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Asir magpie

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The Asir magpie (Pica asirensis), also known as the Arabian magpie, is a highly endangered species of magpie endemic to Saudi Arabia. It is only found in the country's southwestern highlands, in the Asir Region. It occurs only in African juniper forest in well-vegetated wadis and valleys. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), and still is by many authorities.[2] This species is highly threatened by habitat destruction, as its native forests are not regenerating. Tourism development and climate change are also posing a threat. Only 135 pairs (270 mature individuals) are known to survive in the wild, and this number is declining.[1]

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018 found that the Asir magpie was a sister taxon to the black-rumped magpie that is found on the Tibetan Plateau.[3]

Description

The Asir magpie (Pica asirensis) is about 45–60 cm long, and its approximate weight is 240 g. Its head, neck, back, front chest, and feet are all black. Its shoulders and belly are milk white. Its tail is black with bronze-green metallic luster.[4] Compared to Eurasian magpie, the Asir magpie has longer bill, darker plumage, and darker iris. Its vocalization is distinct, and it also gives harsh high-pitched calls.[5] There is no large difference between males and females, but young Asir magpies are duller than adults.[6]

Behavior

During breeding seasons, the Asir magpies often group in pairs and live in flocks. Each of the flock approximately contains 8 birds. However, the Asir magpies travel in small groups of 3-5 birds for daily activities. In order to protect themselves from predators such as hawks and owls, they build their nests in forests and valleys with plentiful vegetation covered.[7]

Compared to flying, the Asir magpies prefer walking and hopping sideways. Since their size is small and their wings are short, they fly with fast wing beats, and they rarely glide.[6]

Habitat

Asir magpie primarily lives above 2150 m in thick shady juniper forests or dense mixed forests. It usually lives on south-facing slopes and avoids living on slopes larger than 30 degrees or near a human site. Sometimes, the Asir magpie is also observed foraging on roadsides or living at 1800 m and higher.[8]

Diet

The Asir magpie is omnivorous. Its diet varies according to the changes in seasons and environments. When it is summer, the Asir magpie mainly feeds on animal-based food such as invertebrates, lizards, and frogs. During the other three seasons, it relies on the seeds and products of plants.[6] The Asir magpie's food source is not limited, and it just eats the food which is available and abundant in the living environment. It even steals and eats the eggs of other birds, which gives the species the name “nest predators”.[7]

Status

As a highly endangered species, there are only 270 Asir Magpie estimated to exist, and the extent of occurrence (breeding/resident) has shrunk to 42,700 km2.[2] When Bates(1936) first recorded the Asir magpie, the bird's living range extended from Tayif in the north to at least Abha in the south - a distance of 400 km.[9] Today, the great majority of the population appears to be confined to pockets of mixed juniper and acacia forests within a 37 km strip of highlands, primarily between An-Namas and Billasmar.[10] A high degree of habitat fragmentation from tourism development and urban expansion poses a great threat to its existence by restraining the exchange of genetic materials between groups from different habitats. Moreover, the Asir magpies suffer from malnutrition as a result of feeding on human food wastes, which potentially leads to extinction of the species.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Pica asirensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2018.old-form url
  2. ^ a b Madge, S.; Kirwan, G.M. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Asir Magpie (Pica asirensis)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  3. ^ Song, S.; Zhang, R.; Alström, P.; Irestedt, M.; Cai, T.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J.; Lei, F. (2017). "Complete taxon sampling of the avian genus Pica (magpies) reveals ancient relictual populations and synchronous Late-Pleistocene demographic expansion across the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Avian Biology. 49 (2): 1–14. doi:10.1111/jav.01612.
  4. ^ "Asir Magpie". movementoflife.si.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  5. ^ "Asir Magpie - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  6. ^ a b c "Asir Magpie - BirdForum Opus". BirdForum. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  7. ^ a b "Magpie Bird Facts | Pica Pica". AZ Animals. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  8. ^ a b Boland, Christopher R. J.; Burwell, Bruce O. (2020-10-01). "Habitat modelling reveals extreme habitat fragmentation in the endangered and declining Asir Magpie, Pica asirensis, Saudi Arabia's only endemic bird (Aves: Passeriformes)". Zoology in the Middle East. 66 (4): 283–294. doi:10.1080/09397140.2020.1833471. ISSN 0939-7140. S2CID 225068157.
  9. ^ Bates, G. L. (1936). On interesting birds recently sent to the British Museum from Arabia by Mr H St JB Philby. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club , 57 , 17–21.
  10. ^ Babbington, J. (2016). Update on the status and occurrence of Arabian magpie Pica pica asirensis in Saudi Arabia. Sandgrouse , 38 , 146–151.
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Asir magpie: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Asir magpie (Pica asirensis), also known as the Arabian magpie, is a highly endangered species of magpie endemic to Saudi Arabia. It is only found in the country's southwestern highlands, in the Asir Region. It occurs only in African juniper forest in well-vegetated wadis and valleys. It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), and still is by many authorities. This species is highly threatened by habitat destruction, as its native forests are not regenerating. Tourism development and climate change are also posing a threat. Only 135 pairs (270 mature individuals) are known to survive in the wild, and this number is declining.

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018 found that the Asir magpie was a sister taxon to the black-rumped magpie that is found on the Tibetan Plateau.

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Pica asirensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La urraca árabe (Pica asirensis)[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae endémica de Arabia.

Taxonomía

Anteriormente se clasificaba como una subespecie de la urraca común.[3]

Un filogénético publicado en 2018 descubrió que el pariente más cercano de la urraca árabe es la urraca del Himalaya que se encuentra en el Himalaya y la meseta tibetana.[4]

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra únicamente en las montañas el suroeste de Arabia Saudí, en la región de Asir y sus proximidades. Ocupa solo los bosques de enebro africano en los valles y wadis bien arbolados.

Solo quedan unas 135 parejas (270 individuos adultos) en estado salvaje, y su población está en declive.[1]​ Está en grave peligro de extinción por la destrucción de su hábitat forestal nativo. El desarrollo del turismo y el cambio climático también son posibles amenazas.

Referencias

  1. a b BirdLife International (2017). «Pica asirensis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2018.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2010). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimocuarta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Malaconotidae a Passeridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 57 (1): 199-205. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 20 de enero de 2019.
  3. Madge, S.; Kirwan, G.M. (2018). «Asir Magpie (Pica asirensis. En del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Consultado el 20 de julio de 2018. (requiere suscripción).
  4. Song, S.; Zhang, R.; Alström, P.; Irestedt, M.; Cai, T.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J. et al. (2017). «Complete taxon sampling of the avian genus Pica (magpies) reveals ancient relictual populations and synchronous Late-Pleistocene demographic expansion across the Northern Hemisphere». Journal of Avian Biology 49 (2): 1-14. doi:10.1111/jav.01612. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)

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Pica asirensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La urraca árabe (Pica asirensis)​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae endémica de Arabia.

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Asirekster ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De asirekster (Pica asirensis) is een zangvogel uit de familie van de kraaien en het geslacht eksters (Pica). De soort is op grond van moleculair genetisch onderzoek dat in 2017 werd gepubliceerd afgesplitst van de ekster.[2][3]

Herkenning

Deze soort lijkt op de gewone ekster maar heeft kortere staart en een groene metaalglans op de armpennen van de vleugels.[4]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in het zuidwesten van Saoedi-Arabië in de provincie Asir. Het is een standvogel die zich ophoudt binnen een beperkt gebied met Juniperusbossen die liggen in dalen en wadi's op 1650 tot 3000 m boven zeeniveau.[1]

Status

De asirekster heeft een zeer klein verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven aanwezig. Het gebied waar de vogel voorkomt wordt sterk verstoord door toerisme. De grootte van de wereldpopulatie werd in 2016 geschat op 270 volwassen vogels. Deze soort ekster gaat in aantal achteruit, daarom staat hij als bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b c (en) Asirekster op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Song, S.; Zhang, R.; Alström, P.; Irestedt, M.; Cai, T.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Fjeldså, J.; Lei, F., 2017. "Complete taxon sampling of the avian genus Pica (magpies) reveals ancient relictual populations and synchronous Late-Pleistocene demographic expansion across the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Avian Biology. DOI:10.1111/jav.01612.
  3. (en) F. Gill, M. Wright D. & Donsker (2018)
  4. (en) Madge, S., Christie, D.A. & Kirwan, G.M., 2018. Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica). In: del Hoyo, J.,et al. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/60753 on 26 August 2018).
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Asirekster: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De asirekster (Pica asirensis) is een zangvogel uit de familie van de kraaien en het geslacht eksters (Pica). De soort is op grond van moleculair genetisch onderzoek dat in 2017 werd gepubliceerd afgesplitst van de ekster.

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Asirskata ( Swedish )

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Asirskata[2] (Pica asirensis) är en starkt utrotningshotåd tätting i familjen kråkfåglar som enbart förekommer isolerat i ett litet bergsområde i Saudiarabien.[3] Fram tills nyligen betraktades den som underart till skatan men urskiljs numera som egen art.

Utseende

Asirskatan är mycket lik skata (Pica pica) men skiljer sig morfologiskt genom kraftigare näbb och kortare stjärt. Den är vidare svartaktig snarare än blåglänsande på vingar och blågrönglänsande på stjärten. Det svarta på kroppen har även en brun ton, den vita fläcken på buken är mindre och går mot beige och vingtäckarna har mer begränsat vitt. Lätena verkar skilja sig kraftigt.[4][5]

Utbredning och systematik

Asirskatan förekommer endast som stannfågel i 'Asirbergen i Saudiarabien på sydvästra Arabiska halvön.[3] Tidigare behandlades den som underart till skatan (Pica pica) och vissa gör det fortfarande.[6] Den urskiljs dock numera oftast som egen art på grund av sin mycket isolerade utbredning samt något avvikande utseende och läten. Även DNA-studier visar att den är distinkt, närmast släkt med även nyligen urskilda svartgumpad skata (P. bottanensis) och tillsammans systergrupp till ett komplex bestående av skata, men även bland annat de amerikanska arterna amerikansk skata (P. hudsonia) och gulnäbbad skata (P. nuttalli).

Levnadssätt

Arten förekommer i enskogar i välbevuxna dalar på mellan 1.850 och 3.000 meters höjd.[7] Den är liksom andra skator allätare, men den exakta födan är dåligt känd.[5] Den lägger ägg i början av februari och bon med ungar har observerats mellan början av mars och mitten av juni.[5]

Status och hot

Asirskatan är mycket fåtalig med en uppskattad världspopulation på endast 135 par eller färre.[8][7] Populationen antas dessutom minska till följd av habitatförstörelse och turism. Klimatförändringar tros också leda till torrare och varmare väder, vilket skulle påverka beståndet negativt. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som starkt hotad.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2016 Pica asirensis Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-10.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-09-30
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2018) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2018 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2018-08-11
  4. ^ Boesman, P. (2016) Notes on the vocalizations of Arabian Magpie (Pica asirensis). HBW Alive Ornithological Note 206.
  5. ^ [a b c] Madge, S. & Kirwan, G.M. (2018). Asir Magpie (Pica asirensis). I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (hämtad från https://www.hbw.com/node/60754 1 oktober 2018).
  6. ^ Dickinson, E.C., J.V. Remsen Jr. & L. Christidis (Eds). 2013-2014. The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th. Edition, Vol. 1, 2, Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K.
  7. ^ [a b] Babbington, J. 2016. Update on the status and occurrence of Arabian Magpie Pica pica asirensis in Saudi Arabia. Sandgrouse 38(2): 146-151.
  8. ^ Symes, A.; Taylor, J.; Mallon, D.; Porter, R.; Simms, C.; Budd, K. 2015. The Conservation Status and Distribution of the Breeding Birds of the Arabian Peninsula. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, and Sharjah, UAE: Environment and Protected Areas Authority.

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Asirskata: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Asirskata (Pica asirensis) är en starkt utrotningshotåd tätting i familjen kråkfåglar som enbart förekommer isolerat i ett litet bergsområde i Saudiarabien. Fram tills nyligen betraktades den som underart till skatan men urskiljs numera som egen art.

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