Associations
provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Chrysolina oricalcia feeds on pollen of Cicuta virosa
Remarks: season: (3-)5-6(-10)
Other: uncertain
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
cleistothecium of Erysiphe heraclei parasitises live Cicuta virosa
Foodplant / miner
larva of Euleia heraclei mines live leaf of Cicuta virosa
Foodplant / parasite
aecium of Puccinia cicutae parasitises live stem of Cicuta virosa
Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous, in small scattered groups colony of Ramularia anamorph of Ramularia heraclei causes spots on live leaf of Cicuta virosa
Comments
provided by eFloras
Water hemlock is very poisonous. The fruits and the roots contain cicutoxin and the drug prepared from the plant is used in the treatment of epilepsy.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Plants 70–120 cm. Rootstock 2–4 cm thick, surface tawny, yellow within, exudes yellow sap when cut. Stem solitary, sometimes purplish-tinged. Basal leaves petiolate, petioles 15–30 cm; blade triangular or ovate-triangular, 12–30 × 10–25 cm; pinnae 3-lobed or pinnatifid; ultimate segments linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.5–6 × 0.3–1 cm, serrate to sharply serrate. Upper leaves 1–2-pinnate; ultimate segments narrowly lanceolate, 1–2.5 × 0.2–0.5 cm. Umbels 5–15 cm across; peduncles 2.5–20 cm; bracts absent or 1, linear, ca. 8 mm; rays 6–25, 2–6 cm, subequal, slender; bracteoles numerous, linear-lanceolate, 3–5 × 0.5–0.9 mm, almost as long as flowers, rarely longer; umbellules 15–35-flowered; pedicels 4–8 mm. Calyx teeth 0.3–0.5 mm, unequal. Petals ca. 1.2 × 1 mm. Fruit 2–3.5 × 1.8–3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Plants 1-2 m tall, branched. Stem fistular. Leaves 2-3-pinnate; leaflets lanceolate to oval, 3-5 cm long, 3 mm to 1 cm broad; margin serrate. Involucral bracts lacking. Rays c. 15, 4-6 cm long. Involucel of linear bractlets. Fruit ovoid, 2-3 mm long; ridges corky. Inner seed face slightly concave.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
provided by eFloras
Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe].
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
provided by eFloras
Distribution: It has a wide distribution in Europe and Asia. It is found in Kash¬mir and is to be expected in W. Pakistan.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
provided by eFloras
Forest margins, marshy areas, bogs, streamsides, often emergent in shallow water; 300–3300 m.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Comprehensive Description
provided by North American Flora
Cicuta mackenzieana Raup, Jour. Arnold Arb. 17: 279. 1936
? Cicula maculata var. angustifolia Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 259. 1832.
Stout, from an ovoid or short-oblong, erect, tuberous base bearing fibrous and fleshyfibrous roots, 4-10 dm. high; leaves ovate in general outline, excluding the petioles 5-15 cm. long, 8-12 cm. broad, bipinnate, often imperfectly so, the leaflets narrowly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, strict, those of the cauline leaves 2-6 cm. long, 1 mm. broad, saliently dentate; petioles 1-22 cm. long; peduncles 3-1 1 cm. long; involucre of a few narrowly lanceolate bracts, or wanting; involucel of a few narrowly lanceolate, acuminate bractlets; rays (7-14) 7-8 cm. long; pedicels 7-12 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 1.5-2.2 mm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, constricted at the commissure, the ribs low and corky, subequal in surface display, broader than the reddishbrown intervals, or the commissural interval homochromous; oil-tubes small; seed not very oily, not sulcate under the tubes, the face plane.
Type locality: Sandy margin of a lagoon near the south shore of Lake Athabaska about 1.5 miles west of Ennuyeuse Creek, Canada, Raup 6076.
Distribution: Hudson Bay to the Mackenzie Basin (Raup 6764, Macoun 79,261).
- bibliographic citation
- Albert Charles Smith, Mildred Esther Mathias, Lincoln Constance, Harold William Rickett. 1944-1945. UMBELLALES and CORNALES. North American flora. vol 28B. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Cicuta virosa
provided by wikipedia EN
Cicuta virosa, the cowbane or northern water hemlock,[2] is a poisonous species of Cicuta, native to northern and central Europe, northern Asia and northwestern North America.
Description
It is a perennial herbaceous plant which grows up to 1–2 m tall. The stems are smooth, branching, swollen at the base, purple-striped, and hollow except for partitions at the junction of the leaves and stem. In cross section the stems have one flat side and the other sides are rounded. The leaves are alternate, tripinnate, only coarsely toothed, unlike the ferny, lacy leaves found in many other members of the family Apiaceae. The flowers are small, white and clustered in umbrella shaped inflorescences typical of the family. The many flowered umbellets have unequal pedicels that range from 5 to 11 cm long during fruiting. An oily, yellow liquid oozes from cuts to the stems and roots. This liquid has a rank smell resembling that of parsnips or carrots. The plant may be mistaken for parsnip due to its clusters of white tuberous roots.
It grows in wet meadows, along streambanks and other wet and marshy areas.
History
Scholars dispute whether a hemlock of the genus Cicuta or the genus Conium served in ancient Greece as a state poison, administered as a method of capital punishment. The Greek philosopher Socrates drank a cup of some kind of hemlock infusion at his execution in 399 BC. Cicuta virosa is however primarily a northern European species, rare or absent from the Mediterranean region, making its use in Greece unlikely. See Poison hemlock for more information.
The dose of hemlock used for Greek executions was not always immediately fatal, and sometimes it proved necessary to administer a second cup of the poison.
- ...having drunk all the Hemlock juice, the quantity was found insufficient and the executioner refused to prepare more unless he was paid 12 drachmas.
- —from an account[3] of the execution of Phocion in 318 BC
Considering the extreme toxicity of Cicuta virosa, this passage provides further evidence that it was not the species of hemlock used.
In the past, this plant has had a number of colorful names, including Mackenzie's water hemlock,[4] Beaver-poison, Children's-bane, Snakeweed and Musquash-poison.[5]
Toxicity
The fresh subterranean parts of the blooming plant are used in
homeopathy as remedy
The plant contains cicutoxin, which disrupts the workings of the central nervous system. In humans, cicutoxin rapidly produces symptoms of nausea, emesis and abdominal pain, typically within 60 minutes of ingestion. Poisoning can lead to tremors and seizures. A single bite of the root (which has the highest concentration of cicutoxin) can be sufficient to cause death. In animals the toxic dose and the lethal dose are nearly the same. One gram of water hemlock per kilogram of weight will kill a sheep and 230 grams is sufficient to kill a horse. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms, treatment is usually unsuccessful.
Fossil record
Cicuta virosa fossil fruit halves are described rare in the Pliocene of Europe but common in the Pleistocene interglacial floras of the East European Plain.[6]
References
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Cicuta virosa: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Cicuta virosa, the cowbane or northern water hemlock, is a poisonous species of Cicuta, native to northern and central Europe, northern Asia and northwestern North America.
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- Wikipedia authors and editors