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Infraciliature (ventrolateral view) of the large colpodid ciliate, Colpoda magna (Gruber, 1879) Lynn, 1978.The cell is broadly reniform and moderately laterally compressed. Somatic ciliation is uniform with kineties composed of doubly ciliated dikinetids spiraling about the long axis. Kineties in the spiral furrow are more closely spaced. The oral apparatus is in the anterior or central 1/3 of the cell (anteriorly to viewer's right). There are two curved membranelles (polykinetids), one on the right and the other on the left side of the crescent-shaped vestibulum (seen here). Collected from a temporary rainwater pool with decaying grass near Boise, Idaho March 2005. Stained by the silver carbonate technic (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991).Brightfield.
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Detail view of the oral polykinetids of the large colpodid ciliate, Colpoda magna (Gruber, 1879) Lynn, 1978.The cell is broadly reniform and moderately laterally compressed. A narrow furrow spirals posteriorly for one complete turn around the body from entrance of the vestibulum. Somatic ciliation is uniform with kineties composed of doubly ciliated dikinetids spiraling about the long axis. Kineties in the spiral furrow are more closely spaced. The oral apparatus is in the anterior or central 1/3 of the cell. There are two curved membranelles (polykinetids), one on the right and the other on the left side of the vestibulum. The crescentic right oral polykinetid is well seen here. Only the folded posterior end of the left oral polykinetid is seen here (triangular structure to viewer's left of posterior end of the right polykinetid). The central macronucleus is ovoid (distorted into bilobed shape by formalin fixation in this image). There are multiple micronuclei (2 to 16). Two micronuclei are seen here superimposed on the macronucleus. Collected from a temporary rainwater pool with decaying grass near Boise, Idaho March 2005. Stained by the silver carbonate technic (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.
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Silverline system of the large colpodid ciliate, Colpoda magna (Gruber, 1879) Lynn, 1978. The longitudinal primary meridians are punctuated by black dots representing dikinetids. The primary meridians are connected by tranverse elements giving the silverline system a characteristic reticular pattern. Stained by the dry silver nitrate technic (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.Black and white.
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Detail of silverline system of the large colpodid ciliate, Colpoda magna (Gruber, 1879) Lynn, 1978. The longitudinal primary meridians are punctuated by black dots representing dikinetids. The primary meridians are connected by tranverse elements giving the silverline system a characteristic reticular pattern. Stained by the dry silver nitrate technic (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.Black and white.
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Young resting cyst of Colpoda magna (Gruber, 1879) Lynn, 1978.DIC.
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Infraciliature of Colpoda maupasi (ENRIQUES,1908).Collected from a non-flooded Petri dish culture of soil from a park lawn in Boise, Idaho.March 2008.Stained by the Protargol technique [Wilbert modification] (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991).Brightfield.
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Colpoda maupasi (ENRIQUES,1908).Collected from a non-flooded Petri dish culture of soil from a park lawn in Boise, Idaho.March 2008.Brightfield.
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Right side of Colpoda minima (ALEKPEROV,1985) FOISSNER, 1993. Arrowheads indicate proximal and distal margins of the vestibule.Protargol A (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991).Brightfield.
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Optical section of Colpoda minima (ALEKPEROV,1985) FOISSNER, 1993. Arrowhead indicates left oral polykinetid.Protargol A (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991).Brightfield.
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Left side of Colpoda minima (ALEKPEROV,1985) FOISSNER, 1993. Arrowheads indicate the diagonal groove.PS=postoral sac.Protargol A (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991).Brightfield.
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Optical section of Colpoda minima (ALEKPEROV,1985) FOISSNER, 1993. Arrowhead indicates the left oral polykinetid.Collected from a non-flooded Petri dish culture of soil and cyanobacterial crusts from an intermittently flood-irrigated grass lawn in Boise, Idaho.DIC.
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Right side of Colpoda minima (ALEKPEROV,1985) FOISSNER, 1993. Arrowhead indicates the left oral polykinetid.Collected from a non-flooded Petri dish culture of soil and cyanobacterial crusts from an intermittently flood-irrigated grass lawn in Boise, Idaho.DIC.
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Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883). There are two longer caudal cilia (green arrows) arising from a dikinetid near the excretory pore of the contractile vacuole. These are seldom visible in vivo due to very rapid beating. For this reason some illustrations of this species fail to include the two long caudal cilia.They are clearly seen on scanning electron microscopy.DIC.
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Silverline system of Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883).Stained by the Klein-Foissner silver nitrate technique (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.
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Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883). The green arrow indicates the right oral polykinetid and the blue arrow shows the left oral polykinetid. The left polykinetid has a unique Paddle or spoon shape as seen here. The relatively small right and left oral polykinetids are almost perpendicular to one another in this species but in this image their relationship has been slightly distorted.Stained by the silver carbonate technique (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.
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Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883). There are two longer caudal cilia (green arrows) arising from a dikinetid near the excretory pore of the contractile vacuole. These are seldom visible in vivo due to very rapid beating. For this reason some illustrations of this species fail to include the two long caudal cilia.They are clearly seen on scanning electron microscopy.Stained by the silver carbonate technique (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.
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Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883). The yellow arrow indicates the characteristic large ellipsoid nucleolus. the green arrow indicates the shallow pellicular notches of the "keel" area.Several highly refractive cytoplasmic crystalline inclusions are present in this individual.DIC.
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Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883).The green arrow indicates the lenticular micronucleus the concave side of which confoms to the envelope of the macronucleus. The light blue arrow indicates the characteristic large ellipsoid nucleolus occupying the center of the macronucleus. Smaller nucleoli are located at the periphery of the macronucleus. These details of the nuclear apparatus are characteristic of this species.Stained by the silver carbonate technique (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991).Brightfield.
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Colpoda steinii (MAUPAS,1883). The green arrow indicates the right oral polykinetid and the blue arrow shows the left oral polykinetid. Only the narrowest (medial) end of the left polykinetid is seen here. The relatively small right and left oral polykinetids are almost perpendicular to one another in this species.Stained by the silver carbonate technique (see Foissner, W. Europ. J. Protistol., 27:313-330;1991). Brightfield.
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Right lateral view of the colpodid ciliate, Exocolpoda augustini (Foissner, 1987) Foissner, Agatha and Berger, 2002. Foissner erected the family Exocolpodidae based on the life cycle of its members, namely, cell division in free-swimming individuals instead of reproduction in division cysts as seen in the Colpodidae. He felt this life cycle characteristic,the unique boomerang-shaped left oral polykinetid and the unique thick-walled resting cyst of this species warranted its transfer to the new genus, Exocolpoda. The anterior of the cell is cone-shaped and the posterior globular.The small cytostome is in the anterior 1/4 of the cell.There are 25-35 somatic kineties composed of doubly ciliated dikinetids.The right somatic kineties spiral slightly on the long axis to end on the short preoral suture. The left kineties curve more strongly to perpendicularly abut the suture.There are two oral poykinetids. The lekt polykinetid has a unique angulated shape like a boomerang.The macronucleus is spherical.The nucleolus is ribbon-like.There is a single posterior contractile vacuole with a solitary excretory pore.Collected near Boise, Idaho (43°38'21.10"N 116°11'10.78"W elev. 2908 ft.) from an ice-covered temporary puddle containing leaf litter and dead grass.November, 2005.DIC.