Lophotrochozoa ("grebenastokoturaste životinje") su kladus Protostomia unutar Spiralia. Takson je uspostavljen kao monofiletska grupa, zasnovana na molekularnim dokazima.[1][2]
Grupe
Kao bazne grupe, Lophotrochozoa ima Cycliophora i Mollusca i izvedenije grupe Lophophorate, Nemertea i Annelida .[3][4]
Uvođenjem Platytrochozoa i Rouphozoa, dolje je prikazana jedna kandidatska filogenija – iako druge studije oporavljaju niz alternativnih mogućnosti::[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Protostomia Ecdysozoa
Spiralia Gnathifera
Platytrochozoa Rouphozoa Gastrotricha
Platyhelminthes
Mesozoa
Lophotrochozoa Cycliophora
Annelida Echiura
Clitellata
Siboglinidae
Sipuncula
Mollusca
Kryptotrochozoa Lophophorata Brachiozoa Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa sensu lato Entoprocta
Ectoprocta
Nemertea
- Odnosno
Nephrozoa Deuterostomia
Protostomia Lophotrochozoa Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Mollusca
Annelida Echiura
Clitellata
Siboglinidae
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Platyhelminthes [?]
Entoprocta
Ectoprocta
Platyhelminthes [?]
Acanthocephala
Rotifera
Gnathostomulida
Gastrotricha
Ecdysozoa
Brojni fosilni taksoni mogu se prepoznati kao rani lofotrohozoa, čak i ako se njihove precizne veze i dalje osporavaju. Međutim, relevantni kambrijski fosili su u toku rasprave.
Obilježja
Kladus Lophotrochozoa je imenovan po dvije različite karakteristike svojih članova;
Također pogledajte
Reference
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^ Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J., Liva, S., Aguinaldo, A. A., Hillis, D.M. and Lake, J.A. (17. 3. 1995). "18S rDNA evidence that the Lophophorates are Protostome Animals". Science. 267 (5204): 1641–1643. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
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^ Hervé, Philippe; Lartillot, Nicolas; Brinkmann, Henner (maj 2005). "Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Protostomia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (5): 1246–1253. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi111. PMID 15703236.
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^ Nesnidal, Maximilian P; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Bruchhaus, Iris; Ebersberger, Ingo; Hankeln, Thomas; Lieb, Bernhard; Struck, Torsten H; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.
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^ Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (august 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884.
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^ Paps, Jordi; Baguñà, Jaum; Riutort, Marta (1. 10. 2009). "Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha". Molecular Biology and Evolutio. 26 (10): 2397–2406. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp150. PMID 19602542.
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^ Struck, Torsten H; Schult, Nancy; Kusen, Tiffany; Hickman, Emily; Bleidorn, Christoph; McHugh, Damhnait; Halanych, Kenneth M (5. 4. 2007). "Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-57. PMC 1855331. PMID 17411434.
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^ Hausdorf, Bernhard; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Herlyn, Holger; Bruchhaus, Iris; Hankeln, Thomas; Struck, Torsten H.; Lieb, Bernhard (1. 12. 2007). "Spiralian Phylogenomics Supports the Resurrection of Bryozoa Comprising Ectoprocta and Entoprocta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (12): 2723–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm214. PMID 17921486.
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^ Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (juli 2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–1849. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. PMID 24748651.
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^ "cycliophorans". Encyclopedia of Life.
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^ Lu, Tsai-Ming; Kanda, Miyuki; Satoh, Noriyuki; Furuya, Hidetaka (29. 5. 2017). "The phylogenetic position of dicyemid mesozoans offers insights into spiralian evolution". Zoological Letters. 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40851-017-0068-5. PMC 5447306. PMID 28560048.
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^ Temereva, Elena N.; Kuzmina, Tatyana V. (31. 7. 2017). "The first data on the innervation of the lophophore in the rhynchonelliform brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea: what is the ground pattern of the lophophore in lophophorates?". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 172. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1029-5. PMC 5537927. PMID 28760135.
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^ Luo, Yi-Jyun; Kanda, Miyuki; Koyanagi, Ryo; Hisata, Kanako; Akiyama, Tadashi; Sakamoto, Hirotaka; Sakamoto, Tatsuya; Satoh, Noriyuki (4. 12. 2017). "Nemertean and phoronid genomes reveal lophotrochozoan evolution and the origin of bilaterian heads". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (1): 141–151. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0389-y. PMID 29203924.
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^ Barnes, Robert D (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. str. 200–206. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6. OCLC 1015202568.
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^ Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L. (2013). Campbell Biology. Berkeley, CA: Pearson. str. 688. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8.
Dopunska literatura
