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Brief Summary

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Also known as simpler's joy and blue verbena, blue vervain is a native perennial plant found throughout New England and the United States. The entire plant grows 2 to 6 feet high, with multiple, small, blue-violet flowers emerging from spikes about five inches long. The tubular blossoms have five lobes that open 1/8 inch wide. The plant has a tall, square-edged stem with stalks that terminate into the spikes. The stalks may be green or reddish, and may be covered in fine white hairs. Narrow and rough serrated leaves, about 6 inches long and 1 inch across, grow in an opposite pattern up the stems, attached to the stalk by short petioles. The root system of the plant is fibrous. Blue vervain can be easily distinguished from other types of vervain because of its distinctive color. Blue vervain is a perennial plant that grows each year from the root stock of the year before. It is also a biennial, so it does not begin to bloom until the second year of its life. The flowers bloom for about a month and a half from July to September. Four nutlets are produced from each flower. Blue vervain attracts a lot of wildlife: many different species of insects and bees, particularly bumblebees, collect nectar and pollen; cotton-tailed rabbits eat the young plants; and many birds, such as sparrows and cardinals, eat the seeds. Prefers moist habitats with full or partial sunlight. Because of this it is found in damp thickets, shores, roadsides, pastures, and other places near ponds and streams. This plant easily adapts to areas from degraded wetlands to high quality habitats. Very common plants in moist areas, some states even consider it a weed. Still, blue vervain is thought to be a medicinal cure-all in many cultures. The Latin name, verbena hastate, translates to "sacred plant.
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Verbena hastata ( Azerbaijani )

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Verbena hastata (lat. Verbena hastata) - minaçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin minaçiçəyi cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

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Verbena hastata: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Verbena hastata (lat. Verbena hastata) - minaçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin minaçiçəyi cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Verbena hastata

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Verbena hastata, commonly known as American vervain,[1] blue vervain,[2] simpler's joy,[3] or swamp verbena,[4] is a perennial flowering plant in the vervain family Verbenaceae. It grows throughout the continental United States and in much of southern Canada.

Description

V. hastata grows as a stiffly erect stem, occasionally branching in the upper half, reaching up to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall. The stems are four-angled (square), hairy, and green to reddish in color. Leaves are opposite, simple, and measure up to 15 cm (6 in) long and 3 cm (1 in) across.[5] They have doubly-serrate margins and a variety of shapes, from lanceolate to ovate, and may have 2 lateral lobes.[6]

The inflorescence is a panicle, or group, of flowering spikes, up to 30 cm (1 ft) long at the end of the upper stems. Each flowering spike in the panicle is up to 13 cm (5 in) long, with densely packed, numerous 5-lobed flowers, which measure up to 1 cm (0.25 in) long.[5] The flowers are violet or deep purple, rarely white.[6] They open from the bottom of the spike upward, with only a ring of a few flowers open at a time.[7]

Phytochemicals

Verbena hastata contains Lophirone C, Lophirone B, Verbenalin, Verbascoside, Luteolin, Oleanolic acid, Ursolic acid and the naphthoquinone derivative 4,9-dihydroxy-α-lapachone[8]

Taxonomy

This species is a member of the diploid North American vervains which have 14 chromosomes altogether. Hybridization seems to have played some role in its evolution, presumably between some member of a group including the white vervain (V. urticifolia), V. lasiostachys or V. menthifolia, and V. orcuttiana or a related species.

In the recent evolutionary past, there has been an incident of chloroplast transfer of one of the latter or the swamp verbena to the mock vervain Glandularia bipinnatifida which is a close relative of the genus Verbena. It is unknown by what mechanism this happened, but it is suspected that hybridization is not responsible.[9]

Etymology

The Latin specific epithet hastata means "spear-shaped".[10]

Distribution and habitat

V. hastata is native in the United States in all states except Alaska and Hawaii. In Canada, it is native in the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.[4] The plant prefers moist conditions and typically grows in wet meadows, wet river bottomlands, stream banks, slough peripheries, fields and waste areas.[7] It is adapted to wetlands and can spread to form small colonies.[11]

Ecology

The flowers bloom from mid- to late summer.[5]

It attracts bees and is a larval host to the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia),[12] the verbena moth (Crambodes talidiformis), and the verbena bud moth (Endothenia hebesana).[11]

Footnotes

  1. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org.
  3. ^ "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org.
  4. ^ a b "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov.
  5. ^ a b c "Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
  6. ^ a b Denison, Edgar (2017). Missouri Wildflowers (Sixth ed.). Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-887247-59-7.
  7. ^ a b "Verbena hastata - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org.
  8. ^ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1934578X211009727
  9. ^ Yuan & Olmstead (2008)
  10. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 184533731X.
  11. ^ a b Xerces Society (2016). 100 Plants to Feed the Bees. Storey Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-61212-886-3.
  12. ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verbena hastata.

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Verbena hastata: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Verbena hastata, commonly known as American vervain, blue vervain, simpler's joy, or swamp verbena, is a perennial flowering plant in the vervain family Verbenaceae. It grows throughout the continental United States and in much of southern Canada.

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Verbena hastata ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Verbena hastata es una planta de la familia Verbenaceae nativa de América del Norte (Estados Unidos y Canadá).

 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

Es una hierba de hojas opuestas simples con márgenes doble serrados. Las diminutas flores, de color malva, aparecen en verano. Sirve para debilitar a los vampiros.

Taxonomía

Verbena hastata fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 20. 1753.[1]

Etimología

Verbena: nombre genérico que es un antiguo nombre latíno de la verbena común europea.[2]

hastata: epíteto latíno que significa "con forma de lanza"

Sinonimia
  • Verbena hastata f. albiflora Moldenke
  • Verbena hastata f. caerulea Moldenke
  • Verbena hastata f. hastata
  • Verbena hastata var. hastata
  • Verbena hastata var. oblongifolia Nutt.
  • Verbena hastata var. paniculata (Lam.) Farw.
  • Verbena hastata var. pinnatifida (Lam.) Pursh
  • Verbena hastata var. rosea Coleman
  • Verbena hastata f. rosea (Coleman) R.H.Cheney
  • Verbena hastata var. scabra Moldenke
  • Verbena paniculata Lam.
  • Verbena paniculata var. pinnatifida (Lam.) Schauer
  • Verbena pinnatifida Lam.[3]

Referencias

  1. «Verbena hastata». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 20 de julio de 2015.
  2. En Nombres Botánicos
  3. «Verbena hastata». The Plant List. Consultado el 20 de julio de 2015.

Bibliografía

  1. Yuan, yao-wu & Olmstead, richard g. 2008. A species-level phylogenetic study of the Verbena complex (Verbenaceae) indicates two independent intergeneric chloroplast transfers. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 48(1): 23-33. doi 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.004 (HTML abstract)
  2. Abrams, L.R. 1951. Geraniums to Figworts. 3: 866 pp. In L.R. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
  3. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  4. Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren. 1984. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 4: 1–573. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  5. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  6. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  7. Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
  8. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.

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Verbena hastata: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Verbena hastata es una planta de la familia Verbenaceae nativa de América del Norte (Estados Unidos y Canadá).

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Verbena hastata ( French )

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Verbena hastata est une espèce de plante herbacée de la famille des Verbenaceae.

Description

On appelle également cette plante Guérit-tout, herbe sacrée, herbe aux sorcières; en anglais, Blue Vervain. La tige mesure 2 m et se divise en plusieurs faisceaux. Elle porte de petites fleurs mauves qui se développent en épis.

On la retrouve dans des zones humides au bord des lacs et des rivières au sud du Québec et au nord des États-Unis.

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Verbena hastata: Brief Summary ( French )

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Verbena hastata est une espèce de plante herbacée de la famille des Verbenaceae.

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Blåverbena ( Swedish )

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Blåverbena (Verbena hastata)[1][2][3][4] är en verbenaväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Blåverbena ingår i Verbenasläktet, och familjen verbenaväxter.[5][6]

Underarter

Arten delas in i följande underarter:[5]

  • V. h. hastata
  • V. h. scabra

Bilder

Källor

  1. ^ database, NODC Taxonomic Code, 1996
  2. ^ Lamiales of North America Update, 2011
  3. ^ database, The PLANTS Database, 2000
  4. ^ database, The PLANTS Database, 1996
  5. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (28 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/11780512. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  6. ^ ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, (Canada), (Mexico)

Externa länkar

Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna artikel om verbenor saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Blåverbena: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Blåverbena (Verbena hastata) är en verbenaväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Blåverbena ingår i Verbenasläktet, och familjen verbenaväxter.

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Verbena hastata ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Це прямостійна багаторічна рослина; росте групами. Суцвіття малих, від фіолетово-блакитних до рожево-пурпурових квітів розміщені на високих розгалужених, канделяброподібних стеблах. Пора цвітіння: все літо[1].

Рослина заввишки 60–150 см, може поширюватися кореневищем. Волосаті квадратні стебла можуть бути зеленими або червоними. Зубчасті ланцетні листки розміром 15 × 2.5 см розвивається в парах на стеблі. Кожна квітка ≈ 6.4 мм упоперек. Приблизно через 1½ місяця після цвітіння кожна з квітів поступається місцю чотирьом довгасто-червонувато-коричневим, трикутним-опуклим «горішкам»[2].

Поширення

Поширений у Канаді й США[3].

V. hastata віддає перевагу вологим умовам із повним чи частковим сонцем. Може розвиватися в порушених місцях і зазвичай трапляється на вологих луках, пасовищах, у заростях, а також на берегах річок, болотах, у канавах та річкових преріях[2].

Використання

V. hastata традиційно використовується внутрішньо для лікування депресії, лихоманки, кашлю, судоми, жовтяниці та головних болів. Зовнішньо, використовується для лікування вугрів, виразок і розрізів. Застереження: V. hastata може перешкоджати лікуванню артеріального тиску та гормональній терапії. Великі дози викликають блювоту та діарею[2].

Джерела

  1. The Royal Horticultural Society. Процитовано 14.11.2018. (англ.)
  2. а б в USDA Plant Fact Sheet. Процитовано 14.11.2018. (англ.)
  3. Plants of the World Online — Kew Science. Процитовано 14.11.2018. (англ.)


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Verbena hastata ( Vietnamese )

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Verbena hastata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cỏ roi ngựa. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Verbena hastata. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


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Verbena hastata: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Verbena hastata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cỏ roi ngựa. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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