asilidae, In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM,(Hrsg.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1., Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs 27: : 549-573; Ottawa.

Enllaços externs

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Asílids: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els asílids (Asilidae) són una família de dípters braquícers de l'infraordre dels asilomorfs de distribució mundial. Segons les darreres estimacions conté 555 gèneres i 7531 espècies.

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Raubfliegen ( German )

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Die Raubfliegen oder Jagdfliegen (Asilidae) sind eine Familie der Zweiflügler (Diptera) und werden innerhalb der Fliegen (Brachycera) zu den Spaltschlüpfern (Orthorrapha) gezählt. Weltweit sind über 7000 Arten bekannt, aufgeteilt in 530 Gattungen. Durch ihre räuberische Lebensweise haben die Tiere einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Regulierung in Ökosystemen, vor allem da sie vornehmlich pflanzenfressende Insekten jagen. Es handelt sich um mittelgroße bis große Fliegen, die Mordfliegen (Laphria) werden z. B. bis 30 Millimeter groß.

Merkmale der Raubfliegen

Aufgrund ihrer Größe sind einige Arten dieser Gruppe sehr auffällig, so etwa die Mordfliegen, welche häufig auf Lichtungen und alten Kahlschlägen vorkommen oder die Hornissenraubfliege (Asilus crabroniformis) mit ihrem schwarzgelben Hinterleib und brauner Brust. Die Leptogaster-Arten sind dagegen libellenartig schlank. Die meisten Raubfliegen sind außerdem stark behaart. Bei vielen Arten ist der Hinterleib gegenüber dem Thorax sehr schmal, bei anderen entspricht er in seiner Breite dem Brustbereich. Die Beine dienen als Fangbeine, aus diesem Grund besitzen sie besonders an der Spitze kurze und verdickte Borsten und sind hakenartig gekrümmt.

Typisch sind bei allen Raubfliegen einige Merkmale des Kopfes, etwa die Stirnfurche zwischen den Facettenaugen und dem dazwischen liegenden Höcker mit den drei Punktaugen. Die Facettenaugen selbst sind sehr groß, wobei die Größe der Einzelfacetten zum Zentrum hin zunimmt. Die Mundwerkzeuge sind etwa kopflang und als Stech- und Saugrüssel ausgebildet, wobei sie allerdings anders als die der Stechmücken oder Bremsen zugleich auch die Beute festhalten müssen. Bei einigen Arten ist ein regelrechter Bart aus Borsten ausgebildet.

Lebensweise der Raubfliegen

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Raubfliege beim Aussaugen einer Wespe

Raubfliegen besiedeln vor allem offene Lichtungen und Flächen und jagen vornehmlich bei höheren Temperaturen. Nach verschiedenen Untersuchungen sind die optimalen Temperaturen für die meisten Arten höher als 20 Grad Celsius, mit zunehmender Kälte werden sie inaktiver. Als Augenjäger bevorzugen sie gut beleuchtete und wenig strukturierte Jagdgebiete, wobei sie häufig Baumstämme oder andere höher gelegene Abflugpunkte wählen.

Raubfliegen ernähren sich vor allem von anderen Insekten. Sie besitzen sehr harte Stechborsten, gebildet aus dem Hypopharynx und den Galeae, mit denen beispielsweise die Mordfliegen sogar den Panzer verschiedener Käfer durchstechen können. Zu ihren Beutetieren gehören dementsprechend auch Pracht- und Rüsselkäfer. Musso hat 1978 nachgewiesen, dass der Speichel der Fliegen ein Insekten tötendes Gift enthält; außerdem sind in ihm Verdauungssekrete enthalten, welche die Beute vorverdauen. Die Beute wird meist im Flug erjagt und in einem Stoßflug mit den Vorderbeinen gepackt. Dabei erfolgt der Abflug meist von leicht erhöhten Lauer-Positionen, etwa einem Baumstubben. Die Beute wird wahrscheinlich optisch wahrgenommen und mit Kopfbewegungen fixiert. Eine Beutespezialisierung dieser Fliegen ist weitgehend unbekannt. Die Wolfsfliegen oder Steifbärte der Gattung Dasypogon erbeuten fast ausschließlich Honigbienen, Hummeln und andere Stechimmen und erhielten deshalb den englischen Beinamen „bee-catcher“. Einige Arten erbeuten auch Spinnen. Die Beute ist oft größer als der Jäger. Grundsätzlich ähnelt das Jagdverhalten sehr dem der Libellen.

Verbreitung

 src=
Gestreifte Habichtsfliege (Dioctria linearis ♀) mit Beute (Anthocoris nemorum)

Raubfliegen leben auf allen Kontinenten mit Ausnahme von Antarktika. Aktuell ist die größte Artenvielfalt aus den Subtropen bekannt, wobei die tropischen Regenwälder bisher nur unzureichend untersucht wurden. Viele der Arten oder Gattungen sind dabei regional typisch. Von der Inselgruppe Hawaii sind weder eingeschleppte noch heimische Arten bekannt, während auf vielen anderen Inselgruppen die Tiere zur lokalen Fauna gehören. So findet man auf beinahe allen Inselgruppen Südostasiens Raubfliegen, außerdem immer einige Arten auf den Fidschi-Inseln, Samoa und Neuseeland. Selbst von der Weihnachtsinsel ist eine Art bekannt. Zumindest Clinopogon nicoberensis ist aus fast allen Gebieten und Inseln des Indischen Ozeans und des östlichen Pazifiks bekannt. Keine einzige Art ist bis heute weltweit verbreitet.

Die meisten Artengruppen lassen sich direkt Regionen zuordnen. So kommen etwa die Vertreter der Megapodinae nur in der Neotropis (tropische Region Amerikas) vor, hier konzentrieren sich auch die Vertreter der Atomosiini und bestimmter Gattungen der Damalini (Holcocephala-Gruppe) sowie die Gattungen Diogmites (Dasypogoninae) und Nerax (Asilinae). Die beiden letztgenannten Gattungen kommen wahrscheinlich aus Mexiko, sind heute jedoch auch über weite Teile der USA verbreitet. Vertreter der Gattungen Laphria, Cyrtopogon, Lasiopogon und Asilus finden sich vornehmlich in der nördlichen Hemisphäre, also in Eurasien und Nordamerika. Die Neolophonotus-Gruppe (Asilinae) und die Gattung Microstylum (Dasypogoninae) kommt vor allem in Südamerika vor. In Südasien und der Südostasiatischen Inselwelt finden sich die metallisch glänzenden Maira-Arten.

Die weitaus größte Anzahl der Raubfliegen lebt in sandigen und weitgehend trockenen Gebieten; vor allem in Wüsten und Halbwüsten finden sich eine Reihe von Arten, obwohl sie sich auch hier eher in der Nähe von kleinen Wasserläufen oder Vegetationsinseln aufhalten, da sich dort für die Fliegen die meiste Vegetation und auch die höchste Anzahl an Beuteorganismen findet. In den gemäßigten Klimabereichen finden sich die Tiere häufig in Waldgebieten, einige Arten können auch in Sümpfen oder feuchten Wäldern leben. Innerhalb der Wälder halten sich die Fliegen dabei wiederum vornehmlich in den Bereichen von Lichtungen auf, selbst im tropischen Regenwald findet man sie meist im Übergangsbereich zum Grasland. Entsprechend gibt es auch viele Arten in den Steppen und Savannen, die vermutlich nach den Halbwüsten die meisten Arten beherbergen. Allein in Kalifornien sind aufgrund der sehr unterschiedlichen Lebensräume und der langgezogenen Form des Landes etwa 419 Arten bekannt. In die Kälteregionen der Tundra dringen offensichtlich nur die Lasiopogon-Arten vor, die dort entlang der Flussläufe leben, während Cyrtopogon in den Gebirgen bis in Höhen von 4500 m ü. NN vorkommt.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Paarung, vorn unten das Männchen

Die Begattung der Raubfliegen beginnt artspezifisch in der Luft oder am Boden. Bei einigen Arten wird sie durch Verfolgungsjagden der Partner eingeleitet, bei zahlreichen Arten, wie Heteropogon lautus und Pycnopogon fasciculatus, ist eine Flugbalz des Männchens vor dem sitzenden Weibchen bekannt. Nicht nur Männchen der Gattung Promachus sind mit besonderen Signalgebern (markant gefärbte und behaarte Beine etc.) zur Beschwichtigung der Weibchen ausgestattet. Auch die Paarung selbst unterscheidet sich bei den Arten. Einige Arten sitzen dabei aufeinander, andere bilden einen Winkel, schauen komplett in entgegengesetzte Richtungen oder wechseln während der Paarung die Stellung.

 src=
Eiablage

Die Eiablage ist sehr unterschiedlich, so lassen die Leptogaster- und die Habichtsfliegen (Dioctria) ihre Eier meist im Flug fallen („Random egg-dropping“), Laphria-Arten legen die Eier in Holz- und Rindenritzen, Philonicus-Arten graben sie mit einer speziellen Legeröhre in den Sand ein. An Pflanzen, insbesondere die Basis von Blättern legen die Dysmachus-Arten ihre Eier ab.

Die Eier sind langoval und bis zu dreimal so lang wie breit, manchmal jedoch auch nur 1,5mal so lang. Die Hülle ist weich und bei den meisten Arten nicht ornamentiert. Die Farbe variiert von weiß über gelblich bis hellbraun. Von einigen Arten ist bekannt, dass die Eier während der Eiablage mit einem seidigen Gespinst und einer harten Sandschicht geschützt werden (Dasypogon, Antipalus). Dieses Verhalten erinnert sehr an das der verwandten Wollschweber, ist aber wohl unabhängig voneinander entstanden.

Larvalentwicklung

Die Larven sind teilweise schlank, teilweise mehr gedrungen und besitzen charakteristische Borsten am letzten und den drei ersten Segmenten sowie Kriechwarzen an der Unterseite. Die Kopfkapsel ist in der Regel schmaler als der Brustbereich und nach unten gerichtet. Sie ist durch eine leichte Sklerotisierung meist hellbraun und besitzt sehr kräftige Mandibeln an der Unterseite. Die Larven besitzen neun Hinterleibssegmente, wobei die beiden letzten teilweise verschmolzen sind, das größte Hinterleibssegment ist das siebente.

Die Larven schlüpfen nach wenigen Tagen bis Wochen und leben im Boden, unter Rinde und in Larvengängen anderer Insekten. Sie ernähren sich von anderen Insektenlarven, vor allem pflanzenfressenden Käferlarven nach bisherigen Erkenntnissen. In der Literatur finden sich noch immer Hinweise auf zerfallendes Pflanzenmaterial als Nahrung. Dabei handelt es sich wohl um eine Fehldeutung der Versuche von Melin (1923), der lediglich feststellte, dass die L1-Larven sich auch ohne tierische Nahrung zur L2-Larve entwickeln. Musso (1978) konnte u. a. an Machimus rusticus nachweisen, dass weitere Larvenstadien nur über ekto- und endoparasitische Ernährung erreicht werden. Die Larven von Nerax femoratus ernähren sich vermutlich von Heuschreckeneiern. Die Entwicklung der Larven kann mehrere Jahre dauern, im Winter kommt es zu einer Diapause. Im Gegensatz zu den Larven der verwandten Stilettfliegen, bewegen sich die im Boden lebenden Larven in tieferen Schichten. Daher ist das Auffinden durch Ausgraben sehr unergiebig.

Die Puppen sind beweglich und können sich mit Hilfe von Haken und Dornenkränzen aus dem Substrat arbeiten. Im Frühling bzw. in klimatisch begünstigten Perioden kann man dann die erwachsenen Tiere (Imagines) in größeren Mengen beim Schlüpfen aus den Puppenexuvien beobachten.

Evolution

Die Evolution der meisten Fliegenfamilien ist nur sehr vage bekannt und stützt sich mehr auf Vermutungen als auf fossile Belege. Häufig wird zu diesem Zweck (wie bei anderen Tiergruppen auch) die noch recht ungenaue Molekulare Uhr angewendet, die auf einer Errechnung von Artspaltungsprozessen aufgrund von genetischen Unterschieden basiert. Allgemein geht man heute offensichtlich von einer Bildung der meisten Familien der Zweiflügler im Mesozoikum aus, nach Papavero (1973) sollen auch die Raubfliegen dort entstanden sein.

Der Fossilbefund reicht bis in die Kreide, möglicherweise sogar den Jura, wobei auch für die folgenden Zeitalter zahlreiche Fossilien bekannt sind. Sehr viele Nachweise stammen aus dem Bernstein. Hull (1962) nimmt noch auf der Basis dieses Fossilbefundes eine Spaltung innerhalb der Raubfliegen zu Beginn des Eozäns an, heute muss man diesen Zeitpunkt deutlich rückdatieren.

Systematik

Die Raubfliegen werden gemeinsam mit einigen anderen Fliegentaxa der Überfamilie der Raubfliegenartigen (Asiloidea) zuordnet, die genauen systematischen Verhältnisse innerhalb dieser Gruppe sind bislang nicht vollständig geklärt, die Raubfliegen bilden hier entweder die Schwestergruppe eines gemeinsamen Taxons aus Fensterfliegen (Scenopinidae) und Luchsfliegen (Therevidae) oder einem Taxon bestehend aus Mydidae und Apioceridae, alle fünf Familien gemeinsam stehen den Wollschwebern (Bombyliidae) gegenüber.[1]

Raubfliegenartige (Asiloidea) N.N.

? Fensterfliegen (Scenopinidae) und Luchsfliegen (Therevidae)


? Mydidae und Apioceridae


? Raubfliegen (Asilidae)


Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3

Wollschweber (Bombyliidae)



 src=
Weibchen von Choerades cf. fimbriata

Die phylogenenetische Systematik innerhalb der Raubfliegen ist wie bei vielen anderen Insekten weitgehend unbekannt. Unstrittig ist die Monophylie der Raubfliegen als solche, innerhalb des Taxon wurden jedoch auf unterschiedlichen Wegen verschiedene Gruppierungen erreicht.

Klassischerweise werden die Raubfliegen in vier Unterfamilien aufgeteilt: die Asilinae, die Dasypogoninae, die Laphriinae und die Leptogastrinae. Diese Unterteilung basiert auf verschiedenen morphologischen Merkmalen, vor allem auf der Beborstung am Körper, der Flügeläderung und der Ausstattung der Mundwerkzeuge. Neuere Untersuchungen, unter anderem auf molekularer Basis, unterscheiden demgegenüber bis zu elf Taxa auf der Ebene der Unterfamilien.[2] Die bisher fast ausschließlich morphologisch erfolgte Untersuchung wird seit wenigen Jahren durch molekulargenetische Untersuchungen ergänzt.

Arten (Auswahl)

Literatur

  • Danny Wolff, Markus Gebel, Fritz Geller-Grimm: Die Raubfliegen Deutschlands – Entdecken, Beobachten, Bestimmen. Quelle und Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2018. ISBN 978-3-494-01733-4
  • Joachim u. Hiroko Haupt: Fliegen und Mücken - Beobachtung, Lebensweise. Naturbuch, Augsburg 1998. ISBN 3-89440-278-4
  • Klaus Honomichl, Heiko Bellmann: Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten. CD-Rom. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1994. ISBN 3-437-25020-5
  • F. M. Hull: Robber flies of the world. in: Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Inst. Pr., Washington DC 224.1962,1/2, 1–907.
  • R. J. Lavigne: Evolution of courtship behaviour among the Asilidae (Diptera), with a review of courtship and mating. in: Studia dipterologica. Ampyx, Halle 9.2002,2, 703–742.
  • J. J. Musso: Recherches sur le développement, la nutrition et l'écologie des Asilidae (Diptera - Brachycera). Thèse à l'université de droit, d'économie et des sciences. Aix-Marseille 1978 (unveröffntl.).
  • H. Oldroyd: Tabanoidea and Asiloidea. Handb Ident British Insects. London 9.1969,4.
  • N. Papavero: Studies of Asilidae (Diptera) systematics and evolution. I. A preliminary classification in subfamilies. in: Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo 23.1973, 217–274.
  • G. C. Wood: Asilidae. In: J. F. McAlpine, B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, D. M. Wood (Hrsg.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Bd. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monographs. Ottawa 27.1981, 549–573.

Eine umfangreiche Bibliografie findet sich in dieser Datenbank (aktuell ca. 3700 Titel)

Einzelnachweise

  1. tolweb.org
  2. Details zur Systematik bei geller-grimm.de

Weblinks

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Raubfliegen: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Raubfliegen oder Jagdfliegen (Asilidae) sind eine Familie der Zweiflügler (Diptera) und werden innerhalb der Fliegen (Brachycera) zu den Spaltschlüpfern (Orthorrapha) gezählt. Weltweit sind über 7000 Arten bekannt, aufgeteilt in 530 Gattungen. Durch ihre räuberische Lebensweise haben die Tiere einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Regulierung in Ökosystemen, vor allem da sie vornehmlich pflanzenfressende Insekten jagen. Es handelt sich um mittelgroße bis große Fliegen, die Mordfliegen (Laphria) werden z. B. bis 30 Millimeter groß.

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Yirtqich pashshalar ( Uzbek )

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Yirtqich pashshalar, ktirlar (Asilidae) — qoʻshqanotlilar turkumiga mansub hasharotlar oilasi. Y. p. yirik pashshalar boʻlib, tanasining uz. 4—40 mm. Boshi keng va harakatchan, mustahkam hartumi bor, qorni uzun va yassi, lichinkasi oq yoki sariq, chuvalchangsimon, silindr shaklda, aksariyat boshi va keti tomon ingichkalashib boradi. Gʻumbagi yopiq, oyoklari va oʻsimta belgilari aniq koʻrinadi. Y.p. toʻgʻriqanotlilar (chigirtka va b.), qoʻshqanotlilar, pardaqanotlilar va baʼzi qoʻngʻizlarga hujum qiladi. Y.p. lichinkasi koʻpincha tuproqda yashaydi va qirsildoq qoʻngʻizlar, qora qoʻngʻiz, buzoqboshi qoʻngʻizlari, gʻalla qoʻngʻizlari va b. lichinkalari bilan oziqlanadi. Oqish (Asilus albiceps Mg.), sargʻish Y.p. (A. rufi nerois Mg.) va b. turlari keng tarqalgan. Ekinzor Y.p. ikkilamchi hasharot hisoblanadi. Lekin chigirtkalar koʻplab urchigan yillari Y.p. zararkunandalar oʻchogʻini tugatishda katta amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi (yana q. Foydali hasharotlar).

Norqoʻzi Ergashev.[1]

Manbalar

  1. OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
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Yirtqich pashshalar: Brief Summary ( Uzbek )

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Yirtqich pashshalar, ktirlar (Asilidae) — qoʻshqanotlilar turkumiga mansub hasharotlar oilasi. Y. p. yirik pashshalar boʻlib, tanasining uz. 4—40 mm. Boshi keng va harakatchan, mustahkam hartumi bor, qorni uzun va yassi, lichinkasi oq yoki sariq, chuvalchangsimon, silindr shaklda, aksariyat boshi va keti tomon ingichkalashib boradi. Gʻumbagi yopiq, oyoklari va oʻsimta belgilari aniq koʻrinadi. Y.p. toʻgʻriqanotlilar (chigirtka va b.), qoʻshqanotlilar, pardaqanotlilar va baʼzi qoʻngʻizlarga hujum qiladi. Y.p. lichinkasi koʻpincha tuproqda yashaydi va qirsildoq qoʻngʻizlar, qora qoʻngʻiz, buzoqboshi qoʻngʻizlari, gʻalla qoʻngʻizlari va b. lichinkalari bilan oziqlanadi. Oqish (Asilus albiceps Mg.), sargʻish Y.p. (A. rufi nerois Mg.) va b. turlari keng tarqalgan. Ekinzor Y.p. ikkilamchi hasharot hisoblanadi. Lekin chigirtkalar koʻplab urchigan yillari Y.p. zararkunandalar oʻchogʻini tugatishda katta amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi (yana q. Foydali hasharotlar).

Norqoʻzi Ergashev.

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Шерчымындар ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Didysmachus picipes.

Шерчымындар (лат. Asilidae) — чымындардын бир тукуму, буларга дөө шерчымын (лат. Satanas gigas) кирет.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Шерчымындар: Brief Summary ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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 src= Didysmachus picipes.

Шерчымындар (лат. Asilidae) — чымындардын бир тукуму, буларга дөө шерчымын (лат. Satanas gigas) кирет.

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திருட்டு ஈ (குடும்பம்) ( Tamil )

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திருட்டு ஈ அல்லது அசிலிடே (Asilidae) என்பது (robber fly) திருட்டு ஈ குடும்பப் பூச்சியாகும். இவை "கொலையாள் ஈ" (assassin flies) எனவும் அழைக்கப்படும். இவை பலமுள்ளவை. இவ் ஈக்கள் குறுகியதும், விறைப்பான உறிஞ்சு குழல்களைக் கொண்டு மேல் தொண்டையால் உறிஞ்சுகின்றன.[1][2] "திருட்டு ஈ" என்ற பெயர் அவற்றின் மூர்க்கமான உணவை உண்ணும் பழக்கத்தைப் பிரதிபலிக்கின்றன. அவை பொதுவாக மற்றைய பூச்சிகளையே உண்ணுகின்றன. அவ்வேளையில் அவை காத்திருந்து பதுங்கி பூச்சிகள் பறக்கும்போது இரையைப் பிடிக்கின்றன.

உசாத்துணை

  1. [1]
  2. Wood, G.C. (1981): Asilidae. - In: McAlpine, J.F. & Peterson, B.V. & Shewell, G.E. & Teskey, H.J. & Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. - Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs 27: : 549-573; Ottawa.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

திருட்டு ஈ (குடும்பம்): Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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திருட்டு ஈ அல்லது அசிலிடே (Asilidae) என்பது (robber fly) திருட்டு ஈ குடும்பப் பூச்சியாகும். இவை "கொலையாள் ஈ" (assassin flies) எனவும் அழைக்கப்படும். இவை பலமுள்ளவை. இவ் ஈக்கள் குறுகியதும், விறைப்பான உறிஞ்சு குழல்களைக் கொண்டு மேல் தொண்டையால் உறிஞ்சுகின்றன. "திருட்டு ஈ" என்ற பெயர் அவற்றின் மூர்க்கமான உணவை உண்ணும் பழக்கத்தைப் பிரதிபலிக்கின்றன. அவை பொதுவாக மற்றைய பூச்சிகளையே உண்ணுகின்றன. அவ்வேளையில் அவை காத்திருந்து பதுங்கி பூச்சிகள் பறக்கும்போது இரையைப் பிடிக்கின்றன.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

ಅಸಿಲಿಡೇ ( Kannada )

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ಅಸಿಲಿಡೆ

ಅಸಿಲಿಡೇ, ಡಿಪ್ಟೆರ ಉಪವರ್ಗದ ಒಂದು ಕುಟುಂಬ. ರೂಢನಾಮ ದರೋಡೆ ನೊಣ-ಈ ನೊಣಗಳು ಕೆಚ್ಚೆದೆಯಿಂದ ಇತರ ಕೀಟಗಳ ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಹೀರುವುದರಿಂದ ಈ ಹೆಸರು. ಕೊಡತಿ ಹುಳುಗಳನ್ನು ಮುತ್ತಿ ನಾಶಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ರೋಮಗಳ ಹೊದಿಕೆಯಿರುವ ದೊಡ್ಡ ದೇಹ. ಸುಮಾರು 1" ಉದ್ದ, ಬಣ್ಣ ಹಳದಿ; ಕೆಂಬಣ್ಣದ ದಪ್ಪ ಕಾಲುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೂದಲಿನಂಥ ರಚನೆಗಳು; ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಯ ಕೆಳಭಾಗ ಕಪ್ಪು; ರೆಕ್ಕೆಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿವೆ, ಬಣ್ಣ ಕಂದು. ಈ ನೊಣದ ಮರಿಗಳು ತೇವದ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ; ಇತರ ಜೀವಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಂದು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತವೆ. ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಟ್ರಾನ್ಸ್‍ಪೇಮಿಯ ಎವಿಪೊರ ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಭೇದ ಜೇನು ನೊಣಗಳನ್ನೇ ತಿಂದು ಬದುಕುವುದು.

ಮಾರ್ಫಾಲಜಿ

ವಾಯಸ್ಕ ನೊಣವು ೧ ರಿಂದ ೧.೫ ಅಷ್ಟು ಉದ್ದ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.ಇದರ ಆಕಾರವು ಸಾಧಾರಣವಾಗಿ ಉದ್ದವಾಗಿ, ಚೂಪಾದ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ,ಹಾಗು ನೀಳವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ರಾಬರ್ ಫ್ಲೈಸ್ ಗಳು ದಪ್ಪ, ಸ್ಪೈನಿ ಕಾಲುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಇವುಗಳು ,ತಮ್ಮ ತಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಎರಡು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಕಣ್ಣುಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಒಂದು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟವಾದ ಖಿನ್ನತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂರು ಸರಳ ಕಣ್ಣುಗಳು (ocelli) ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

[೧]

[೨]

  1. http://www.geller-grimm.de/genera15.htm
  2. http://www.bt-images.net/beautiful-eyes/robber-fly/
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ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು

ಅಸಿಲಿಡೇ: Brief Summary ( Kannada )

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 src= ಅಸಿಲಿಡೆ

ಅಸಿಲಿಡೇ, ಡಿಪ್ಟೆರ ಉಪವರ್ಗದ ಒಂದು ಕುಟುಂಬ. ರೂಢನಾಮ ದರೋಡೆ ನೊಣ-ಈ ನೊಣಗಳು ಕೆಚ್ಚೆದೆಯಿಂದ ಇತರ ಕೀಟಗಳ ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಹೀರುವುದರಿಂದ ಈ ಹೆಸರು. ಕೊಡತಿ ಹುಳುಗಳನ್ನು ಮುತ್ತಿ ನಾಶಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ. ರೋಮಗಳ ಹೊದಿಕೆಯಿರುವ ದೊಡ್ಡ ದೇಹ. ಸುಮಾರು 1" ಉದ್ದ, ಬಣ್ಣ ಹಳದಿ; ಕೆಂಬಣ್ಣದ ದಪ್ಪ ಕಾಲುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೂದಲಿನಂಥ ರಚನೆಗಳು; ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಯ ಕೆಳಭಾಗ ಕಪ್ಪು; ರೆಕ್ಕೆಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿವೆ, ಬಣ್ಣ ಕಂದು. ಈ ನೊಣದ ಮರಿಗಳು ತೇವದ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ; ಇತರ ಜೀವಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಂದು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತವೆ. ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಟ್ರಾನ್ಸ್‍ಪೇಮಿಯ ಎವಿಪೊರ ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಭೇದ ಜೇನು ನೊಣಗಳನ್ನೇ ತಿಂದು ಬದುಕುವುದು.

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ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಪಾದಕರು

Asilidae

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The Asilidae are the robber fly family, also called assassin flies. They are powerfully built, bristly flies with a short, stout proboscis enclosing the sharp, sucking hypopharynx.[1][2] The name "robber flies" reflects their expert predatory habits; they feed mainly or exclusively on other insects and, as a rule, they wait in ambush and catch their prey in flight.

Overview

A member of the Asilidae feeding on a grasshopper. This asilid shows the mystax and ocular fringe typical of the Asilidae, with short, stout proboscis and spiny, powerful legs, adapted to the capture of prey in flight.

The Asilidae are a family in the order Diptera, the true flies. The common name for members of the family is the robber flies. The Asilidae are cosmopolitan, with over 7000 described species. Latreille was the authority for establishing the family in 1802.[3] The Asilidae, together with Bombyliidae and Therevidae, are the most representative families of the superfamily of Asiloidea and they form one of the most characteristic groups of the lower Brachycera.

Robber flies have stout, spiny legs and three simple eyes (ocelli) in a characteristic depression on the tops of their head between their two large compound eyes.[4] They also have a usually dense moustache of stiff bristles on the face; this is called the mystax, a term derived from the Greek mystakos meaning "moustache" or "upper lip". The mystax has been suggested to afford some protection for the head and face when the flies deal with struggling prey; various Asilidae prey on formidable species including stinging Hymenoptera, powerful grasshoppers, dragonflies and even other Asilidae, in fact practically anything of a suitable size. Some Asilidae do, however, specialize in smaller prey, and this is reflected in their more gracile build.

In general, the family attacks a very wide range of prey, including other flies, beetles, butterflies and moths, various bees, ants, dragonflies and damselflies, ichneumon wasps, grasshoppers, and some spiders. They do so apparently irrespective of any repugnatorial chemicals the prey may have at their disposal.[5] Many Asilidae when attacked in turn do not hesitate to defend themselves with their probosces and may deliver intensely painful bites to humans if handled incautiously.

The antennae are short, have three segments, and sometimes bear a bristle-like structure called an arista.

Though they are a very characteristic group for such a large family, the Asilidae may easily be confused with the related and less widely known family Therevidae. Some points of contrast between the families include that the labium in the Therevidae is not a piercing, predatory organ, but ends in two fleshy labella adapted to the sucking of liquid foods. Again, the Therevidae commonly have fluffy setae above the mouthparts, unlike the stiff chaetae comprising the mystax of the Asilidae. Furthermore, in the Asilidae the depression on the vertex between the eyes tends to be more obvious than in the Therevidae.

A male Laphria flava feeding on a Rhynocoris annulatus

The fly attacks its prey by stabbing it with its short, strong proboscis, injecting the victim with saliva containing neurotoxic and proteolytic enzymes which very rapidly paralyze the victim and soon digest the insides; the fly then sucks the liquefied material through the proboscis.

Many Asilidae have long, tapering abdomens, sometimes with a sword-like ovipositor. Others, for instance Laphria, are fat-bodied bumblebee mimics.

Female robber flies deposit whitish-colored eggs on low-lying plants and grasses, or in crevices within soil, bark, or wood. Egg-laying habits depend on the species and their specific habitat; most species lay their eggs in masses, which are then covered with a chalky protective coating.

After hatching, robber fly larvae generally seem to live in soil, rotting wood, leaf mold, and similar materials, some being predatory and others detrivorous.[5] Larvae are also predacious, feeding on eggs, larvae, or other soft-bodied insects. Robber flies overwinter as larvae and pupate in the soil. Pupae migrate to the soil surface and emerge as adults, often leaving behind their pupal casing. Complete development ranges from one to three years, depending on species and environmental conditions.[6]

Morphology

Adult

Adults are generally medium to large in size, with an average body width of 1 to 1.5 cm (0.39 to 0.59 in), but with a range of 3 mm (0.12 in) to more than 5 cm (2.0 in) in length. The shape is generally elongated, due to the conformation of the long tapering abdomen, however there are also compact species with broad abdomens. The integument is covered with thick hair, especially on the head and thorax and liveries are often showy, with colors ranging from brown to black to grey, sometimes in contrast with other colors such as red and yellow. Frequently they are aposematic, imitating the livery of Hymenoptera.

Choerades fimbriata: a powerful predator with body adapted to fast flight. Note the mystax, the proboscis and the depression between the eyes.
Head-on view showing the characteristic depression formed by the elevation of the compound eyes

The head is free and mobile and dichoptic in both sexes and has three ocelli arranged in a characteristic depression formed by the elevation of the compound eyes. This feature is clearly visible in the front view and is a morphological peculiarity of Asilidae. The occipital region has one or more rows of bristles aligned behind the posterior margin of the eye. The facial region has a convex profile with a characteristic dense bundle of bristles, called a "mystax". The mystax helps protect the head and face when the fly encounters prey bent on defense. Other bristles are arranged on the ocellar tubercle.

The antennae are of the aristate type, composed typically of five segments but sometimes from three to four, depending on the structure of the stylus. The scape and pedicel are generally relatively short and hairy; the third segment (or first flagellomere) has an oval or oblong shape, is generally longer than the two basal segments, and bears a stylus generally composed of two segments, of which the basal is very short. In some asilids, the stylus can be monoarticolate or absent.

Section of Asilidae mouthparts a: labrum; b: hypopharynx; c: maxillary palp; d: maxillae; e: food canal; f: labium

The mouthparts are short and modified for piercing-sucking. They consist of a strongly sclerotized proboscis which includes the labium and maxillae which form a food canal, the labrum and a piercing organ, the hypopharynx. The proboscis is rounded in cross section or laterally or dorsoventrally compressed and is usually stout, and straight and sometimes able to penetrate through the hard integument of Coleoptera. The maxillary palpi are at the base beside the labium, two-segmented in all Dasypogoninae or single segmented in Asilinae and Leptogastrinae.

The thorax is robust and compact. Unlike in other lower Brachycera, it bears long bristles (macrochaeta) useful as taxonomic characters. Bristles of this type are always present on the notopleuron (notopleural bristles) and, in two series, on mesonotum (dorsocentral, supralar and postalar). Other bristles are present on the metanotum (dorsocentral bristles on the ventral episternum and at the apex of the mesoscutellum.

Basal plan of the wing venation.
Longitudinal veins: C: costa; Sc: subcosta; R: radius; M: media; Cu: cubitus; A: anal.
Crossveins: h: humeral; r-m: radio-medial; m-m: medial; m-cu: medio-cubital
Cells: d: discal; br: 1st basal; bm: 2nd basal; r1: marginal; r3: 1st submarginal; r5: 1st posterior; m3: 4th posterior; cup: cell cup

The legs are relatively long and strong, with many macrochaetes performing a raptorial function. The wings are well developed, often relatively narrow for speedy flight; the alula is generally well developed, with the exception of the Leptogastrinae and part of Dasypogoninae. The venation is much as in the Rhagionidae, Tabanidae, and Therevidae; the radial R is always four-branched, with R2+3 unbranched. Details of wing venation determine subfamilies and lower taxa. The wings are most often hyaline, but sometimes smoky or dark colored, or partly infuscated in many genera or completely darkened. The abdomen consists of six to eight visible segments preceding the genitalia in males, but the eighth segment is sometimes entirely or partially concealed, and terminal forming the ovipositor. It is long and narrow conical in most species, but wide, dorsoventrally flattened and short in bee mimics. In the Leptogastrinae, the abdomen is extremely long and slender. In some tribes, the male undergoes axial torsion of 180°.

Egglaying

Egg

The egg is hyaline or pigmented and of variable shape from spherical to oval and up to 2 mm in length. The surface is smooth or bears microsculptures, which are generally polygonal and visible only in the electron microscope.

Larva

The larva is apodous, cylindrical, and elongated, more or less flattened dorsoventrally and tapered at the cephalic and caudal ends. The colour is white or yellowish. The head is small, rugged, dark-pigmented and hypognathous, the abdomen is composed of eight apparent urites, with the last two often fused and more or less reduced. The respiratory system is amphineustic, with two pairs of spiracles, one thoracic and one abdominal. Also, rudimentary and nonfunctional stigmata occur in other abdominal segments.

Pupa

The pupa is naked, as in the majority of the Orthorrhapha, exarate and therefore able to move.

Biology

The Asilidae are predators, in both the juvenile and the adult stages, and feed on small arthropods, mainly insects. Although predatory forms in the adult stage are present in other taxonomic groups of Diptera, the Asilidae are the most representative for the number of species and for uniformity of feeding behavior. The combination of high biodiversity and high predatory activity leads to this family playing an important role in the ecological stability of entomofauna.

Blepharepium sonorensis, a robber fly that closely resembles Polistes paper wasp species such as P. apachus

The lifecycle takes place in 1–3 years. The postembryonic development consists of four larval stages (instars) and one pupa. The larvae of the first instar differ from other stages in both ethology and trophic regime. The larvae of most known asilids live in the soil or in the case of some taxonomic groups, in rotting organic material, usually wood and the bark of dead trees. With regards to feeding behavior, most of the literature describes Asilidae larvae as entomophagous, but doubts remain about the real nature of the trophic regime and its mechanisms. The entomophagy of some species had indeed been already hypothesized by some authors of the 19th century, based on the findings of larvae of asilids associated with larvae of other insects, but Melin (1923) asserted that, in reality, predation was occasional and secondary to the plant-based diet. More recent studies have confirmed the entomophagy of some asilids without extending this species' feeding behavior for the whole family. Less certain, however, is the mechanism of entomophagy: in general, the behavior is cited as predation, but for some species may be ectoparasitoids. Musso (1983)[7] described the feeding behavior of the larvae of Machimus rusticus: the larvae of the first instar does not feed on insects, those of the second instar feed on secretions by larvae of beetles (and may cause death), while the larvae of the third and fourth instars actually behave like predators. In short, the feeding behavior of larval asilids can be intermediate between predation and ectoparasitism. Much better known and described in detail is the behavior of adults. In general, predation in adults is concentrated in the hottest hours in open, sunny spaces, while at night, they take refuge in dense vegetation. The Asilidae are excellent flyers, and in most of the family, capture prey in flight. They are often seen stationed to ambush prey at strategic points. This behavior signifies that sight plays an essential role in the detection of prey and their capture. The prey is caught with the tarsi and injected with a paralyzing saliva. The asilid pierces the integument of the prey with the prepharyx (hyopharynx) in preferential points of least resistance such as the eyes, the membranous area of transition between the head and thorax (neck) or between thorax and abdomen, or between the last urotergiti. Puncture is followed by the injection of saliva, whose active components perform two functions: The neurotoxins cause paralysis of the victim, while proteolytic enzymes lead to the breakup and liquefaction of internal tissues; in a short time, the predator is able to feed by sucking the internal fluids through the alimentary canal.

With regards to interspecific trophic relationships, a large number of reports exists on the prey captured by the Asilidae. Lavigne (2003) has developed a database comprising over 13,000 reports.[8] The prey of Asilidi are predominantly represented by other insects, mostly winged, but several cases in which they have attacked spiders have also been reported. Within the insects, orders that include the most frequent prey of asilids include a wide range of families within the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, other Diptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera; prey belonging to various other orders (Odonata, Neuroptera, Isoptera, Thysanoptera, Blattodea, etc.) are also mentioned.

With regards to the specificity of the trophic relationship, Wood (1981)[2] mentions some studies in the literature on the subject. Some genera have been found to be monophagic, but more generally the Asilidae are polyphagic with behaviors that vary from stenophagia[8] to euriphagia.[2] However, cases are reported of stenohage asilids, which if necessary, focus their predatory activity against a species when this forms large populations.

Other studies[9] have shown that the ratio between the size of the prey and the asilid varies from 1.8:1 to 3.7:1, with an average of 2.6:1. The ratio tends to increase with decreasing size of the predator.

Didysmachus picipes lays eggs on an ear of grass

Egg-laying takes place, according to the species, with three different behaviors that relate to the structure and the morphology of the abdomen. Females with an undifferentiated ovipositor release eggs randomly and independently from the substrate. In other cases, however, the abdomen bears a differentiated, specialized ovipositor to lay eggs in the soil or sand, or lay them in cavities within plant tissues.

Habitat and ecology

Asilidae generally occur in habitats that are open, sunny, and dry, even arid. They favour open or scattered vegetation, and some species even frequent bare ground. Typical habitats include savannah, forest steppe, open steppe, semidesert, maquis shrubland, and related shrubland types such as fynbos and chaparral. Their biodiversity is lower in forested ecosystems, and where asilids do occur in such environments, they tend to concentrate in the glades and margins. In those conditions, the interrupted canopy leaves space for various species of shrubs and herbaceous plants suited to asilid styles of predation.

In general, the biology of the Asilidae is still poorly known, but various authors have studied the population distribution in particular regions and ecosystems. They have classified the behavioral patterns in terms of microenvironments, ecological, and trophic factors, showing how different species of Asilidae favour particular habitats suited to particular patterns of reproduction and predation. Specific studies show correlations between the floristic composition and predatory behaviour. [10]

Robber flies (Asilidae) mating in a blade of lemon grass, in Western ghats India

Distribution

Asilidae Robber fly from the Anaimalai hills, Western Ghats, India

Asilidae occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. In the Northern Hemisphere, some species are even adapted to tundra. Alpine species occur at altitudes exceeding 4000 meters/13,000 feet. However, the highest levels of biodiversity are in warm climates; tropical or subtropical and arid or semi-arid regions tend to have the greatest variety of species, followed by areas where rainfall is highly seasonal.

Systematics

Female Stenopogon martini feeding on a honeybee

The Asilidae currently include over 7500 described species in about 556 genera.[11] Their taxonomy is still under study in the light of new specimens and cladistic analysis. The 14 accepted subfamilies are:[12]

The oldest known member of the family is Araripogon from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of Brazil.[13]

Phylogeny

Asiloidea N.N.

? Scenopinidae and Therevidae

? Mydidae and Apioceridae

? Asilidae

Bombyliidae

Clade showing relationship of Asiloidea

Notable researchers

Carl Linnaeus (Linné; 1758), in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, erected the genus Asilus, including 11 species, and added four others in the 12th edition (1767). Asilus crabroniformis (1758) is the type of the genus. The rank of family is credited to Leach in Samouelle (1819). Johan Christian Fabricius in five publications dated from 1775 to 1805, erected the genus Damalis and described 76 exotic and European species. Wiedemann, in publications appearing between 1817 and 1830, described 235 species, many exotic. Johann Wilhelm Meigen in an early work of 1803 erected four genera, three of which now represent subfamilies. He also described many species in Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten (1800 to 1838). During the rest of the 19th century, significant contributions were made by Hermann Loew in particular. Other prominent authors dealing with the Asilidae during the 19th century included Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart, Francis Walker, Camillo Rondani, and Jacques-Marie-Frangile Bigot.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.geller-grimm.de/genera15.htm
  2. ^ a b c Wood, Grace C. (1981). "Asilidae" (PDF). In McAlpine, J. F.; Peterson, B. V.; Shewell, G. E.; Teskey, H. J.; Vockeroth, J. R.; Wood, D. M. (eds.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Ottawa: Biosystematics Research Institute. pp. 549–73. ISBN 978-0-660-10731-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  3. ^ Jeffrey, Charles (1973). Biological nomenclature. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-2431-6.
  4. ^ Robber fly eyes: http://www.bt-images.net/beautiful-eyes/robber-fly/ Archived 2014-04-23 at archive.today
  5. ^ a b Richards, O. W.; Davies, R. G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-61390-6.
  6. ^ "Backyard Gardener - Robber Flies - September 3, 2014".
  7. ^ Musso, Joseph-Jean (1983). "Nutritive and Ecological Requirements of Robber Flies (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae)". Entomologia Generalis. 9 (1–2): 35–50. doi:10.1127/entom.gen/9/1983/35.
  8. ^ a b "Database Asilidae: predator-prey database". www.geller-grimm.de.
  9. ^ Dennis, D Steve; Lavigne, Robert J (1975). Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II (Diptera: Asilidae). Laramie: Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wyoming. OCLC 10795887.
  10. ^ "Fritz Geller-Grimm. Information on Robber Flies: Ecological Classification in Robber flies (Asilidae)".
  11. ^ "Asiloid Flies: Asilidae". asiloidflies.si.edu. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  12. ^ Dennis, D. Steve; Barnes, Jeffrey K.; Knutson, Lloyd (17 June 2013). "Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)". Zootaxa. 3673 (1): 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1. PMID 26146701.
  13. ^ D. Grimaldi. 1990. Insects from the Santana formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil - Chapter 9. Diptera. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 195:164-183
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Asilidae: Brief Summary

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The Asilidae are the robber fly family, also called assassin flies. They are powerfully built, bristly flies with a short, stout proboscis enclosing the sharp, sucking hypopharynx. The name "robber flies" reflects their expert predatory habits; they feed mainly or exclusively on other insects and, as a rule, they wait in ambush and catch their prey in flight.

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Asilidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los asílidos (Asilidae) son una familia de dípteros braquíceros de distribución mundial con más de 7500 especies descritas. Son moscas robustas con espinas en las patas, un bigote de setas densas y con tres ocelos en una depresión entre los dos grandes ojos compuestos. Las setas sirven para proteger la cara cuando combate con sus presas. La probóscide es corta y fuerte, con ella inyecta una saliva con enzimas neurotóxicas y proteolíticas a sus presas. La saliva sirve para paralizar a las víctimas y para prepararlas para la digestión. A continuación absorbe el alimento licuado.

Se alimentan de otras moscas, diversas abejas y avispas, libélulas, saltamontes y también de arañas.

Ciclo vital

 src=
Moscas asílidas apareándose en una hoja de manzano.

Las hembras depositan sus huevos en una variedad de sustratos. Las larvas se encuentran a menudo en la materia orgánica en descomposición, en estiércol o en madera semipodrida como así también en el suelo. En la mayoría de las especies las larvas son omnívoras y suelen comer los huevos y larvas de otros insectos. El ciclo vital completo puede llevar de uno a tres años.

 src=
Hembra Stenopogon martini comiendo una abeja doméstica
 src=
Algunos Asilidae en Europäischen Zweiflügeligen

Taxonomía

En el presente Asilidae incluye 7500 especies descritas en aproximadamente 556 géneros.[1]​ La taxonomía aún necesita más estudios a medida que se describen nuevas especies y resulta necesario tener en cuenta la cladística. Se aceptan 14 subfamilias:[2]

Filogenia

Asiloidea N.N.  

? Scenopinidae y Therevidae

   

? Mydidae y Apioceridae

   

? Asilidae

     

Bombyliidae

   

Clado mostrando las relaciones de Asiloidea

Galería de fotos

Referencias

  • Borror, D. J., DeLong, D. M., Triplehorn, C. A.(1976) cuarta edición. An introduction to the study of insects. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York, Chicago. ISBN 0-03-088406-3
  • Geller-Grimm F (2003): Photographic atlas and identification key to the robber flies of Germany (Diptera: Asilidae), CD-ROM, Amphx-Verlag Halle (Saale). ISBN 3-932795-18-0
  • Hull FM (1962): Robber flies of the world., Bulletin of the United States National Museum 224 (1, 2): 1-907; Washington.
  • Lavigne RJ (2003): Evolution of courtship behaviour among the Asilidae (Diptera), with a review of courtship and mating. Studia dipterologica 9(2)(2002): 703-742
  • Musso JJ (1978): Recherches sur le développement, la nutrition et l'écologie des Asilidae (Diptera - Brachycera), Aix-*Marseille: These université d'droit, d'èconomie et des sciences: 312 S.
  • Oldroyd H (1969): Tabanoidea and Asiloidea, Handb Ident British Insects 9(4). London
  • Papavero N (1973): Studies of Asilidae (Diptera) systematics and evolution. I. A preliminary classification in subfamilies., Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo 23: 217-274; São Paulo.
  • Wood GC (1981): Asilidae, In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM,(Hrsg.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1., Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs 27: : 549-573; Ottawa.
  1. «Asiloid Flies: Asilidae». asiloidflies.si.edu. Smithsonian Institution. Consultado el 10 de enero de 2017.
  2. Dennis, D. Steve; Barnes, Jeffrey K.; Knutson, Lloyd (17 de junio de 2013). «Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)». Zootaxa 3673 (1): 1-64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1. Consultado el 10 de enero de 2017.

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Asilidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Los asílidos (Asilidae) son una familia de dípteros braquíceros de distribución mundial con más de 7500 especies descritas. Son moscas robustas con espinas en las patas, un bigote de setas densas y con tres ocelos en una depresión entre los dos grandes ojos compuestos. Las setas sirven para proteger la cara cuando combate con sus presas. La probóscide es corta y fuerte, con ella inyecta una saliva con enzimas neurotóxicas y proteolíticas a sus presas. La saliva sirve para paralizar a las víctimas y para prepararlas para la digestión. A continuación absorbe el alimento licuado.

Se alimentan de otras moscas, diversas abejas y avispas, libélulas, saltamontes y también de arañas.

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Röövkärblased ( Estonian )

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 src=
Röövkärblane on püüdnud rohutirtsu

Röövkärblased (Asilidae) on sugukond kärbselisi.

Tihedalt karvase kehaga suured röövtoidulised kärbselised. Toituvad enamasti putukatest.

Maailmas 5000–7000 liiki. Eestis umbes 30 liiki.

Eesti liikidega perekonnad

Välislingid

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Röövkärblased: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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 src= Röövkärblane on püüdnud rohutirtsu

Röövkärblased (Asilidae) on sugukond kärbselisi.

Tihedalt karvase kehaga suured röövtoidulised kärbselised. Toituvad enamasti putukatest.

Maailmas 5000–7000 liiki. Eestis umbes 30 liiki.

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Petokärpäset ( Finnish )

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Petokärpäset (Asilidae) on kärpästen heimo. Petokärpäsiä on maailmanlaajuisesti 5500 lajia.[2] Suomessa lajeja on noin 40.[3] Heimon nimi johtuu kärpästen elintavasta, mutta petona eläviä kärpäslajeja on myös muissa heimoissa (mm. sukaskärpäsiin kuuluvan Coenosia-suvun lajit).

Ulkonäkö

Petokärpäset ovat hyvin vaihtelevia ulkonäöltään, toiset ovat tanakoita ja hyvin karvaisia, toiset hentoja ja karvattomia. Naama on kuitenkin yleensä karvainen. Niillä on leveä eturuumis ja suippeneva takaruumis. Kärpästen joukossa ne ovat keskisuuria tai suuria. Päässä on suora ja kova imukärsä, jolla ne puhkaisevat saaliinsa ihon. Tuntosarvissa on kolme osaa, joista viimeinen on pidentynyt. Kahden verkkosilmän välisessä syvennyksessä on kolme pistesilmää.[3][2]

Ravinto

Aikuiset syövät saalistamiaan hyönteisiä. Petokärpäsen imukärsä on kehittynyt suoraksi ja kovaksi saaliin panssarin puhkaisemiseksi. Ne syövät lähes kaikkia pikkuötököitä, myös toisia kärpäsiä. Toukat syövät mätänevää kasviainesta, toisia hyönteisiä tai niiden toukkia ja munia.[4][3][2]

Elinympäristö ja -tavat

Petokärpäset elävät monenlaisissa ympäristöissä; kosteissa niitty-ympäristöissä, kuivilla ja hiekkaisilla alueilla tai metsän reunalla. Naarat munivat hiekkaan, maahan tai kasvillisuuteen. Toukat elävät maassa tai mätänevässä puussa.[2]

Kärpäset saalistavat väijymällä tähystyspaikalla sopivaa saalista. Ne voivat napata saaliin kiinni jopa suoraan ilmasta. Koiraat voivat pyydystää naaraita samalla tavalla.[3][2]

Lajeja

Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. Fauna Europaea: Asilidae. Viitattu 3.9.2012
  2. a b c d e Field Guides: Asilidae (Robber flies)
  3. a b c d Laine 2000: 348
  4. Maailman eläimet: 96

Aiheesta muualla

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Petokärpäset: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Petokärpäset (Asilidae) on kärpästen heimo. Petokärpäsiä on maailmanlaajuisesti 5500 lajia. Suomessa lajeja on noin 40. Heimon nimi johtuu kärpästen elintavasta, mutta petona eläviä kärpäslajeja on myös muissa heimoissa (mm. sukaskärpäsiin kuuluvan Coenosia-suvun lajit).

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Asilidae ( French )

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Les Asilidae (les asilidés, asilides ou les mouches à toison), sont une famille d'insectes diptères prédateurs. Ils constituent un groupe homogène de prédateurs à l’état adulte, comptant environ 7 400 espèces dans le monde[1].

Morphologie

Prédateurs stricts spécialisés dans la capture d'invertébrés, les Asilides ont des adaptations morphologiques en lien avec cette spécialisation[2] : corps souvent massif à pilosité dense ; vertex enfoncé entre les yeux composés développés ; pattes longues et épineuses servant au maintien des proies ; appareil buccal robuste avec un « rostre » surmonté d'un mystax, « moustache[3] » destinée à protéger les yeux de l'insecte des mouvements défensifs de la proie[4].

Ils sont souvent parés de livrées aposématiques évoquant les motifs rayés des Hyménoptères[5].

Biologie

 src=
Coupe transversale de l'appareil buccal a : labrum ; b : hypopharynx ; c : palpe maxillaire ; d : maxilles ; e : canal alimentaire ; f: labium

Les Asilides sont munis d'un « rostre » pointu dans lequel coulisse un hypopharynx robuste à apex vulnérant capable de percer les cuticules les plus dures de leurs proies capturées en vol lorsqu'il s'agit d'insectes volant[6]. Elles les ramènent généralement sur leur poste de guet et y injectent leur salive à enzymes neurotoxiques et protéolytique pour en aspirer le contenu prédigéré. Les différentes espèces possèdent également de longues pattes ravisseuses, munies d'épines et formant une cage pour enfermer les insectes capturés[7].

Taxinomie

Selon NCBI (31 juil. 2010)[8], cette famille est divisée en 13 sous-familles :

Selon ITIS (4 juillet 2013)[9] :

Notes et références

  1. (en) Vincent H. Resh et Ring T. Cardé, Encyclopedia of Insects, Academic Press, 2009, p. 292
  2. Eugène Séguy, Diptères (Brachycères) (Asilidae), Lechevalier, 1927, p. 1
  3. Le suffixe pogon (barbe en grec) sert à qualifier la moustache de nombreux genres d’Asilides en fonction de leur développement pileux : Dasypogon (« à barbe épaisse »), Lasiopogon (« à barbe hérissée »), etc.
  4. (en) Peter Kirby, Habitat management for invertebrates : a practical handbook, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 2001, p. 128
  5. (en) Insect Evolutionary Ecology, CABI, 2005, p. 259
  6. Dotées d'une vue très efficace, beaucoup d'espèces restent en embuscade pour se lancer sur leur proie qu'elles capturent en plein vol
  7. (en) David Grimaldi et Michael S. Engel, Evolution of the Insects, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 522
  8. NCBI, consulté le 31 juil. 2010
  9. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 4 juillet 2013

Voir aussi

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wikipedia FR

Asilidae: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Les Asilidae (les asilidés, asilides ou les mouches à toison), sont une famille d'insectes diptères prédateurs. Ils constituent un groupe homogène de prédateurs à l’état adulte, comptant environ 7 400 espèces dans le monde.

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Grabežnice ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Grabežnice (Asilidae), porodica kukaca dvokrilca iz podreda kratkoticalaca. Opisali su je Kirby & Spence, 1817. Sastoji se od nekoliko potporodica i više desetaka rodova[1].

Muhe grabežnice ime dobivaju po tome što su grabežljivci koji u tijelo žrtve ubace probavne sokove kako bi mogle isisati utrobu, ostavljajući iza sebe samo utrobu.

Najstartija vrsta grabežnice živjela je još u vrijeme dinosaura i dobila je znanstveni naziv Burmapogon bruckschi, a pronađeni su mužjak i ženka u komadu jantara pronađenog u Mjanmaru u dolini Hukawng.[2]

Sistematika

Potporodice

Rodovi

  1. Genus Ablautus
  2. Genus Abrophila
  3. Genus Acasilus
  4. Genus Acnephalum
  5. Genus Acrochordomerus
  6. Genus Acronyches
  7. Genus Aczelia
  8. Genus Adelodus
  9. Genus Afganopogon
  10. Genus Afroepitriptus
  11. Genus Afroestricus
  12. Genus Afroholopogon
  13. Genus Afromelittodes
  14. Genus Afromochtherus
  15. Genus Afroscleropogon
  16. Genus Agrostomyia
  17. Genus Albicoma
  18. Genus Alcimus
  19. Genus Alvarenga
  20. Genus Alyssomyia
  21. Genus Amathomyia
  22. Genus Amblyonychus
  23. Genus Ammodaimon
  24. Genus Ammophilomima
  25. Genus Amorimius
  26. Genus Amphisbetetus
  27. Genus Anacinaces
  28. Genus Anarmostus
  29. Genus Anarolius
  30. Genus Anasillomos
  31. Genus Ancylorhynchus
  32. Genus Andrenosoma
  33. Genus Aneomochtherus
  34. Genus Anisopogon
  35. Genus Annamyia
  36. Genus Anoplothyrea
  37. Genus Antilophonotus
  38. Genus Antipalpus
  39. Genus Antiphrisson
  40. Genus Anypodetus
  41. Genus Apachekolos
  42. Genus Aphamartania
  43. Genus Aphestia
  44. Genus Aphistina
  45. Genus Aplestobroma
  46. Genus Apoclea
  47. Genus Apolastauroides
  48. Genus Apothechyla
  49. Genus Apotinocerus
  50. Genus Apoxyria
  51. Genus Araiopogon
  52. Genus Araujoa
  53. Genus Archilaphria
  54. Genus Archilestris
  55. Genus Archilestroides
  56. Genus Argillemisca
  57. Genus Argyrochira
  58. Genus Argyropogon
  59. Genus Aristofolia
  60. Genus Asilella
  61. Genus Asilus
  62. Genus Asiola
  63. Genus Aspidopyga
  64. Genus Astochia
  65. Genus Astylopogon
  66. Genus Aterpogon
  67. Genus Atomosia
  68. Genus Atonia
  69. Genus Atractia
  70. Genus Atractocoma
  71. Genus Austenmyia
  72. Genus Austrosaropogon
  73. Genus Aymarasilus
  74. Genus Backomyia
  75. Genus Bactria
  76. Genus Bamwardaria
  77. Genus Bana
  78. Genus Bathropsis
  79. Genus Bathypogon
  80. Genus Beameromyia
  81. Genus Blepharepium
  82. Genus Blepharotes
  83. Genus Bohartia
  84. Genus Borapisma
  85. Genus Brachyrhopala
  86. Genus Brevirostrum
  87. Genus Bromleyus
  88. Genus Bromotheres
  89. Genus Broticosia
  90. genus Burmapogon
  91. Genus Cabasa
  92. Genus Caenarolia
  93. Genus Callinicus
  94. Genus Carreraomyia
  95. Genus Cenochromyia
  96. Genus Centrolaphria
  97. Genus Ceraturgus
  98. Genus Cerdistus
  99. Genus Cerotainia
  100. Genus Cerotainiops
  101. Genus Cerozodus
  102. Genus Chilesus
  103. Genus Choerades
  104. Genus Chryseutria
  105. Genus Chrysopogon
  106. Genus Chrysotriclis
  107. Genus Chylophaga
  108. Genus Chymedax
  109. Genus Clariola
  110. Genus Clephydroneura
  111. Genus Cleptomyia
  112. Genus Clinopogon
  113. Genus Cnodalomyia
  114. Genus Cochleariocera
  115. Genus Codula
  116. Genus Coleomyia
  117. Genus Colepia
  118. Genus Comantella
  119. Genus Congomochtherus
  120. Genus Connomyia
  121. Genus Conosiphon
  122. Genus Cophinopoda
  123. Genus Cophura
  124. Genus Cormansis
  125. Genus Corymyia
  126. Genus Cratolestes
  127. Genus Cratopoda
  128. Genus Creolestes
  129. Genus Crobilocerus
  130. Genus Cryptomerinx
  131. Genus Ctenodontina
  132. Genus Ctenota
  133. Genus Cyanonedys
  134. Genus Cyclosocerus
  135. Genus Cylicomera
  136. Genus Cyphomyiactia
  137. Genus Cyphotomyia
  138. Genus Cyrtophrys
  139. Genus Cyrtopogon
  140. Genus Dakinomyia
  141. Genus Damalina
  142. Genus Damalis
  143. Genus Danomyia
  144. Genus Daptolestes
  145. Genus Dasophrys
  146. Genus Daspletis
  147. Genus Dasycyrton
  148. Genus Dasylechia
  149. Genus Dasyllina
  150. Genus Dasyllis
  151. Genus Dasypecus
  152. Genus Dasypogon
  153. Genus Deromyia
  154. Genus Despotiscus
  155. Genus Dichaetothyrea
  156. Genus Dicolonus
  157. Genus Dicranus
  158. Genus Dicropaltum
  159. Genus Dikowmyia
  160. Genus Dinozabrus
  161. Genus Dioctobroma
  162. Genus Dioctria
  163. Genus Diogmites
  164. Genus Dissmeryngodes
  165. Genus Dogonia
  166. Genus Dolichoscius
  167. Genus Dolopus
  168. Genus Dysclytus
  169. Genus Dysmachus
  170. Genus Eccoptopus
  171. Genus Eccritosia
  172. Genus Echthistus
  173. Genus Echthodopa
  174. Genus Eclipsis
  175. Genus Efferia
  176. Genus Eicherax
  177. Genus Eichoichemus
  178. Genus Empodiodes
  179. Genus Engelepogon
  180. Genus Enigmomorphus
  181. Genus Epaphroditus
  182. Genus Epiblepharis
  183. Genus Epiklisis
  184. Genus Epipamponeurus
  185. Genus Epitriptus
  186. Genus Erax
  187. Genus Eraxasilus
  188. Genus Erebunus
  189. Genus Eremisca
  190. Genus Eremodromus
  191. Genus Eremonotus
  192. Genus Eretomyia
  193. Genus Eriopogon
  194. Genus Erythropogon
  195. Genus Esatanas
  196. Genus Eucyrtopogon
  197. Genus Eudioctria
  198. Genus Eumecosoma
  199. Genus Eurhabdus
  200. Genus Euscelidia
  201. Genus Eutolmus
  202. Genus Filiolus
  203. Genus Galactopogon
  204. Genus Gerrolasius
  205. Genus Gibbasilus
  206. Genus Glaphyropyga
  207. Genus Glyphotriclis
  208. Genus Goneccalypsis
  209. Genus Gongromyia
  210. Genus Gonioscelis
  211. Genus Grajahua
  212. Genus Graptostylus
  213. Genus Grypoctonus
  214. Genus Gymnotriclis
  215. Genus Habropogon
  216. Genus Hadrokolos
  217. Genus Haplopogon
  218. Genus Haroldia
  219. Genus Harpagobroma
  220. Genus Heligmonevra
  221. Genus Helolaphyctis
  222. Genus Hermannomyia
  223. Genus Heteropogon
  224. Genus Hexameritia
  225. Genus Hodites
  226. Genus Hodophylax
  227. Genus Holcocephala
  228. Genus Holopogon
  229. Genus Hoplistomerus
  230. Genus Hoplopheromerus
  231. Genus Hoplotriclis
  232. Genus Hullia
  233. Genus Hybozelodes
  234. Genus Hynirhynchus
  235. Genus Hypenetes
  236. Genus Hyperechia
  237. Genus Hystrichopogon
  238. Genus Icariomima
  239. Genus Ichneumolaphria
  240. Genus Illudium
  241. Genus Iranopogon
  242. Genus Irwinomyia
  243. Genus Ischiolobos
  244. Genus Itolia
  245. Genus Joartigasia
  246. Genus Jothopogon
  247. Genus Juxtasilus
  248. Genus Katharma
  249. Genus Ktyr
  250. Genus Ktyrimisca
  251. Genus Labarus
  252. Genus Labromyia
  253. Genus Lagodias
  254. Genus Lagynogaster
  255. Genus Laloides
  256. Genus Lampria
  257. Genus Lamprozona
  258. Genus Lamyra
  259. Genus Laphria
  260. Genus Laphygmolestes
  261. Genus Laphystia
  262. Genus Laphystotes
  263. Genus Lapystia
  264. Genus Lasiocnemus
  265. Genus Lasiopogon
  266. Genus Lastaurax
  267. Genus Lastaurina
  268. Genus Lastauroides
  269. Genus Lastauropsis
  270. Genus Lastaurus
  271. Genus Laxenecera
  272. Genus Lecania
  273. Genus Leinendera
  274. Genus Leptarthrus
  275. Genus Leptochelina
  276. Genus Leptogaster
  277. Genus Leptoharpacticus
  278. Genus Leptopteromyia
  279. Genus Lestomyia
  280. Genus Lestophonax
  281. Genus Lissoteles
  282. Genus Lithoecisus
  283. Genus Lobus
  284. Genus Lochmorhynchus
  285. Genus Lochyrus
  286. Genus Loewinella
  287. Genus Lonchodogonus
  288. Genus Lophoceraea
  289. Genus Lycomya
  290. Genus Lycoprosopa
  291. Genus Lycosimyia
  292. Genus Lycostommyia
  293. Genus Macahyba
  294. Genus Machimus
  295. Genus Macroetra
  296. Genus Mactea
  297. Genus Maira
  298. Genus Mallophora
  299. Genus Martinomyia
  300. Genus Martintella
  301. Genus Mauropteron
  302. Genus Megadrillus
  303. Genus Megalometopon
  304. Genus Megaphorus
  305. Genus Megapoda
  306. Genus Megonyx
  307. Genus Meliponomima
  308. Genus Melouromyia
  309. Genus Menexenus
  310. Genus Mercuriana
  311. Genus Merodontina
  312. Genus Mesoleptogaster
  313. Genus Metadioctria
  314. Genus Metalaphria
  315. Genus Metapogon
  316. Genus Michotamia
  317. Genus Microphontes
  318. Genus Microstylum
  319. Genus Millenarius
  320. Genus Minicatus
  321. Genus Mirolestes
  322. Genus Molobratia
  323. Genus Myaptex
  324. Genus Myelaphus
  325. Genus Nannocyrtopogon
  326. Genus Nannolaphria
  327. Genus Negasilus
  328. Genus Neoaratus
  329. Genus Neocerdistus
  330. Genus Neocyrtopogon
  331. Genus Neoderomyia
  332. Genus Neodioctria
  333. Genus Neodiogmites
  334. Genus Neodysmachus
  335. Genus Neoholopogon
  336. Genus Neoitamus
  337. Genus Neolaparus
  338. Genus Neolophonotus
  339. Genus Neomochtherus
  340. Genus Neophoneus
  341. Genus Neosaropogon
  342. Genus Neoscleropogon
  343. Genus Nerterhaptomenus
  344. Genus Nesotes
  345. Genus Nicocles
  346. Genus Nomomyia
  347. Genus Nothopogon
  348. Genus Notiolaphria
  349. Genus Notomochtherus
  350. Genus Nusa
  351. Genus Nyssomyia
  352. Genus Nyssoprosopa
  353. Genus Nyximyia
  354. Genus Obelophorus
  355. Genus Odus
  356. Genus Oidardis
  357. Genus Oligopogon
  358. Genus Oligoschema
  359. Genus Ommatius
  360. Genus Omninablautus
  361. Genus Opeatocerus
  362. Genus Ophionomima
  363. Genus Opocapsis
  364. Genus Opseostlengis
  365. Genus Oratostylum
  366. Genus Orophotus
  367. Genus Orrhodops
  368. Genus Orthogonis
  369. Genus Othoniomyia
  370. Genus Oxynoton
  371. Genus Pachychoeta
  372. Genus Pamponerus
  373. Genus Paramochtherus
  374. Genus Paraphamartania
  375. Genus Parastenopogon
  376. Genus Parataracticus
  377. Genus Paraterpogon
  378. Genus Paratractia
  379. Genus Paritamus
  380. Genus Pashtshenkoa
  381. Genus Pedomyia
  382. Genus Pegesimallus
  383. Genus Perasis
  384. Genus Phellopteron
  385. Genus Phellus
  386. Genus Phileris
  387. Genus Philodicus
  388. Genus Philonerax
  389. Genus Philonicus
  390. Genus Phonicocleptes
  391. Genus Plesiomma
  392. Genus Pogonosoma
  393. Genus Polacantha
  394. Genus Polyphonius
  395. Genus Polysarca
  396. Genus Polysarcodes
  397. Genus Premochtherus
  398. Genus Pritchardia
  399. Genus Pritchardomyia
  400. Genus Proagonistes
  401. Genus Proctacanthella
  402. Genus Proctacanthus
  403. Genus Prolatiforceps
  404. Genus Prolepsis
  405. Genus Promachella
  406. Genus Promachus
  407. Genus Pronomopsis
  408. Genus Protichisma
  409. Genus Protometer
  410. Genus Prytanomyia
  411. Genus Pseudomerodontina
  412. Genus Pseudonusa
  413. Genus Pseudorus
  414. Genus Pseudoryclus
  415. Genus Psilinus
  416. Genus Psilocurus
  417. Genus Psilonyx
  418. Genus Psilozona
  419. Genus Pycnomerinx
  420. Genus Pycnopogon
  421. Genus Pygommatius
  422. Genus Questopogon
  423. Genus Rachiopogon
  424. Genus Reburrus
  425. Genus Regasilus
  426. Genus Remotomyia
  427. Genus Rhabdogaster
  428. Genus Rhacholaemus
  429. Genus Rhadinosoma
  430. Genus Rhadinus
  431. Genus Rhadiurgus
  432. Genus Rhatimomyia
  433. Genus Rhayatus
  434. Genus Rhipidocephala
  435. Genus Rhopalogaster
  436. Genus Robertomyia
  437. Genus Saropogon
  438. Genus Satanas
  439. Genus Scarbroughia
  440. Genus Schildia
  441. Genus Scleropogon
  442. Genus Scylaticina
  443. Genus Scylaticus
  444. Genus Scytomedes
  445. Genus Senobasis
  446. Genus Senoprosopis
  447. Genus Sinopsilonyx
  448. Genus Sintoria
  449. Genus Sisyrnodytes
  450. Genus Smeryngolaphria
  451. Genus Spanurus
  452. Genus Sphagomyia
  453. Genus Sporadothrix
  454. Genus Stackelberginia
  455. Genus Stenasilus
  456. Genus Stenommatius
  457. Genus Stenopogon
  458. Genus Stichopogon
  459. Genus Stilpnogaster
  460. Genus Stiphrolamyra
  461. Genus Stizochymus
  462. Genus Stizolestes
  463. Genus Storthyngomerus
  464. Genus Strombocodia
  465. Genus Strophipogon
  466. Genus Synolcus
  467. Genus Systologaster
  468. Genus Systropalpus
  469. Genus Tanatchivia
  470. Genus Taperigna
  471. Genus Taracticus
  472. Genus Templasilus
  473. Genus Teratopomyia
  474. Genus Thallosia
  475. Genus Theodoria
  476. Genus Thereutria
  477. Genus Theromyia
  478. Genus Theurgus
  479. Genus Threnia
  480. Genus Tipulogaster
  481. Genus Tocantinia
  482. Genus Tolmerolestes
  483. Genus Tolmerus
  484. Genus Torasilus
  485. Genus Torebroma
  486. Genus Toremyia
  487. Genus Townsendia
  488. Genus Tricella
  489. Genus Trichardis
  490. Genus Trichardopsis
  491. Genus Trichomachimus
  492. Genus Trichoura
  493. Genus Triclioscelis
  494. Genus Triclis
  495. Genus Trigonomima
  496. Genus Triorla
  497. Genus Tsacasia
  498. Genus Tsacasiella
  499. Genus Turka
  500. Genus Udenopogon
  501. Genus Ujguricola
  502. Genus Valiraptor
  503. Genus Wilcoxia
  504. Genus Wilcoxius
  505. Genus Willistonina
  506. Genus Yksdarhus
  507. Genus Zabrops
  508. Genus Zabrotica
  509. Genus Zelamyia
  510. Genus Zosteria
  511. Genus Zoticus

Izvori

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Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Grabežnice
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wikipedia hr Croatian

Grabežnice: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Grabežnice (Asilidae), porodica kukaca dvokrilca iz podreda kratkoticalaca. Opisali su je Kirby & Spence, 1817. Sastoji se od nekoliko potporodica i više desetaka rodova.

Muhe grabežnice ime dobivaju po tome što su grabežljivci koji u tijelo žrtve ubace probavne sokove kako bi mogle isisati utrobu, ostavljajući iza sebe samo utrobu.

Najstartija vrsta grabežnice živjela je još u vrijeme dinosaura i dobila je znanstveni naziv Burmapogon bruckschi, a pronađeni su mužjak i ženka u komadu jantara pronađenog u Mjanmaru u dolini Hukawng.

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Asilidae ( Indonesian )

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Asilidae adalah famili lalat yang dikenal akan sifatnya yang agresif. Lalat dalam famili ini biasanya memakan serangga lain dan menyergap mangsanya secara diam-diam.

Gambaran sekilas

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Salah satu anggota Asilidae memakan belalang.

Asilidae adalah famili dalam ordo Diptera. Famili ini mulai diklasifikasikan pada 1802 oleh Latreille.[1] Asilidae bersama dengan Bombyliidae dan Therevidae adalah famili yang mewakili sebagian besar anggota superfamili Asiloidea.

Lalat Asilidae memiliki kaki yang kuat serta berduri, dan mereka memiliki tiga mata tunggal (ocelli) dalam suatu lekukan khusus di atas kepala mereka di antara dua mata majemuk besar. Mereka juga nmemiliki bulu-bulu kaku yang rapat di wajah yang disebut mystax, suatu istilah yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani mystakos yang artinya "kumis" atau "bibir atas". Mystax diduga merupakan upaya perlindungan bagi kepala dan wajah ketika lalat menangani mangsa; beberapa Asilidae memangsa spesies-spesies tangguh termasuk Hymenoptera penyengat, belalang yang kuat, capung, dan bahkan Asilidae lain, dalam kenyataannya semua spesies yang ukurannya sesuai. Beberapa Asilidae mengkhususkan diri dalam memangsa spesies yang lebih kecil.

Sistematika

Dalam famili Asilidae, terdapat lebih dari 7000 spesies dalam 530 genera. Subfamili biasanya dibagi sebagai berikut:

  • Apocleinae . Meliputi 65 genera.
  • Asilinae . Meliputi 109 genera.
  • Dasypogoninae . Meliputi 68 genera
  • Dioctriinae . Meliputi 12 genera
  • Laphriinae . Meliputi 80 genera
  • Dasylechiini, Dasytrichini, Laphriini, Neophoneini
  • Laphystiinae . Meliputi 29 genera.
  • Leptogastrinae . Meliputi 18 genera.
  • Ommatiinae Meliputi 8 spesies.
  • Stenopogoninae. Meliputi 117 genera
  • Stichopogoninae [9] . Meliputi 11 genera.
  • Trigonomiminae . Meliputi 11 genera.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Jeffrey, Charles (1973). Biological nomenclature. Special topics in biology series (dalam bahasa Inggris). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-2431-8.

Referensi

Pranala luar

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Asilidae: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Asilidae adalah famili lalat yang dikenal akan sifatnya yang agresif. Lalat dalam famili ini biasanya memakan serangga lain dan menyergap mangsanya secara diam-diam.

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Asilidae ( Italian )

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Gli Asilidi (Asilidae Latreille, 1802) sono una vasta famiglia di insetti dell'ordine dei ditteri (Brachycera: Muscomorpha) che comprende circa 7.000 specie, diffuse in tutto il mondo. Il gruppo, insieme ai Bombyliidae e ai Therevidae, è il più rappresentativo della superfamiglia degli Asiloidea ed è uno dei più importanti nell'ambito dei Brachiceri inferiori.

Gli Asilidi sono insetti predatori, sia allo stadio giovanile sia allo stadio adulto, e si nutrono di piccoli artropodi, principalmente altri insetti. Malgrado siano presenti, fra i Ditteri, altri gruppi sistematici comprendenti forme predatrici allo stadio adulto, gli Asilidi sono forse i più rappresentativi, per numero di specie, per uniformità di comportamento trofico e per grado di aggressività, al punto di meritarsi il nome comune, in inglese, di robber flies ("mosche predatrici", "mosche predone"). In virtù dell'ampia diffusione, della spiccata biodiversità e della notevole attività, questa famiglia ricopre un ruolo rilevante sulla stabilità ecologica delle entomofaune.

Descrizione

Adulto

Gli adulti sono in genere di medie o grandi dimensioni, con corpo in media lungo 1-1,5 cm ma con una gamma di variabilità, nell'ambito della famiglia, che va dai 3 mm fino ad oltre 5 cm di lunghezza. La sagoma è generalmente allungata, per la particolare conformazione dell'addome, tuttavia vi sono pure specie dal profilo più o meno contratto. Il tegumento ricoperto da una fitta peluria, in particolare sul capo e sul torace e le livree sono spesso vistose, con colori variabili dal bruno al nero, al grigio, in genere in contrasto con altri colori come il rosso e il giallo. Frequente è l'aposematismo, con l'imitazione della livrea degli Imenotteri.

Il capo è libero e mobile, dicoptico in entrambi i sessi, provvisto di tre ocelli posizionati in una caratteristica depressione cervicale formata dall'elevazione dei margini dorsali degli occhi composti; questa caratteristica, ben visibile alla vista frontale, è una peculiarità morfologica degli Asilidi. Gli occhi sono ben sviluppati in entrambi i sessi e disposti ai lati del capo. La regione occipitale presenta una o più file di setole allineate subito dietro il margine posteriore degli occhi. La regione facciale ha generalmente un profilo convesso o una vera e propria gibbosità con un caratteristico denso fascio di setole, detto mystax dagli Autori anglosassoni. Altre setole sono disposte sul tubercolo ocellare.

Le antenne sono di tipo aristato, composte in genere da 5 articoli, a volte da 3-4, in funzione della struttura dello stilo. Lo scapo e il pedicello sono generalmente pelosi e relativamente brevi; il terzo segmento (o primo flagellomero) ha una forma ovale o oblunga, generalmente più lungo dei due segmenti basali, e porta uno stilo in genere composto da due segmenti, di cui quello basale è molto breve. In alcuni asilidi, lo stilo può essere monoarticolato o assente.

 src=
Sezione schematica dell'apparato boccale
a: labbro superiore; b: prefaringe; c: palpo mascellare; d: mascelle; e: canale alimentare; f: labbro inferiore.

L'apparato boccale è breve e di tipo pungente-succhiante in entrambi i sessi. Infatti, a differenza di altri ditteri zoofagi, non vi sono differenziazioni fra i sessi nella morfologia dell'apparato boccale e nel regime alimentare. Nel suo insieme l'apparato boccale ha uno sviluppo ridotto in lunghezza, adattato alla funzione di predazione nei confronti di altri artropodi. Le mandibole sono assenti e il canale alimentare è formato dalla contrapposizione delle mascelle al labbro superiore. I palpi mascellari sono allungati o clavati e formati da 1-2 articoli. La prefaringe è lunga e robusta ed è l'organo preposto alla funzione di perforazione e di iniezione della saliva; negli Asilidi è in grado di penetrare anche attraverso il robusto tegumento dei Coleotteri. Il labbro inferiore è lungo e sclerotizzato, con labellum arrotondato o acuto; è conformato a doccia nella faccia dorsale ed accoglie, in fase di riposo, le mascelle e la prefaringe; la faccia ventrale del labium e l'apice del labellum sono provviste di sensilli tricoidei.

Il torace si presenta robusto e compatto ed emerge nel suo sviluppo trasversale rispetto al capo e all'addome. Contrariamente a quanto avviene in molti brachiceri inferiori, sono presenti lunghe setole (macrotrichi) utili ai fini della determinazione tassonomica. Setole di questo tipo sono sempre presenti sul notopleuron (setole notopleurali) e, in due serie, sul mesonoto (setole dorso-centrali, sopralari e postalari). Altre setole sono in genere presenti ancora sul metanoto (setole dorsocentrali). sull'episterno ventrale e all'apice del mesoscutello.

Le zampe sono relativamente lunghe e robuste, con le tibie irte di setole rigide per svolgere la funzione raptatoria. Le ali sono ben sviluppate, spesso relativamente strette; l'alula è in genere bene sviluppata, ad eccezione dei Leptogastrinae e di parte dei Dasypogoninae.

Generic asilidae wing veins.svg
Ala Asilidae.JPG
Schema della nervatura alare nelle varianti più ricorrenti. Legenda:
Nervature longitudinali: C: costa; Sc: subcosta; R: radio; M: media; Cu: cubito; A: anale.

Nervature trasversali: h: omerale; r-m: radio-mediale; m-m: mediale; m-cu: medio-cubitale.
Cellule: d: discale; br: 1ª basale; bm: 2ª basale; r1: marginale; r3: 1ª submarginale; r5: 1ª posteriore; m3: 4ª posteriore; cup: cellula cup.

La nervatura alare presenta una struttura analoga a quella della maggior parte dei Brachiceri inferiori, ovvero una ramificazione relativamente complessa: radio e media sono suddivise ciascuna in quattro rami; cubito e anale tendono a convergere prima del ramo; le nervature trasversali sono rappresentate dalla radio-mediale, dalla mediale e dalla medio-cubitale, con conseguente chiusura di due cellule basali e della cellula discale, alle quali si aggiunge in genere la chiusura della cellula anale. A fronte dell'omogeneità strutturale si contrappone invece un'eterogeneità della morfologia della nervatura, per la quale non esiste uno schema rappresentativo. Le principali caratteristiche con le possibili varianti, ricorrenti a livello di sottofamiglia o di genere, sono riportate di seguito.

Asilidae wing veins radius variants-1.svg
Terminazione di R2+3: i: confluenza sul margine; ii: convergenza sul margine presso la terminazione di R1; iii: convergenza su R1 con cellula marginale chiusa.
Asilidae wing veins radius variants-2.svg
Vena trasversa settoriale: i: settoriale assente; ii: settoriale ridotta ad un moncone alla base di R4; iii: settoriale completa e confluente su R2+3.
Asilidae wing veins radius variants-3.svg
Terminazione dei rami posteriori della radio: i: R4 raggiunge il margine presso l'apice, R5 libera; ii: R4 raggiunge il margine prima dell'apice, R5 libera; iii: R5 convergente su M1, 1ª cellula posteriore chiusa.
Asilidae wing veins media variants.svg
Terminazione dei rami della media: i: tutti i rami terminano indipendenti sul margine; ii: M3 converge su M4, 4ª cellula posteriore chiusa; iii: M3 converge su M4, 4ª cellula posteriore chiusa, terminazioni dei rami incomplete (raro).
  • La costa si estende per l'intero margine dell'ala, ma in alcuni generi si interrompe in corrispondenza della confluenza dei rami posteriori della radio.
  • La radio si suddivide in quattro rami, per mancanza della biforcazione R2+3. Tutti i rami raggiungono in genere il margine, ma in alcune sottofamiglie la vena R2+3 subisce una brusca curvatura confluendo su R1 o molto vicino alla sua terminazione. Il ramo R4 termina in genere prima o in corrispondenza dell'apice dell'ala, mentre R5 confluisce sul margine posteriore o, in alcuni generi, su M1 prima di raggiungere il margine. In alcuni generi, infine, può essere presente una settoriale (r-r) che assume la conformazione di un moncone associato alla base di R4 o di una nervatura trasversa che connette la base di R4 a R2+3.
  • La media presenta sempre quattro ramificazioni, di cui le prime tre traggono origine, in genere, dai vertici distali della cellula discale, mentre M4 trae origine dalla base di questa. I quattro rami possono raggiungere individualmente il margine dell'ala, ma si riscontrano sovente anche altre conformazioni: spesso M3 confluisce su M4 formando un ramo terminale comune; in alcuni generi si ha, come si è detto, la convergenza di M1 in un tratto comune con R5; infine, i tratti terminali sono incompleti e non confluiscono in modo netto sul margine.
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Conformazione della cellula cup: i: cubito e anale convergenti su un ramo comune, cellula cup chiusa; ii: cubito e anale libere terminanti sul margine, cellula cup aperta.
  • La cubito in genere confluisce con l'anale in un brevissimo ramo terminale, ma in alcuni generi le due vene tendono a convergere raggiungendo tuttavia il margine in modo indipendente.
  • La radio-mediale è breve e trasversa e raggiunge la cellula discale in varie posizioni.
  • La medio-cubitale prende origine, in genere, dal tratto basale libero di M4, ma può anche originarsi dalla base della cellula discale.
  • Le cellule basali e la discale sono sempre chiuse. La cup è in genere chiusa. La marginale (r1) è in genere aperta, ma è chiusa o quasi chiusa nei casi in cui il ramo R2+3 devia in avanti confluendo su R1 o presso la sua terminazione. La quarta posteriore (m3) è spesso chiusa dalla convergenza di M3 su M4 e la prima posteriore (r5) è eventualmente chiusa dalla convergenza di R5 su M1. Infine, nei rari casi in cui compare una settoriale completa, la prima submarginale (r3) è suddivisa in due cellule, di cui quella prossimale è chiusa.

L'addome è in genere stretto e allungato, di forma semicilindrica e affusolato agli estremi, a volte claviforme. Nelle specie aposematiche è spesso largo, breve e appiattito, con serie di peli disposte trasversalmente. In genere è composto da 8 uriti apparenti, talvolta 6 o 7, con gli altri facenti parte degli organi di riproduzione.

In alcune tribù il maschio subisce la torsione assiale di 180° dell'estremità addominale, con l'inversione delle posizioni dell'ipandrio e dell'epandrio. Nelle femmine gli ultimi uriti concorrono a formare un ovopositore di sostituzione più o meno sofisticato. Le femmine prive di particolari adattamenti hanno un addome dal profilo posteriore arrotondato, con uriti terminali non allungati e cerci semplici. In altre specie, la parte terminale dell'addome è cilindrica o compressa, con segmenti terminali allungati e strutture accessorie più o meno adattate, come i cerci e processi spinosi o setole, al fine di deporre le uova in substrati specifici. In alcuni casi gli uriti terminali sono cilindrici e telescopici.

Stadi giovanili

L'uovo è ialino o pigmentato, di forma variabile dalla sferica all'ovale all'oblunga, fino a raggiungere i 2 mm di lunghezza. La superficie è liscia oppure reca microsculture generalmente poligonali, visibili solo al microscopio elettronico.

La larva è apoda, di forma cilindrica e allungata, più o meno appiattita in senso dorso-ventrale e affusolata alle estremità cefalica e caudale. Il tegumento è di colore bianco o giallastro. Il capo è piccolo, robusto, pigmentato di scuro e ipognato, l'addome è composto da 8 uriti apparenti, con gli ultimi due spesso fusi e più o meno ridotti. L'apparato respiratorio è di tipo anfipneustico, con due paia di stigmi, uno toracico e uno addominale. Sono inoltre presenti stigmi rudimentali e non funzionanti negli altri segmenti addominali.

La pupa è nuda come nella generalità degli Orthorrhapha, exarata e dectica: in altri termini, ha appendici corporee provviste di una cuticola propria e quindi staccate dal resto del corpo e le appendici boccali sono articolate. Questi caratteri, nel complesso offrono all'insetto la capacità di muoversi anche in questa fase. Il capo presenta caratteristici processi frontali scuri, di forma e numero variabili, in generale simili a denti o cornetti. La pupa giovane ha una pigmentazione bianca ma nel tempo diventa più scura con il viraggio al bruno, al grigio, al giallastro.

Biologia

Il ciclo biologico si svolge in 1-3 anni, con svernamento allo stadio di pupa e sfarfallamento degli adulti in primavera. Lo sviluppo postembrionale si svolge attraverso quattro stadi di larva e uno di pupa. Le larve di prima età si differenziano dagli altri stadi sia per l'etologia sia per il regime trofico e sono riconducibili alla forma mobile, di prima età, delle larve parassitoidi di altre famiglie, dette planidi.

Etologia delle larve

Le larve della maggior parte degli asilidi conosciuti vivono nel suolo o, nel caso di alcuni gruppi sistematici, in materiale organico in decomposizione, generalmente il legno e la corteccia di alberi morti. In merito al comportamento trofico, la maggior parte della letteratura attribuisce alle larve degli Asilidi l'entomofagia, tuttavia ci sono anche dubbi sulla natura effettiva del regime trofico e sui suoi meccanismi[1]. L'entomofagia di alcune specie era stata in effetti ipotizzata già da alcuni Autori dell'Ottocento, sulla base dei ritrovamenti di larve di asilidi associate a larve di altri insetti, ma MELIN (1923) asseriva che in realtà la predazione fosse occasionale e secondaria rispetto al regime dietetico a base vegetale.

Studi più recenti hanno invece confermato l'entomofagia di varie specie estendendo questo comportamento trofico a tutta la famiglia. Meno certo è tuttavia il meccanismo con cui si attua l'entomofagia: in generale si cita come comportamento la predazione, tuttavia per alcune specie assumerebbe i connotati dell'ectoparassitoidismo. MUSSO (1983) ha descritto il comportamento trofico delle larve di Machimus rusticus e la sua evoluzione nel corso dello sviluppo postembrionale[2]: in particolare, le larve di prima età non si alimenterebbero, quelle di seconda età si alimenterebbero a spese di secrezioni da parte di larve di coleotteri aggrediti o meno, fino a provocarne la morte, mentre le larve di terza e quarta età si comporterebbero effettivamente come predatrici. In definitiva il comportamento trofico degli asilidi allo stadio larvale si configura sovente come una forma intermedia fra la predazione vera e propria e l'ectoparassitismo.

Etologia degli adulti

Molto più conosciuto e descritto anche nei dettagli è il comportamento degli adulti. In generale, l'attività di predazione degli adulti si concentra nelle ore più calde in spazi aperti e soleggiati, mentre durante la notte si rifugiano fra la vegetazione fitta. Gli Asilidi sono ottimi volatori e, nella maggior parte della famiglia, catturano le prede in volo; si riscontrano tuttavia anche altri comportamenti, con specie che svolgono la predazione su artropodi ambulanti o stazionanti in posizione di riposo. La tecnica di caccia più comune ricorda quella degli uccelli da rapina e spiega probabilmente il nome comune inglese attribuito a questa famiglia: l'asilide, infatti, staziona in agguato in punti strategici della vegetazione, veri e propri posatoi e si lancia sulla preda quando viene individuata. Questo comportamento fa presumere che la vista svolga un ruolo essenziale per l'individuazione delle prede e la loro cattura.

La preda è afferrata con le zampe e immobilizzata a seguito della paralisi provocata dall'iniezione della saliva. L'asilide perfora il tegumento della preda con la prefaringe in punti preferenziali di minore resistenza come gli occhi, la zona membranosa di transizione fra capo e torace (collo) o fra torace e addome, o fra gli urotergiti degli ultimi uriti. Alla perforazione fa seguito l'iniezione della saliva, i cui componenti attivi svolgono due funzioni: le neurotossine provocano la paralisi della vittima, mentre gli enzimi proteolitici provocano il disfacimento e la liquefazione dei tessuti interni; in breve tempo il predatore è in grado di nutrirsi succhiando i fluidi interni attraverso il canale alimentare formato dalla contrapposizione delle mascelle e del labbro inferiore.

In merito alle relazioni trofiche interspecifiche, esiste un ampio numero di segnalazioni sulle prede catturate da Asilidi. LAVIGNE (2003) ha elaborato una banca dati comprendente oltre 13000 segnalazioni[3]. Le prede degli Asilidi sono prevalentemente rappresentate da altri insetti, per lo più alati, ma sono segnalati anche diversi casi in cui vengono attaccati ragni. Nell'ambito degli insetti, gli ordini che annoverano più frequentemente prede di asilidi sono i Coleotteri, gli Imenotteri, i Ditteri, i Rincoti e i Lepidotteri, con un'ampia gamma di famiglie, ma sono citati anche prede appartenenti a vari altri ordini (Odonata, Neuroptera, Isoptera, Thysanoptera, Blattodea, ecc.).

In merito alla specificità della relazione trofica, WOOD (1981) cita l'esistenza in letteratura di alcuni studi in proposito. Per alcuni generi è stata riscontrata la monofagia, ma più in generale gli Asilidi manifestano una più o meno larga polifagia con comportamenti che variano dalla stenofagia[4] all'eurifagia[5]. Non mancano tuttavia i casi di asilidi stenofagi che all'occorrenza concentrano la loro attività predatoria nei confronti di una specie quando questa forma popolazioni numerose.

Altri studi condotti da DENNIS & LAVIGNE (1975), infine, hanno messo in evidenza che il rapporto fra le dimensioni della preda e quella dell'asilide varia da 1,8:1 a 3,7:1, con una media di 2,6:1[6]. Il rapporto tenderebbe ad aumentare con il diminuire delle dimensioni del predatore. Nel complesso, perciò, gli asilidi sono soliti predare insetti più grandi di loro, di almeno il doppio.

In merito ad un'eventuale ematofagia, in passato si riteneva che gli Asilidi attaccassero anche grandi mammiferi per succhiarne il sangue, ma attualmente non esistono dubbi sulla specifica entomofagia di questa famiglia. Fonti non documentate affermano tuttavia che gli asilidi di grandi dimensioni potrebbero pungere anche l'uomo se disturbati o provocare la morte di uccelli con la loro puntura[7].

La deposizione delle uova avviene, secondo la specie, con tre differenti comportamenti messi in relazione con la struttura e la morfologia dell'addome. Le femmine con ovopositore indifferenziato rilasciano le uova in modo casuale e indipendentemente dal substrato. Negli altri casi, invece, l'addome differenzia un ovopositore di sostituzione specializzato per deporre le uova nel terreno o nella sabbia, oppure per deporle in cavità all'interno di tessuti vegetali.

Sistematica

La famiglia degli Asilidi comprende oltre 7000 specie descritte, ripartite fra circa 530 generi. La suddivisione interna in sottofamiglie è subordinata alle future acquisizioni dall'analisi cladistica e attualmente comprende 11 sottofamiglie, alcune delle quali suddivise in tribù[8]:

Fra le proposte più recenti si cita la revisione di DIKOW (2009), che sulla base della filogenesi interna degli Asilidae. Rispetto allo schema precedente, DIKOW sopprime le sottofamiglie Apocleinae, Laphystiinae e definisce come nuove sottofamiglie Bathypogoninae, Brachyrhopalinae, Phellinae, Tillobromatinae, Willistonininae[12].

Habitat

Le larve si rinvengono nel suolo e in materiale organico in decomposizione, in particolare nel legno marcescente. Gli adulti si rinvengono in generale in ambienti caldi e aridi quali il deserto, la savana, la steppa, la boscaglia. Gli ecosistemi forestali hanno invece il minor grado di biodiversità e, in questi ambienti, gli Asilidi tendono a concentrarsi nelle radure e nei margini, dove la vegetazione prevalentemente arborea lascia lo spazio ad una copertura composita più ricca di piccoli arbusti e piante erbacee. In definitiva l'ambiente tipico di un asilide è aperto, soleggiato e asciutto, con vegetazione sporadica.

Nonostante il limitato grado di conoscenza della famiglia, nel suo complesso, diversi Autori hanno studiato la distribuzione delle popolazioni in relazione al microambiente nell'ambito di regioni ed ecosistemi più o meno ampi, al fine di individuare modelli comportamentali che permettano una classificazione dal punto di vista ecologico e trofico. Alla luce di questi studi, le diverse specie di asilidi mostrano tendenze preferenziali in merito sia ai siti di predazione sia ai siti di ovideposizione. Non esiste una trattazione omogenea anche perché le conoscenze, al momento, provengono da pochi studi specifici condotti in contesti differenti; in particolare emerge una certa correlazione tra il tipo di copertura floristica e l'etologia della predazione[13].

Distribuzione

La famiglia è rappresentata in tutte le regioni zoogeografiche della Terra, ad eccezione dell'Antartide, con penetrazioni anche nella tundra artica e in ambienti montani fino ad oltre 4000 metri di altitudine. Il maggior grado di biodiversità, nell'ambito degli Asilidae, si riscontra nelle regioni calde tropicali e subtropicali e soggette a regimi climatici aridi o semiaridi o con marcata distribuzione stagionale delle piogge.

In Europa sono segnalate oltre 500 specie ripartite fra 87 generi[14][15]:

In Italia sono presenti tutte le sottofamiglie europee ad eccezione degli Apocleinae. Complessivamente sono state 135 specie appartenenti a 33 generi[16]:

Fra le specie italiane di maggiori dimensioni si cita Asilus crabroniformis, insetto dalla forma slanciata e dall'addome affusolato, lungo fino a 3 cm.

Galleria multimediale

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Fritz Geller-Grimm, Information on Robber Flies: Ecological Classification, su Robber flies (Asilidae). URL consultato il 9 luglio 2009.
  2. ^ J.J. Musso, Nutritive and ecological requirements of robber flies (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae), in Zeitschrift für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie, vol. 9, 1983, pp. 35-50.
  3. ^ (EN) Robert Lavigne, Predator-Prey Database for the family Asilidae (Hexapoda: Diptera), su Robber flies (Asilidae). URL consultato il 9 luglio 2009.
  4. ^ Preferenza verso prede appartenenti a uno o due ordini
  5. ^ Polifagia rivolta verso un numero elevato di ordini
  6. ^ D. Dennis, R. Lavigne, Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II (Diptera, Asilidae), in University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Science Monograph, vol. 30, 1975, pp. 1-68.
  7. ^ BugGuide.
  8. ^ (EN) Fritz Geller-Grimm, Genera, su Robber Flies (Asilidae). URL consultato il 10 luglio 2009.
  9. ^ a b In altri schemi tassonomici trattati all'interno degli Stegopogoninae o dei Dasypogoninae.
  10. ^ In altri schemi tassonomici trattati all'interno degli Asilinae.
  11. ^ In altri schemi tassonomici trattati all'interno dei Dasypogoninae.
  12. ^ (EN) Torsten Dikow, Classification of Asilidae sensu Dikow 2009a, su AsilidaeData. Phylogenetic relationships within Asilidae (robber flies), 2009. URL consultato il 10 luglio 2009.
  13. ^ (EN) Fritz Geller-Grimm, Information on Robber Flies: Ecological Classification, su Robber flies (Asilidae). URL consultato il 9 luglio 2009.
  14. ^ Bosák.
  15. ^ Fauna Europaea.
  16. ^ Fabio Stoch, Family Asilidae, in Checklist of the Italian fauna online version 2.0, 2003. URL consultato il 10-07-2009.

Bibliografia

  • O. Castellani, G. Crivaro, Contributo alla conoscenza degli Asilidi paleartici, in Bollettino dell'Associazione Romana di Entomologia, vol. 20, 1965, pp. 50-60.
  • Ermenegildo Tremblay. Entomologia applicata. Volume III Parte II. 2ª ed. Napoli, Liguori Editore, 2005. ISBN 88-207-2335-2.
  • Antonio Servadei, Sergio Zangheri, Luigi Masutti. Entomologia generale ed applicata. Padova, CEDAM, 1972.
  • Alessandro Minelli. Predatori a volo: 107-108. In La fauna in Italia. Touring Club Italiano, 2002. ISBN 88-365-2621-7.
  • (EN) Fritz Geller-Grimm, Torsten Dikow; Robert Lavigne, Robber Flies (Asilidae), su geller-grimm.de. URL consultato il 10 luglio 2009.
  • F. Geller-Grimm. Photographic atlas and identification key to the robber flies of Germany (Diptera: Asilidae), CD-ROM, Amphx-Verlag Halle (Saale), 2003. ISBN 3-932795-18-0
  • F.M. Hull, Robber flies of the world, in Bulletin of the United States National Museum, vol. 224, 1, 2, 1962, pp. 1-907.
  • P.A. Lehr. Family Asilidae: 197-326. In: Soós Á. & Papp L. (a cura di) Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, 5. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest - Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988.
  • G.C. Wood. Asilidae: 549-573. In: J.F. McAlpine, B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, D.M. Wood (a cura di) Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs 27, 1989.
  • (EN) Jaroslav Bosák, Asilidae Leach in Samouelle, 1819, in L. Jedlička, V. Stloukalová, M. Kúdela (a cura di), Checklist of Diptera of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Electronic version 1, Bratislava, Comenius University, 2006, ISBN 80-969629-0-6.
  • (EN) G.G.E. Scudder, R.A. Cannings, Order Diptera (Flies), su Diptera Families of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia. URL consultato il 10 luglio 2009.

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Asilidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Gli Asilidi (Asilidae Latreille, 1802) sono una vasta famiglia di insetti dell'ordine dei ditteri (Brachycera: Muscomorpha) che comprende circa 7.000 specie, diffuse in tutto il mondo. Il gruppo, insieme ai Bombyliidae e ai Therevidae, è il più rappresentativo della superfamiglia degli Asiloidea ed è uno dei più importanti nell'ambito dei Brachiceri inferiori.

Gli Asilidi sono insetti predatori, sia allo stadio giovanile sia allo stadio adulto, e si nutrono di piccoli artropodi, principalmente altri insetti. Malgrado siano presenti, fra i Ditteri, altri gruppi sistematici comprendenti forme predatrici allo stadio adulto, gli Asilidi sono forse i più rappresentativi, per numero di specie, per uniformità di comportamento trofico e per grado di aggressività, al punto di meritarsi il nome comune, in inglese, di robber flies ("mosche predatrici", "mosche predone"). In virtù dell'ampia diffusione, della spiccata biodiversità e della notevole attività, questa famiglia ricopre un ruolo rilevante sulla stabilità ecologica delle entomofaune.

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Musės plėšrūnės ( Lithuanian )

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Musės plėšrūnės (lot. Asilidae) – musinių dvisparnių (Brachycera) pobūrio vabzdžių šeima.

Didokos (10-30 mm) musės, padengtos tankiais plaukeliais. Turi trumpą tvirtą straublelį, mažas antenas. Pilvelio gale – kardiškas kiaušdėtis. Dalis rūšių mimikriškai panašios į kamanes. Minta skraidančiais vabzdžiais (bitėmis, drugiais, musėmis, vapsvomis, laumžirgiais ir kt.). Auką paralyžiuoja straubleliu suleistais nuodais.

Pasaulyje žinoma ~7100 musių plėšrūnių rūšių. Lietuvoje dažnesnės[1]:

Šaltiniai

  1. Musės plėšrūnės. Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija, T. 3 (Masaitis-Simno). – Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1987., 157 psl.


Vikiteka

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Musės plėšrūnės: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Musės plėšrūnės (lot. Asilidae) – musinių dvisparnių (Brachycera) pobūrio vabzdžių šeima.

Didokos (10-30 mm) musės, padengtos tankiais plaukeliais. Turi trumpą tvirtą straublelį, mažas antenas. Pilvelio gale – kardiškas kiaušdėtis. Dalis rūšių mimikriškai panašios į kamanes. Minta skraidančiais vabzdžiais (bitėmis, drugiais, musėmis, vapsvomis, laumžirgiais ir kt.). Auką paralyžiuoja straubleliu suleistais nuodais.

Pasaulyje žinoma ~7100 musių plėšrūnių rūšių. Lietuvoje dažnesnės:

Vapsviškoji musė plėšrūnė (Asilus crabroniformis) Baltagalvė musė plėšrūnė (Asilus albiceps)
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Laupītājmušas ( Latvian )

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Laupītājmušas, laupītājmušu dzimta (Asilidae) ir mušveidīgo divspārņu dzimta, kas pieder pie laupītājmušu virsdzimtas (Asiloidea). Šīs dzimtas nosaukums - laupītājmušas - atspoguļo šo mušu plēsīgo un agresīvo dabu. Tās barojas galvenokārt vai tikai ar citiem kukaiņiem. Laupītājmušas uzbrūk upurim no slēpņa, to noķerot lidojumā.[1] Tā ir viena no lielākajām mušu dzimtām, aprakstītas apmēram 7000 sugas, kuras tiek iedalītas 11 apakšdzimtās un apmēram 530 ģintīs.[2] Pateicoties šīs dzimtas mušu plēsīgumam, tām ir milzīga nozīme kopējā pasaules kukaiņu populācijas dabīgajā ierobežošanā.[2]

Izplatība

Laupītājmušas ir izplatītas visā pasaulē, izņemot Antarktīdu, arktisko tundru un kalnus augstāk par 4000 metriem virs jūras līmeņa. Lielākā sugu dažādība sastopama tropos un subtropos. Eiropā sastopamas 500 sugas no 87 ģintīm. Latvijā konstatētas 29 sugas.[3]

Kopīgās īpašības

Laupītājmušu pieaugušie īpatņi var būt nelieli līdz lieli kukaiņi. Atkarībā no sugas tie var būt 3—80 mm (lielākā daļa 9—15 mm) lieli.[1] To ķermenis ir spēcīgs, parasti pagarināts un slaids, tomēr ir arī apaļīgas laupītājmušas, kas atgādina bites. Galva samērā īsa un plata, ar lielām saliktajām acīm, kas novietotas plati viena no otras. Mutes orgāns ir īss, ass, piemērots spēcīgam dūrienam.[1] Laupītājmušas ir vienas no lielākajiem Latvijas divspārņiem. Lielākās no tām ir celmmušas (Laphria).[3] To ķermenis var būt līdz 3 cm garumam.

Laupītājmušas ir plēsīgas. Tās pārtiek no citiem kukaiņiem, tos nonāvējot ar spēcīgo snuķi un izsūcot. Laupītājmušu siekalas ir indīgas, tādējādi paātrinot upura nāvi.[3] Lielākie īpatņi spēj pieveikt prāvas vaboles, piemēram, rožvaboles, un nelielas spāres. Laupītājmušām ir ļoti laba redze, tās ir ļoti uzmanīgas un grūti notveramas.[3]

Klasifikācija

Laupītājmušu dzimta (Asilidae)

Atsauces

Literatūra

  • J.J. Musso (1983). Nutritive and ecological requirements of robber flies (Diptera: Brachycera: Asilidae). Zeitschrift für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 9: 35-50.
  • F. Geller-Grimm. Photographic atlas and identification key to the robber flies of Germany (Diptera: Asilidae). CD-ROM, Amphx-Verlag Halle (Saale), 2003. ISBN 3-932795-18-0
  • Ermenegildo Tremblay. Entomologia applicata. Volume III Parte II. 2a ed. Napoli, Liguori Editore, 2005. ISBN 8820723352.

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Laupītājmušas: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Laupītājmušas, laupītājmušu dzimta (Asilidae) ir mušveidīgo divspārņu dzimta, kas pieder pie laupītājmušu virsdzimtas (Asiloidea). Šīs dzimtas nosaukums - laupītājmušas - atspoguļo šo mušu plēsīgo un agresīvo dabu. Tās barojas galvenokārt vai tikai ar citiem kukaiņiem. Laupītājmušas uzbrūk upurim no slēpņa, to noķerot lidojumā. Tā ir viena no lielākajām mušu dzimtām, aprakstītas apmēram 7000 sugas, kuras tiek iedalītas 11 apakšdzimtās un apmēram 530 ģintīs. Pateicoties šīs dzimtas mušu plēsīgumam, tām ir milzīga nozīme kopējā pasaules kukaiņu populācijas dabīgajā ierobežošanā.

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Asilidae ( Malay )

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Asilidae ialah famili serangga dalam order Diptera, biasanya dikenali sebagai lalat perompak (bahasa Inggeris:robber fly). Famili Asilidae mengandungi kira-kira 7,100 spesies yang dikenalpasti di seluruh dunia.

Galeri

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Asilidae Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Asilidae
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Asilidae: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Asilidae ialah famili serangga dalam order Diptera, biasanya dikenali sebagai lalat perompak (bahasa Inggeris:robber fly). Famili Asilidae mengandungi kira-kira 7,100 spesies yang dikenalpasti di seluruh dunia.

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Roofvliegen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Roofvliegen (Asilidae) zijn een familie van tweevleugeligen met ca 7100 beschreven soorten.

Kenmerken

Alle roofvliegen hebben 3 'bijogen' (ocelli) tussen hun twee facetogen, sterke spinachtige poten en een 'borstelsnor'. Met hun korte sterke zuigsnuit (proboscis) steken zij hun prooi en spuiten neurotoxische en proteolytische enzymen naar binnen die hun prooi verlammen en hun ingewanden doen verteren. De roofvlieg zuigt vervolgens de vloeibaar geworden inhoud van zijn slachtoffer door de proboscis naar binnen. De lichaamslengte varieert van 0,3 tot 5 cm.

Geslachten

De volgende geslachten, verdeeld naar onderfamilie, worden in de familie geplaatst:[1]

In Nederland voorkomende soorten

Afbeeldingen

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Roofvliegen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Roofvliegen (Asilidae) zijn een familie van tweevleugeligen met ca 7100 beschreven soorten.

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Rovfluer ( Norwegian )

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Rovfluer er en stor familie av fluer, der de voksne insektene er rovdyr. Denne familien omfatter noen av de største medlemmene av ordenen tovinger, opptil 7 cm lange. De fleste artene av rovfluer lever i varme områder, og vi har relativt få arter i Norge, særlig utenfor Sør-Østlandet.

Utseende

 src=
Rovflue. Legg merke til det «sal-aktige søkket» mellom øynene.

Små til store (4-50 millimeter), forholdsvis slanke fluer med kraftige bein. De er mørke på farge men kan være kledt med lys bestøvning. Hodet er tydelig avsatt fra thorax (tydelig hals), bredt men kort. Fasettøynene er store og mer eller mindre runde, delt i en øvre del med store fasetter og en nedre del med mindre fasetter. Mellom fasettøynene er det er sal-aktig søkk som er karakteristisk for denne familien. I pannen sitter tre punktøyne (ocelli), der det fremste er større enn de to bakerste. Antennene er forholdsvis lange til å være fluer, med tre tydelige, sylindriske ledd. Ytterst på det tredje leddet sitter det en antennebørste (arista) som av og til kan være tykk og danne et fjerde ledd. Ansiktet buler ut under fasettøynene, og er kledt med mange, lange hår – rovfluene har en kraftig bart (mystax). Munndelene er korte men kraftige, stikkende/sugende.Brystpartiet er forholdsvis lite, ofte med tett hårkledning og med kraftige børster. Bakkroppen er mer eller mindre sylindrisk, gjerne temmelig lang. De ytre kjønnsorganene er store, harde og ofte glinsende svarte. Hos hannene er det formet som et tangliknende redskap, hos hunnene ofte som et langt eggleggingsrør. Beina er vanligvis meget kraftige, særlig er fotleddene (tarsene) kraftig bygd. Også beina har oftest flere kraftige børster. Vingene er lange og smale med mange tydelige årer og flere lukkede celler i vingen. Noen arter etterligner humler, bier og veps.

Larvene er sylindriske, tydelig delt i 11 segmenter, tilspisset i begge ender men særlig i forenden. Hodekapselen er liten og smal men tydelig.

Levevis

 src=
Rovfluer

De voksne rovfluene er grådige rovdyr som kan fange og drepe insekter som er større enn dem selv, for eksempel bier, gresshopper og øyenstikkere. Små og spinkle arter, som slekten Leptogaster, tar bare små insekter.

Mange arter sitter og venter på bestemte utsiktsplasser, og flyr så raskt ut og fanger eventuelle byttedyr som passerer forbi, omtrent som fluesnappere gjør mellom fuglene. Det ser ut til at den enkelte flue har sine faste sitteplasser som den bruker.

Når rovfluen har fanget et insekt, stikker den et hull med munndelene og sprøyter inn en blanding av gift og proteinoppløsende enzymer, som raskt dreper byttet. Noen store arter kan gi mennesker meget smertefulle stikk. Fluene suger så ut det oppløste innholdet av byttedyret. Ulikt mange andre fluer er begge kjønn rovdyr.

Rovfluene er varmekjære dyr og er vanligvis bare aktive i solskinn. Noen arter har innviklede kurtise-ritualer som går forut for parringen.

Eggene legges i jorden.

Larvene lever av ulike slags råtnende plantemateriale, og kan utvikle seg i jord, i død ved eller i møkk.

 src=
Leptogaster cylindrica (hunn), en slank art

Utbredelse

Rovfluene forekommer i alle verdensdeler men er særlig artsrike i varme, tørre områder. I Norge er de bare vanlige på Sør- og Østlandet, i de øvrige landsdelene er det få arter og de finnes gjerne bare på særlig varme lokaliteter.

Systematisk inndeling / norske arter

 src=
Laphria flava er en av de vanligste artene i Norge

Rovfluene er forholdsvis dårlig undersøkt i Norge. Rundt 20 arter er funnet i landet men det er sannsynlig at vi har noen flere.

Treliste
  • orden Tovinger, Diptera
    • underorden Lavere fluer, Orthorrhapha
      • overfamilie Asiloidea
        • familie Rovfluer, Asilidae
          • underfamilie Leptogasterinae – små og spinkle fluer med lang bakkropp
            • Leptogaster cylindrica (DeGeer, 1776) – vanlig på Østlandet
            • Leptogaster guttiventris Zetterstedt, 1842 – ikke funnet i Norge, men finnes i Sverige og Finland
          • underfamilie Dasypogoninae
            • Leptarthrus brevirostris (Meigen, 1804) – finnes i Sverige
            • Leptarthrus vitripennis (Meigen, 1820) – finnes i Sverige
          • underfamilie Ommatinae – ikke i Nord-Europa
          • underfamilie Apocleinae – ikke i Nord-Europa
          • underfamilie Laphystiinae – ikke i Nord-Europa
          • underfamilie Stenopogoninae
            • Lasiopogon cinctus (Fabricius, 1781) – funnet i Norge
            • Molobratia teutonus (Linnaeus, 1767) – funnet i Sverige
          • Slekten Dioctria Meigen, 1803 – små, slanke, mørke fluer med lange antenner. Slekten finnes i Norge men uvisst hvilke(n) art(er)
            • Dioctria atricapilla Meigen, 1804 – funnet i Sverige
            • Dioctria hyalipennis (Fabricius, 1794) – funnet i Sverige
            • Dioctria oelandica (Linnaeus, 1758) – funnet i Sverige og Finland
            • Dioctria rufipes (DeGeer, 1776) – funnet i Sverige
            • Cyrtopogon lapponicus (Zetterstedt, 1838) – funnet i Sverige
            • Cyrtopogon lateralis (Fallén, 1814) – funnet i Norge
            • Cyrtopogon maculipennis (Macquart, 1834) – funnet i Sverige
        • underfamilie Atomisinae – ikke i Nord-Europa
        • underfamilie Laphriinae – til dels meget store arter, ofte med tett pels
          • Andrenosoma atrum (Linnaeus, 1758) – funnet i Sverige
          • Choerades fuliginosa (Panzer, 1798) – funnet i Sverige
          • Choerades gilva (Linnaeus, 1758) – stor, sterkt hårete art, Finnes i Norge
          • Choerades ignea (Meigen, 1820) – funnet i Vestfold i Norge
          • Choerades lapponica (Zetterstedt, 1838) – kjent fra Finland
          • Choerades marginata (Linnaeus, 1758) – middelsstor art, finnes i Norge
          • Choerades rufipes (Fallén, 1814) – funnet i Sverige
          • Laphria flava (Linnaeus, 1761) – stor, gulhåret art, vanlig i furuskog. En av de få artene som også finnes på Vestlandet.
          • Laphria ephippium (Fabricius, 1781) – funnet i Sverige
          • Laphria gibbosa (Linnaeus, 1758) – stor art, funnet i Norge
        • underfamilie Asilinae
          • Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt, 1838) – funnet i Norge
          • Pamponerus germanicus (Linnaeus, 1758) – funnet i Norge
          • Asilus crabroniformis Linnaeus, 1758 – stor, gul og rødaktig art. Fantes tidligere på Østlandet men er etter alt å dømme utdødd
          • Stilpnogaster aemula (Meigen, 1820) – funnet i Sverige
          • Erax barbatus Scopoli, 1763 – funnet i Sverige
          • Neoitamus cothurnatus (Meigen, 1820) – en av de vanligste artene
          • Neoitamus cyanurus (Loew, 1849) – en av de vanligste artene
          • Philonicus albiceps (Meigen, 1820) – funnet i Norge
          • Eutolmus rufibarbis (Meigen, 1820) – funnet i Sverige
          • Machimus arthriticus (Zeller, 1840) – funnet i Norge
          • Machimus setibarbus (Loew, 1849) – funnet i Norge
          • Tolmerus atricapillus (Fallén, 1814) – vanlig, finnes også på Vestlandet
          • Tolmerus cingulatus (Fabricius, 1781) – funnet i Norge
          • Dysmachus trigonus (Meigen, 1804) – funnet i Norge

Kilder

  • Lyneborg, L. 1965. Tovinger IV. Humlefluer, stiletfluer, rovfluer m.fl. Danmarks Fauna 70. G.E.C. Gads Forlag, København.
  • Majer, J.M. 1997. European Asilidae. Side 549-567 i: Papp, L. og Darvas, B. (red.): Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Science Herald, Budapest.
  • Nettressursen Fauna Europaea, utbredelsesdatabase for europeiske dyr

Eksterne lenker

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Rovfluer: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Rovfluer er en stor familie av fluer, der de voksne insektene er rovdyr. Denne familien omfatter noen av de største medlemmene av ordenen tovinger, opptil 7 cm lange. De fleste artene av rovfluer lever i varme områder, og vi har relativt få arter i Norge, særlig utenfor Sør-Østlandet.

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Łowikowate ( Polish )

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Łowikowate (Asilidae) – rodzina owadów z rzędu muchówek licząca ponad 7 tys. gatunków.

Charakterystyka
Mają długie i mocne odnóża. Występuje u nich twarda kłujka. Ciemieniowa część głowy jest obniżona. Wszystkie są drapieżnikami polującymi na inne owady (muchówki, błonkówki – w tym również na pszczołę miodną). Polują w locie lub z zasadzki pochwycając ofiarę swoimi długimi odnóżami. Polując z zasadzki usadawiają się w jakimś nasłonecznionym miejscu i przyjmują postawę nieruchomą. Punktem, gdzie oczekują na ofiarę może być kwiat na łące, pień drzewa, skała itp. Gdy zauważą ofiarę błyskawicznie zrywają się do lotu i atakują chwytając i zabijając ofiarę w locie. Zabijają swoje ofiary przebijając jej ciało kłujką i do jego wnętrza wlewają kropelkę śliny, co powoduje natychmiastowy paraliż lub śmierć. Drapieżne są również ich larwy żyjące w glebie i spróchniałym drewnie.
Systematyka
W Polsce łowikowate należą do czterech podrodzin:
  • Leptogasterinae
  • Asilinae
  • Laphriinae
  • Dasypogoninae
 src=
Ommatius sp.
Przedstawiciele (wybór)
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Łowikowate: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Łowikowate (Asilidae) – rodzina owadów z rzędu muchówek licząca ponad 7 tys. gatunków.

Charakterystyka Mają długie i mocne odnóża. Występuje u nich twarda kłujka. Ciemieniowa część głowy jest obniżona. Wszystkie są drapieżnikami polującymi na inne owady (muchówki, błonkówki – w tym również na pszczołę miodną). Polują w locie lub z zasadzki pochwycając ofiarę swoimi długimi odnóżami. Polując z zasadzki usadawiają się w jakimś nasłonecznionym miejscu i przyjmują postawę nieruchomą. Punktem, gdzie oczekują na ofiarę może być kwiat na łące, pień drzewa, skała itp. Gdy zauważą ofiarę błyskawicznie zrywają się do lotu i atakują chwytając i zabijając ofiarę w locie. Zabijają swoje ofiary przebijając jej ciało kłujką i do jego wnętrza wlewają kropelkę śliny, co powoduje natychmiastowy paraliż lub śmierć. Drapieżne są również ich larwy żyjące w glebie i spróchniałym drewnie. Systematyka W Polsce łowikowate należą do czterech podrodzin: Leptogasterinae Asilinae Laphriinae Dasypogoninae  src= Ommatius sp. Przedstawiciele (wybór) łowiec czarniawy (Machimus atricapillus) łowik szerszeniak (Asilus crabroniformis) pędźka rudonoga (Dioctria rufipes) wierzchołówka żółtowłosa (Laphria flava)
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Asilidae ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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 src=
Dioctria linearis

Muștele răpitoare sau ucigașe (Asilidae) fac parte din familia Diptera, grupa Brachycera (Orthorrapha). Ele cuprind peste 7000 de specii împărțite în 530 de genuri,[1] fiind una dintre cele mai mari familii de insecte. Prin modul de viață de a vâna în special insecte fitofage (dăunătoare) joacă un rol important în echilibrul sistemului bioecologic al mediului. Sunt insecte de dimensiuni mijlocii, pe când muștele ucigașe (Laphria) ating o mărime de 30 de mm.

Genuri

Lista genurilor din familia Asilidae conform Catalogue of Life:[1]

Referințe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Asilidae
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Asilidae
  1. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)

Galerie


Stub icon Acest articol referitor la insecte din ordinul Diptera este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
Acest infocasetă: v d mvizualizare discuție modificare
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Asilidae: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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 src= Dioctria linearis

Muștele răpitoare sau ucigașe (Asilidae) fac parte din familia Diptera, grupa Brachycera (Orthorrapha). Ele cuprind peste 7000 de specii împărțite în 530 de genuri, fiind una dintre cele mai mari familii de insecte. Prin modul de viață de a vâna în special insecte fitofage (dăunătoare) joacă un rol important în echilibrul sistemului bioecologic al mediului. Sunt insecte de dimensiuni mijlocii, pe când muștele ucigașe (Laphria) ating o mărime de 30 de mm.

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Grabežnice ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Grabežnice (znanstveno ime Asilidae) so družina žuželk, ki obsega okoli 7100 vrst, razširjenih po celem svetu. Že ime pove, da se te muhe prehranjujejo z drugimi žuželkami, ki jih lovijo.

Za grabežnice so značilne dolge in močne noge, med očmi pa imajo brazdo. Glava je pri večini vrst obdana z dlačicami. Vse grabežnice imajo na glavi poroženelo bodalce, s katerim predrejo žrtev in iz nje posesajo sokove. Nekatere vrste lovijo v letu, druge pa na plen prežijo v zasedi. Ličinke grabežnic se prehranjujejo z razpadajočimi rastlinskimi ostanki.

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Rovflugor ( Swedish )

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Rovflugor (Asilidae) är en familj i underordningen flugor (Brachycera) bland tvåvingarna.

Hit hör flugor med långsträckt bakkropp, långa och starka ben samt brett men kort huvud, vars korta men starka och spetsiga snabel vanligen hålls vågrätt framåtsträckt. Ögonen är starkt buktiga. Vingarna hålls under vilan platt hoplagda över varandra, parallellt med bakkroppen.

Dessa flugor är rovdjur, och lever på att gripa fast och suga näringen ur andra insekter som de fångar.

Rovflugors larver lever i jorden och är rovdjur redan i detta stadium. Vanliga tillhåll för larverna är murkna stubbar.

Familjen består av 7 000 arter, varav 38, tillhörande 17 släkten, har påträffats i Sverige.

Källor

Small Sketch of Owl.pngDen här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från Nordisk familjebok, Rovflugor, 1904–1926.
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Rovflugor: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Rovflugor (Asilidae) är en familj i underordningen flugor (Brachycera) bland tvåvingarna.

Hit hör flugor med långsträckt bakkropp, långa och starka ben samt brett men kort huvud, vars korta men starka och spetsiga snabel vanligen hålls vågrätt framåtsträckt. Ögonen är starkt buktiga. Vingarna hålls under vilan platt hoplagda över varandra, parallellt med bakkroppen.

Dessa flugor är rovdjur, och lever på att gripa fast och suga näringen ur andra insekter som de fångar.

Rovflugors larver lever i jorden och är rovdjur redan i detta stadium. Vanliga tillhåll för larverna är murkna stubbar.

Familjen består av 7 000 arter, varav 38, tillhörande 17 släkten, har påträffats i Sverige.

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Họ Ruồi ăn sâu ( Vietnamese )

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Họ Ruồi ăn sâu[1] (danh pháp khoa học: Asilidae) là một họ ruồi bao gồm khoảng 7.100 loài đã được miêu tả trên khắp thế giới.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Đọc thêm

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Họ Ruồi ăn sâu  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Họ Ruồi ăn sâu


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết họ Ruồi ăn sâu này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Họ Ruồi ăn sâu: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Họ Ruồi ăn sâu (danh pháp khoa học: Asilidae) là một họ ruồi bao gồm khoảng 7.100 loài đã được miêu tả trên khắp thế giới.

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Ктыри ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Форма тела ктырей очень разнообразна: от нитевидной до широкой уплощённой, но в большинстве случаев она цилиндрическая. Палеарктические ктыри в длину достигают от 3 до 50 мм[3], но некоторые тропические виды могут достигать 80 мм[4][5].

У большинства форм склериты тела чёрные, реже полностью или частично бурые, рыжие и даже красные. У всех видов подсемейства Asilinae тело плотно покрыто пыльцой светлых сероватых тонов, у отдельных видов небольшие участки без такой пыльцы. У представителей других подсемейств пыльца образует рисунок из светлых полос и пятен[3].

Голова

Голова крупная, обычно продольно уплощённая, может быть и почти шарообразной, реже расширена в стороны или вытянута вверх. Глаза занимают бо́льшую часть передней и боковых сторон. Спереди между глазами лицо узкое; лоб сверху вдавлен и несёт теменной бугорок, на котором расположены три простых глазка. На границе лица и лба находятся усики состоящие из трёх члеников и ариста. Форма и размеру усиков и строение аристы очень разнообразны. Лицо бывает плоским или слегка выпуклым, но чаще на нём имеется лицевой бугорок, форма которого используется при определении. На лице всегда есть лицевая борода, которая занимает её большую часть или представлена несколькими щетинками в нижней части. Под бородой находится хоботок, которой бывает разных размеров: длиннее вертикального поперечника головы или слабо выдаётся из-под нижнего края головы. На лице, над хоботком, находится надротовая впадина. По верхнему заднему краю головы часто расположен краевой ряд заглазничных щетинок[3].

Грудь

Склериты переднегруди образуют тонкую шею, которая подвижно соединена с головой: некоторые ктыри могут поворачивать голову по отношению к груди на 90° и даже более[3]. Среднегрудь массивная: мощная мускулатура обеспечивает движение ног и крыльев. На слабо выпуклом верхнем склерите среднеспинки различают плечевые и закрыловые бугорки и поперечный шов. Среднеспинка бывает голой или покрытой пыльцой. У большинства форм пыльца обрамляет «короткие волоски» и волоски и щетинки, которые расположены по средней линии: в середине дорсоцентральные (щетинки дорсоцентрального ряда) и с боков акростихальные. При описании видов часто используется признак — переходят или не переходят щетинки дорсоцентрального ряда поперечны шов. На боках среднеспинки есть предкрыловые, надкрыловые и закрыловые щетинки (щетинки бокового края). Среднеспинка заканчивается щитком, на заднем крае которого бывают красные щетинки, их число иногда постоянно для вида[3]. Эпистерны среднегруди чётко отделены от эпимер вертикальным швом и, в свою очередь, горизонтально разделены на мезоплевру и стерноплевры, птероплевры и гипоплевры. Заднегрудь развита слабо, но часто используется такой признак как метанотальные бугорки голые или с волосками[3].

Конечности

Крылья хорошо развитые. У большинства видов пластинка крыльев бесцветная или с микротрихиальными затемнениями, реже тёмная, часто чёрная или рыжая полностью или с пятнами или полосками. Жилки обычно чёрные, но могут быть рыжими[3].

Asilidae wing veins radius variants-1.svg
Asilidae wing veins radius variants-2.svg
Asilidae wing veins radius variants-3.svg
Asilidae wing veins media variants.svg

Ноги хорошо развиты и приспособлены к захвату и удержанию добычи. Особенно более массивные бёдра, особенно задние; голени тонкие; формула лапок 5-5-5 имеют коготок и у большинства видов с пульвиллами и эмподиумом. У самцов некоторых видов передние голени и лапки имеют особое строение и часто несут скопления волосков иногда контрастных тонов, то есть чёрных, белых или рыжих. Для распознания видов используется характер расположения волосков и щетинок на нижней стороне рёбер. У видов, основу пищи которых составляют перепончатокрылые, на вершине передних голеней имеется клиновидный отросток[3].

Брюшко

Брюшко состоит из одиннадцати сегментов, из которых 8—11-й сегменты входят в состав гениталий и яйцеклады самки. У немногих видов хорошо различимы только семь и даже шесть сегментов, например у представителей рода Laphysita. Как и на среднеспинки на тергитах брюшка бывают участки, покрытые «короткими волосками». Вдоль заднего края бывают ряды из заднекрайних щетинок, а с боков тергитов «боковые», или «дополнительные» щетинки. На стернитах также могут быть ряды краевых щетинок.[3]

Половая система

Гениталии самца образованы «верхними» и «нижними щипчами»: эпандрий и базистилем. Базистили на внутренней стороне могут иметь один отросток, так называемый дистистиль, он имеется у всех представителей Apocleinae, Asilinae, Atomosiinae, Trigonomiminae и многие из рода Stichopogon. У всех прочих групп ктырей на базистиле два отростка: дистистиль и латер. У некоторых Stichopogon бывают несколько отростков. Эпандрий и базистили образуют футляр, в который помещён эдеагус[3].

Яйцеклады могут быть простыми, без сложных структурных изменений, но у Stenopogoninae и Dasynogoninae на девятом тергите, который имеет название акантофорит, имеется ряд из шипов — особенность, позволяющая им помещать яйца в почву. У Apocleinae и Asilinae яйцеклады бывают дистально уплощёнными или округлыми в поперечном сечении. У видов, кладущих яйца в почву, на церках (реже на всём яйцекладе) есть шипы или шиповидные щетинки. У Dysmachus, Eutolmus церки плоские, с заострёнными вершинами, позволяющими им откладывать яйца в соцветия злаков, осок или под листовую обёртку стеблей злаков. Виды с простыми яйцекладами яйца разбрасывают, прикрепляют к растениям или помещают в различные углубления[3].

Описание личинок

Тело личинки удлиненное, прямое, конец брюшка тупоконический. Головная капсула отсутствует. На переднем конце тела заметные склеротизированные мандибулы в виде параллельных склеротизированных крючьев. Взрослые ктыри, охотясь за другими насекомыми, являются важными регуляторами их численности в природе.

Размножение

Самки ктырей откладывают светлые яйца на низко растущие растения и траву, или же щели почвы, коры или древесины. Характер кладки яиц зависит от вида и его места обитания; большинство видов откладывают яйца кучками, которые затем покрываются белой мучнистой защитной массой[6].

Личинки развиваются в почве или в гниющей органической материи, которая встречается в их среде[6].

Экология

Личинки обитают в почве или гнилой древесине и питаются личинками насекомых или растительными веществами.

Питание

Ктыри — хищники, охотящиеся на различных насекомых[7]; иногда добычей ктыря может стать другой ктырь. Агрессивность ктырей настолько велика, что они вступают в схватку с такими хорошо вооруженными насекомыми, как пчелы, осы, жуки-скакуны.

Хотя в хоботке ктырей и отсутствуют мандибулы, другие части ротового аппарата — максиллы, подглоточник и нижняя губа — образуют весьма совершенный колющий орган. Слюна ктырей содержит сильный яд, от которого пойманное им насекомое мгновенно умирает. Пойманный рукой ктырь иногда кусает и человека. Укус ктыря схож по болевым ощущениям с пчелиным.

Экологическая классификация

В зависимости от места охоты выделяют несколько экологических групп ктырей (Лер, 1969):

  • Геофилы (Geophils) — охотятся на поверхности земли
  • Герпетобионты (Herpetobions) — на поверхности земли, но в травяном ярусе
  • Хортобионты (Chortobions) — внутри травяного яруса
  • Эпифитобионты (Epiphytobions) — над травой
  • Эпифитогеобионты (Epiphytogeobions) — на земле и на траве
  • Таннобионты (Tannobions) — на деревьях

Классификация и филогения

Основная статья: Список родов ктырей

Всего свыше 7000 видов и 530 родов во всем мире в 9 подсемействах[7]. Вместе с несколькими другими семействами мух (Scenopinidae, Therevidae, Mydidae, Apioceridae, мухи-жужжалы Bombyliidae) ктыри образуют надсемейство Asiloidea. По расчетам Papavero (1973) ктыри возникли в Мезозойскую эру (Юрский период, Меловой период). В ископаемом состоянии известны 18 родов и 39 видов (Эоцен, Олигоцен, Миоцен)[8]. Ниже приведена филогенетическая схема этой группы[5]:

─Ктыреобразные (Asiloidea) ├─ Мухи-жужжалы (Bombyliidae) └─ N.N. ├?─ Темнушки (Scenopinidae) и Лжектыри (Therevidae) ├?─ Mydidae и Apioceridae └?─ Ктыри (Asilidae) 

Схема филогенетических отношений основных подсемейств ктырей [Papavero (1973), Artigas & Papavero (1988)][5]:

 |============= Leptogastrinae -|-> группа Leptogastrinae | | |== Ommatiinae -| |======| |======| | | | |======| |== Apocleinae -|-> группа Asilinae | | | | | | | | |========= Asilinae -| | |======| | | |== Laphriinae -| Asilidae <<===| |=============| |-> группа Laphriinae | |== Laphystiinae -| | | |=== Dasypogoninae -| | |======| | | | |=== Trigonomiminae -| |=============| |-> группа Dasypogoninae | |=== Stichopogoninae -| |======| | |=== Stenopogoninae -| 

Специалисты по ктырям

Примечания

  1. Жизнь животных. Том 3. Членистоногие: трилобиты, хелицеровые, трахейнодышащие. Онихофоры / под ред. М. С. Гилярова, Ф. Н. Правдина, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1984. — С. 404. — 463 с.
  2. Information on Robber Flies Distribution & Habits
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Определитель насекомых Дальнего Востока России. Т. VI. Двукрылые и блохи. Ч. 1 / под общ. ред. П. А. Лера. — Владивосток: Дальнаука, 1999. — С. 591—594. — 655 с. — 500 экз.ISBN 5-7442-0921-2.
  4. (Lehr, 1988; Wood, 1981)
  5. 1 2 3 Seth M. Bybee, Sean D. Taylor, C. Riley Nelson & Michael F. Whiting. A phylogeny of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) at the subfamilial level: molecular evidence (англ.) // Elsevier — Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. — Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA, 2003. — P. 789—297. Архивировано 8 августа 2007 года.
  6. 1 2 Fin E. M. = Robber Flies, Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae) (англ.). — University of Florida IFAS Extansion. — No. 281. — P. 1—6.
  7. 1 2 BugGuide Family Asilidae — Robber Flies
  8. Brian M. Wiegmann and David K. Yeates Tree of Life web project Brachycera
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Ктыри: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Ноги хорошо развиты и приспособлены к захвату и удержанию добычи. Особенно более массивные бёдра, особенно задние; голени тонкие; формула лапок 5-5-5 имеют коготок и у большинства видов с пульвиллами и эмподиумом. У самцов некоторых видов передние голени и лапки имеют особое строение и часто несут скопления волосков иногда контрастных тонов, то есть чёрных, белых или рыжих. Для распознания видов используется характер расположения волосков и щетинок на нижней стороне рёбер. У видов, основу пищи которых составляют перепончатокрылые, на вершине передних голеней имеется клиновидный отросток.

Брюшко

Брюшко состоит из одиннадцати сегментов, из которых 8—11-й сегменты входят в состав гениталий и яйцеклады самки. У немногих видов хорошо различимы только семь и даже шесть сегментов, например у представителей рода Laphysita. Как и на среднеспинки на тергитах брюшка бывают участки, покрытые «короткими волосками». Вдоль заднего края бывают ряды из заднекрайних щетинок, а с боков тергитов «боковые», или «дополнительные» щетинки. На стернитах также могут быть ряды краевых щетинок.

Половая система

Гениталии самца образованы «верхними» и «нижними щипчами»: эпандрий и базистилем. Базистили на внутренней стороне могут иметь один отросток, так называемый дистистиль, он имеется у всех представителей Apocleinae, Asilinae, Atomosiinae, Trigonomiminae и многие из рода Stichopogon. У всех прочих групп ктырей на базистиле два отростка: дистистиль и латер. У некоторых Stichopogon бывают несколько отростков. Эпандрий и базистили образуют футляр, в который помещён эдеагус.

Яйцеклады могут быть простыми, без сложных структурных изменений, но у Stenopogoninae и Dasynogoninae на девятом тергите, который имеет название акантофорит, имеется ряд из шипов — особенность, позволяющая им помещать яйца в почву. У Apocleinae и Asilinae яйцеклады бывают дистально уплощёнными или округлыми в поперечном сечении. У видов, кладущих яйца в почву, на церках (реже на всём яйцекладе) есть шипы или шиповидные щетинки. У Dysmachus, Eutolmus церки плоские, с заострёнными вершинами, позволяющими им откладывать яйца в соцветия злаков, осок или под листовую обёртку стеблей злаков. Виды с простыми яйцекладами яйца разбрасывают, прикрепляют к растениям или помещают в различные углубления.

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食蟲虻 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
Subfamilies

食蟲虻(学名:Asilidae)又稱盜虻雙翅目短角亚目,分布於世界各地,大约有7100种。

生物特徵

所有的食虫虻都有粗壮,长着刺的腿,脸部有浓密的胡子状的鬃毛,两只大的复眼中间有3个单眼。鬃毛在遇到猎物时保护头部和脸部。触角短,分成3段,有些有猪鬃状的芒。

其喙短且强,用来刺破猎物并注入含有毒性和蛋白水解酶唾液,使猎物内部麻痹,通过长嘴吮吸液体。许多物种腹部长,逐渐变细,另一些腹部扁平。成年食虫虻攻击其他苍蝇、甲虫、蝴蝶、飞蛾、各种蜜蜂、蚂蚁、豆娘、黄蜂、蝗虫、一些蜘蛛。

圖像

  •  src=

    Head of a large Efferia aestuans

  •  src=

    Female
    Efferia aestuans

  •  src=

    Robber fly

  •  src=

    Neoitamus cyanurus

  •  src=

    Choerades fimbriata

  •  src=

    Dasypogon diadema

  •  src=

    Robber fly resting.

  • Asylidae 0005.JPG
  •  src=

    Promachus vertebratus

  •  src=

    Efferia aestuans, Albuquerque, NM

  •  src=

    Damselfy Prey

參考書目

  • Geller-Grimm F (2003): Photographic atlas and identification key to the robber flies of Germany (Diptera: Asilidae), CD-ROM, Amphx-Verlag Halle (Saale). ISBN 3-932795-18-0
  • Hull FM (1962): Robber flies of the world., Bulletin of the United States National Museum 224 (1, 2): 1-907; Washington.
  • Lavigne RJ (2003): Evolution of courtship behaviour among the Asilidae (Diptera), with a review of courtship and mating. Studia dipterologica 9(2)(2002): 703-742
  • Musso JJ (1978): Recherches sur le développement, la nutrition et l'écologie des Asilidae (Diptera - Brachycera), Aix-*Marseille: These université d'droit, d'èconomie et des sciences: 312 S.
  • Oldroyd H (1969): Tabanoidea and Asiloidea, Handb Ident British Insects 9(4). London
  • Papavero N (1973): Studies of Asilidae (Diptera) systematics and evolution. I. A preliminary classification in subfamilies., Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo 23: 217-274; São Paulo.
  • Wood GC (1981): Asilidae, In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM,(Hrsg.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1., Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monographs 27: : 549-573; Ottawa.

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:食蟲虻  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:食蟲虻
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食蟲虻: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

食蟲虻(学名:Asilidae)又稱盜虻,雙翅目短角亚目,分布於世界各地,大约有7100种。

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ムシヒキアブ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ムシヒキアブ科 Asilidae Robberfly dec 2006.jpg
Zosteria spec.
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 節足動物門 Arthropoda : 昆虫綱 Insecta : ハエ目(双翅目) Diptera 亜目 : ハエ亜目(短角亜目) Brachycera 下目 : ムシヒキアブ下目 Asilomorpha 上科 : ムシヒキアブ上科 Asiloidea : ムシヒキアブ科 Asilidae 英名 Robber fly 亜科

ムシヒキアブ(虫引虻)は、ハエ目(双翅目)ムシヒキアブ科(Asilidae)に属する昆虫の総称。広義のアブ直縫短角群)に含まれる。

幼虫は土中や朽木中に棲み、甲虫の幼虫などほかの昆虫を捕食して育ち、成虫は他の昆虫を捕え、その体液を吸う。シオヤアブ等は、家畜やヒトなど脊椎動物に向かうこともある。

分類[編集]

参考文献[編集]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにムシヒキアブ科に関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ムシヒキアブ科に関連するカテゴリがあります。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ムシヒキアブ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ムシヒキアブ(虫引虻)は、ハエ目(双翅目)ムシヒキアブ科(Asilidae)に属する昆虫の総称。広義のアブ直縫短角群)に含まれる。

幼虫は土中や朽木中に棲み、甲虫の幼虫などほかの昆虫を捕食して育ち、成虫は他の昆虫を捕え、その体液を吸う。シオヤアブ等は、家畜やヒトなど脊椎動物に向かうこともある。

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wikipedia 日本語

파리매과 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

파리매과(영어: Asilidae, robber fly 또는 assassin flies)는 파리목의 과이다. 겹눈이 매우 크다. 모기, 파리, 각다귀, 나방, 나비, 꿀벌, 개미, 꽃매미, 메뚜기, 풀무치, 귀뚜라미 등의 곤충들을 잡아 체액을 빨아먹는 육식성 곤충이다. 이름은 파리와 비슷하나 파리를 잡아먹는 천적이다.

사진

외부 링크

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파리매과: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

파리매과(영어: Asilidae, robber fly 또는 assassin flies)는 파리목의 과이다. 겹눈이 매우 크다. 모기, 파리, 각다귀, 나방, 나비, 꿀벌, 개미, 꽃매미, 메뚜기, 풀무치, 귀뚜라미 등의 곤충들을 잡아 체액을 빨아먹는 육식성 곤충이다. 이름은 파리와 비슷하나 파리를 잡아먹는 천적이다.

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