Delphinium glaucum hybridizes extensively with D . barbeyi in Utah and Colorado to the extent that hybrids [ D . × occidentale (S. Watson) S. Watson] are more common in many areas than individuals of either parental stock. It occasionally hybridizes with D . distichum , D . polycladon , D . ramosum , and D . stachydeum . Hybrids with D . brachycentrum are called D . × nutans A. Nelson.
Tremendous variation is apparent in what is here recognized as Delphinium glaucum . This is the northern expression of the complex described in the discussion under Delphinium subsect. Exaltata . Although some geographic patterns are apparent in the variation within D . glaucum , infraspecific entities are not here recognized. Apparently because of rather recent and/or incomplete genetic isolation, the degree of differentiation between these units is not such that they can be consistently recognized.
Specimens named Delphinium splendens represent plants grown in high-moisture, low-light conditions and may occur as sporadic individuals anywhere from California to Alaska. Type specimens of D . brownii Rydberg, D . canmorense Rydberg, and D . hookeri A. Nelson represent plants grown on relatively dry sites at high latitudes. Plants from dry sites at low latitudes are represented by D . bakerianum Bornmüller and D . occidentale var. reticulatum A. Nelson. Plants with lavender to white flowers are represented by type specimens of D . brownii forma pallidiflorum B. Boivin and D . cucullatum A. Nelson. Type specimens of D . alatum A. Nelson and D . glaucum var. alpinum F. L. Wynd (an invalid name) represent plants growing above or near treeline.
Delphinium glaucum may be confused with D . californicum , D . exaltatum , D . polycladon , or D . stachydeum . For distinctions from D . californicum , see discussion under that species. Absence of basal or proximal cauline leaves, generally much larger plants (greater than 1.5 m), more flowers in the inflorescence, and shorter petioles on the leaves of D . glaucum are features that serve to distinguish this species from D . polycladon . In the latter, the leaves are primarily on the proximal stem, plants often less than 1.5 m, flowers more scattered, and petioles more than twice the length of leaf blades. Features of the sepals may be used to distinguish D . glaucum (dark lavender to blue purple, usually only minutely puberulent) from D . stachydeum (bright blue, densely puberulent). Vegetative parts of D . stachydeum are also densely puberulent, while those of D . glaucum typically are glabrous.
Delphinium glaucum, known by the common names Sierra larkspur, mountain larkspur, and glaucous larkspur, is a species of wildflower in the genus Delphinium, which belongs to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. It is native to western North America from Arizona to Alaska, growing in moist mountainous environments such as riverbanks and meadows.
Although Ewan, in his survey of North American Delphinium,[1] treated D. glaucum and D. brownii as two separate species, some taxonomists now seem inclined to treat D. brownii as a local form of D. glaucum.[2][3] However, the matter does not yet appear to be completely resolved.[4][5]
D. glaucum is a "tall" larkspur, which sprouts from one to several tall, stout, pale green erect stems which may approach 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height. The lobed leaves are generally found only at the base of the plant. The top of the stem is a large inflorescence which may itself be over 1 metre (3.3 ft) long. It usually contains over fifty widely spaced flowers, with each flower on a pedicel a few centimeters long. The sepals are flat and extend to the sides or point forward. The sepals and petals are dark blue to deep purple, although the top two petals may be lighter in color to almost white. They may be somewhat wrinkly. The spur is about two centimeters long.
Larkspurs have long been associated with livestock poisoning in North America,[2] and D. glaucum (under the name D. brownii) has caused problems in the rangelands of Alberta, in western Canada.[6]
The earliest phytochemical research on D.glaucum (then known as D. brownii ) was that of Richard Manske, working at the National Research Laboratories in Ottawa, Canada, in 1938, who isolated an alkaloid that he was unable to purify adequately, and the common plant-sugar, mannitol.[7] A few years later, John Goodson, at the Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories in London, England, isolated what he believed to be the same alkaloid, in purer form, from seeds of Delphinium elatum, and named it "methyl-lycaconitine".[8]
Further work to identify the chemical constituents of D. glaucum (still called D. brownii) was carried out by Michael Benn and his co-workers at the National Research Council laboratories in Ottawa, Canada in 1963.[9] These chemists confirmed the presence of methyllycaconitine in the plant, and also isolated another, structurally related diterpenoid alkaloid, which they named browniine.
Delphinium glaucum (still under the name D. brownii) was studied again by Mike Benn's research group, at the University of Calgary, in Canada, with the objective of identifying the compounds responsible for its toxicity.[6] These researchers again found methyllycaconitine and browniine in the plant, but also a closely related alkaloid, browniine-14-acetate, as well as the alkaloid magnoflorine, belonging to the aporphine class. Of these, methyllycaconitine was found to be the most toxic.
Delphinium glaucum, known by the common names Sierra larkspur, mountain larkspur, and glaucous larkspur, is a species of wildflower in the genus Delphinium, which belongs to the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. It is native to western North America from Arizona to Alaska, growing in moist mountainous environments such as riverbanks and meadows.
Although Ewan, in his survey of North American Delphinium, treated D. glaucum and D. brownii as two separate species, some taxonomists now seem inclined to treat D. brownii as a local form of D. glaucum. However, the matter does not yet appear to be completely resolved.
D. glaucum is a "tall" larkspur, which sprouts from one to several tall, stout, pale green erect stems which may approach 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height. The lobed leaves are generally found only at the base of the plant. The top of the stem is a large inflorescence which may itself be over 1 metre (3.3 ft) long. It usually contains over fifty widely spaced flowers, with each flower on a pedicel a few centimeters long. The sepals are flat and extend to the sides or point forward. The sepals and petals are dark blue to deep purple, although the top two petals may be lighter in color to almost white. They may be somewhat wrinkly. The spur is about two centimeters long.
Larkspurs have long been associated with livestock poisoning in North America, and D. glaucum (under the name D. brownii) has caused problems in the rangelands of Alberta, in western Canada.
