Clypeomorus bifasciata bifasciata (G. B. Sowerby II 1855)

Clypeomorus bifasciata bifasciata (Sowerby)

Figures 10–17

Cerithium morus Lamarck, 1822:75 [lectotype, here selected: MNHNG 1097/38, no locality cited; not Cerithium morus Bruguière, 1792].—Quoy and Gaimard, 1834:118–119, pl. 54: figs. 13–15.—Kiener, 1841–1842:52–53, pl. 15: fig 1.—Deshayes in Lamarck, 1843:302–303.—Hombron and Jacquinot, 1852, pl. 24: figs. 15–16, 18; 1854:104.—Sowerby, 1855:870, pl. 182: figs. 159–161; 1865, pl. 7: fig. 42.—E.A. Smith, 1884:63–65 [in part].—Tyron, 1887:133, pl. 24: figs. 32, 33, 35, 39, 40.—Kobelt, 1890:80–81, pl. 15: figs. 6, 7.—Martens, 1897:172–173.—Schepman, 1909:160.—Dance, 1974:68, unnumbered fig.

Cerithium concisum Hombron and Jacquinot, 1852, pl. 24: figs. 1–2 [holotype: MNHNP, no number; type-locality: “Oceanie”; not Cerithium concisum Matheron, 1843]; 1854:102–103.—Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1905:124–125, 132.—Fischer, 1906:408.—Couturier, 1907:155.—Oostingh, 1923:70–72; 1925:44.

Cerithium gemmulatum Hombron and Jacquinot, 1852, pl. 24: figs. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 39–41 [in part; lectotype: MNHNP, no number; type-locality: Solomon Is; Torres Straits; Vavao; not Cerithium gemmulatum de Serres, 1840]; 1854:102–103.—Tryon, 1887:134, pl. 25: figs. 57–58.

Cerithium vittatum Sowerby, 1855:874, pl. 183: fig. 193 [lectotype, here selected: BMNH 1907–12–30–362–3; no locality cited; not Cerithium vittatum Lamarck, 1804].—Tryon, 1887:134, pl. 25: fig. 55.

Cerithium bifasciatum Sowerby, 1855:874, pl. 183: fig. 198 [holotype: BMNH, not registered; type-locality: St. Nicholas Id, off Cebu, Philippines; not Cerithium bifasciatum Locard, 1886]; 1865, pl. 5: fig. 34.—Tryon, 1887:134, pl 24: figs. 39–40, pl. 25: fig. 55.—Kobelt, 1889:115, pl. 22: figs. 8, 9.—Martens, 1897:171.

Cerithium Hanleyi [sic] Sowerby, 1855:874, pl. 183: fig. 193 [type not found, no locality cited; fig. 193 here selected to represent lectotype].—Tryon, 1887:135, pl. 24: fig. 42.—Kobelt, 1898:239, pl. 42: fig. 3.—Dance, 1974:67, text fig.

Cerithium rubro-lineatum Sowerby, 1855:874, pl. 183: fig. 199 [type not found, no locality cited, fig. 199 here selected to represent lectotype].—Tryon, 1887:135.—Kobelt, 1898:241–242, pl. 42: figs. 8, 9.

Cerithium humile Dunker, 1861:9, pl. 2: fig. 17 [type not found, fig. 17 here selected to represent lectotype; no locality cited; Okinawa here selected as type-locality]; 1882:106.—Lischke, 1869:72; 1871:50, pl. 3: fig. 18 [not figures 19, 20].—Tryon, 1887:134, pl. 25: fig. 66.

Cerithium moniliferum Kiener.—Sowerby, 1865, pl. 4: fig. 20 [not Cerithium moniliferum Kiener, 1841; is Cerithium bifasciatum Sowerby, 1855].

Cerithium nigro-fasciatum Sowerby, 1865, pl. 9: fig. 58 [type not found, fig. 58 here selected to represent lectotype; type-locality: Philippines].—Tryon, 1887:134, pl. 24: fig. 40.

Cerithium obesulum Sowerby, 1865, pl. 20: fig. 149, pl. 12 [supplementary]: fig. 318.—Tryon, 1887:139, pl. 26: fig. 93.—Kobelt, 1895:171, pl. 32: fig. 9.

Cerithium Uranus [sic] Bayle, 1880:251 [new name for Cerithium vittatum Sowerby, 1855].

Clypeomorus clypeomorus Jousseaume, 1888:171 [lectotype, here selected and figured, fig. 10a, MNHNP, no number; type-locality: Obock, French Somaliland]; 1930:270–272.—Fischer, 1901:112.

Cerithium morus Lamarck var. moniliferum Dufresne.—Schepman, 1895:162; 1909:161.—Horst and Schepman, 1899: 228.

Cerithium oceanicum Hedley, 1899:431–432, fig. 19 [holotype: AMS c5939; type-locality: Funafuti, Ellice Id].

Cerithium concisum moniliferum Kiener.—Oostingh, 1923: 72–73 [not Cerithium moniliferum Kiener, 1841].

Clypeomorus penthusarus Iredale, 1929:278 [new name for Cerithium morus Lamarck, 1822].

Cerithium (Pithocerithium) morum Lamarck.—Abrard, 1946:56.

Clypeomorus concisum (Hombron and Jacquinot).—Wissema, 1947:71 [not Cerithium concisum Hombron and Jacquinot, 1852].

Cerithium morus Bruguière.—Demond, 1957:292, fig. 8 [not Cerithium morus Lamarck, 1822; is Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe and Kosuge, 1966].

Cerithium tuberculatus (Linnaeus).—Shuto, 1969:67–68, pl. 2: figs. 6, 12 [not Cerithium tuberculatum Linnaeus, 1758; is Cerithium bifasciatum Sowerby, 1855].

Cerithium (Conocerithium) aff. egenum.—Ladd, 1972:40, pl. 9: fig. 11 [not Cerithium egenum Gould, 1849; is Cerithium bifasciatum Sowerby, 1855].

Clypeomorus moniliferus (Kiener).—Cernohorsky, 1972:70 [in part: pl. 16: fig. 5, only].

Clypeomorus humile (Dunker).—Shirai, 1977:275 [not Cerithium humile Dunker, 1861; is Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe and Kosuge, 1966].

Clypeomorus morus (Lamarck).—Popenoe and Kleinpell, 1978:40, pl. 2: fig. 21.

DESCRIPTION.—Shell (Figures 10, 11; Table 6): Shell thick, obese with teleoconch of 8–9 inflated whorls. Length/width index 2.09. Adult whorls slightly flattened dorsoventrally. Protoconch unknown. Penultimate whorl sculptured with 3 dominant equally spaced, spiral, beaded cords. The beads are rounded, smooth, and are aligned axially on the spiral cords forming ribs, especially on earlier whorls and on narrow morphs. Between each of the dominant spiral cords are 5, smaller, spiral lirae, 2 of which are tiny and 3 a little larger. The lirae are incised with many microscopic spiral lines, and axial divisions on lirae appear scale-like. Basic sculpture of penultimate whorl repeated on the other whorls of teleoconch. Former varices present only on right and left side of shell, dividing it into dorsal and ventral halves. Suture incised and slightly wavey. Body whorl fat, sculptured with 6 dominant, beaded, spiral cords on inflated portion of whorl. At siphonal constriction are 2 more spiral cords of a scaly appearance. Minor lirae and incised spiral lines lie between the dominant spiral cords of the body whorl. Siphonal constriction begins at midpoint of the aperture. Aperture ovate, about one-third the length of the shell, Columella concave with moderate parietal callus covering portion of body whorl. Outer lip thick, rounded, moderately crenulate and with beveled, thickened inner portion that is lined with numerous denticle-like lirae. Outer lip straight, aperture parallel to plane of substrate. Anterior inhalant siphonal canal short, deeply incised and slightly reflected, directed leftward about 45 degrees to shell axis. Anal canal at posterior of aperture, adjacent to body whorl and forming distinct, deeply incised groove bordered with columellar parietal plait that extends well into aperture of shell.

Periostracum thin, not evident. Shell color exceedingly variable, but normally comprising gray, brown, or black blotches on a white background and darkly pigmented beads. Darker pigments sometimes arranged in spiral bands. Aperture, collumella white; weak brown spots sometimes at edge of inner lip.

Operculum thin, corneous ovate, paucispiral with nucleus near periphery. Attachment scar on obverse elliptical, occupying about one-third of surface.

Radula (Figure 12; Table 7): Radular ribbon relatively long, about 4 mm in length and comprising about 98 rows of teeth. Shell length/radula length index 5.12. Rachidian tooth (Figure 12f) pentagonal, having a basal plate with long, pointed basomedial projection that is flanked by a pit-like depression on each side. Top of rachidian tooth straight, cutting edge with wide, central, triangular cusp flanked by 1, rarely 2, smaller rounded cusps on each side. Lateral tooth (Figure 12b,d,f) trapezoidal with long, twisted basolateral extension that inserts onto basal radular membrane, basal plate of lateral tooth with long basal inner extension. Top of lateral tooth straight with cutting edge comprising small, blunt inner denticle, large, wide, spatulate cusp and 2 or 3 smaller, blunt denticles. Tips of marginals (Figure 12e) sharply curved, spoon-shaped, comprising large rounded central cusp that is flanked by 2 smaller blunt cusps on inner side and 1 blunt small cusp on outer side. Outer marginal tooth differs in lacking outer cusp.

Animal (Figure 13A,C,F): Color of head-foot variable, but usually olive brown to whitish tan covered with tiny opaque white dots and larger black maculations. Top half of mantle edge bifurcate in cross section comprising smooth outer edge and inner edge bearing papillae (Figure 13E, mp). Underside of inhalant siphon (Figure 13E, inh) bright yellow bordered with black. Head moderately elongate bearing long tentacles (Figure 13E, t). Right side of foot has long ciliated groove (Figure 13E, cg) leading from exhalant siphon to base of foot. No ovipositor seen on females.

Within the pallial complex the brown bipectinate osphradium (Figure 13E, os) extends the length of the mantle cavity becoming thin and worm-like near the inhalant siphon (Figure 13E, inh) where it turns to the left and away from the ctenidium. Filaments of the osphradium are squarish or block-like. The ctenidium (Figure 13E, ct) extends the length of the mantle cavity. The hypobranchial gland (Figure 13E, hg) is thick, glandular, and is divided lengthwise by a central furrow. The anus (Figure 13D,E, a) opens anterior to the pallial gonoduct. The pallial gonoducts of both sexes are open, and when the mantle cavity is opened by a dorsal longitudinal cut, each is seen to comprise a medial (outer) lamina (Figure, 13C,F, ml) on the right and a lateral (inner) lamina (Figures 13C,F, ll) on the left. The pallial gonoducts appear white and glandular, especially in females.

The reproductive tract comprises the gonads in the upper whorls, the renal gonoducts, and the pallial gonoducts. In females, the glandular gonoduct is divided into a proximal albumen gland (Figure 13F, ag) and a mid capsule gland. The medial lamina bears the spermatophore bursa (Figures 13C,E,F; 14, sb), the sperm collecting gutter (Figures 13E,F; 14, spg), and the seminal receptacle (Figures 13C,E,F; 14, sr) while the lateral lamina is partially fused to the mantle wall. At the edge of the distal end of the medial lamina there is a deep ciliated gutter, the sperm collecting gutter (Figures 13E,F; 14, spg), which bifurcates and leads into 2 different areas of the lamina: (1) it becomes a wide, shallow sperm gutter along the edge of the lamina, opening into the seminal receptacle (Figures 13C,E,F, sr) at the proximal end; (2) it runs deep into the tissue of the medial lamina, becoming a long ciliated tube leading into a wide spermatophore bursa (Figures 13C,E,F; 14, sb), interiorly lined with fine transverse plications. The complex seminal receptable (Figure 13E, sr) is ovate in shape and lies at the proximal end of the medial lamina. It does not have an internal opening into the spermatophore bursa. It opens at its proximal end into the proximal pallial oviduct, presumably at the site of fertilization. Externally, but within the mantle cavity, the seminal receptacle (Figure 13E, sr) appears as a white bulbous sac at the proximal end of the pallial gonoduct adjacent to the pericardium. The lateral lamina of the pallial oviduct is fused to the body wall of the snail at its outer edge and is longitudinally divided into a thin, transparent section and a thickened inner area, which in turn is transversely divided into thick glandular folds comprising a proximal albumen gland and a median capsule gland. Adjacent to the proximal end of the lateral lamina there is a highly ciliated glandular tract (Figure 13C, ctr) on the floor of the mantle cavity opposite the medial lamina. The alimentary tract includes a pair of chitinous jaws (Figure 13A, j) and a large buccal mass. A large pair of latero-posterior muscles connect the odontophore to the body wall along with numerous thin muscular strands, which encircle the entire buccal mass. A pair of salivary glands (Figure 13A, lsg, rsg) lie anterior to the nerve ring (Figure 13D, nr) but a small portion of the left gland passes through the ring. Each salivary gland has a thin, moderately long duct (Figure 13A, ds), which runs along the side of the buccal mass and enters at the midlateral portion of the buccal cavity (Figure 13A, bc). Posterior to the nerve ring, the midesophagus widens considerably to form a large midesophageal crop lined with many digitate folds (Figure 13A, ec). The stomach (Figure 13D, st) is typically cerithioid with complex folds and sorting surfaces, a gastric shield, style sac (Figure 13D, ss) and crystalline style, which is about the length of the snout of the snail. In the upper intestine (Figure 13D, int), the feces are molded to form ovoid fecal pellets that are stacked transversely in the lower intestine.

The epiathroid nervous system is tightly condensed at the nerve ring. The rpg ratio of Davis et al. (1976:263) (length of the pleoro-esophageal connective divided by the sum of the lengths of the supraesophageal ganglion, the pleuro-esophageal connective, and the right pleural ganglion) is 0.61, close to the values of 0.59 observed in Cerithium species (Houbrick, 1980:132). The higher the value, the more loosely condensed the nervous system. This indicates that the Clypeomorus group is relatively advanced compared with other groups such as the potamidids.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—RED SEA: 10 km N of Ras-Sudar, Gulf of Suez, Egypt (USNM 719193, 794188); Abu Zneima, Gulf of Suez, Egypt (USNM 794187); 40 mi (64 km) S of Suez, Gulf of Suez, Egypt (USNM 788100); Eilat, Gulf of Aqaba, Israel (NM G4719, G4723, USNM 671280, 672285, 786804); Fara'um, Gulf of Aqaba, Israel (USNM 769975); Ras Abu Galum, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt (USNM 794178); 20 mi (32 km) N of Halieb, Egypt (USNM 788172, 788176); 0.5 mi (0.8 km) NNW of Inst. Oceanography and Fisheries, Hurghada, Egypt (USNM 719193); E end Dessie Id, 22 mi (35 km) off Massawa (ANSP 309141); Dessei Id (NM G1554, F9820); Kebri Id, Dalalk Arch (USNM 702539); Port Sudan, Sudan (BMHN, no number); Ras Mujallab Heidi, Aden (BMNH, no number); Jiddah Harbor, Saudi Arabia (USNM 637011); 20 mi (32 km) N of Jiddah, Saudi Arabia (USNM 425587). PERSIAN GULF: Kuwait (ANSP 212180, 219070, USNM 653489); Salmya, Kuwait (USNM 769627, 769631, 774589, 779629); Janna Id, United Arab Emrates (USNM 633592); Bushier, Iran (BMNH, no number); Hormuz Id, Iran (BMNH, no number, MCZ 246793); Bunder Abbas, Strait of Hormuz, Iran (USNM 605415). GULF OF OMAN: Muscat, Oman (USNM 657373, 657383, 798215, 91067, NM G673). ARABIAN SEA: N end of Masirah Id, Oman (USNM 788725). PAKISTAN: N side Akha Pt, Gulf of Kutch (ANSP 294822); Bay of Kutch (USNM 716654); Mangora Beach, Sind (USNM 605737). EAST AFRICA: Bawe Id, Zanzibar (USNM 597188); Mbweni, Zanzibar (USNM 604220); Ras Chokir, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (USNM 703854); Oyster Bay, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (USNM 786805); Mboa Maji, Tanzania (USNM 703949); Mboa Maji, 9 mi (14.5 km) S of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (USNM 774551). MADAGASCAR: Baie d'Ambaro (USNM 776881); Ambatomboka or Crater Pt, Nossi-Bé (USNM 776664); Antsakoabe Beach, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719547); Antsakoabe Beach, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719549); Pt Fièvre, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719992); 100 yds (91 m) off Centra d'Oceanographie pier, 13°24′S, 48°17′E, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719444); 13°24′S, 48°17′E, Pt Fièvre, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719456); 13°24′S, 48°18′E, Pt Fièvre, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719295); 13°24′S, 48°18′E, off Ambanoro Village, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719262); 13°24′S, 48°18′E, Pt Fièvre, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719292); 13°24′S, 13°24′S, 48°18′E, Pt Fièvre, Nossi-Bé (USNM 719222); Tuléar, N side of Fierenana (USNM 774468).

INDIAN OCEAN ISLANDS: Mahe, Seychelles (BMNH, no number); Baie Ternay, Mahé, Seychelles (BMNH, no number); near Case Noyale, Mascarene Ids, SW of Mauritius (USNM 716988); Mauritius (USNM 75536); settlement, Aldabra (BMNH, no number); Andaman Ids (USNM 173053). INDIA: Bandra, N of Bombay (USNM 443715, 774528); Chaupati Beach, Bombay (USNM 774526, 774527); Bombay (USNM 90832); Vengurla, N of Goa (USNM 443219); St George's Id, Goa (USNM 443156); Goa (USNM 442931); Waltair (USNM 783670); CEYLON: Colombo (LACM, no number). MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: Palau Hantu, SW of Keppel Harbor, Malaysia (USNM 660837); Sekudu Id, Straits of Johore, Malaysia (USNM 660741); Pelau Besar, Malacca Strait, Malaysia (USNM 660950, 660969, 660978); Kampong Layang, near Chang, NE of Singapore, Malaysia (USNM 660675); Raffles Light, Singapore (USNM 655511); Singapore (USNM 336227); NE coast St John's Id, S of Singapore, Malaysia (USNM 660762); Negri Sembilan, W Malaysia, 2°28′N, 101°51′E (USNM 778488); Lang Kawi Ids, W Pulau Tanjong Dendong, Kedah State, Malaysia, 6°25′30″N; 99°54′45″E (USNM 778615); Lang Kawi, Ids, NW Pulau Langgun, Kedah State, Malaysia, 6°27′N, 99°53′10″E (USNM 778612). THAILAND: Taluei Id (USNM 361188); Goh Huyong, Similan Ids (USNM 661190); Pulau Tanga, Butang Ids (USNM 661637, 774484); Koh Chala (USNM 405927, 427351); Sriracha, Gulf of Siam (USNM 405798, 405808); SE Rayong (USNM 363652); Laem Sing (USNM 361401); Koh Chang (USNM 361367, 529532); Koh Kut (USNM 405832, 419783, 419890); SE Koh Samet (USNM 419276); Koh Tao (USNM 774454, 774461); Koh Pamgam, Gulf of Siam (USNM 384127); Koh Samui (USNM 360917, 405632); Maprao Id (USNM 360906); Angtong Id (USNM 361261). VIETNAM: Dong Hai (USNM 783671). INDONESIA: Benkoelen, Sumatra (USNM 363878); Pelaboean Ratoe, Preager, Java (USNM 260591); Wijnkoopsbaai, W Java (ZMA 10424); Keledjitan, Bantam, Java (USNM 774568); Pruput, Bantam, Java (USNM 260580); Cape Tandjung, Ndorotai, 3 mi (4.8 km) NNE Reo, Flores (FSM 24771); Maumere, Flores (FSM 24766, 24768); Morotai, Halmahera Group, (USNM 542546); Telok Slawi, Komodo Id (USNM 632192, 632201, FSM 24758, 24759); W end Seman Id, Lesser Sundas (FSM 24767); Pombo Id, Haruku Strait, E of Ambon (USNM 746559); S end Kajoa Id, Moluccas (USNM 746399); Nuhu Jaan, Elat Bay, W coast Nuhu Tjut, Kai Ids, Moluccas (USNM 747144); W side Mitak Id, Jamdena Straits, Tanimbar, Moluccas (USNM 747544); Aroe Id, Moluccas (ZMA, no number); Seleo Id, off NW Aitape, New Guinea (USNM 616004); Seleo Id, Aitape, New Guinea (USNM 774554); Sorendidori, E side Soepiori Id, Schouten Ids, New Guinea (ANSP 207471); 1 mi (1.6 km) E of dock at Biak, New Guinea (ANSP 206465); NORTH BORNEO; Labuan (USNM 336245, 347481); Gaya Id, Jesselton (USNM 658325); Bohaydulong Id (USNM 658029); Kupang, Timor; Kudat Bay (FSM 24774); Si Amil Id (USNM 233063); Po Bui Id, Sandakan (USNM 232865); Taganak Id (USNM 243943, 243944).

PHILIPPINES: (numerous localities throughout archipelago). AUSTRALIA: 1 mi (1.6 km) NE Gantheaume Pt, Broome, W Australia (ANSP 232669); Troughton Chain, W Australia (WAM 874-26); Big Pt, Cape Voltaire, Admiralty Gulf, W Australia (WAM no number); Vansittart Bay, W Australia (WAM no number); Cape Keraudren, W Australia (WAM no number); Anchorage Bay, Rosemary Id, Dampier Archipelago, W Australia (WAM no number); Eaglehawk Ids, Dampier Archipelago (WAM 868-76); Bay of Rest, Exmouth Gulf, W Australia (WAM no number); 5 mi (8 km) fence, S of Northwest Cape, W Australia (WAM no number); W side of Barrow Id, W Australia (USNM 691586); Useless Loop, Shark Bay, W Australia (WAM, 2 lots); Quobba Station, 40 mi (64 km) W of Carnavon, W Australia (WAM no number); Pt Quobba, W Australia (WAM 867-76); Port Hedland, W Australia (USNM 801603); Geraldton, W Australia (WAM no number); Port Bradshaw, near Cape Arnhem, Northern Territory (USNM 602121); NE end, Groote Eylandt Id, Gulf of Carpenteria, Northern Territory (USNM 602127, 602134); Bickerton Id, Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory (USNM 602231); Yirrkala, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (USNM 602327); Thursday Id, Queensland (LACM no number, USNM 613610); Orpheus Id, Palm Ids, Queensland (ANSP 138850); Pandora Reef, Queensland (ANSP 133074); near Mackay, Flat Top Id, Queensland (USNM 622989); Heron Id, Queensland (USNM 623098); South Brook Id, Queensland (USNM 623107, 623108); Lizard Id, Queensland (USNM 806059), JAPAN: Chiba (ANSP 243225); Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture (ANSP 244160); Arasaki, Yokuska City, Miura Peninsula, Honshu (ANSP 320690); Nagasaki, Kyushu (USNM 228241); Mogi (USNM 233147); Wakanura, Kyushu (USNM 228240); Fukura, Awaji (USNM 343853); Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshu (USNM 563878); Sagami Bay, Honshu (ANSP 243224); Hirado, Hizen (USNM 178968, 273121, 343852, BMNH 1907.9.10.13–15); Shimoda (USNM 1602); Mogi-Bakau (USNM 273034); Enoshima (USNM 127610); Kii (LACM 1199). RYUKYU ISLANDS: Kiraisima (USNM 774512); Gima, Kume Shima (USNM 613723, ANSP 243225); Naha, Okinawa (USNM 363729); Chishima, Okinawa (USNM 633815); Ukibara-Shima, E of Okinawa (USNM 670494); Kadena Circle, Okinawa (USNM 789377); Smugglers Cove, Okinawa (LACM no number); Fitzwoody Reach, Naha Air Force Base, Okinawa (LACM no number); Okinawa (ANSP 234666); 2 mi (3 km) N of Naha, Okinawa (ANSP 302847). BONIN ISLANDS: Bonin Id (USNM 343851); Hahajima, Ogasawara (USNM 175584). CHINA: Cape d'Aguilar, Hong Kong Id (USNM 621999); Kowloon, Hong Kong (USNM 233245). MARIANA ISLANDS: Saipan (LACM, no number); Cocos Id, S of Guam (LACM, no number); Apra Harbor, Guam (USNM 243623, 243626, 243737, 243747, 774573, 774776); Marine Lab, Pago Bay, Guam (USNM 774774); Oca Pt, Guam (USNM 487100). CAROLINE ISLANDS: Palau Ids (USNM 636056, 636360); Koron, Palau Ids (USNM 621155, 636197, 776669); Ulithi (USNM 602382); Tomil Harbor, Yap (USNM 634243); Ant Atoll, E Carolines (LACM 68-54). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Yoi Id (USNM 774522); Nudha Id, Indispensable Strait, Central District (LACM 78-69.29); Bougainville (ANSP 267104). NEW HEBRIDES: SW Efate Id (USNM 787661, 787662, 787832, 787986, 787987); Point d-Arbel, Efate Id (USNM 787505); 168°19′06″E, 17°44′44″S, Efate Id (USNM 787005). NEW CALEDONIA: Tomo, Bay de St Vincent (USNM 725141); Bay de Prony (USNM 774511); E side, Kuakue Bay (USNM 693728); N side N'Go Bay (USNM 725005, 725011); Mbo Id, 12 mi (19 km) W of Noumea (USNM 724305); Pointe aux Long Cous, Noumea (USNM 724213); Touaourou (USNM 724672, 724683, 724687). MARSHALL ISLANDS: Kwajalein Atoll (USNM 587347); Nado Id, Likiep Atoll. FIJI: near mouth of Lami River, Viti Levu (USNM 532479); 1.5 mi (2.5 km) N of Suva, Viti Levu (USNM 532471); Cuvu Id, Nandronga, Viti Levu (USNM 774548); SW side Vendrala shallows, Viti Levu (USNM 694531); Fiji Ids (USNM 42211, 76594, 76642, 76689, 88007, 88014, 88015, 90831, 91032, 91034, 91041, 91831); Lauthala Bay, Suva, Viti Levu (USNM 794743, 794745, 794746); Daumba Reef, Nauva, Viti Levu (USNM 794747); Sooloo (USNM 18627); Astrolabe Reef, Yanuyanu-i-loma Id (LACM); Vanga Bay, Mbengga Id (LACM). SAMOA: Ofu (LACM); Apia (USNM 774535, 774541); Apia Harbor, Upolu (USNM 774533); Namua Id, Upolu (USNM 698935); Matautu-Lefagu Bay, Upolu (USNM 698792, 698800); Upolu (ANSP 198481); Felialupo Rd, W side of Savii (USNM 774544); Outer reef, Apia (USNM 573938); Tutuila Id (USNM 488642, 589288, 774451, 774452, 774534); Fagaalu, Tutuila (USNM 699017, 774536, 774537); Fagaitua Bay, Tutuila (USNM 704692); Tafuna Cove, Tutuila (USNM 699206, 774521); Asili, Tutuila (USNM 774553); Pago Pago (USNM 574053, 774539); Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila (USNM 13044, 603279, 774538); Fagaitua Bay, Tutuila Id (LACM); Goat Id, Tutuila (LACM). PHOENIX ISLANDS: Hull Id (USNM 774562).