Associations
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Foodplant / gall
Vasates quadripedes causes gall of leaf of Acer saccharinum
Brief Summary
provided by EOL authors
Acer saccharinum, the silver maple (also called creek-, river-, silverleaf-, soft-, water-, or white maple) is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to eastern North America, where it often grows in river floodplains and wetlands, leading to the colloquial name “water maple.”
Silver maple is a relatively large tree, commonly reaching a height of 15–25 m, often with multiple stems. Bark of young trees and branches is smooth and light grey; mature trees develop long ridges or scales. The leaves are palmate, 8–16 cm long and 6–12 cm broad, with deep angular notches between the five lobes. The 5–12 cm long, slender stalks of the leaves mean that even a light breeze can produce a striking effect as the silver undersides of the leaves are exposed. The flowers are in small panicles, produced before the leaves in early spring, with the seeds maturing in early summer. The fruits are paired samaras (nutlets with stiff fibrous wings), with wings about 3–5 cm long. Although the wings provide for some aerial transport, the heavy seeds may also be transported by water.
Silver maple is fast-growing, tolerates a wide variety of soils and urban conditions, and is easy to propagate and transplant, so it has been widely used as an ornamental and shade tree. It is also commonly cultivated outside its native range, showing tolerance of a wide range of climates, growing successfully as far north as central Norway and south to Orlando, Florida. It can thrive in a Mediterranean climate and is grown in temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere. However, urban plantings have declined in recent years because its brittle branches break off easily in storms (Barnes and Wagner 2004), and the shallow, fibrous roots easily invade septic fields and old drain pipes, and can crack sidewalks and foundations.
Silver maple is closely related to (and sometimes confused with) red maple (Acer rubrum). The leaves can be distinguished by the longer, more deeply dissected lobes (with the sides of the middle lobe diverging) and the silvery underside; the samaras have larger wings that diverge at a wider angle. In natural areas, silver maple is generally restricted to river floodplains, streambanks, and deciduous swamps, but although it may occur in moist woods, it is not found in the drier uplands where red maple increasingly occurs. The two species can hybridize in natural wetlands where they occur together (Barnes and Wagner 2004).
In the eastern U.S., silver maple’s large buds are a primary springtime food for squirrels, after many acorns and nuts have sprouted and other food is scarce (Geyer et al. 2010). The seeds are the largest of any native maple and provide food for many species. The silver maple is the favored host of the parasitic cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis.
Silver maple has diverse timber and ethnobotanic uses, and is being researched as a potential source of biofuels due to its rapid growth rate (Geyer et al. 2010).
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Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
silver maple
soft maple
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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fruit,
treeSilver maple is a native, deciduous, medium-sized tree. Mature height
ranges from 90 to 120 feet (27-36 m). Silver maple is characterized as
a fast growing species [
16]. The trunk is often separated into several
upright branches near the ground [
50]. The crown is usually open and
rounded [
20]. The bark of young stems is smooth; it becomes darker and
furrowed to flaky on older stems [
10]. The root system is shallow and
fibrous [
16]. The deepest roots of 35-year-old silver maples planted on
clay soil in North Dakota were 55 inches (139.7 cm). The longest roots
extended horizontally 49 feet (14.9 m) [
68]. The fruit is a winged
samara, 1.4 to 1.9 inch (3.5-5 cm) long and up to 0.48 inch (12 mm) wide
[
10].
Silver maples can live to 130 years or longer [
16]. The national
champion silver maple (1972) was found in Michigan. It was 125 feet
(38.1 m) tall, 22.58 feet (82.6 m) in circumference, and had a crown
spread of 111 feet (33.8 m) [
20].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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The range of silver maple extends from New Brunswick to west to northern
Michigan, northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota; south to
southeastern South Dakota and eastern Oklahoma; east to northern
Georgia; and north through western South Carolina and western North
Carolina to Maine. It is found in northwestern Florida on the
Apalachicola and Choctawhatchee rivers but is not otherwise found on the
Gulf or Atlantic Coastal Plain [
37].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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fire regimeSilver maple is not well adapted to survive fire despite its ability to
sprout after other disturbances. Its relatively soft wood, thin bark
and tendency to rot render it susceptible to fire-caused wounds [
74].
Its shallow roots are probably easily damaged by fire. It does not
occur on sites that burn frequently. In southern Quebec, a sedge meadow
that was protected from fire was rapidly invaded by a number of woody
species, including silver maple [
2].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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More info for the terms:
competition,
tree,
vinesPrescribed fire is not recommended for the riparian or bottomland
forests in which silver maple occurs. Silver maple is susceptible to
fire damage; surface fires kill seedlings and saplings and wound larger
trees which exacerbates the tendency of silver maple to rot. Weeds and
vines follow fires and create heavy competition for tree seedlings. The
destruction of organic layers by fire contributes to general site
deterioration [
44].
The 'higher heat value' of oven-dry silver maple wood averaged 8,360 BTU
per pound [
30].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophyte Phanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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codominant,
forest,
natural,
peatSilver maple is typical of wet bottomlands, riverbanks, and lake edges.
It is less common on upland sites [
10]. In Illinois, silver maple was
reported only from bottonland wet-mesic sites; it did not occur on drier
sites of even slightly higher elevation [
60]. In New York, silver maple
occurs on limestone, outwash, and alluvial soils [
34]. Best growth is
on moist, well-drained, fine-textured alluvial soil [
16,
40,
44]. Silver
maple is found from 100 feet (30.5 m) to 1,600 feet (488 m) elevation in
the Adirondacks [
34], and is uncommon above 1,980 feet (600 m) elevation
in the Appalachians [
14]. In drier areas silver maple is only found
along streams [
10].
Silver maple is usually found on soils with pH above 4.0, but has been
reported from muck and shallow peat soils with a pH from 2.0 to 3.3
[
16]. Recommended soil pH range is 4.5 to 7.0 [
72]. Forest floor
biomass under silver maple plantations had an average pH of 3.7 after 27
years of growth; the underlying mineral soils averaged pH 6.3. The
effect appeared to be due to a decrease in buffering capacity [
15].
Silver maple is intermediate in tolerance to water-saturated soils, but
can tolerate prolonged periods of inundation [
16]. It is a member of
some greentree reservoir systems that are flooded during the dormant
season to provide waterfowl habitat and drained before the onset of the
growing season. These sites usually have saturated soils most of the
growing season [
61]. Silver maple seedlings survived 60 days of
continuously saturated soils [
25], but seedlings of low vigor died after
only 2 days of complete inundation [
24]. In the upper Mississippi River
valley, silver maple trees died after 2 years of constant inundation
(due to reservoir formation) [
22].
In the northeastern United States, silver maple is a dominant or
codominant species on the following types of sites: 1) undifferentiated
alluvial deposits of poorly drained silts high in organic matter and
nitrogen, 2) undifferentiated alluvium composed of well-drained silts
with a high base content and nearly neutral soils, and 3) rapidly
aggrading alluvial areas and point bars composed of mixtures of sand and
silt that are of intermediate fertility [
43].
Silver maple was consistently dominant in a model of riparian forest
stands under conditions of 4,000 growing degree days, even when other
model parameters were varied. This is consistent with the natural
distribution of silver maple; it decreases in dominance with decreasing
latitude and increasingly warmer conditions [
38].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
95 Black willow
108 Red maple
109 Hawthorn
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest K098 Northern floodplain forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Silver maple is easily killed by fire [
40].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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seedSilver maple produces abundant annual seed crops; the seeds are eaten by
many birds, including evening grosbeaks, finches, wild turkeys and other
game birds [
1,
28], and small mammals, especially squirrels and chipmunks
[
16,
28]. Silver maple seeds were the most important food in the diet of
breeding wood ducks in southeastern Missouri [
13]. The early buds of
silver maple are an important food for squirrels when cached food is
depleted. Silver maple bark ranks high as a food source for beavers in
southeastern Ohio [
16]. White-tailed deer and rabbits browse the
foliage [
28].
In New Brunswick, wood ducks and goldeneyes frequently nest in silver
maples. The soft wood of silver maple has a tendency to develop
cavities which are used by cavity-nesting birds and mammals, and which
otherwise provide shelter for a number of species including raccoons,
opossums, squirrels, owls, and woodpeckers [
28]. Silver maple was one
of a few species of deciduous trees used as communal roosts by
red-winged blackbirds, common grackles, starlings, and brown-headed
cowbirds in Ohio [
41].
Silver maple groves and the riparian communities in which silver maple
occurs are excellent habitat for wildlife [
43,
55]. Silver maple is a
dominant member of riparian communities in Indiana that are important to
the endangered Indiana bat. However, it was not listed as a species in
which maternity colonies were observed [
8]. Silver maple is often a
dominant member of seasonally flooded flats, which are important to
tree- and shrub-nesting species, colony-nesting waterbirds, and
passerines. It also occurs in wooded swamps and other riparian
communities which are valuable breeding habitat for wood ducks, black
ducks, herons, egrets, warblers, flycatchers, woodpeckers, thrushes,
nuthatches, vireos, rose-breasted grosbeaks, hawks, owls, grackles, and
many passerines [
35].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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More info for the terms:
codominant,
density,
forest,
natural,
swamp,
treeSilver maple is a dominant canopy species only in streamside communities
and lake fringes, and occasionally in swamps, gullies, and small
depressions of slow drainage [
16]. The elm-ash-cottonwood type is
defined as bottomland forest in which elms (Ulmus spp.), green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), silver
maple, or red maple comprise a plurality of the stocking [
70].
Silver maple and/or American elm (Ulmus americana) are usually the
dominant tree species in southern Wisconsin floodplain forests [
66]. In
Illinois, silver maple was the leading dominant on floodplain sites that
were flooded at least 25 percent of the time. With increased elevation
other species increased, although silver maple continued to be dominant
on sites that were flooded 3 to 5 percent of the time. Silver maple,
sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash communities occurred at
the lowest elevations; silver maple, sycamore, green ash, American elm,
hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and other species were found at higher
elevations [
5]. In central New York, silver maple-green ash swamps are
relatively low in species diversity and density [
27]. Silver maple
dominance decreases with decreasing latitude; it is relatively rare in
many southern floodplain forests [
12].
In the Central Forest Region (as defined by the Society of American
Foresters [
73]), understory associates of silver maple include willows
(Salix spp.), redberry elder (Sambucus pubens), red-osier dogwood
(Cornus sericea), and greenbriers (Smilax spp.). In the Northern Forest
Region associates include swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), sycamore,
pin oak (Quercus palustrus), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), and eastern
cottonwood. In New England and eastern Canada, associates include sweet
birch (Betula lenta), paper birch (B. papyrifera), and gray birch (B.
populifolia). In New York, associates include white ash (Fraxinus
americana), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), rock elm (U. thomassii), yellow
birch (B. allegheniensis), black tupelo, sycamore, eastern hemlock
(Tsuga canadensis), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), and swamp white oak [
16].
In the elm-ash-cottonwood type, other associates include black willow
(Salix niger), boxelder (Acer negundo), and sycamore [
70].
Silver maple is listed as a dominant or codominant species in the
following publications:
1) Composition and environment of floodplain forests of northern
Missouri [
12]
2) Wetland forests of Tompkins County, New York [
26]
3) Community analysis of the forest vegetation in the lower Platte
River Valley, eastern Nebraska [
53]
4) A classification of mature forests on Long Island, New York [
75]
5) Ecological communities of New York State [
76]
6) The natural forests of Maryland: an explanation of the vegetation map
of Maryland [
77]
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
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More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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More info for the terms:
cover,
seed,
treeYoung stems of silver maple can be maintained as low, dense cover for
wildlife by frequent patch cutting [
43].
Where eastern cottonwood is the desired tree species, removal of
competing silver maple stems is necessary to prevent silver maple
dominance [
43]. Silver maple is intermediate to resistant to 2,4-D, and
susceptible to intermediate in resistance to 2,4,5-T [
48]. There was no
sprouting from silver maple stumps with direct application of undiluted
triclopyr ester. Other application methods were also effective [
42].
Silver maple can be managed on good sites for sawtimber, and on poor or
wet sites for pulp or cordwood. Rapid growth occurs in both pure and
mixed stands [
16]. In the northeastern and north-central United States,
selective cuts and shelterwood cuts are silvical options for silver
maple [
55]. However, silver maple trees will sprout along the bole
where they are exposed to sunlight, reducing the amount of clear new
wood that can be formed. It is recommended that silver maple be left in
clumps where possible during selective harvest, or that openings not be
so large as to allow full sunlight to fall on the trunks of remaining
silver maple stems [
42]. Clearcutting followed by pre-commercial
treatments to remove undesirable stems is recommended [
45].
Clearcutting or group selection/uneven-aged management can result in
good regeneration if seed sources are present. Relatively large open
areas are required for good seedling establishment [
43]. In
regenerating stands, cull trees need to be removed. Girdled silver
maple stems sprout vigorously; herbicide treatment is necessary to
completely remove a cull silver maple from the stand [
42]. Direct
seeding has not been tested for silver maple [
1].
The riparian areas in which silver maple occurs are of prime value for
wildlife. No tree harvesting should occur within 50 feet (15 m) of
streams [
44].
Silver maple has potential as a nurse tree for interplanting with black
walnut (Juglans nigra) in Ontario. Such interplantings showed the best
5-year growth compared with black walnut alone, black walnut and white
ash, or black walnut and autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) [
64].
Silver maple is subject to damage by winds, ice, wood rot and insects
[
14,
40]. Relatively soft wood renders it susceptible to a number of
wood rotting fungi. The moist conditions in which it grows encourage a
number of leaf molds and wilts to which silver maple is also susceptible
[
16]. Silver maple seedlings are susceptible to rodent damage,
especially in heavy grass or weed cover [
47]. Silver maple seedlings
exposed to 0.1 ppm ozone under laboratory conditions experienced a
reduction in leaf area and in total new dry weight after 40 days [
31].
Silver maple foliage is fed upon by later stage gypsy moth larvae only
when preferred foliage is not available [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IL IN IA KS
KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE
NH NJ NY NC ND OH OK PA RI SC
SD TN VT VA WV WI NB ON PQ
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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More info for the term:
hardwoodSilver maple has been planted as an ornamental, but the limbs are easily
broken in ice and snow storms [
10]. Its use as an ornamental has
declined due to frequent breakage, tendency to rot, and prolific
sprouting. The shallow roots invade water systems, the seeds are a
nuisance, and it sheds a lot of twigs [
71].
Silver maple sap can be used to make maple syrup [
16].
Silver maple stands are considered as having lower aesthetic value than
other bottomland hardwood types, and are therefore less valuable for
recreation [
43].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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More info on this topic. Silver maple is one of the earliest flowering species within its range;
flowering occurs over a short period from late February to April or May,
depending on latitude [
10,
16]. All flowers on one individual are within
a day or so of each other in development; the period of pollen
receptivity lasts from a few days to a week [
67]. The flowers often
fall before the leaves are fully grown [
19]. The seeds ripen and are
released over a very short period, usually less than 2 weeks [
23] from
April to June. Germination usually occurs shortly after dispersal [
10].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
There are no published reports of silver maple surviving or sprouting
after fire.
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
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More info for the term:
tree Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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More info for the terms:
frequency,
layering,
litter,
natural,
root crown,
seedThe minimum seed bearing age for silver maple is 11 years. Large seed
crops are produced annually [
46]. The fruits are primarily wind
dispersed, with a minor amount of water dispersal [
16]. Release of
fruits is dependent on relatively high wind speeds, ensuring long
distance dispersal [
23]. The seeds germinate immediately upon dispersal
[
10]. Natural regeneration is most successful on moist mineral soil
with considerable organic matter [
16]. Silver maple seed also
germinates well on moist litter. Seedling establishment requires full
sun, but subsequent growth is best with partial shade [
44]. Seedlings
are often stunted in saturated soils, but can recover when soil moisture
drops [
16]. In Wisconsin, silver maple seedlings were found with higher
frequency in the spring than in the fall [
36].
Silver maple can be propagated from cuttings and bud grafts, and by
layering. It sprouts prolifically from the stump or root crown. The
best sprouting occurs from stumps less than 12 inches (30 cm) in
diameter. Larger trees tend to lose the ability to sprout [
16,
74].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
14 Great Plains
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
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More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
hardwood,
natural,
presence,
seed,
succession,
treeFacultative Seral Species
The shade tolerance of silver maple is not well defined. It ranges from
moderately tolerant to very intolerant of shade, depending on site
quality and location. Silver maple tends to be more shade tolerant on
good sites and less tolerant on poor sites [
16].
Silver maple is a dominant species in elm-ash-cottonwood forest types
which are pioneer to intermediate in succession. These forests cannot
be maintained without management or natural disturbance [
44]. The
silver maple-American elm type is usually a subclimax type, following
willows and eastern cottonwood. The type is described as climax for
southern Ontario, where it regenerates in willow and red-osier dogwood
thickets [
73].
Silver maple is one of a number of species that follow eastern
cottonwood to form a mixed hardwood bottomland community. It is
described as an early, fast-growing species [
32]. In a northern
Missouri floodplain community, in plots where silver maple was the most
important overstory species, there were many large silver maples in the
understory. Silver maple will probably remain the canopy dominant for
some time since there are also large old eastern cottonwoods present,
which, when they die, will create openings large enough for silver maple
seedling establishment. Similarly, the presence of American elms will
allow new silver maple establishment if they succumb to Dutch elm
disease (as is likely) [
12]. Numerous silver maple seedlings and
saplings were present in a silver maple dominated forest on the Wabash
River in Illinois and Indiana, which should ensure the continued
dominance of silver maple on this site for some time [
49].
Silver maple is typically found in riparian forests which are more or
less frequently disturbed by floods [
20]. It is also found both on
sites that have been disturbed by stream channelization projects [
29].
It forms stands at low elevations where new alluvium has been deposited
and will colonize bottomland clearings and adjacent slopes [
4,
20].
Silver maple was present on 28-year-old and 40-year-old abandoned
agricultural clearings in western Tennessee [
57]. It invades sedge
(Carex spp.) meadows in northern Wisconsin [
52] and southern Quebec
[
2]. Silver maple invades cutover areas when seed sources are present
[
40].
Silver maple was a member of a plant community that established on a
small, frequently flooded island in Wisconsin. On this island, silver
maple was quite common and there was a relatively large number of silver
maple seedlings. Most of the large silver maple stems were of sprout
origin, and overall mortality rate for silver maple was lower than that
for most other species. Apparently, flood damage breaks off aboveground
portions of silver maple. The remaining stems sprout vigorously and may
therefore increase in number after such damage. The largest stems of
all species were found on the downstream end of the island, where they
experienced less destructive disturbance [
3].
A silver maple-green ash forest was reported to a National Park Service
survey as old growth. This forest covers 7.5 to 10 acres (3-4 ha) on
Theodore Roosevelt Island in Washington D.C. Approximate tree ages
range from 160 to 198 years [
62].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Acer sacchatum Mill. [
46]
A. dasycarpum Ehrh. [
46]
A. saccharinum var. laciniatum Pax [
69]
A. s. var. wieri Rehd. [
69]
Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small [
37]
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for silver maple is Acer
saccharinum L. (Aceraceae) [
10,
34,
37]. There are no currently accepted
infrataxa.
Hybrids (A. xfremanii Murr.) with red maple (A. rubrum) have been
reported [
37].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
seed,
successionIn the Appalachian Mountains, succession on strip-mined lands can
include silver maple if a seed source is present [
56]. Silver maple was
planted on surface-mined lands in Indiana between 1928 and 1975, and was
listed sixth (in order of number planted) out of 26 hardwood species
that were used for surface mine afforestation [
9].
Silver maple is suitable for bottomland reforestation in the lower
Mississippi River Valley [
1].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fuelSilver maple wood is moderately hard, brittle, and close-grained. It is
not as heavy or hard as that of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) [
50,
74].
Silver maple wood is used for furniture, boxes, crates, food containers,
paneling, and core stock [
10,
40]. Silver maple is cut and sold with red
maple as 'soft maple' lumber [
16]. It is a valued timber species in the
Midwest, and may prove to be equally valuable in the Northeast [
43].
On good sites silver maple can be managed for timber. On poor sites,
it can be managed for cordwood [
43]. It has potential for
short-rotation intensive cropping sytems for woody fuel biomass
plantations [
59]. Biomass yields at various spacings have been reported [
18].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Acer saccharinum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
In the Central Forest Region, Silver Maple-American Elm (Society
of American Foresters Type 62) is a major eastern forest cover
type (7). In addition to American elm (Ulmus americana), other
major associates of silver maple are sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua), pin oak (Quercus palustris), swamp
white oak (Q. bicolor), eastern cottonwood (Populus
de/toides), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and
green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica).
Understory species commonly found with silver maple in the Central
Forest Region are willow (Salix spp.), redberry elder
(Sambucus pubens), red-osier dogwood (Corn us
stolonifera) and greenbriar (Smilax spp.). Associated
herbaceous species are wood-nettle (Laportea canadensis),
jewelweed (Impatiens spp.), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron
radicans), cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), Joe-pye-weed
(Eupatoriurn spp.), swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata), and
boneset (Eupatoriurn perfoliatum).
In the Northern Forest Region, silver maple in northern Ohio and
Indiana is associated with swamp white oak, sycamore, pin oak,
black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), and eastern cottonwood;
in New England and eastern Canada with sweet birch (Betula
lenta), paper birch (B. papyri[era), and gray birch
(B. populifolia); in New York with white ash (Fraxinus
americana), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), rock elm (U.
thomasii), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), black
tupelo, sycamore, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), bur
oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and swamp white oak.
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Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
The important climatic factors within the area of the natural
distribution of silver maple vary as follows: normal annual total
precipitation, 810 to 1520 mm (32 to 60 in); growing season
precipitation (May, June, July, and August), 200 to 810 mm (8 to
32 in); mean annual snowfall, 0 to 254 cm (0 to 100 in); mean
length of frost-free period, 120 to 240 days (42).
There is no information on specific climatic factors that may
influence the natural range of silver maple. It is not found in
the colder climate of high mountainous areas, and in the drier
parts of its range it grows only along streams where ample
moisture is available. Its ability to withstand temporary
flooding better than other species gives it an advantage in
competing for growing space. When planted as ornamentals, trees
grow vigorously under a variety of climatic factors from coast to
coast.
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Damaging Agents
provided by Silvics of North America
A number of diseases, insects,
and other damaging agents attack the species. Their effect ranges
from an unsightly appearance to the weakening and death of the
tree.
Chief among the foliage diseases on silver maple are gray-mold
spot (Cristulariella depraedens); bull's eye spot (C.
pyramidalis), which can cause severe defoliation of nursery
stock; anthracnose (Gloeosporium apocrypturn and G.
saccharinum); tar spots (Phyllosticta minima,
Rhytisma acerinum, and R. punctatum); leaf blister
(Septoria aceris and Taphrina carveri); and the
powdery mildew fungi (Phyllactinia guttata and Uncinula
circinata). Of less importance are the common spot fungi Venturia
acerina and Cladosporium humile (10).
Probably the most important stem disease in silver maple is
Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum), which can
cause sudden death. Other diseases of the stem that have either a
secondary or parasitic effect are the target canker (Nectria
galligena and N. cminabarina), the common mistletoe
(Phoradendron serotinum), crown gall (Agrobacterium
tumefaciens), and two that produce the brown felty covering
over scale insects (Septobasidium burtii and S.
pseudopedicellatum) (10). The Eutypella canker (Eutypella
parasitica), formerly thought to attack only sugar and red
maple, has been found on silver maple (9).
A host of root and trunk rots attack silver maple. Seedlings are
killed by Rhizoctonia solani and the imperfect stage of
the charcoal root rot (Macrophomina phaseoli). Shoestring
root rot (Armillaria mellea) is common on the species and
kills trees that are already in a weakened state. A similar root
rot (Armillaria tabescens) attacks silver maple in the
South. A number of other decay fungi act on heartwood and inner
sapwood. These are primarily in the Fomes and Hydnum
genera. Flowers and seeds of the species are lost through the
discomycete Ciboria acerina (10).
There are no serious insect pests of silver maple, but the species
is attacked by borers, leaf feeders, and scale insects. Among the
borers are the Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus
columbianus); the flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris
femorata); the maple callus borer (Synanthedon acerni);
and the pinhole borer (Xyloterinus politus). Leaf
feeders are the fruittree leaf roller (Archips argyrospila);
the cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia); and the
white-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma). Bladder
gall mites found on the species are Vasates quadripedes and
V. aceris-crummena (3,4,46). An outbreak of the cottony
maple scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) was controlled by
treatment with large numbers of the coccinelid Hyperaspis
signata (25). Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is not a
significant pest of silver maple; the young larvae cannot become
established on the species (27).
Silver maple, because of its brittle wood properties, is highly
susceptible to ice damage (5); when planted as an ornamental
along streets it can be seriously affected by illuminating gas
leakage from underground mains. It is known to react unfavorably
to certain other air pollutants (14,15,16,17,41).
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Flowering and Fruiting
provided by Silvics of North America
Silver maple is the first of the
maples to bloom in North America, beginning as early as February
and extending into May (38). Flowers are greenish yellow
and bloom long before the leaves appear. They are borne on short
pedicels in sessile, axillary fascicles on shoots of the previous
year, or on short, spurlike branchlets developed the year before.
Separate clusters of female and male flowers appear on the same
tree or on different trees (19,37).
Four types of trees, with respect to sex expression, have been
observed: all male flowers; all female flowers but with
rudimentary pistils; mostly male with a few females; and mostly
male with a few females and a scattering of hermaphroditic
flowers (19).
Silver maples growing in Holland showed a tendency for the same
tree to produce female flowers one year and both female and male
flowers the next year. Trees that produced all male flowers did
not show this type of change (6).
Fruits and seeds of silver maple develop rapidly. Within 24 hours
after pollination flower parts become withered and ovaries begin
to swell. Fruits are about 6 mm (0.25 in) long 1 week after
pollination. At the end of 3 weeks, when they become mature
samaras, the fruits are about 5 cm (2 in) long. Fruit pedicels
are short, ranging in length from 2.5 cm (1 in) to nearly 9 cm
(3.5 in) (19).
Ripening fruits change from a green or rose color to yellowish or
reddish brown. Seeds to be placed in storage should be picked
when their moisture content is more than 30 percent and should be
maintained at this level. Seeds with less than 30 percent
moisture content lose their viability quickly.
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Growth of young trees is seriously
affected by competition from other vegetation. Height growth
averaged 3.8 m (12.5 ft) after five growing seasons under
plantation conditions where site preparation was intense and weed
control was complete (44). With no site preparation, the average
height of trees of the same age was only 0.5 m (1.6 ft). Seedling
growth is increased by the application of 56 g (2 oz) in slow
release packets of 19-5-17 (N-P-K) fertilizer at the time of
planting (1).
Growth in d.b.h. of pole-size trees increased from 6 mm (0.25 in)
to 13 mm (0.5 in) following a stand thinning to a 5.2 m (17 ft)
spacing. Basal area of the crop trees nearly doubled and wood
volume tripled during a 10-year period following thinning.
Unthinned stands had only one-third of the basal area and
two-thirds of the volume of thinned stands during the period (18).
Silver maple grows rapidly in both pure and mixed stands, some
trees growing from 13 mm (0.5 in) to nearly 25 mm (1 in) in
d.b.h. each year (18). Plantation silver maples (fig. 3)
in southern Ontario averaged 25 m (81 ft) in height and 29.7 cm
(11.7 in) in d.b.h. at 43 years of age (45). One tree in Vermont
consistently grew 5 cm (2 in) in diameter each year. Mature trees
have reached a height of 26 to 37 m (90 to 120 ft) with a trunk
diameter of 91 to 122 m (36 to 48 in) (37).
Since the species is usually found in mixed hardwood stands, data
on yields for silver maple alone are not available.
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Reaction to Competition
provided by Silvics of North America
The tolerance to shade of
silver maple ranges from moderately tolerant to very intolerant,
depending on site quality and location. In general, it is
considered tolerant on good sites and almost intolerant on poor
sites (48). Foresters, in general, class silver maple as
tolerant of shade (2), but the species has been rated
very intolerant on bottom-land sites in the South (48). Seedlings
are intermediate in tolerance to water-saturated soils (12)
but can tolerate prolonged periods of inundation. On upland
soils silver maple grows well but is highly intolerant of
competing vegetation.
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Rooting Habit
provided by Silvics of North America
The species has a shallow, fibrous root
system. Survival would be enhanced by this system rather than one
that is deep and taprooted, since silver maple is primarily found
on the more protected floodplain and bottom-land sites. Its
prolific root system is notorious for invading and clogging
underground drainage and water lines that are not tightly
constructed.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
Seed ripening and
dispersal over the range of the species begins in April and ends
in June. The number of seed-filled fruits per kilogram ranges
from 1,980 to 7,050 (900 to 3,200/lb), with an average of 3,920
(1,780/lb), making these the largest seeds of any maple species
in the United States (38). Dissemination is mainly by
wind and occasionally by water. The minimum seed-bearing age of
trees is 11 years.
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Seedling Development
provided by Silvics of North America
Silver maple seeds require no
stratification or pretreatment. They are capable of germinating
immediately at maturity. When seeds are covered, germination is
hypogeal, the cotyledons remaining below ground. This is contrary
to evidence reported previously which states that germination of
all maples is epigeal (38), i.e., where the cotyledons
are borne above the surface of the soil. When seeds germinate on
bare soil, there is little development of the hypocotyl; the
cotyledons shed their fruit coat and spread apart as in epigeal
germination (6).
Natural regeneration of young seedlings is most successful on
seedbeds of moist, mineral soils with considerable organic matter
(48). Seedlings that are established on bottomland sites
are often stunted if the soil becomes saturated with water but
generally recover when soil moisture drops. When growing in
potassium-deficient soils, plants are stunted; young leaves are
chlorotic and older leaves are necrotic (30). Initial
growth of seedlings may be rapid, ranging from 30 to 90 cm (12 to
36 in) in the first year, but as they cannot compete with
overtopping vegetation, first-year mortality is high if they are
not released.
Seedlings of silver maple require 2,000 to 2,500 hours of chilling
to break dormancy. No differences were found in the time of first
budbreak between cold-stored and nursery-lifted stock; there is a
strong correlation between time of first budburst and root
regeneration after the seedlings are transformed to environmental
conditions suitable for growth. Maximum root regeneration takes
place after 3,500 hours of chilling, but new roots can develop
from November to May (47).
The preferred size of seedlings for establishing plantations of
silver maple in Ontario is 30 cm (12 in) in height and 6 mm (0.25
in) in root-collar diameter (43).
Vegetative Reproduction-Silver maple can be propagated
vegetatively. Softwood cuttings taken in July and again in
October rooted 100 percent and 92 percent, respectively (34).
Hardwood cuttings taken in early winter and stored in a cool
place for 2 months rooted 84 percent when planted in moist sand
(13). The treatment of silver maple cuttings with rooting
hormones may be important to rooting success (18). Cuttings
taken from young trees (5 years of age) root easily, but cuttings
from mature trees (80 years old) root very poorly.
Success in bud grafting is mixed. Graft-takes among clones may
range from 0 to 40 percent when the branches from which bud
sticks are collected have lateral, epicormic, and coppice
origins. A high degree of success was recorded for bud grafts of
the hybrid red maple x silver maple made on 4-month-old silver
maple seedlings (48).
Layering has been used successfully to propagate the species.
Horizontally oriented stems have greater rooting success than
vertical stems. Although layering occurs without hormone
treatment, maximum results are obtained from treated stems.
Prolific sprouting from the root collars and lower stems of
living trees is characteristic of the species. Sprouts appear
readily from stumps that are 30 cm (12 in) or less in diameter.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Aceraceae -- Maple family
William J. Gabriel
Silver maple (Acer saccharinum) is a medium-sized
tree of short bole and quickly branching crown common in the
Eastern United States where it is also called soft maple, river
maple, silverleaf maple, swamp maple, water maple, and white
maple. It is found on stream banks, flood plains, and lake edges
where it grows best on better-drained, moist alluvial soils.
Growth is rapid in both pure and mixed stands and the tree may
live 130 years or more. Silver maple is cut and sold with red
maple (A. rubrum) as soft maple lumber. The winged seeds
are the largest of any of the native maple. They are produced in
great abundance annually, providing many birds and small mammals
with food. An attractive tree with delicate and graceful foliage,
silver maple is often planted as an ornamental.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
The natural range of silver maple extends from New Brunswick,
central Maine, and southern Quebec, west in southeastern Ontario
and northern Michigan to southwestern Ontario; south in Minnesota
to southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and
Oklahoma; and east in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
Alabama to northwestern Florida and central Georgia (22).
The species is absent at higher elevations in the
Appalachians.
Silver maple has been introduced to areas of the Black Sea coast
of the Soviet Union, where it has adapted to the growing
conditions there and is reproducing naturally in small stands
(24).
-The native range of silver maple.
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Auró argentat
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
L'auró argentat (Acer saccharinum) és una espècie d'arbre (auró). Està distribuït des del sud-est de Canadà fins gran part dels Estats Units.
Fora del seu lloc d'origen se l'utilitza com a arbre d'alineació en jardineria (també a Barcelona).
Descripció
L'auró argentat creix relativament de pressa. És un arbre de fulla caduca que normalment arriba a 15-25 m d'alt i excepcionalment a 35 m. Un arbre de 10 anys ja ateny els 8 metres d'alçada. Acostuma a créixer amb llocs a prop de l'aigua tanmateix té alts requeriments de llum solar.
Les fulles són palmades de 8-16 cm de llarg i 6-12 cm d'ample, amb angles entre els cinc lòbuls. Els colors de tardor són menys pronunciats que en altres aurons.
Les flors són menudes dins uns panicles, les llavors són pesants i també són transportades per l'aigua.
L'auró argentat es pot hibridar amb l'auró roig i formar l'Acer x freemanii.
Referències
![src=]()
A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Auró argentat 
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Auró argentat: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
L'auró argentat (Acer saccharinum) és una espècie d'arbre (auró). Està distribuït des del sud-est de Canadà fins gran part dels Estats Units.
Fora del seu lloc d'origen se l'utilitza com a arbre d'alineació en jardineria (també a Barcelona).
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Masarnen arian
(
Welsh
)
provided by wikipedia CY
Coeden gollddail blodeuol sy'n perthyn i deulu'r gastanwydden yw Masarnen arian sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Sapindaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Acer saccharinum a'r enw Saesneg yw Silver maple.[1]
Mae'n hoff o hinsawdd cynnes neu drofannol.
Gweler hefyd
Cyfeiriadau
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Masarnen arian: Brief Summary
(
Welsh
)
provided by wikipedia CY
Coeden gollddail blodeuol sy'n perthyn i deulu'r gastanwydden yw Masarnen arian sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Sapindaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Acer saccharinum a'r enw Saesneg yw Silver maple.
Mae'n hoff o hinsawdd cynnes neu drofannol.
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Javor stříbrný
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Javor stříbrný (Acer saccharinum) je opadavý strom vysoký přes 30 metrů.
Popis
Opadavý strom, vysoký 25–30 m, v oblasti svého původu často ještě vyšší. Koruna poměrně dosti řídká, avšak pravidelná a sotva mezerovitá, směrem k vrcholu rozšířená a vysoko klenutá. Větve příkře vzpřímené, poměrně štíhlé, v horní části často také směřující do stran a mnohdy s nícími letorosty.
Borka u starších stromů hladká, šedá až hnědošedá, občas potažená jemnou sítí lišt a plochých žlábků, odlupčitá ve velmi jemných plátech. Letorosty sytě hnědočervené. Pupeny lehce hranaté, velké, hnědavé.
Listy vstřícné, dlouze řapíkaté, hluboce vykrojené, pětilaločné až pětidílné, jednotlivé laloky nestejně velké, sami rovněž několikrát laločnatě vykrojené až hrubě zubaté na líci svěže matně zelené, na rubu nápaditě stříbřitě bělavě chlupaté, neolysávající, asi 10–15 cm dlouhé a kolem 10 cm široké, na podzim krásně žluté, řidčeji též zbarveny červenými odstíny.
Květy se objevují v březnu dlouho před vyrašením listů a jsou jednopohlavné. Samčí květy krátce stopkaté, odděleně vyrůstající samičí květy jsou dlouze stopkaté.
Plody jsou poltivé dvounažky. Mají srpovitě zakřivená křídla svírající ostrý úhel. Jedno křídlo zůstává velmi často méně vyvinuté. Dozrávají v červnu, ztrácejí rychle klíčivost a vzklíčí, vysety po dozrání, po 2 až 3 týdnech. Klíčení podzemní.
Dřevo bělavé, méně hodnotné.
Areál rozšíření
Stejně jako mnoho jeho příbuzných druhů pochází ze Severní Ameriky.
Stanoviště
Vyžaduje světlo. Miluje svěží, kyprou a úživnou půdu, ale daří se mu i na chudší, avšak dostatečně svěží půdě.
Použití
Pro svůj rychlý růst je oblíbenou dřevinou větších městských parků. Ve své domovině se pro svoji sladkou mízu využíval jako zdroj cukru.
Galerie
Památné stromy
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
Literatura
- Gottfried Amann: Stromy a keře lesa
- Bruno P. Kremer: Stromy
Externí odkazy
Javor stříbrný: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Javor stříbrný (Acer saccharinum) je opadavý strom vysoký přes 30 metrů.
Sølvløn
(
Danish
)
provided by wikipedia DA
Sølvløn (Acer saccharinum), også skrevet Sølv-Løn, er et stort og hurtigt voksende, løvfældende træ med en åben vækst. Bladene er håndlappede med lange, smalle lapper. Høstfarven er klart rød, og derfor plantes træet i parker og større haver.
Beskrivelse
Sølvløn er et stort og hurtigt voksende, løvfældende træ med en åben vækst. Kronen er højt hvælvet og noget kegleformet. På unge træer er sidegrenene spidsvinklede i forhold til stammen. Det giver træet en udpræget tilbøjelighed til at danne flere, konkurrerende hovedstammer. Barken er først glat og rødbrun, senere bliver den sølvgrå, og til sidst er den grå med smalle furer.
Knopperne er modsatte, tilliggende, smalle og røde med fine, gule aftegninger. Bladene er ægformede og 5-lappede med smalle og meget spidse lapper. Oversiden er mørkegrøn, mens undersiden er lyst sølvgrå. Høstfarven er klart rød (i hvert fald på de gængs solgte planter!).
Blomster ser man først efter 15-20 år. De er små og grønlige, og de sidder i hængende skærme. Frugterne modner kun sjældent herhjemme.
Rodnettet er fladt med vidt udbredte hovedrødder og tæt forgrenede finrødder. Sølvløn kan "bløde" kraftigt, hvis den bliver såret mellem den 1. januar og den 1. maj.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 30 x 10 m (50 x 30 cm/år). Disse mål kan fx anvendes, når arten udplantes.
Hjemsted
Sølvløn hører hjemme i det sydøstlige Canada, New England-staterne, Midtvesten og den sydøstlige del af USA. Arten danner blandet løvskov sammen med flere Ege-arter, Poppel-arter, amerikanske Aske og Linde samt Hickory i fugtige lavninger og floddale.
På flodsletterne i det nordlige USA består skovtypen af blandede løv- og nåletræer. Her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. Giftsumak, tretorn, amerikansk celaster, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk platan, askebladet løn, hvidask, hvidelm, klatrevildvin, rundbladet snebær, rød løn, rødask, rødelm, Smilax hispida (en art af sarsaparil), sort valnød og virginsk poppel[1]
Note
Kilde
- Sten Porse: Plantebeskrivelser, DCJ 2003 (CD-Rom).
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Sølvløn: Brief Summary
(
Danish
)
provided by wikipedia DA
Sølvløn (Acer saccharinum), også skrevet Sølv-Løn, er et stort og hurtigt voksende, løvfældende træ med en åben vækst. Bladene er håndlappede med lange, smalle lapper. Høstfarven er klart rød, og derfor plantes træet i parker og større haver.
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Silber-Ahorn
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Der Silber-Ahorn (Acer saccharinum) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Ahorne (Acer). Sie ist im östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet und wird als Zierpflanze verwendet.
Beschreibung
Vegetative Merkmale
Der Silber-Ahorn wächst als laubabwerfender Baum und kann Wuchshöhen von bis zu 36 Metern erreichen. Seine Rinde ist glatt und grau gefärbt. Meistens ist er allerdings eher niedrigwüchsig und buschig verzwieselt. Er trägt überhängende Zweige, dabei kann er am Stamm zahlreiche Wasserreiser und Schösslinge ausbilden.
Die 7 bis 14 Zentimeter breiten Laubblätter sind – wie für Ahorne typisch – tief lappig eingeschnitten und doppelsägezähnig. Der Name rührt von der silbrig grauen Blattunterseite. Im Herbst zeigen die Blätter Farben aus einem weiten Spektrum von gelb bis dunkelrot.
Generative Merkmale
Die Blütezeit liegt im Februar bis März vor dem Ausbruch des Laubes. Die Blüten stehen in dichten Büscheln. Die für Ahorn-Arten typischen Flügelfrüchte besitzen bei dieser Art einen 3,5 bis 5 Zentimeter langen Stiel und gebogene, weit ausspreizende Flügel. Bereits im Juni fallen diese Früchte einzeln ab und keimen noch im gleichen Jahr.
Verbreitung
Der Silber-Ahorn ist über weite Teile des Tieflandes im Osten Nordamerikas verbreitet. Er ist dort charakteristisch für die Ulmen-Silberahorn-Auenwälder (Ulmo-Aceretalia saccharini).[1]
Nutzung
In den gemäßigten Breiten wird der Silber-Ahorn als Zierpflanze in Gärten, Parks und an Straßen verwendet.
Im Ursprungsland wird der im Frühjahr zu den Zweigen aufsteigende Saft für die Zuckergewinnung (Ahornsirup) verwendet, ähnlich wie beim Zucker-Ahorn (Acer saccharum). Imker schätzen die Blüte des Baumes auch in Deutschland als exzellente Bienenweide zu winterlicher Jahreszeit wegen des sehr hohen Nektargehaltes der Wertungsstufe 4.[2] Zur Blüte im Februar/März findet man häufig hohe Honigbienen-Dichten in den Baumkronen.
Das Holz des Silber-Ahorns geht neben dem des Rot-Ahorns (Acer rubrum) in Nordamerika als „American soft maple“ in den Handel und wird im Möbelbau und zur Furnierherstellung genutzt. Es ist weicher als das des Zucker-Ahorns („American hard maple“).[3]
Bilder
Eingeschlechtiger weiblicher Blütenstand
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. Seite 646.
-
↑ Günter Pritsch: Bienenweide. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2007; Seiten 146–147 ISBN 978-3-440-10481-1
-
↑ American Hardwood Export Council: Handbuch der amerikanischen Laubhölzer. o. J.; S. 14–15.
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Silber-Ahorn: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Der Silber-Ahorn (Acer saccharinum) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Ahorne (Acer). Sie ist im östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet und wird als Zierpflanze verwendet.
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Acer saccharinum laciniatum
(
Mirandese
)
provided by wikipedia emerging_languages
Modelo:Anfo/Taxonomie Acer sacharinun laceniatun ye ua spece d'arble de l género Acer, pertencente a la família Aceraceae.[1]
Refréncias
Bibliografie
- D. Grosser, W. Tetç: Ahorn. In: Einheimische Nutzhölzer (Loseblattsammlung). Anformationsdienst Holç, Holzabsatzfond – Absatzförderungsfonds dar deutschen Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Bonn 1998, ISSN 0446-2114.
- Heilmut Pirc: Ahorne. Mit Zeichnungen bon Michael Motamen. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-6554-6
- Geoff Nicholls; Tony Bacon (1 June 1997). .com/books?id=rWq1_qnZ0mAC&pg=PT54 The drun book. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 54–. ISBN 9780879304768
- Huxley, La., ed. (1992). New RHS Ditionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- Joseph Aronson (1965). .com/books?id=j3XWBk-qMB0C&pg=PT300 The ancyclopedie of furniture. Randon House, Anc.. pp. 300–. ISBN 9780517037355.
- Phelips, Roger (1979). Tres of North America and Ourope. New York: Randon House, Anc.. ISBN 0-394-50259-0.
- Phillips, D. H. & Burdekin, D. La. (1992). Çeases of Forest and Ornamental Tres. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-49493-8.
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Acer saccharinum laciniatum: Brief Summary
(
Mirandese
)
provided by wikipedia emerging_languages
Modelo:Anfo/Taxonomie Acer sacharinun laceniatun ye ua spece d'arble de l género Acer, pertencente a la família Aceraceae.
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Acer saccharinum
provided by wikipedia EN
Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple,[3] creek maple, silverleaf maple,[3] soft maple, large maple,[3] water maple,[3] swamp maple,[3] or white maple,[3] is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada.[3][4] It is one of the most common trees in the United States.
Although the silver maple's Latin name is similar, it should not be confused with Acer saccharum, the sugar maple. Some of the common names are also applied to other maples, especially Acer rubrum.
Description
The silver maple tree is a relatively fast-growing deciduous tree, commonly reaching a height of 15–25 m (49–82 ft), exceptionally 35 m (115 ft). Its spread will generally be 11–15 m (36–49 ft) wide. A 10-year-old sapling will stand about 8 m (26 ft) tall. It is often found along waterways and in wetlands, leading to the colloquial name "water maple". It is a highly adaptable tree, although it has higher sunlight requirements than other maple trees. The leaves are simple and palmately veined, 8–16 cm (3+1⁄4–6+1⁄4 in) long and 6–12 cm (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) broad, with deep angular notches between the five lobes. The 5–12 cm (2–4+3⁄4 in) long, slender stalks of the leaves mean that even a light breeze can produce a striking effect as the downy silver undersides of the leaves are exposed. The autumn color is less pronounced than in many maples, generally ending up a pale yellow, although some specimens can produce a more brilliant yellow and even orange and red colorations. The tree has a tendency to color and drop its leaves slightly earlier in autumn than other maples.
Samaras and leaves forming in April
The flowers are in dense clusters, produced before the leaves in early spring,[5] with the seeds maturing in early summer. The fruit are samaras, each containing a single seed, and winged, in pairs, small (5–10 mm or 0.20–0.39 in in diameter), the wing about 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) long. The fruit are the largest among the maples native to its range. Although the wings provide for some transport by air, the fruit are heavy and are also transported by water. Silver maple and its close cousin red maple are the only Acer species which produce their fruit crop in spring instead of fall. The seeds of both trees have no epigeal dormancy and will germinate immediately. Seed production begins at 11 years of age and large crops are produced most years. Like most maples, silver maple can be variably dioecious (separate male or female trees) or monoecious (male and female flowers on the same tree) but dioecious trees are far more common. They can also change sex from year to year.
On mature trunks, the bark is gray and shaggy. On branches and young trunks, the bark is smooth and silvery gray.
Cultivation and uses
Wildlife uses the silver maple in various ways. In many parts of the eastern U.S., the large rounded buds are one of the primary food sources for squirrels during the spring, after many acorns and nuts have sprouted and the squirrels' food is scarce. The seeds are also a food source for chipmunks and birds. The bark can be eaten by beaver and deer. The trunks tend to produce cavities, which can shelter squirrels, raccoons, opossums, owls and woodpeckers, and are frequented by carpenter ants.[6] Additionally, the leaves serve as a source of food for species of Lepidoptera, such as the rosy maple moth (Dryocampa rubicunda).[7]
The wood can be used as pulp for making paper.[8] Lumber from the tree is used in furniture, cabinets, flooring, musical instruments, crates, and tool handles, because it is light and easily worked. Because of the silver maple's fast growth, it is being researched as a potential source of biofuels.[6] Silver maple produces a sweet sap but it is generally not used by commercial sugarmakers because its sugar content is lower than in other maple species.[9]
Silver maple is often planted as an ornamental tree because of its rapid growth and ease of propagation and transplanting. It is highly tolerant of urban situations and is frequently planted next to streets. However, its quick growth produces brittle wood which is commonly damaged in storms. The silver maple's root system is shallow and fibrous and easily invades septic fields and old drain pipes; it can also crack sidewalks and foundations. It is a vigorous resprouter, and if not pruned, will often grow with multiple trunks. Although it naturally is found near water, it can grow on drier ground if planted there. In ideal natural conditions, A. saccharinum may live up to 130 years but in urban environments often 80 or less.
Following World War II, silver maples were commonly used as a landscaping and street tree in suburban housing developments and cities due to their rapid growth, especially as a replacement for the blighted American elm. However, they fell out of favor for this purpose because of brittle wood, unattractive form when not pruned or trained, and tendency to produce large numbers of volunteer seedlings. Today the tree has fallen so far out of favor that some towns and cities have banned its use as a street tree.[10][11]
Silver maple's natural range encompasses most of the eastern US, the Midwestern US and southern Canada, that being Southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. It is generally absent from the humid US coastal plain south of Maryland, so it is confined to the Appalachians in those states. It does not occur along the Gulf Coast or in Florida outside a few scattered locations in the panhandle.
It is commonly cultivated outside its native range, showing tolerance of a wide range of climates, and growing successfully as far north as central Norway. It also is in Anchorage, Alaska.[12] It can thrive in a Mediterranean climate, as at Jerusalem and Los Angeles, if summer water is provided. It is also grown in temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere: Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, the southern states of Brazil (and in a few low-temperature locations within the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais).
The silver maple is closely related to the red maple (Acer rubrum) and can hybridise with it. The hybrid is known as the Freeman maple (Acer × freemanii). The Freeman maple is a popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, combining the fast growth of silver maple with the less brittle wood, less invasive roots, and the beautiful bright red fall foliage of the red maple. The cultivar Acer × freemanii Autumn Blaze = 'Jeffersred'[13] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The silver maple is the favored host of the maple bladder gall mite Vasates quadripedes.[14]
Native Americans used the sap of wild trees to make sugar, as medicine, and in bread. They used the wood to make baskets and furniture.[6] An infusion of bark removed from the south side of the tree is used by the Mohegan as cough medicine.[15] The Cherokee take an infusion of the bark to treat cramps, menstrual pains, dysentery, and hives.[16] They boil the inner bark and use it with water as a wash for sore eyes. They take a hot infusion of the bark to treat measles. They use the tree to make baskets, for lumber, building material, and for carving.[16]
References
-
^ Barstow, M.; Crowley, D. (2017). "Acer saccharinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T193862A2287256. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T193862A2287256.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
-
^ "Acer saccharinum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ a b c d e f g Gabriel, William J. (1990). "Acer saccharinum". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ "Acer saccharinum". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
-
^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Key to Acer". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
-
^ a b c Geyer, W. A.; J. Dickerson; J. M. Row (2010). "Plant Guide for Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum L.)" (PDF). Plant Guide. Manhattan, KS: U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
-
^ "Dryocampa rubicunda (rosy maple moth)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
-
^ "Silver Maple, Acer saccharinum L." Maple Field Guide. MapleInfo.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
-
^ Geyer, W. A.; J. Dickerson; J. M. Row (2010). "Plant Guide for Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum L.)" (PDF). USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service.
-
^ "Approved Street Tree List for Denver's Public Rights-of-way" (PDF). denvergov.org. Denver Office of the City Forester. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
-
^ "Prohibited Street Trees/Shrubs". cityoflodi.us. City of Lodi. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
-
^ Tony. "Trees Near Their Limits -- Alaska". Retrieved 2023-05-31.
-
^ "Acer × freemanii Autumn Blaze = 'Jeffersred'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
-
^ Redfern M.; Shirley P.R.; Bloxham M. (2011). British Plant Galls (Second ed.). Preston Montford: Field Studies Council. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-85153-284-1.
-
^ Tantaquidgeon, Gladys. "1928 Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions". SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270 (p. 269)
-
^ a b Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C.: Herald Publishing Co., page 44
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Acer saccharinum: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Twig and buds
Acer saccharinum, commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple, is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States.
Although the silver maple's Latin name is similar, it should not be confused with Acer saccharum, the sugar maple. Some of the common names are also applied to other maples, especially Acer rubrum.
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Arĝenta acero
(
Esperanto
)
provided by wikipedia EO
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Arĝenta acero: Brief Summary
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Esperanto
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Acer saccharinum
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
el arce de azúcar,[1] arce del Canadá,[1] arce sacarino,[1] arce plateado o arce blanco americano (Acer saccharinum), es una especie botánica de arce nativa del este de EE. UU. y áreas adyacentes del sudeste de Canadá. Es, relativamente, de rápido crecimiento. Se lo ubica a lo largo de vías de agua y humedales. Es uno de los más comunes árboles de EE. UU. Es altamente adaptable, aunque tienen más altos requerimientos de luz solar que otros arces. Etimología de saccharinum, del latín saccharinus-a-um, azucarado, referido al jugo azucarado que se obtiene de su savia.
Descripción
Es un Árbol caducifolio de 20-30 m, aunque puede llegar a los 40 m de altura. La corteza es lisa, gris y se desprende en escamas con la edad.
Las hojas son palmadas, 8-16 cm de largo y 6-12 cm de ancho, con muescas profundas y angulares entre los 5 lóbulos. Haz verde brillante y envés plateado.
Flores en pequeñas panículas, producidas antes que las hojas, a principios de primavera. Las semillas (sámaras) maduran a principios de verano. Estas son aladas y en pares (disámaras), pequeñas (5-10 mm de diámetro), con las alas de 3-5 cm de largo. Su principal dispersión es anemócora.
En troncos maduros, la corteza es gris y pilosa. En ramas y troncos jóvenes, la corteza es suave y gris plateada. En muchas partes del este de EE. UU., los grandes brotes son uno de los alimentos primarios de las ardillas durante la primavera, después de la desaparición de frutos, comenzando a escasear su alimento. Las semillas son las más grandes de cualquier arce nativo y también fuente de alimento de la vida silvestre.
Cultivo
![src=]()
Corteza de arce plateado.
Tiene madera brillante, comúnmente dañada en tormentas. Raíces flojas y fibrosas, fácilmente invade campos sépticos y viejos drenes, pudiendo llegar a quebrar los cimientos. Es vigoroso, si no se lo poda, crece con múltiples troncos. Es, sin lugar a dudas, muy usado como árbol ornamental debido a su rápido crecimiento, fácil de propagar y trasplantar.
Muy tolerante a condiciones urbanas, por lo que frecuentemente se planta en calles. Aunque naturalmente se lo halla cerca del agua, puede crecer bien en suelos más secos.
Es cultivado fuera de su rango nativo, mostrando tolerancia a un amplio rango de climas, creciendo exitosamente tan lejos como el norte y centro de Noruega; sur de Orlando, Florida. Puede medrar en el clima mediterráneo, tanto como en Jerusalén y Los Ángeles, si tiene humedad en verano. También en partes templadas del Hemisferio Sur, como Argentina o Uruguay.
El arce plateado está estrechamente emparentado con el arce rojo Acer rubrum, y pueden hibridarse, el híbrido se conoce como "arce del hombre libre" (Acer × freemanii); popular arce ornamental en parques, grandes jardines y como árbol de alineación combinando el crecimiento rápido y la resistencia a las sequías del arce plateado con la madera menos quebradiza y las raíces no invasivas del arce rojo.
Taxonomía
Acer saccharinum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1055. 1753.[2]
- Etimología
Acer: nombre genérico que procede del latín ǎcěr, -ĕris = (afilado), referido a las puntas características de las hojas o a la dureza de la madera que, supuestamente, se utilizaría para fabricar lanzas. Ya citado en, entre otros, Plinio el Viejo, 16, XXVI/XXVII, refiriéndose a unas cuantas especies de Arce.[3]
saccharinum: epíteto latíno que significa "azucarado".[4]
- Sinonimia
- Acer coccineum Wender.
- Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.
- Acer eriocarpum Michx.
- Acer heterophyllum var. laciniatum Carrière
- Acer pallidum Aiton ex Steud.
- Acer pavia Dippel
- Acer saira K.Koch
- Acer tomentosum Desf.
- Acer virginianum Mill. ex Steud.
- Argentacer saccharinum (L.) Small
- Argentacer saccharinum var. laciniatum (Carrière) Moldenke
- Saccharodendron saccharinum Nieuwl.
- Sacchrosphendamnus saccharinus Nieuwl.[5]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Jørgensen, P. M. & C. Ulloa Ulloa. 1994. Seed plants of the high Andes of Ecuador–A checklist. AAU Rep. 34: 1–443.
- Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Cat. Vasc. Pl. Ecuador, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Miss. Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
- Killeen, T. J., E. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck. (eds.) 1993. Guía Árb. Bolivia 1–958. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia & Missouri Botanical Garden, Edit. Quipus srl., La Paz.
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Acer saccharinum: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
el arce de azúcar, arce del Canadá, arce sacarino, arce plateado o arce blanco americano (Acer saccharinum), es una especie botánica de arce nativa del este de EE. UU. y áreas adyacentes del sudeste de Canadá. Es, relativamente, de rápido crecimiento. Se lo ubica a lo largo de vías de agua y humedales. Es uno de los más comunes árboles de EE. UU. Es altamente adaptable, aunque tienen más altos requerimientos de luz solar que otros arces. Etimología de saccharinum, del latín saccharinus-a-um, azucarado, referido al jugo azucarado que se obtiene de su savia.
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- copyright
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Hõbevaher
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
See artikkel räägib hõbevahtrast; Acer saccharinum
on ka suhkruvahtra sünonüümne ladinakeelne nimi
Hõbevaher (Acer saccharinum) on seebipuuliste sugukonda vahtra perekonda kuuluv puuliik.
Morfoloogia
Hõbevaher kasvab 15–25, erandjuhtudel kuni 35 m kõrgeks. Juba 10 aasta vanune puu on 8 m kõrge. Kasvab sageli veekogude kallastel ja märgaladel.
Tüvi
Noorel puul on koor hall ja sile. Vananedes muutub see kestendavaks ja annab uinuvatest pungadest uusi võsusid.
Leht
Lehed on kuni 15 cm pikad ja 6–12 cm laiad ning sõrmjagused. Hõlmasid on 5. Need on peensaagja servaga ja tipust teravad. Lehe ülapind on heleroheline, alapool hallikasroheline ja veidi karvane. Leherootsud on nõrgad ja kuni 15 cm pikad, mistõttu leht väreleb väikesegi tuulepuhanguga ja näitab hallikat alapoolt.
Õis
Nii emas- kui ka isasõied on väikesed, rohekaskollased ja koondunud kobaraisse. Hõbevaher õitseb kevadel, lehtede puhkemise ajal, ja on putuktolmleja.
Vili
Tiibviljad on kuni 2,5 cm pikad ja kahe kaupa ühinenud.[1] Viljad valmivad varasuvel ja nende tiivad on 3–5 cm pikad. Tiivulisi seemneid võib tuul mõnel määral edasi kanda, kuid seemned ise on rasked ja levivad ka veevooluga. Ühelgi teisel vahtral pole nii suuri seemneid.
Juured
Hõbevahtra juured asuvad madalal ja on kiulised. Seetõttu võib ta oma juurtega purustada vanu veetorusid ja muid kommunikatsioone, samuti kõnniteesillutist ja isegi majavundamente. Puujuur ajab kergesti võsusid ja kui neid ei pügata, siis kasvatab endale mitu tüve.
Levik
Hõbevahtra levila on Põhja-Ameerika idaosa Ontariost Floridani. [1]
Kasutamine
USA idaranniku mõnes piirkonnas on hõbevahtra õiepöörised kevadel oravate põhiline toit, sest paljud varutud tõrud ja pähklid on idanema läinud ja oravatel on nälg käes.
Kasvatatakse laialdaselt ilupuuna, sest teda on lihtne istutada, kasvatada ja hooldada. Talub hästi linnaõhku, mistõttu on levinud alleepuu. Hõbevaher on üks Põhja-Ameerika kõige kiiremini kasvavaid vahtraid. Ta on õrnema kujuga võraga kui mägivaher. Võra on hõre, lehed on kahevärvilised ja annavad tuule käes võbeledes puule iseäraliku ilu. Puit on üsna rabe, mis tähendab, et harud ja oksad murduvad aeg-ajalt näilise põhjuseta.[1] Seetõttu kahjustavad tormid hõbevahtraid rohkem kui muid puid.
Sügisel muutub hõbevaher vähem kirevaks kui teised vahtrad, lõpetades tavaliselt kahvatukollasena, ehkki mõned isendid lähevad erekollaseks, vahel isegi oranžiks või punaseks. Seevastu mõnel isendil lehed ei muudagi värvi, vaid varisevad rohelistena.
Hõbevaher kohandub kergesti mitmesuguste kasvutingimustega. Kasvab ka kuivas, kui on sinna istutatud, kuid vajab siiski rohkem päikest kui teised vahtrad, ja kuivas kliimas kastmist. Istutatud puud kasvavad põhjas kuni Kesk-Norrani ja lõunas Orlandoni. Teda on istutatud Jeruusalemma, Lõuna-Brasiiliasse, Uruguaysse ja Põhja-Argentinasse.
Vaata ka
Viited
Välislingid
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↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Maailma puude entsüklopeedia, 2004, lk. 159
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Hõbevaher: Brief Summary
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Hõbevaher (Acer saccharinum) on seebipuuliste sugukonda vahtra perekonda kuuluv puuliik.
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Zilar-astigar
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Zilar-astigar: Brief Summary
(
Basque
)
provided by wikipedia EU
Zilar-astigarra (Acer saccharinum) Sapindaceae familiako zuhaitza da, Ipar Amerikan jatorria duena. 15–25 m luze, arin hazten den hosto-erorkorreko zuhaitza.
Bere kide hurbila den astigar gorrirekin (Acer rubrum) hibrido ezaguna sortu du Freeman astigarra (Acer x freemanii) hain zuzen ere, landare apaingarri ezaguna dena.
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Hopeavaahtera
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Hopeavaahtera[2] (Acer saccharinum) on vaahterakasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa yleisenä Pohjois-Amerikan keski- ja itäosissa.[3][4] Tämä keskikokoinen, nopeakasvuinen puu on läheistä sukua punavaahteralle, jonka kanssa se risteytyy luonnossa.[5][6]
Nopeakasvuisuutensa ja kauniin lehvästönsä ansiosta hopeavaahtera on suosittu koristekasvi, josta on jalostettu useita erinäköisiä lajikkeita.[3][5] Sen suorasyisestä mutta melko hauraasta puuaineksesta valmistetaan halpoja huonekaluja, puuviilua, laatikoita ja paperimassaa.[7] Lajin nimi tulee sen lehtien hopeansävyisestä alapinnasta.[5]
Ulkonäkö ja koko
![src=]()
Hopeavaahtera François André Michaux’n teoksessa
The North American Sylva vuodelta 1819.
Hopeavaahtera on keski- tai suurikokoinen puu, joka kasvaa keskimäärin 20–30 metriä korkeaksi ja rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan 50–100 senttimetriä paksuksi.[4][7] Edullisimmilla kasvupaikoilla se voi kuitenkin saavuttaa jopa 38 metrin korkeuden.[3][4] Se on pohjoisamerikkalaisista vaahteralajeista nopeakasvuisin ja voi taimena kasvaa vuoden aikana metrin korkeutta ja 2,5 senttimetriä paksuutta.[3][5] Verrattuna sokerivaahteraan ja mustavaahteraan se on suhteellisen lyhytikäinen ja elää harvoin yli 130–150 vuoden ikäiseksi.[8]
Hopeavaahteralla on tiheä ja pinnanmyötäinen juuristo.[3] Sen jykevä, lyhyt runko jakaantuu jo matalalta paksuiksi haaroiksi ja pitkistä, kaarevista oksista muodostuu avoin ja epäsäännöllisen muotoinen latvus. Runkoa peittää harmaa kaarna, joka on nuorena sileää mutta vanhemmiten halkeilee ohuiksi, epäsiistin näköisiksi suikaleiksi. Kuluvan vuoden versot ovat pitkät, roikkuvat, karvattomat ja kiiltävän vaaleanruskeat tai -vihreät. Ne haisevat murskattuina epämiellyttävältä.[7][9] Silmut ovat kiiltävän punertavat ja tylpät ja niissä on 6–10 parittaista suomua.[7]
Lehdet ovat sormiliuskaiset ja varrella vastakkain. Niiden ruoti on punertava, riippuva ja 7,5–10 senttimetrin mittainen. Lapa on ehytlaitainen, viisisuoninen ja keskimäärin 8–15 senttimetriä pitkä ja lähes yhtä leveä. Se jakaantuu viiteen pitkäsuippuiseen ja toissahaiseen lehtiliuskaan, joista keskimmäinen on usein toistamiseen kolmiliuskainen. Liuskojen väliset lovet ovat syvät, kapeat ja pyöreäpohjaiset. Lehti on yläpuolelta vaaleanvihreä ja alapuolelta hopeanvalkoinen. Syysväritys vaihtelee vaaleankeltaisesta ruskeaan.[7][9]
Hopeavaahtera kukkii pohjoisamerikkalaisista vaahteralajeista ensimmäisenä lopputalvesta tai aikaisin keväällä – sen pikkuruiset, kellanvihreät tai punertavat kukat puhkeavat ennen lehtiä helmi–toukokuussa maantieteellisestä sijainnista riippuen.[3][9] Samassa puuyksilössä voi olla pelkästään hedekukkia, pelkästään emikukkia tai sekä hede- että emikukkia. Osa kukista voi olla myös kaksineuvoisia.[3] Hede- ja emikukat muodostavat toisistaan erillisiä, tiiviitä ja lähes varrettomia ryppäitä edellisen vuoden versoihin.[7][9] Kukista puuttuvat terälehdet mutta niissä on viisi verholehteä.[7]
Hedelmä on kaksilohkoinen siivekäs lohkohedelmä, joka kypsyy nopeasti pölytyksen jälkeen.[3] Lenninsiivet ovat 4–7 senttimetriä pitkät ja 90 asteen kulmassa toisiinsa nähden.[7][9] Ne ovat aluksi vihreät tai ruusunpunaiset mutta muuttuvat hedelmän kypsyessä kellertäviksi tai punaruskeiksi.[3] Yleensä vain toisen lohkon sisälle muodostuu siemen.[7][9] Hedelmä putoaa maahan jo touko–kesäkuussa lehtien kasvettua täyteen mittaansa.[3][7]
Hopeavaahtera kasvaa nopeasti erityisesti taimivaiheessa.[5] Siementuotanto alkaa aikaisintaan 11 vuoden iässä ja on runsasta joka vuosi.[4] Siemenet leviävät pääasiassa tuulen mukana mutta jossain määrin myös virtaavan veden kuljettamina.[3] Ne itävät nopeasti jouduttuaan kosteaan maahan tai karikkeeseen.[3][4] Laji voi lisääntyä siementen lisäksi kanto- ja juurivesojen avulla.[4] Myös maahan pudonneet oksat voivat kasvattaa juuret.[7]
Hopeavaahtera muistuttaa paljon punavaahteraa, josta sen erottaa parhaiten lehtien avulla. Hopeavaahteralla lehtiliuskojen väliset lovet ovat syvemmät kuin punavaahteralla. Syksyllä hopeavaahteran lehdet saavat kalvakankeltaisen värityksen, kun taas punavaahteralla ne muuttuvat heleänpunaisiksi.[6]
Levinneisyys
![src=]()
Hopeavaahtera kukkii aikaisin keväällä ennen lehtien puhkeamista.
Hopeavaahtera kasvaa alkuperäisenä Pohjois-Amerikan keski- ja itäosissa. Sen levinneisyysalueen pohjoisraja ulottuu New Brunswickista Mainen halki Quebecin ja Ontarion eteläosiin ja edelleen Suurten järvien eteläpuolitse Pohjois-Minnesotaan. Lännessä levinneisyysalue ulottuu Minnesotasta Etelä-Dakotan kaakkoisosiin, Itä-Nebraskaan, Kansasiin ja Itä-Oklahomaan. Etelässä raja kulkee Arkansasin, Louisianan, Mississipin ja Alabaman kautta Pohjois-Georgiaan. Lajia tavataan myös Floridan luoteisosissa Apalachicola- ja Choctawhatcheejoen laaksossa. Sitä ei esiinny Appalakkien korkeimmilla rinteillä tai Meksikonlahden ja Atlantin rannikkotasangolla.[3][4] Suomessa se menestyy aina IV-vyöhykkeelle asti, mutta sietää huonosti hallaa nuorena taimena.[5]
Elinympäristö
![src=]()
Hopeavaahteran syysväritys on vaisun vaaleankeltainen, vaatimattomampi kuin monilla muilla vaahteralajeilla.
Hopeavaahtera viihtyy kosteassa, hyvin vettä läpäisevässä alluviaalimaassa, jonka pH-arvo on vähintään 4,0. Parhaiten se menestyy virtaavan veden äärellä, järvenrannoilla, tulvatasangoilla ja soilla aina 600 metrin korkeuteen saakka.[3][9] Edullisimmilla kasvupaikoilla se sietää varsin hyvin varjostusta.[3]
Hopeavaahtera kasvaa tavallisesti yksittäisinä puina muiden lehtipuiden joukossa.[9] Levinneisyysalueen keskiosissa se on usein metsien valtapuu, jonka rinnalla menestyvät valkojalava, lännenambrapuu, otatammi, jokivalkotammi, amerikanmustapoppeli, amerikanplataani ja punasaarni. Levinneisyysalueen pohjoisosissa seuraislajit vaihtelevat alueellisesti seuraavasti: Pohjois-Ohiossa ja Indianassa niitä ovat jokivalkotammi, amerikanplataani, otatammi, mustatupelo ja amerikanmustapoppeli; Uudessa-Englannissa ja Itä-Kanadassa sokerikoivu, paperikoivu ja poppelikoivu; New Yorkissa valkosaarni, punajalava, kalliojalava, keltakoivu, mustatupelo, amerikanplataani, kanadanhemlokki, takiaistammi ja jokivalkotammi.[3]
Hopeavaahteran kasvukausi vaihtelee sijainnin mukaan 120 päivästä 240 päivään ja keskimääräinen vuotuinen sademäärä 810 millimetristä 1 520 millimetriin. Laji menestyy koristekasvina hyvin erilaisissa ilmastoissa, mutta muuten sen ilmastollisista vaatimuksista tiedetään hyvin vähän – vuoristojen kylmissä oloissa se ei kuitenkaan selviä. Levinneisyysalueensa kuivissa osissa se kasvaa vain virtaavan veden äärellä, missä maaperä on riittävän kosteaa. Se sietää ajoittaista tulvimista paremmin kuin monet muut lajit.[3]
Käyttö
![src=]()
Koristekäyttöön jalostettu ’Laciniatum’-lajike.
Hopeavaahtera on suosittu koristekasvi ympäri maailmaa kauniin lehvästönsä ja nopeakasvuisuutensa ansiosta.[3][5] Sen suosio on kuitenkin vähitellen hiipunut, sillä sen syysväritys on vaatimaton muihin vaahteroihin verrattuna, oksat katkeilevat herkästi kovassa tuulessa ja runsas siemensato roskaa puun ympäristön.[9][7] Siitä on jalostettu useita lajikkeita, joista suosituimpia ovat ’Laciniatum’ ja ’Wieri’.[7]
Hopeavaahteran puuaines on suorasyistä ja melko kovaa mutta haurasta eikä sovellu siksi lujuutta vaativiin käyttökohteisiin. Yhdysvaltojen Keskilännessä se on merkittävä sahateollisuuden raaka-aine. Siitä valmistetaan lähinnä halpoja huonekaluja, puuviilua, laatikoita, ruoka-astioita, sisustuspaneeleja ja paperimassaa.[4][7] Hopeavaahteraa myydään yhdessä punavaahteran kanssa kauppanimellä ’pehmeä vaahtera’ erotukseksi sokerivaahterasta, jonka puuaines on huomattavasti kovempaa.[3][4] Sen mahlasta keitetään vain vähän vaahterasiirappia, sillä sen sokeripitoisuus ei ole yhtä suuri kuin sokerivaahteralla.[3][9]
Hopeavaahteran siemenet ovat merkittävä ravinnonlähde linnuille ja piennisäkkäille, erityisesti oraville ja maaoraville. Oravat syövät sen talvisilmuja varhain keväällä, kun muusta ravinnosta on pulaa. Lisäksi majavat käyttävät ravintonaan sen kaarnaa ja valkohäntäpeura ja jänikset lehtiä. Monet linnut, esimerkiksi morsiosorsa ja telkät, pesivät hopeavaahteran koloissa ja hakevat suojaa sen lehvästöstä.[3][4]
Lähteet
- Elbert L. Little: National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees – Eastern Edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. ISBN 0-394-50760-6. (englanniksi)
- David Allen Sibley: The Sibley Guide to Trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-375-41519-7. (englanniksi)
- Linda Kershaw: Trees of Ontario, including tall shrubs. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-1-55105-274-8. (englanniksi)
Viitteet
Aiheesta muualla
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Hopeavaahtera: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Hopeavaahtera (Acer saccharinum) on vaahterakasveihin kuuluva kesävihanta puu, joka kasvaa yleisenä Pohjois-Amerikan keski- ja itäosissa. Tämä keskikokoinen, nopeakasvuinen puu on läheistä sukua punavaahteralle, jonka kanssa se risteytyy luonnossa.
Nopeakasvuisuutensa ja kauniin lehvästönsä ansiosta hopeavaahtera on suosittu koristekasvi, josta on jalostettu useita erinäköisiä lajikkeita. Sen suorasyisestä mutta melko hauraasta puuaineksesta valmistetaan halpoja huonekaluja, puuviilua, laatikoita ja paperimassaa. Lajin nimi tulee sen lehtien hopeansävyisestä alapinnasta.
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Érable argenté
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Acer saccharinum
L’Érable argenté ou Érable de Virginie (Acer saccharinum), ou Plaine blanche (Canada), est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Acéracées[1].
Description
![src=]()
Les fleurs apparaissent à la fin de l'hiver avant les feuilles.
L'écorce est gris argenté et son bois tendre est peu apprécié dans l’industrie[1]. Le système de racines est peu profond et fibreux. Il s'étend en largeur beaucoup plus qu'en profondeur.
Le feuillage est caduc, avec des feuilles opposé à 5 lobes profondément découpés, vertes au-dessus et argentées en dessous, jaunes ou orangées en automne (selon la température)[1]. Le pétiole est vert et/ou rose long de 5 à 15 cm.
Les fleurs jaune verdâtre disposées en glomérules apparaissent à la fin de l'hiver ou au tout début du printemps[1].
Les fruits sont des disamares ailées longues de 4 à 7 cm en angle obtus[1], mûres dès le mois de mai/juin. Elles ne se conservent pas et doivent donc être semées immédiatement. Elles servent souvent de premières nourritures printanières aux animaux de la forêt. L'arbre commence à produire des fruits à partir de 10 ans.
La croissance est rapide. L'arbre peut être nuisible s'il est planté près d'une construction car les branches, même de fort diamètre, sont cassantes, et son système racinaire est très étendu et superficiel.
L'espérance de vie est comprise entre 100 et 150 ans[1]. Il peut atteindre de 20 à 30 m de haut. La plantation s'effectue en automne ou tôt au printemps, pendant la dormance,comme pour tous les arbres en général. La multiplication se fait par semis en mai (juste après la récolte). Le bouturage est possible, mais il se reproduit mieux par semis : semer tout de suite après la chute des graines, celles-ci ne se conservent pas et doivent germer immédiatement. Elles ont besoin d'une bonne humidité pour germer. La croissance est très rapide, à partir de l'année du semis même. Contrairement à l'idée souvent véhiculée partout, l'érable argenté ne drageonne pas. Cela vient probablement d'une confusion avec le peuplier blanc, originaire d'Europe et introduit en Amérique comme arbre d'ornement, qui drageonne abondamment, a souvent des feuilles semblables à l'érable, avec le revers de la feuille argenté presque blanc. Un moyen facile de les différencier : les érables ont les feuilles opposées par paires sur le rameaux, le peuplier a des feuilles alternes.
L'érable argenté, tout comme l'érable à sucre et l'érable rouge, peut être entaillé pour produire du sirop d'érable, de teinte plus claire que celui des deux autres espèces, par contre, son eau est la moins sucrée donc, pour obtenir la même quantité de sirop beaucoup plus d'eau d'érable est nécessaire. L'érable à sucre produit l'eau la plus sucrée.
L'érable argenté ressemble beaucoup à Acer rubrum, avec qui il peut s'hybrider, mais se différencie à ses feuilles plus grandes, plus profondément lobées et argentées en dessous. D'autre part les rameaux sont légèrement retombants.
Il existes plusieurs cultivars à usage ornemental. La forme laciniatum est la plus commune (dont il existe plusieurs cultivars, comme le clone Wieri, 1873), aux feuillage clair et profondément découpé. Son houppier léger évoque de loin un salicacée. Il existe également une variété pyramidale (Pyramidale).
Répartition et habitat
L’arbre est originaire de l’Est de l'Amérique du Nord. Au Canada, il est présent à proximité des Grands lacs et le long du fleuve Saint-Laurent, de la rivière des Outaouais, provinces de Québec, Nouveau-Brunswick et Ontario. Aux États-Unis, il pousse dans l'Est du pays jusqu'au Nord de la Floride (au sud)[1]. Il est fréquent dans les parcs car il supporte bien la pollution atmosphérique des villes.
Il pousse à l'état sauvage dans les vallées humides et le long des cours d'eau. L'érable argenté apprécie un sol humide, plutôt argileux, et évite le calcaire. Il tolère les inondations temporaires, fréquentes dans son environnement naturel, en zone inondable près des grands cours d'eau de plaine. L'érable argenté apprécie le soleil, ou la mi-ombre. Il est rustique et résiste jusqu'à -35 degrés Celsius. Bien que poussant en zone humide à l'état naturel, il s'adapte très bien à presque toutes les conditions de sol et beaucoup mieux aux conditions urbaine que l'érable rouge et l'érable à sucre.
L’arbre a été introduit en Europe en 1725. Parmi les érables américains, il est l'un de ceux qu'on rencontre le plus fréquemment en Europe, avec l'érable negundo, pour l'ornement des espaces verts ou planté en alignements dans les rues des villes. Mais il n'est pas utilisé significativement en sylviculture. La plupart des spécimens appartiennent à la forme laciniatum, au feuillage clair très découpé. La forme sauvage se rencontre souvent dans les parcs anciens mais est rarement planté de nos jours.
Ennemis
Les feuilles peuvent être atteintes de galles provoquées par un acarien, Vasates quadripedes.
Notes et références
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Érable argenté: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Acer saccharinum
L’Érable argenté ou Érable de Virginie (Acer saccharinum), ou Plaine blanche (Canada), est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Acéracées.
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Běły klon
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Běły klon (Acer saccharinum) je štom ze swójby mydłowcowych rostlin (Sapindaceae).
Po druhich žórłach zarjaduje so do swójskeje swójby klonowych rostlinow (Aceraceae).
Wopis
Běły klon je w lěće zeleny štom, kotryž docpěwa wysokosć wot 15 hač do 20 (30) m.
Wustupowaca króna njesu přewisowace hałuzy.
Łopjena
Přećiwostejne łopjena su hłuboko pjećlapate a docpěwaja dołhosć a šěrokosć wot 8 hač do 15 cm. Wone su wótro rězane, na hornim boku čerstwozelene a na delnim boku slěbrošěre. Nazymske barbjenje je žołte.
Kćenja
Kćěje w měrcu. Zelene hač čerwjenojte kćenja so dołho před zazelenjenju lisća jewja. Wone steja w hustych promjenjach. Žónske kćenja su dołho stołpikate a njesu čerwjene pěsty. Muske kćenja su krótko stołpikate.
Kćenja so wot wětra wopróša.
Płody
płodysu křidłate worjechi. Jich křidleška su zhibnjene a tupokućikaće jedyn k druhemu steja. Płody w juniju zezrawja.
Staroba a drjewo
Štom móže starobu wot maksimalnje 125 lět, při čimž wón so z přiběracej starobu jara łamliwy stanje. Nimo toho jeho drjewo je porno drjewu druhich klonowych družinow wot złeje kajkosće, dokelž je lochke a chětro mjechke.
Stejnišćo a rozšěrjenje
Pochadźa z sewjerneje Ameriki, hdźež wot wuchodneje a centralneje sewjerneje Ameriki a wulkich jězorow hač do Texasa wustupuje. Štom so w Europje w zelenišćach, parkach a zahrodach plahuje.
Wužiwanje
Nóžki
-
↑ Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 196.
-
↑ W internetowym słowniku: Ahorn
Žórła
- Bruno P. Kremer: Steinbachs Naturführer Bäume & Sträucher, ISBN 978-3-8001-5934-5, strona 146 (němsce)
- Mayer, Schwegler: Welcher Baum ist das?, Bäume, Sträucher, Ziergehölze, ISBN 978-3-440-11273-1, strona 76 (němsce)
- Spohn: Welcher Baum ist das? Die neuen Kosmos-Naturführer, ISBN 978-3-440-10794-2, strona 135 (němsce)
- Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
- Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
- Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
- Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
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Běły klon: Brief Summary
(
Upper Sorbian
)
provided by wikipedia HSB
Běły klon (Acer saccharinum) je štom ze swójby mydłowcowych rostlin (Sapindaceae).
Po druhich žórłach zarjaduje so do swójskeje swójby klonowych rostlinow (Aceraceae).
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
Acer saccharinum
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
L'acero saccarino[2] o acero argenteo[1] (Acer saccharinum L.), appartenente alla famiglia Sapindaceae, è originario delle regioni nord-orientali[1] del continente nordamericano (a cavallo tra Stati Uniti – dove costituisce una delle specie arboree più diffuse – e Canada)[3].
Morfologia
Portamento
La pianta raggiunge normalmente l'altezza di 8–10 m[1], ma può raggiungere anche 25–40 m[2]. La crescita è veloce[2] che lo rende adatto all'utilizzo come pianta ornamentale, piantato nei parchi e nelle strade[4]. I rami, simili a canne, sono piuttosto esili e si possono danneggiare a causa di tempeste e nevicate forti, ma ricrescono velocemente[3]: si protendono verso l'alto e si aprono alla sommità, conferendo alla pianta il tipico portamento espanso[4].
Foglie
La chioma, dal diametro di 3–5 m[1], è composta da foglie caduche, opposte[4], pentalobate[2] e profondamente incise[1], con denti irregolari[4], di colore verde brillante sulla pagina superiore e bianco-argentato su quella inferiore[1]; diventano di colore giallo delicato, qualche volta rosso brillante[4].
Fiori
I fiori sono piccoli giallo-verdastri, senza petali a grappoli con le ali. Compaiono esili germogli a fine inverno (marzo). Durante la fioritura le api si cibano del loro nettare: il miele d'acero è tra i più profumati e limpidi
Frutti
I frutti sono samare appaiate (disamare) e unite, hanno ali leggermente ritorte[4].
Corteccia
La corteccia è di colore grigio-bruno; con l'età si desquama[4].
Le coltivazioni più diffuse comprendono 'Laciniatum', pendula[2] e con foglie lobate e divise profondamente[1] e 'Pyramidale' (sin. 'Fastigiatum')[1] dal portamento fastigiato[2].
Rusticità
Zone da 4 a 9 della classificazione USDA[3].
Note
-
^ a b c d e f g h i Giorgio Manenti (a cura di), Il grande libro dei fiori e delle piante, Milano, Selezione dal Reader's Digest, 1983 [1981].
-
^ a b c d e f Alan Toogood, Guida agli alberi ornamentali, Bologna, Zanichelli, 1992.
-
^ a b c Maria Teresa Della Beffa (a cura di), Botanica, Savigliano, Gribaudo-Könemann, 2006 [2003].
-
^ a b c d e f g Alessandro Chiusoli (a cura di), Guida pratica agli alberi e arbusti in Italia, 2ª ed., Milano, Selezione dal Reader's Digest, 1984 [1971].
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Acer saccharinum: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
L'acero saccarino o acero argenteo (Acer saccharinum L.), appartenente alla famiglia Sapindaceae, è originario delle regioni nord-orientali del continente nordamericano (a cavallo tra Stati Uniti – dove costituisce una delle specie arboree più diffuse – e Canada).
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Sidabrinis klevas
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Acer saccarinum Sinonimai
-
Acer coccineum Wender.
-
Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.
-
Acer eriocarpum Michx.
-
Acer pallidum Aiton, Steud.
-
Acer pavia Dippel
-
Acer saira K.Koch
-
Acer tomentosum Desf.
-
Acer virginianum Mill., Steud.
-
Argentacer saccharinum L., Small
Sidabrinis klevas (lot. Acer saccharinum, vok. Silber-Ahorn,pranc. Érable argenté,rus. Клён серебристый) – klevinių (Aceraceae) šeimos, klevų (Acer) genties lapus metantis medis.
Morfologija
Laja skėtiška, 8–15 m (kartais 20 m) skersmens, plonosios šakos nusvirusios žemyn. Žievė iš pradžių lygi, pilka, balsvo, sidabriško atspalvio, vėliau suaižėjusi išilginėmis juostelėmis. Ūgliai ploni, pilki, žalsvi, vėliau rausvai rudi, žvilgantys, su siauromis lenticelėmis. Pumpuraismulkūs, prigludę prie šakutės, rausvi arba žalsvai rudi, blakstienoti, lapiniai pailgi, smailūs, žiediniai rutuliški. Lapai giliai penkiaskiaučiai, 8–15 cm ilgio, širdišku pamatu, tamsiai žalia viršutine ir pilkai sidabriška arba melsvai balta apatine puse, iš pradžių plaukuoti, vėliau pliki. Skiautės dvigubai dantytos, vidurinioji dažniausiai triskiautė. Lapo išliežiai didesni kaip pusė lakšto. Rudenį lapai gelsta. Vienanamis arba dvinamis. Žiedai rausvi arba rausvai žalsvi, be vainiklapių, kartais vienalyčiai, žiedynuose. Žydi kovo pabaigoje arba balandžio pradžioje, lapams neišsiskleidus. Žydi 13 dienų. Sparnavaisiai šviesiai rudi, 3,5–7 cm ilgio, plaukuoti, lankiški, sparneliai sudaro smailų kampą, iš susijungusių dažniausiai tik vienas brandus, o kitas gerokai smulkesnis, neišsivystęs. Vaisiai prinoksta birželio pirmomis dienomis ir tuoj pat nukrinta. Sėkla pailgai rutuliška, sultinga, greitai praranda daigumą. Sudygsta per 10 dienų ir tą pačią vasarą užauga iki 70 cm aukščio. Dera beveik kasmet. Mediena minkštoka, skali, balsva, menkavertė. Sula saldesnė už Paprastojo klevo.
Matmenys
Auga sparčiai. Įprastai užauga 15–25 aukščio. Kamieno skersmuo iki 1–1,5 m ar iki 5,15 m apimties.
Amžius
Išgyvena nuo 100 iki 180 metų.
Augimvietės
Mėgsta purius priesmėlio arba priemolio dirvožemius, nepakenčia sunkių ir šlapių priemolio dirvožemių. Šviesos atžvilgiu nereiklūs. Mūsų klimato sąlygoms gana atsparūs, nors jauni medeliai kartais apšąla. Pakenčia užterštą orą, gali būt auginamas ir pramoniniuose rajonuose. Galima auginti pavieniui, grupėmis, masyvais, vandens telkinių pakraščiuose.
Paplitimas
Labiausiai paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikos rytinėje dalyje. Lietuvoje dažnokas. Stambiausiais medis auga Taujėnų parke (Ukmergės rajone). Aptinkamas Kauno apylinkėse, Užtrakio parke, Druskininkuose, Klaipėdos krašte.
Literatūra
- A. Navasaitis, M. Navasaitis, „Lietuvos medžiai“, Vilnius „Mokslas“, 1979 m., (261 psl.)
Vikiteka
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Sidabrinis klevas: Brief Summary
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Sidabrinis klevas (lot. Acer saccharinum, vok. Silber-Ahorn,pranc. Érable argenté,rus. Клён серебристый) – klevinių (Aceraceae) šeimos, klevų (Acer) genties lapus metantis medis.
![src=]()
Sidabrinio klevo
Žiedas
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Witte esdoorn
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De witte esdoorn of zilveresdoorn (Acer saccharinum, synoniem: Acer dasycarpum, niet te verwarren met de Acer saccharum of suikeresdoorn) is een plant uit de zeepboomfamilie (Sapindaceae). De plant komt van nature voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten. De plant wordt tot 30 m hoog. De takken groeien eerst opgaand en worden later afhangend en breekbaar.
De bladeren zijn diep vijflobbig, tot de helft ingesneden, 8–14 cm breed en ze hebben een witte onderkant. De middelste lob is twee maal zo lang als breed. De bladrand is dubbelgezaagd.
De plant bloeit in maart en april bij het uitlopen van de bladeren. De bloemen zijn groenachtig. Ze hebben geen kroonbladeren en ontstaan in kleine trosjes uit de zijknoppen. De vruchtvleugels vormen een stompe hoek.
Acer saccharinum 'Laciniatum' is een grote cultivar met sterke en sierlijk overhangende takken in een losse kroon. Deze heeft grote bladeren met diep ingesneden, smalle, scherpgezaagde lobben. Het is een zeer windgevoelige boom.
Externe links
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Witte esdoorn: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De witte esdoorn of zilveresdoorn (Acer saccharinum, synoniem: Acer dasycarpum, niet te verwarren met de Acer saccharum of suikeresdoorn) is een plant uit de zeepboomfamilie (Sapindaceae). De plant komt van nature voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten. De plant wordt tot 30 m hoog. De takken groeien eerst opgaand en worden later afhangend en breekbaar.
De bladeren zijn diep vijflobbig, tot de helft ingesneden, 8–14 cm breed en ze hebben een witte onderkant. De middelste lob is twee maal zo lang als breed. De bladrand is dubbelgezaagd.
De plant bloeit in maart en april bij het uitlopen van de bladeren. De bloemen zijn groenachtig. Ze hebben geen kroonbladeren en ontstaan in kleine trosjes uit de zijknoppen. De vruchtvleugels vormen een stompe hoek.
Acer saccharinum 'Laciniatum' is een grote cultivar met sterke en sierlijk overhangende takken in een losse kroon. Deze heeft grote bladeren met diep ingesneden, smalle, scherpgezaagde lobben. Het is een zeer windgevoelige boom.
![src=]()
Bloemen
![src=]()
Knop
![src=]()
Bast
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Klon srebrzysty
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Klon srebrzysty (Acer saccharinum L.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny mydleńcowatych (Sapindaceae). W obrębie rodzaju klasyfikowany do sekcji Rubra[2]. Występuje we wschodniej Ameryce Północnej. Jest częstym gatunkiem drzewa w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Do Europy sprowadzony w roku 1725, a do Polski na początku XIX wieku[4]. Często sadzony w parkach lub przy drogach.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Drzewo dorastające w naturalnych warunkach do 40 m wysokości (w Polsce do ok. 30 m). Charakteryzuje się szeroką, luźną koroną i zwisającymi dolnymi gałęziami. Roślina dwupienna.
- Kora
- Gładka, ewentualnie pokryta siecią płaskich rynienek, łuszcząca się bardzo delikatnymi płytkami. Szara lub brunatna.
- Liście
- Naprzeciwległe, długoogonkowe. Zazwyczaj 5-klapowe, długości 8-14 cm, z wierzchu jasnozielone, od spodu srebrzystobiało owłosione, nie łysiejące. Jesienią wybarwiają się na żółto, rzadziej na czerwono.
- Kwiaty
- Ukazują się przed pojawieniem się liści i są jednopłciowe. Kwiaty męskie – krótkoszypułkowe i żeńskie – długoszypułkowe występują osobno. Kwitnie od kwietnia do maja[5].
- Owoc
- Dwa złączone z sobą orzeszki o skrzydełkach szeroko rozwartych. Często jedno z dwóch skrzydełek jest słabiej rozwinięte.
Biologia i ekologia
Klon srebrzysty jest w swojej ojczyźnie typowym drzewem nizin, gdzie razem z brzozami, olszami, wierzbami i innymi gatunkami rodzaju Acer tworzy luźne skupienia. Nie jest więc właściwie drzewem leśnym, lecz gatunkiem typowym dla zadrzewień łęgowych na glebach okresowo zalewanych. Jego szybki wzrost i efektowny rozwój jako drzewa wolno stojącego czynią z niego prawie idealne drzewo parków miejskich. Wielkie okazy czasem łamią się przy silnym wietrze[5].
Zastosowanie
-
Roślina ozdobna. U nas sadzony jest w parkach, zieleńcach miejskich, w alejach.
-
Drewno używane jest do różnorodnych wyrobów stolarskich, na parkiety, sklejki, w meblarstwie.
- Także u klonu srebrzystego, sok który w czasie rozwoju liści wędruje do pędów, zawiera cukier (podobnie jak u klonu cukrowego). Indianie Ameryki Północnej, którzy odkryli możliwość pozyskiwania zeń cukru, nakłuwali pnie aby zbierać sok[5] z którego dzisiaj wytwarza się syrop klonowy.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
- Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
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Klon srebrzysty: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Klon srebrzysty (Acer saccharinum L.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny mydleńcowatych (Sapindaceae). W obrębie rodzaju klasyfikowany do sekcji Rubra. Występuje we wschodniej Ameryce Północnej. Jest częstym gatunkiem drzewa w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Do Europy sprowadzony w roku 1725, a do Polski na początku XIX wieku. Często sadzony w parkach lub przy drogach.
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Acer album
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
Acer album é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Acer, pertencente à família Aceraceae.[1]
Referências
Bibliografia
- D. Grosser, W. Teetz: Ahorn. In: Einheimische Nutzhölzer (Loseblattsammlung). Informationsdienst Holz, Holzabsatzfond – Absatzförderungsfonds der deutschen Forst- und Holzwirtschaft, Bonn 1998, ISSN 0446-2114.
- Helmut Pirc: Ahorne. Mit Zeichnungen von Michael Motamen. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-6554-6
- Geoff Nicholls; Tony Bacon (1 June 1997). The drum book. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 54–. ISBN 9780879304768
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- Joseph Aronson (1965). The encyclopedia of furniture. Random House, Inc.. pp. 300–. ISBN 9780517037355.
- Philips, Roger (1979). Trees of North America and Europe. New York: Random House, Inc.. ISBN 0-394-50259-0.
- Phillips, D. H. & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-49493-8.
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Acer album: Brief Summary
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
Acer album é uma espécie de árvore do gênero Acer, pertencente à família Aceraceae.
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Phong bạc
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Phong bạc (danh pháp khoa học: Acer saccharinum) là một loài thực vật thuộc họ Phong. Loài này có nguồn gốc từ miền đông và trung Bắc Mỹ (miền đông Hoa Kỳ và Canada). Đây là một trong những cây trồng phổ biến nhất ở Hoa Kỳ. Phong bạc là một cây rụng lá phát triển tương đối nhanh, thường đạt đến chiều cao 15–25 m (50–80 ft), đặc biệt 35 m (115 ft). Tán của nó nói chung rộng được 11–15 m (35–50 ft). Một cây non 10 tuổi có chiều cao khoảng 8 m (25 ft). Nó thường được tìm thấy dọc theo đường sông và vùng đất ngập nước. Nó là một cây có khả năng thích ứng cao, mặc dù nó có yêu cầu ánh sáng mặt trời cao hơn so với các loài phong khác.
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Liên kết ngoài
![src=]()
Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về
Phong bạc
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Phong bạc: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Phong bạc (danh pháp khoa học: Acer saccharinum) là một loài thực vật thuộc họ Phong. Loài này có nguồn gốc từ miền đông và trung Bắc Mỹ (miền đông Hoa Kỳ và Canada). Đây là một trong những cây trồng phổ biến nhất ở Hoa Kỳ. Phong bạc là một cây rụng lá phát triển tương đối nhanh, thường đạt đến chiều cao 15–25 m (50–80 ft), đặc biệt 35 m (115 ft). Tán của nó nói chung rộng được 11–15 m (35–50 ft). Một cây non 10 tuổi có chiều cao khoảng 8 m (25 ft). Nó thường được tìm thấy dọc theo đường sông và vùng đất ngập nước. Nó là một cây có khả năng thích ứng cao, mặc dù nó có yêu cầu ánh sáng mặt trời cao hơn so với các loài phong khác.
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Клён серебристый
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Клён серебристый
Международное научное название
Acer saccharinum L., 1753
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 28757NCBI 75745EOL 583072GRIN t:1225IPNI 781494-1TPL kew-2616367 Клён серебри́стый (лат. Ácer sacchárinum) — листопадное дерево семейства Клёновые (по другой системе классификации Сапиндовые), произрастающее в восточной части Северной Америки.
Распространение
Произрастает в восточной части Северной Америки — США и прилегающих территориях Канады.
Растёт во влажных низинах, по берегам рек и озёр, на возвышениях встречается реже. Лучше всего приспособлен к влажным, хорошо дренированным, тонкотекстурным наносным почвам. Встречается на высоте от 30 до 600 м над уровнем моря. В засушливых регионах встречается только около воды.
Показывает среднюю терпимость к засолённым почвам, но достаточно легко переносит длительные периоды наводнений. Теневыносливость выражена не ярко и зависит от прочих условий — на хороших почвах более теневынослив. В любом случае, он более требователен к свету по сравнению с другими видами клёна. Доминирует в лесах вместе с буком, ясенем и тополем.
Морфология
Листопадное быстрорастущее дерево средних размеров, высотой 27—36 м Ствол короткий, возле основания часто разделяется на несколько вертикальных разветвлений. Крона, как правило, негустая и закруглённая. Ветви сначала направлены вниз, затем изящно изгибаются и идут вверх. Веточки схожи с веточками клёна красного — с V-образными листовыми рубцами, только у клёна серебристого они более крепкие, часто более тёмного каштанового цвета и на изломе они неприятно пахнут.
Кора молодых деревьев светло-серая, гладкая, с возрастом темнеет и покрывается длинными узкими трещиноватыми хлопьевидными чешуйками.
Корневая система неглубокая и мочковатая (волокнистая).
Почки красновато-коричневые с крупными чешуйками, цветковые почки часто собраны в хорошо заметные гроздья.
Листья супротивные, простые, с пятью лопастями и глубокими пальчатыми выемками между ними, на краях шероховато-пильчатые, 8—16 см длиной и 6—12 см шириной, в верхней части светло-зелёные, в нижней бледные, серебристо-белые. Черешки тонкие, 5—12 см длиной.
Цветки однодомные, от зеленоватого до красноватого цвета, собраны в маленькие метёлки. Цветёт клён ранней весной, задолго до появления листьев.
Плод — крылатка, состоящая из двух одинаковых крылышек с семенем, самая крупная среди североамериканских видов. Каждое крылышко 3,5—5 см длиной и до 12 мм шириной. Плод созревает поздней весной и при попадании в почву сразу даёт побеги. Хотя крылышки способствуют переносу семени на расстояние, они (семена) довольно тяжёлые у этого вида и частично распространяются с помощью водных потоков.
По своим морфологическим свойствам Клён серебристый близок к клёну красному и может создавать с ним гибриды (Acer × freemanii).
Живёт до 130 лет и дольше.
Природное значение
Клён серебристый ежегодно даёт обильный семенной урожай. Семенами питаются многие птицы, среди которых вечерний американский дубонос (Coccothraustes vespertinus), вьюрки, дикие индейки и другие. Кроме того, семенами, почками и веточками клёна питаются белки и бурундуки. Для белок кленовые почки крайне важны ранней весной, когда другая пища для них недоступна. Их едят также бобры, белохвостые олени и зайцы.
В ветвях гнездятся каролинские утки (Aix sponsa), гоголи (Bucephala clangula). В дуплах деревьев находят приют еноты, опоссумы, белки, совы и дятлы. Клён серебристый — одно из немногих листопадных деревьев, используемое в качестве общественной ночёвки для красноплечих чёрных трупиалов (Agelaius phoeniceus), обыкновенных граклов (Quiscalus quiscula), скворцов (Sturnus vulgaris) и буроголовых коровьих трупиалов (Molothrus ater).
Культивирование
У клёна серебристого довольно хрупкая древесина, поэтому деревья могут страдать от сильного ветра. Их корневая система неглубокая, и они легко оккупируют заливные луга и старые дренажные трубы[источник не указан 3489 дней]. Клён серебристый довольно быстро прорастает, и если его не обрезать, то часто даёт несколько одинаковых побегов. Тем не менее, его часто высаживают в парках и вдоль дорог из-за его быстрого роста, простого размножения и пересадке. Легко приспосабливается к городским условиям, поэтому часто высаживается по обочинам дорог.
Вне природного ареала и климатических условий, легко уживается при средиземноморском климате (например, в Лос-Анджелесе или Иерусалиме), если имеется достаточное количество воды.
Сорта
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'Laciniatum Wieri' (syn. Acer saccharinum f. laciniatum 'Wieri'[3], Acer saccharinum 'Laciniatum' ('Wieri')[4]). Дерево средней величины, высота 11—20 м[5], ширина 8—15 м; крона асимметричная, свободная. Быстрорастущий сорт. Ветви свисающие. Цветет до появления листьев; соцветия красновато-коричневые. Плоды невзрачные. Листья глебоколопастные (в сравнении с типовой формой вида), сильно разрезнолистные, во время распускания бронзово-зелёные, летом светло-зеленые, нижняя сторона беловатая[6], осенью жёлтые[5]. Корневая система поверхностная, может поднимать дорожное покрытие, по этой причине следует сажать не ближе 3—5 метров к дорожкам и оставлять не засаженным приствольный круг. Зимостойкий, устойчив в городских условиях, требует защиты от ветра. Почвы от слабокислых до нейтральных, свежие или влажные, плодородные; сорт легко адаптируется к разным почвенным условиям, но может желтеть при избытке извести. Из-за цветения не рекомендуется производить обрезку зимой или весной[6]. Зоны морозостойкости: от 4 до более тёплых.
Примечания
Клён серебристый: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Клён серебри́стый (лат. Ácer sacchárinum) — листопадное дерево семейства Клёновые (по другой системе классификации Сапиндовые), произрастающее в восточной части Северной Америки.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu javor stříbrný ve Wikimedia Commons
Twig and buds 
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Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. 
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Acer saccharinum op Wikimedia Commons. 
Bài viết liên quan đến Sapindales này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 
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