Quassia amara ye una especie del xéneru Quassia, utilízase como insecticida, na medicina tradicional china y como aditivu na industria alimentaria.
Ye un parrotal o escasamente un pequeñu árbol, que crez hasta los 3 m d'altor (raramente 8 m). Les fueyes son compuestes y alternes, de 15-25 cm de llargu, y pinnaes con 3-5 foliolos, el raquis de la fueya ye aláu. Les flores producir nuna panícula de 15-25 cm de llargu, cada flor de 2.5 a 3.5 cm de llargu, de color coloráu brillante nel esterior y blancu nel interior. El frutu ye una pequeña drupa de 1-1.5 cm de llargu.
Q. amara ye nativa de Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panamá, Brasil, Perú, Venezuela, Surinam, Colombia, Arxentina, Guayana Francesa y Guyana. Q. amara ye llargamente plantada fuera de la so área de distribución natural.
Na madera una cuota de 0,09 a 0.17% de cuasina detectóse y de 0,05 a 0,11% de neocuasina en plantes de Costa Rica.[1] Cuasina ye una de les sustances más amargoses qu'atopen na naturaleza. Otros componentes identificaos son: betacarbolinos, beta-sitostenona, beta-sitosterol, dehydroquassins, ácidu gálico, acedu gentísico, hydroxyquassins, isoparain, isoparaines, isoquassins, acedu málico, methylcanthins, methoxycanthins, methoxycantins, nigakilactone A nin-neoquassin , parainfluenza, paraines, quassialactol, quassimarin, quassinol, quassol y simalikalactona D.[2]
Los estractos de la madera o corteza de Quassia actúen como insecticida natural. Pa l'agricultura ecolóxica ye de particular interés. Una bona proteición demostrar contra distintes plagues d'inseutos (por casu, pulgones, escarabayu de la pataca, Anthonomus pomorum, Rhagoletis cerasi, gates de Tortricidae).[3] Estractu de Cuasina funciona como un insecticida de contautu. Los efeutos adversos sobre organismos útiles nun fueron atopaos.[4]
Alredor de 200 gramos de forgaxes de madera de Quassia pónense xuntos con 2 llitros d'agua. Dexar en reposu mientres 24 hores y depués cuezse mientres 30 min. Dempués esléese con 10 a 20 llitros d'agua y utilízase como un esprái[3] L'usu d'aprosimao 3-4,5 kg d'estractu de madera per hectárea paez ser óptima pa embrivir el dañu de Hoplocampa testudinea en pumares.[5]
Traditionalmente Q. amara utilízase como dixestivu, pa tratar la fiebre, contra los parásitos del pelo ( pioyos , pulgues ) y bárabos de mosquitos n'estanques (y nun estropien a los pexes).
El componente de simalikalactona D identificóse como un antimalárico. La preparación d'un té de fueyes nueves utilízase tradicionalmente na Guyana Francesa. Los esperimentos amosaron una alta inhibición de Plasmodium yoelii yoelii y Plasmodium falciparum.[6]
Los estractos de la madera o la corteza tamién s'utilicen pa dar sabor a refrescos, aperitivos y amargos que pueden añedir a los cócteles o pa productos enfornaos.[2][1]
Granes y fraes pueden usase pal espardimientu de P. amara. Nun tolera les xelaes, pero la planta ye parcialmente resistente a la seca.[7] Encamiéntase una gran cantidá de lluz indirecto.[8]
Castela trabancosa describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 553. 1762.[9]
Quassia: nome xenéricu que foi dau por Linneo n'honor del descubridor de la planta, el Surinamés llibertu Graman Quassi.
amara: epítetu llatín que significa "amargosu".[10]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Quassia amara ye una especie del xéneru Quassia, utilízase como insecticida, na medicina tradicional china y como aditivu na industria alimentaria.
Der Quassia amara, Brasilianischer Quassiabaum, Quassiabaum, Quassiaholzbaum, Bitterquassia oder wie einige andere Arten auch Bitterholz genannt,[1] ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Bittereschengewächse (Simaroubaceae). Sie ist in der Neotropis weit verbreitet. Als Quassia werden sowohl der Baum als auch die aus dem Holz gewonnenen Extrakte bezeichnet. Er wird auch als Ziergehölz in den Tropen verwendet.
Quassia amara wächst als kleiner Baum, der Wuchshöhen bis 6 Meter erreicht. Die wechselständig angeordneten und gestielten Laubblätter sind unpaarig gefiedert. An der geflügelten, teils rötlichen Blattrhachis sind wenige, ganzrandige, zugespitzte und meist sitzende, meist zugespitzte, verkehrt-eiförmige bis elliptische oder spatelförmige, ganzrandige, ledrige Fiederblättchen angeordnet. Quassia amara besitzt in endständigen und rötlichen, langen, traubigen Blütenständen stehende rote oder fleischfarbene, kegelförmige, gestielte, relativ große, zwittrige und fünfzählige Blüten mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Der Kelch ist klein mit spitzen Zipfeln. Die eilanzettlichen Kronblätter sind ineinander verdreht. Es sind 10 lange, vorstehende Staubblätter vorhanden, die Staubfäden sind an der Basis abgeflacht, hakenförmig und bärtig. Der Fruchtknoten mit fast freien Fruchtblättern, auf einem fleischigen, zylindrischen Diskus (Gynophor), ist oberständig mit einem langen Griffel mit kleiner, kopfiger Narbe.
Es werden Sammelsteinfrüchte, mit 2–5 Einzelfrüchten, auf einem roten und fleischigen Blütenbecher gebildet. Die bei Reife schwärzliche, einzelne und eiförmige bis ellipsoide, glatte, etwa 1–1,5 Zentimeter lange Steinfrucht enthält einen ellipsoiden Steinkern.
Medizinisch genutzt werden die Blätter, das Holz und die Borke.
Aufgrund der diversen Inhaltsstoffe (z. B. Quassin) wird Quassia zum einen als Heilmittel bei Appetitlosigkeit, Verdauungsbeschwerden, Magen-, Darm und Gallenbeschwerden eingesetzt. Zum anderen wird es auch als Insektizid (Pflanzenschutzmittel) eingesetzt. Der Trivialname „Fliegenholz“ stammt aus diesem Anwendungsgebiet.
Ähnlich genutzt werden Picrasma-Arten die ebenfalls mit Fliegen- oder Bitterholz bezeichnet werden.[2]
Quassia amara ist ursprünglich in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Brasilien, Peru, Venezuela, Suriname, Kolumbien, Französisch-Guayana, Guyana und auf Trinidad beheimatet.[1] Sie gedeiht im tropischen Regenwald.
Sie wird in einigen tropischen Gebieten der Welt angebaut, beispielsweise auch im westlichen Afrika.
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Quassia amara erfolgte 1762 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum. 2. Auflage. Band 1, S. 553.[3] Es ist die Typusart der Gattung Quassia. Synonyme für Quassia amara L. sind: Quassia alatifolia Stokes, Quassia amara fo. paniculata (Engl.) Cronquist, Quassia amara var. grandiflora Hemsl., Quassia amara var. paniculata Engl., Quassia officinalis Rich.[4] Das Artepitheton amargo ist spanisch und bedeutet bitter, dies bezieht sich auf den sehr bitteren Geschmack.
Der Quassia amara, Brasilianischer Quassiabaum, Quassiabaum, Quassiaholzbaum, Bitterquassia oder wie einige andere Arten auch Bitterholz genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Bittereschengewächse (Simaroubaceae). Sie ist in der Neotropis weit verbreitet. Als Quassia werden sowohl der Baum als auch die aus dem Holz gewonnenen Extrakte bezeichnet. Er wird auch als Ziergehölz in den Tropen verwendet.
Quassia amara, also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitter-wood, or hombre grande[1] (spanish for big man)[2] is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. Q. amara is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry.
Quassia (genus) amara (species) is an attractive small evergreen shrub or tree from the tropics and belongs to the family Simaroubaceae.[3][4][5] Q. amara was named after Graman Quassi, an enslaved healer and botanist who showed Europeans the plant's fever treating uses.[4]
The name "amara" means "bitter" in Latin and describes its very bitter taste. Q. amara contains more than thirty phytochemicals with biological activities in its tissues including the very bitter compound quassin. Therefore, it is used as an insecticide, in traditional medicine, for many diseases and as a bitter tasting additive in the food industry.[4] All plant parts are useful for medicinal properties and the bark extracts are mainly used as flavoring in drinks but also for insecticides.[4][3][5]
Q. amara grows wild, but can be cultivated. Trunk wood, roots, bark, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds are harvested to gain extracts of the plant. For its beauty, quassia is also grown as ornamental plant.[3]
Quassia amara is marketed and used interchangeably with another tree species Picrasma excelsa, sharing the common name of quassia (and many of Quassia amara's constituents and uses). P. excelsa is with up to 25 m in height much taller, and occurs farther north in the tropics of Jamaica, the Caribbean, the Lesser Antilles, and northern Venezuela than Quassia amara. Also in herbal medicine in the United States and Europe very little distinction is made between these two species of trees; they are used identically and just called quassia.[4]
Quassia alatifolia, Q. officinalis, Q. amargo, Simaroube officinale
Amargo, Bitter Ash, Bitterholz, Bitterwood, Bois amer, Bois de quassia, Crucete, Quassia, Cuassia, Cuachi, Fliegenholz, Guabo, Hombre grande, Jamaica bark, Kashshing, Marauba, Marupa, Palo muneco, Pau amarelo, Quassia amarga, Quassiawood, Ruda, Simaruba, Simarubabaum, Quassiaholz, Quassia de cayenne, Quassie, Quina, Simaba, Suriname wood[6]
A small, multistemmed and slow growing tree with a disorderly growth twiggy limbs.[4] It is a shrub or rarely a small tree, reaching a height up to 6 metres.[3][4][7][6] The pinnate with 3-5 leaflets, deeply veined, polished alternated dark green leaves are 15–25 cm long and distinctive for their broadly winged axis and reddish veins. Leaf rachis are winged. Terminal red-branched racemes of panicles, 10–30 cm long, produces narrow, vivid crimson flowers, 2.5-3.5 cm long, that decorate the tips of each little limb.[4][3][6] The flower comprises 5 lanceolate petals, which remain mostly closed together forming a sharpening cylinder.[3] The flowers are produced in a panicle 15–25 cm long, each flower 2.5-3.5 cm long, bright red on the outside, and white inside. They are generally open for two days during the flowering period and each inflorescence presents on to four open flowers at once. The flowers are fragile and sometimes fall from the rachis at the slightest touch.[8] The fruits, five small elliptic, fleshy, purple black drupes, 0.8-1.5 cm long, replace the flower and turn red as they mature.[4] Every fruit contains one small seedling.[3] All parts of Q. amara contain the bitter Quassimarin.[9]
The tree is predominately pollinated by hummingbirds but also self-compatible.[4][8] Besides hummingbirds, other birds and Trigona species from the Apidea family do pollination.[8]
Quassia amara is an understorey plant in neotropic rainforests and humid sites and mostly abundant in young forests.[8] Therefore Q. amara is native in the tropics of Southern America.[4][6][3][9][8] More exactly in the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago), Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama), Northern South America (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru) and in Western South America (Colombia, Argentina). It is found in the Amazon Rainforest at altitudes ranging from sea level to 900 m. Q. amara is traditionally harvested in natural forests.[7] There are reports of cultivation in other countries of Central and South America. It inhabits zones of high precipitation (1500–4500 mm per year), and may appear in dry lands or in riparian lands where there is a high humidity permanent.[6] Q. amara is widely planted outside its native range.
Q. amara is suitable for medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. It prefers rich soils, that are water retentive.[4] The tree can adapt to different pH-values in soils.[5] It is a frost sensitive plant. Its salt toleration and dry toleration is low.[4] It is classified as a semi-sciophyte with high tolerance to shade conditions but with a requirement of direct exposure to sunlight in order to complete its life cycle, in particular due to its effect on flower and fruit production. An increase in the light conditions increases flower and fruit production although it does not influence seed fertility. Therefore, its natural regeneration appears to be limited by light and interspecific competition with upperstorey forest species.[7]
In the wood a share of 0.09 to 0.17% of quassin and 0.05 to 0.11% of neoquassin was detected in Costa Rician plants.[10] Quassin is one of the most bitter substances found in nature.
Other identified components of bitterwood are: beta-carbolines, beta-sitostenone, beta-sitosterol, dehydroquassins, gallic acid, gentisic acid, hydroxyquassins, isoparain, isoparaines, isoquassins, malic acid, methylcanthins, methoxycanthins, methoxycantins, nigakilactone A, nor-neoquassin, parain, paraines, quassialactol, quassimarin, quassinol, quassol and simalikalactone D.[11]
The bitter principle found in the bark and wood is used as the basis of Angostura Bitters, which is used as a flavouring in longdrinks, soft drinks, digestive tonics and also in gin-based drinks. It can be used as a substitute for hops in beer manufacturing[4][3] or can be added to baked goods.[10][11][4][3]
Traditionally, Q. amara is used as a digestive, to treat fever, and against hair parasites (lice, fleas) and mosquito larvae in ponds (which has not proven harmful to fish populations).[11]
The component Simalikalactone D was identified as an antimalarial. The preparation of a tea out of young leaves is used traditionally in French Guiana. Experiments showed a high inhibition of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii and Plasmodium falciparum.[12]
A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective treatment for rosacea.[13]
Quassia amara is part of the family of the Simaroubaceae, which contains quassinoids. Those are secondary metabolites that have a large range of biological activities.[14] The plant is known for the active principles that can be found in its bark. They have several different effects like increasing appetite, tonic, diuretic, febrifugal, anthelmintic and anti-leukemic.[15] It also leads to more activity from the gall bladder and has an effect against liver congestion. At external use, they act efficacy against parasites like pinworms.[16] It is also a tribal remedy used in South America against debility, liver problems, malaria, snakebite, and back spasms.[17] The Quassia amara is sold in the form of ground-up chips that are used to produce tonic or tinctures. Those are made by soaking the bark in the water for a long time.[18]
There are two varieties of Q. amara that can be used in medicine. It is the West Indian type and the South American variety. The West Indian is high, it can reach 30.5m, the South American is much smaller, with a heigh from 5.5m.
In 2011 Husein and Gulam Mohammed, found that Q. amara extract reduced the elevated fasting blood glucose in rats. It also shows that glucose tolerance is increased by the consumption of Q. amara.[19] According to Ferreira and al. 2013, the wood powder of Q. amara shows an anti-hyperglycemic effect, similar to the one from metformin. It could be helpful as an alternative therapy to the existing drugs that cause adverse health effects.[20]
Tea made with the leaves of the Q. amara, is used against malaria in the traditional medicine of French Guiana.[21] The leaves hexane from Q. amara was found to have high suppressive activity, at a concentration from 100 mg/kg body weight in mouse.[22] In 2006, a study found that Simalikalactone D should be responsible for the antimalarial activity.[21] In 2009, a new quassinoid was discovered, the simalikalactone E. This molecule inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in vitro by 50%. The effect was mostly found in the gametocyte, which is the stage that is fundamental for the transmission to mosquitoes.[14] The tea from Quassia amara has also an effect on the red blood cells counts, the packed cell count, the packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration. It has an antianemic property.[23]
Quassia amara is used in folk medicine from Costa Rica.[24] Searchers from the University of Ibadan found a significant inhibition of the gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin. The amount of protection was between 77% and 85%. It also reduces the total gastric acidity.[25] It was related to an increase in gastric barrier mucus and non-protein sulfhydryl groups.[24]
The sap of Q. amara shows in vivo significant activity against lymphocytic leukemia in mice.[26]
The bitter substances from the Q. amara attack the chitin from the lice larvae and prevent the pupping of new larvae.[27] It also reduce dandruff when used as a hair rinse[18]
The Quassia amara bark extract has been shown to have a sedative and muscle relaxant effects.[28]
Quassia amara is also used it this traditional Indian medicine, the Ayurvedic medicine to treat rheumatism, alcoholism, dandruff, stomach problems, and worms. It is also used in the homeopatic medicine.[18]
Excessive use of this plant can cause vomiting. Long term use should be avoided, as it can lead to weakness of the vision, leading towards total blindness. It should also be avoided during pregnancy and menstruation, because it may cause uterine colic.[29] It has also shown to have negative effects on the fertility of rats, both male and females. It has been proven to reduce the weight of testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles of the rats. They also found a reduction of the epididymal sperm count, the level of testosterone, LH and FSH. These changes disappeared after some time.[30][31][32] In female rats, a decrease of weight from the ovary and uterus was seen. There was also a decrease in the estrogen level. The litter number and weight were also reduced.[33]
Insecticidal extracts of the bark were first used in the USA 1850 and 1880 in Europe.[3]
Extracts of Quassia wood or bark act as a natural insecticide. For organic farming this is of particular interest. A good protection was shown against different insect pests (e.g. aphids, Colorado potato beetle, Anthonomus pomorum, Rhagoletis cerasi, Caterpillars of Tortricidae).[34] Quassin extract works as a contact insecticide. Adverse effects on beneficial organisms were not found.[35]
Quassia amara extract can be obtained by boiling Q.amara chips in water and removing the wood chips afterwards.[36] The extract contains quassin and neoquassin, which have insecticidal properties.[37] The extract can be used to spray fruitlets, shortly after cease blooming.[38][39][36] Insecticidal effects are comparable to the insecticide diazinon. If the extract is sprayed before apple sawfly larvae hatched, Hoplocampa infestation can be reduced with an efficacy of 50%.[38] Q.amara extract in the dosage corresponding to 3-4.5 kg of Q. amara wood chips for 1/ha is optimal.[38] The bitter wood can be dried after boiling and be reused 2 to 3 times.[40][41] The extract of Q.amara can be storaged over half a year (e.g. spring till autumn).[40]
Q.amara is also used as a stomach or contact insecticide against various aphids and moths,[42][35] potato beetle,[43][39] apple blossom veevil[42] and thephtid fruit fly.[44] Q.amara extract possesses antiparasitic, antibacterial, amoebacidial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.[45][46]
For Switzerland, a licensed formulation is available for organic farming.
Like any poorly studied alternative chemical applied to food crops, Quassia extract may have unknown health consequences. A study on rats in 1997 found that Quassia extract significantly reduced male rats' fertility, reducing testis size, sperm quality and serum testosterone.[47]
Around 200 grams (7.1 oz) of Quassia wood chips are put together with 2 litres (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) of water. It is allowed to stand for 24 hours and then it is cooked for 30 min. It is then diluted with 10 to 20 litres (2.2 to 4.4 imp gal; 2.6 to 5.3 US gal) of water and used as a spray[34] The use of approximately 3–4.5 kilograms (6.6–9.9 lb) wood extract per hectare seems to be optimal to minimize the damage of Hoplocampa testudinea on apple trees.[48]
Seeds and cuttings can be used for propagation of Q. amara. Frost is not tolerated, but the plant is partially drought tolerant.[49] A large amount of indirect light is recommended.[50] As a tropical tree, Q. amara prefers a fertile, moist but well-drained soil in a partially shaded position. Although younger trees may tolerate greater or more direct light intensities, it is recommended for the agroecological cultivation of the plant's wood, to plant Q. amara in settings that offer large amounts of indirect light.[5][9]
The older the plant, the greater the accumulation of quassinoids in the xylem. Cultivation conditions, in the shade or in the sun, influences notably the amount of quassine accumulated by the plants.[9][5] This factor will have to be taken into account to achieve a good harvest. Controlled luminosity conditions favor plant growth and the concentration of quassinoids in the tissues, which increases the quality of the raw material.[9] Organic fertilizer such as deep or organic mulch can be used as nutritional compounds.[4]
In Costa Rica the flowering period of Q.amara arises between October and April, whereas in central Panama the flowering period occurs from October to January.[8][9] The fruits ripen after two months. In February and early March, there is a peak of fruit ripening. The drupes show different colors during the ripening process. They turn from reddish to green until the reach a black color. The best germination results were obtained with seeds from drupes that are just before becoming totally black. Not only the color but also the size of the fruits are indicators for the viability of a seed. Fruits with a size between 1 and 1.5 cm are suitable for reproduction and they can be easily detached from the receptacle.[9]
The treelet can be propagated sexual by seeds or asexual by vegetative cuttings of half-ripe wood.[4][9] The trees can be cultivated in tree nurseries. Therefore seeds can be sowed of substrat such as sawdust, sand or soil. The seedlings are grown up for eight months until they reach a height around 40 cm. The germination occurs within 10 weeks. During the germination period daily watering is important. A distance of 10 x 15 cm at a density of 35 plants per m is recommended in tree nurseries.[9]
Cutting insects were found in seedlings, but no critical damage was observed. The fungus Colletotrichum sp. caused anthracnosis in young plants, what leads to brown leaf changes surrounded by a yellowish halo, defoliation and suspension of plant growth. High soil moisture, inadequate soil drainage, high sowing density and bad weed control management are factors that enhances this fungal disease. It can be controlled with specific funigcides. Bacteria infection is scarce, but has to be taken into account during the transplantation.[9]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: External link in |via={{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Quassia amara, also known as amargo, bitter-ash, bitter-wood, or hombre grande (spanish for big man) is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus who named it after the first botanist to describe it: the Surinamese freedman Graman Quassi. Q. amara is used as insecticide, in traditional medicine and as additive in the food industry.
Quassia amara es una especie de planta del género Quassia, se utiliza como insecticida en la medicina tradicional y como aditivo en la industria alimentaria.
Es un arbusto o rara vez un pequeño árbol, que crece hasta los 3 m de altura (raramente 8 m). Las hojas son compuestas y alternas, de 15-25 cm de largo, y pinnadas con 3-5 folíolos, el raquis de la hoja es alado. Las flores se producen en una panícula de 15-25 cm de largo, cada flor de 2.5 a 3.5 cm de largo, de color rojo brillante en el exterior y blanco en el interior. El fruto es una pequeña drupa de 1-1.5 cm de largo.
Q. amara es nativa de Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panamá, Brasil, Perú, Venezuela, Surinam, Colombia, Argentina, Guayana Francesa y Guyana. Q. amara es ampliamente plantada fuera de su área de distribución natural.
En la madera una cuota de 0,09 a 0,17% de cuasina se detectó y de 0,05 a 0,11% de neocuasina en plantas de Costa Rica.[1] Cuasina es una de las sustancias más amargas que encuentran en la naturaleza. Otros componentes identificados son: Beta-carbolinas, beta-sitostenona, beta-sitosterol, dehydroquassins, ácido gálico, ácido gentísico, hydroxyquassins, isoparain, isoparaines, isoquassins, ácido málico, methylcanthins, methoxycanthins, methoxycantins, nigakilactone A ni-neoquassin , parainfluenza, paraines, quassialactol, quassimarin, quassinol, quassol y simalikalactona D.[2]
Los extractos de la madera o corteza de Quassia actúan como insecticida natural. Para la agricultura ecológica es de particular interés. Una buena protección se demostró contra diferentes plagas de insectos (por ejemplo, pulgones, escarabajo de la patata, Anthonomus pomorum, Rhagoletis cerasi, orugas de Tortricidae).[3] Extracto de cuasina funciona como un insecticida de contacto. Los efectos adversos sobre organismos útiles no fueron encontrados.[4]
Alrededor de 200 gramos de virutas de madera de Quassia se ponen juntos con 2 litros de agua. Se deja en reposo durante 24 horas y luego se cuece durante 30 min. Después se diluye con 10 a 20 litros de agua y se utiliza como un spray[3] El uso de aproximadamente 3-4,5 kg de extracto de madera por hectárea parece ser óptima para minimizar el daño de Hoplocampa testudinea en manzanos.[5]
Traditionalmente Q. amara se utiliza como digestivo, para tratar la fiebre, contra los parásitos del pelo ( piojos , pulgas ) y larvas de mosquitos en estanques (y no dañan a los peces).
La infusión o el macerado de la madera se usan como tónico amargo para aumentar la secreción de las glándulas salivales, jugos gástricos y biliares. El cocimiento del polvo se usa para tratar afecciones digestivas (diarrea, disentería, dispepsia, dolor de estómago, flatulencia y halitosis) y mejorar el tránsito intestinal. Se le atribuye propiedad amebicida, antiséptica, aperitiva, catártica, colagoga, depurativa, estomáquica, eupéptica y tónica.
El componente de simalikalactona D se identificó como un antimalárico. La preparación de un té de hojas jóvenes se utiliza tradicionalmente en la Guyana Francesa. Los experimentos mostraron una alta inhibición de Plasmodium yoelii yoelii y Plasmodium falciparum.[6]
Los extractos de la madera o la corteza también se utilizan para dar sabor a refrescos, aperitivos y amargos que se pueden añadir a los cócteles o para productos horneados.[2][1]
Semillas y esquejes se pueden usar para la propagación de Q. amara. No tolera las heladas, pero la planta es parcialmente resistente a la sequía.[7] Se recomienda una gran cantidad de luz indirecta.[8]
Castela tortuosa fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 553. 1762.[9]
Quassia: nombre genérico que fue otorgado por Linneo en honor del descubridor de la planta, el Surinamés liberto Graman Quassi.
amara: epíteto latino que significa "amargo".[10]
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Especies: Quassia amara
Quassia amara es una especie de planta del género Quassia, se utiliza como insecticida en la medicina tradicional y como aditivo en la industria alimentaria.
Quassia amara, la Quinine de Cayenne, est une plante tropicale de la famille des Simaroubaceae.
En Guyane, la plante porte le nom vernaculaire de Couachi.
Ses propriétés antipaludéennes ont été mises en évidence dès le XVIIIe siècle au Suriname par Graman Quassi [2] (un esclave affranchi du Suriname devenu médecin, sorcier et chasseur d'esclaves marrons), qui donna son nom à la plante [3].
C'est principalement de son écorce, et dans une moindre mesure de Picrasma excelsa qu'est extraite la quassine, molécule naturelle extrêmement amère[4].
Cette plante est présente aux Antilles, Brésil, Guyane, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Brésil, Pérou, Venezuela, Suriname, Colombie, Argentine et Trinité [5].
Selon Tropicos (27 février 2016)[6] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
Quassia amara, la Quinine de Cayenne, est une plante tropicale de la famille des Simaroubaceae.
En Guyane, la plante porte le nom vernaculaire de Couachi.
Ses propriétés antipaludéennes ont été mises en évidence dès le XVIIIe siècle au Suriname par Graman Quassi (un esclave affranchi du Suriname devenu médecin, sorcier et chasseur d'esclaves marrons), qui donna son nom à la plante .
C'est principalement de son écorce, et dans une moindre mesure de Picrasma excelsa qu'est extraite la quassine, molécule naturelle extrêmement amère.
Kartusis musmedis (lot. Quassia amara, angl. bitterwood, vok. Bitterholzbaum) - simarubinių šeimos dekoratyvinis, prieskoninis, vaistinis augalas, paplitęs Pietų Amerikoje. Iš jo gaminami maisto priedai (kvėpikliai). Vikiteka
Kartusis musmedis (lot. Quassia amara, angl. bitterwood, vok. Bitterholzbaum) - simarubinių šeimos dekoratyvinis, prieskoninis, vaistinis augalas, paplitęs Pietų Amerikoje. Iš jo gaminami maisto priedai (kvėpikliai). Vikiteka
Bitterhout, kwasibita in het Surinaams, is het kernhout van Quassia amara, waarschijnlijk de enige soort in het genus Quassia. In de tropen is dit Zuid-Amerikaanse boompje veel aangeplant omdat het hout tegen malaria gebruikt werd.
Gorzkla właściwa (inne nazwy: gorzknia właściwa, kwasja gorzka, gorzkodrzew właściwy, gorżciel właściwy, kwasja właściwa) (Quassia amara) – gatunek krzewu lub małego drzewa z rodziny biegunecznikowatych. Występuje w płn. części Brazylii i Gujanie, sadzona w Panamie, na Antylach i w krajach o gorącym klimacie Azji i Afryki.
Dorasta do 10 m wysokości. Liście są nieparzystopierzaste o listkach lancetowatych. Kwiatostan groniasty, 5-działkowy. Owoc – pestkowiec.
Gorzkla właściwa (inne nazwy: gorzknia właściwa, kwasja gorzka, gorzkodrzew właściwy, gorżciel właściwy, kwasja właściwa) (Quassia amara) – gatunek krzewu lub małego drzewa z rodziny biegunecznikowatych. Występuje w płn. części Brazylii i Gujanie, sadzona w Panamie, na Antylach i w krajach o gorącym klimacie Azji i Afryki.
Kvassia (Quassia amara[1]) är en bittervedsväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné, som namngav den efter den före detta slaven och botanisten Graman Quassi. Quassia amara ingår i släktet Quassia och familjen bittervedsväxter.[2][3] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[2] Denna buske är hemmahörande i norra Sydamerika och Mellanamerika. Veden innehåller det beska ämnet kvassin som länge använts som läkemedel.[4]
Ämnet bildar i rent tillstånd färglösa, i vatten och alkohol lösliga kristaller.
Kvassia, som är ett bitterämne, har traditionellt fått medicinsk användning, då lavemang med tillsats med kvassia dödar den i ändtarmen levande springmasken.[5]
Idag används kvassia inom alternativmedicinen som medel för ökad salivutsöndring, malariamedel, mjältstimulans samt för hämmande av parasiter, amöba och springmask.[6]
Namnet kvassiaved används för ved av den närstående västindiska arten Picrasma excelsum, som är billigare.[4] Ibland kallas även produkter av denna art bara för kvassia.[7]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Quassia amara.
Wikispecies har information om Quassia amara.
Kvassia (Quassia amara) är en bittervedsväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné, som namngav den efter den före detta slaven och botanisten Graman Quassi. Quassia amara ingår i släktet Quassia och familjen bittervedsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Denna buske är hemmahörande i norra Sydamerika och Mellanamerika. Veden innehåller det beska ämnet kvassin som länge använts som läkemedel.
Ämnet bildar i rent tillstånd färglösa, i vatten och alkohol lösliga kristaller.
Acıağaç (Quassia amara), Simaroubaceae (kokarağaçgiller) familyasından 2-3 metre boyunda küçük bir bitki türü.
İnce kabuklarının üzerinde sarı benekler vardır. Çiçekleri kırmızıdır. Sıcak ülkelerde yetişir. Bu ülkelerde acı ağaç kabuklarından yapılan kaplardan su içenlerin kuvvetleneceğine inanılır. Hekimlikte; kökü, kabuğu ve odunu kullanılır. Etkili maddesi "Quassine"dir. Çok acıdır.
Acıağaç (Quassia amara), Simaroubaceae (kokarağaçgiller) familyasından 2-3 metre boyunda küçük bir bitki türü.
İnce kabuklarının üzerinde sarı benekler vardır. Çiçekleri kırmızıdır. Sıcak ülkelerde yetişir. Bu ülkelerde acı ağaç kabuklarından yapılan kaplardan su içenlerin kuvvetleneceğine inanılır. Hekimlikte; kökü, kabuğu ve odunu kullanılır. Etkili maddesi "Quassine"dir. Çok acıdır.
Quassia amara là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thanh thất. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1762.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến Sapindales này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Quassia amara là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thanh thất. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1762.
Quassia amara L. (1762)
Квассия горькая (лат. Quassia amara) — растение семейства Симарубовые, вид рода Квассия, произрастающее в Северной Бразилии и Гвиане.
Дерево или высокий кустарник, высотой 3-8 м, с непарноперистыми листьями длиной 15-25 см, имеющими 3-5 листочков. Они тёмно-зелёные с ярко-красной главной жилкой и общим черешком. Цветки крупные до 4 см длиной, ярко-красные снаружи и белые изнутри, собраны в густые боковые и верхушечные кисти 15-25 см длиной. Плод — мелкая чёрная костянка, 1-1,5 см диаметром.
Используемым сырьём является древесина растения. Она лёгкая белая, на вкус чрезвычайно горькая. В аптеки поступает в резанном виде.
Древесина растения содержит 0,15 % квассина. Квассин — вещество дитерпеновой природы, молекула которого богата кислородными функциональными группами.
Водный отвар древесины употребляется, как горькое желудочное средство. Его добавляют в пиво, вместо хмеля, а также применяют в качестве инсектицида. Спиртовый настой применяется в качестве антипаразитарного средства.
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Квассия горькая (лат. Quassia amara) — растение семейства Симарубовые, вид рода Квассия, произрастающее в Северной Бразилии и Гвиане.
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