Comments
provided by eFloras
Some Native Americans used Persea borbonia for medicinal purposes (D. E. Moerman 1986).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees , to 25 m. Branches appressed-pubescent. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to widely ovate, 6-16 × 2-5 cm; surfaces abaxially pale, glaucous, moderately pubescent when young with rusty brown, appressed hairs, glabrescent with age, adaxially green, lustrous. Inflorescences: peduncle equal to or shorter than subtending leaf petiole, pubescent. Drupe (8-)10 mm diam., usually glaucous. 2 n = 24.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
provided by eFloras
Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Flowering/Fruiting
provided by eFloras
Flowering spring-early summer.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
provided by eFloras
In hammocks, mixed hardwoods, coastal dunes, maritime forests; outer Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, rarely in the Piedmont; 0-100m.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
provided by eFloras
Laurus borbonia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 370. 1753; Persea littoralis Small; Tamala borbonia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque; T. littoralis (Small) Small
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Brief Summary
provided by EOL authors
Redbay (Persea borbonia) is a perennial evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae).It is native to the Southeastern United States, and grows along the Gulf coast plain patchily in Texas and Louisiana, from Mississippi across panhandle and peninsular Florida and north to North Carolina and the southeast coast of Virginia.It also grows in the Bahamas and is cultivated in Hawaii. Redbay usually grows on the borders of swamp land.It is also known as tisswood, scrubbay, shorebay, and swampbay.
Persea borbonia grows as either a small tree or a large shrub. Its lance-shaped leaves are about 3 to 6 inches long, bright to dark green in color, and arranged alternately on the stem.When crushed, the leaves emit a spicy smell.In April-May, small white flowers form on axils branching from new growth.Bees and wind pollinate the flowers.Blue or black drupe fruits ripen in August-September.Songbirds, white-tailed deer, bobwhite quail, wild turkey, and black bear eat the fruit and disseminate the seeds. Deer and bear also browse redbay foliage, consuming up to as much as 40% of its annual growth without jeopardizing the tree.In some habitats redbay provides essential habitat for gray squirrels.
Redbay is not widely used in the present day for medicinal uses, however the Seminole Indians used to use it as an emetic to induce vomiting.The dried leaves can be used as an alternative to tropical bay spice for cooking.The wood is hard and strong, and used locally to build boats, cabinets and for lining the interior of structures.Persea borbonia is cultivated as an ornamental tree for gardens and parks.
In 2002 an ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) was discovered as a recent introduction to the Southeastern United States from Asia.Now called the redbay ambrosia beetle, it arrived with a fungal symbiont (Raffaelea lauricola) which the adult and larvae cultivate as their food source.The ambrosia beetle bores into the wood of healthy trees, inoculating the xylem with the fungi.The fungi plug the tree’s xylem and prevent transport of water, causing wilting symptoms.At this point, the diseased tree is susceptible to other ambrosia beetles and their associated fungi.These pathogens cause rapid discoloration of foliage and wood and the tree dies within months.Although still a new pathogen complex, the beetle-fungi complex appears to spread rapidly, and is thought to be a very high risk pest to redbay and other laurel species with a potentially huge impact on these flora.As yet there is no known means of preventing the spread of the redbay ambrosia beetle.
(Brendemuehl 1990; Mann et al. 2014; Van Deelen 1991; Wikipedia 2015)
- Mann, R. Hulcr, J., Pena, J. and L. Stelinski, revised April 2014. Redbay ambrosia beetle. Featured Creatures, University of Florida, IFAS. Publication EENY-491. Retrieved February 24, 2016 from http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/trees/beetles/redbay_ambrosia_beetle.htm
- Brendemuehl, R.H. 1990. Redbay. Silvics of North America: 1. Conifers; 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. vol.2, 877 pp. Retrieved February 24, 2016 from http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/persea/borbonia.htm
- Van Deelen, T. R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2016, February 24].
- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2 June, 2015. Persia burbonia. Retrieved February 24, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persea_borbonia&oldid=665142256
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
redbay
silkbay
shorebay
scrub-bay
swampbay
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
perfect,
treeRedbay's growth habit varies over its range [
5]. It usually grows as a
medium-sized tree, commonly shrubby, up to 45 feet (15 m) tall [
13,
20].
Occasionally, old trees may reach a d.b.h. of 3 feet (1 m), with a large
crown [
20]. In southern Florida hammocks, redbay grows branched and
crooked, seldom achieving tree form [
15].
Redbay leaves are alternate, simple, evergreen, and aromatic [
13].
Stomatal characteristics suggest adaptation for water conservation [
14].
Redbay flowers are perfect, small, cymes [
5,
12]. Annually produced
fruits are drupes which turn black or blue as they ripen [
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Redbay grows on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and in peninsular
Florida. Its range extends from southern Deleware to southern Texas.
It also grows in the Bahamas [
5,
12,
20]. It is cultivated in Hawaii
[
46].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire intensity,
fire regime,
moderate-severity fireThe postfire survival of redbay apparently depends on fire intensity.
After moderate-severity fire which top-kills only small-diameter redbay,
redbay stands persist through sprouting and the survival of large
individuals [
7]. Severe fire may eliminate all age classes.
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
competitionRedbay should be protected from fire [
27] or subjected only to
low-severity prescribed fires [
13] where wildlife habitat maintenance is
a goal. Atlantic white-cedar production may benefit from frequent fires
which reduce redbay competition [
9,
34]. Consult Hough [
21] to predict
potential heat release when burning in redbay stands.
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
peatRedbay soils are frequently Histosols consisting of a thick layer of
peat [
15,
36], a sandy-humis, or an organic muck [
36]. When layered over
the Everglades' marl these soils may be basic [
15], although throughout
most of redbay's range these soils are acidic [
36]. The soils are
infertile [
7] and provide poor mechanical support [
5].
The climate throughout redbay's range is warm-temperate to subtropical.
The frost-free period is usually greater than 250 days per year and
normal temperatures range from 100 to 10 degrees F (38-minus 12 deg C).
Mean annual rainfall is between 52 and 64 inches (1,020 and 1,630 mm)
and is well distributed seasonally [
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp74 Cabbage palmetto
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
97 Atlantic white-cedar
98 Pond pine
100 Pondcypress
101 Baldcypress
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES41 Wet grasslands
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK080 Marl - everglades
K091 Cypress savanna
K092 Everglades
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
top-killAromatic leaves and a dense, shrubby growth form [
7] favor intense fires
in redbay stands. Most fires probably kill or at least top-kill redbay,
since it appears to survive only moderate-severity fires. Those
individuals that survive fire may experience delayed mortality because
of fire-related scarring and stem deterioration [
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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More info for the term:
fruitWild turkeys and many songbirds eat redbay fruit [
5]. The northern
bobwhite eats red bay seeds, especially during the winter [
5,
27].
White-tailed deer and black bears eat the foliage and fruit of redbay.
Redbay can sustain browsing of up to 40 percent of its current annual
growth [
5]. In otherwise pure stands of even-age pine in southern
Alabama, redbay-dominated "stringers" provide essential habitat for
gray squirrels [
18].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
mesic,
swamp,
tree,
xericRedbay is common in pocosins [
10,
30], forested wetlands [
1], mixed
hardwood swamps [
38,
40], and Mississippi pitcher-plant (Sarrecenia spp.)
bogs [
16]. In the drier Big Thicket area of eastern Texas, it sometimes
grows on upland longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannas [
6,
33] and
poorly drained sites where mesic vegetation form localized patches in a
more xeric landscape [
41]. Redbay is a principal associate in the
Okefenokee Swamp [
8], a dominant in Cumberland Island understories [
10],
and common in the Great Dismal Swamp [
44] and Big Cypress Swamp [
11].
Red bay dominates many everglades tree islands [
30,
40] and cypress dome
[
40] understories. It is occasional in the understories of high
hammocks [
2] but a major component in low hammocks. When seen from the
air, southern Florida low hammocks have a characteristic
redbay-dominated tail which extends downstream in the direction of the
everglade's flow [
15]. Some southern Florida tree islands are so
dominated by redbay, sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana), and loblolly-bay
(Gordonia lasianthus) that they are known as "bayheads" [
23].
Overstory associates include red maple (Acer rubrum) [
36], cabbage
palmetto (Sabel palmetto) [
39], spruce pine (Pinus glabra) [
25], slash
pine (P. elliottii) [
17], loblolly pine (P. taeda) [
3], sand pine (P.
clausa) [
4], southern redcedar (Juniperus silicicola), loblolly-bay,
cassena (Ilex cassine), titi (Cyrilla racemiflora) [
8], sweetbay, and
Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) [
24].
Understory associates include hurrahbush (Lyonia lucida), swamp
fetterbush (Leucothoe racemosa), sweetspire (Itea virginica), poor-man's
soap (Clethra alnifolia), coral greenbriar (Smilax Walteri), and wax
myrtle (Myrica cerifera) [
8,
23].
Wells [
42] cited redbay as a dominant in his classification system of
Coastal Plain community types.
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The wildlife habitat value of southern pine plantations can be increased
by allowing redbay to grow along intermittent streams [
18].
Redbay is very resistant to insects and fungal disease [
30].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Lay [
28] listed nutrient percentage values of redbay browse collected
in winter as follows:
Protein Fat Fiber N-free Ash Phosphoric Calcium
extract acid
6.98 3.25 29.5 43.1 2.17 0.14 0.31
These levels are low for protein, deficient for phosphoric acid, but
high for calcium [
28].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL DE FL GA HI LA MD MS NC SC
TX VA
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Redbay leaves are a good substitute for those of tropical bay (Persea
spp.), which are used as a food seasoning [
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
fruitRedbay flowers between April and May [
12], and its fruit ripens during
August and September [
38].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
naturalThe primary mode of regeneration for redbay is sexual. The flowers are
insect- and wind-pollinated. Songbirds, wild turkeys, northern
bobwhites, black bears, and white-tailed deer disperse seeds. Natural
stands of redbay are patchy and diffuse due to overstory competition
[
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
swampRedbay is a late-seral species. It is shade tolerant but also grows
well in the open in both young and old stands [
5]. Redbay is a climax
associate in Daubenmire's [
9] southern magnolia (Magnolia
grandiflora)-live oak (Quercus virginiana) type and dominates swamp
forest [
43] and cedar [
34] understories in the absence of disturbance.
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf.
Tamala pubescens (Pursh) Small
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for redbay is Persea borbonia
(L.) Spreng. (Lauraceae). Morphological variety complicates redbay
taxonomy. Three varieties, also regarded as separate species, are
distinguished based on habitat differences and the morphology of the
hair on the undersides of the leaves:
P. b. var. borbonia - typical variety
P. b. var. humilis (Nash) Kopp [P. humulis Nash] - commonly known as
silkbay; distinguished from the typical variety by especially dense hair
[
12]; restricted to the oak (Quercus spp.)-pine (Pinus spp.) scrub of
peninsular Florida [
4].
P. b. var. pubescens (Pursh) Little [P. palustris (Raf.) Sarg.] - commonly
known as swampbay; distinguished from the type by crooked hair [
13] and
an affinity for swampy areas [
12,
20].
This review follows Little [
29] and Kartesz and Kartesz [
22] who favor
three varieties. There are no recognized subspecies or forms.
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
reclamationRedbay seedlings can be used in wetlands and phosphate mine reclamation
[
32].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Redbay wood is heavy, hard, strong, and bright red with thin,
light-colored sapwood. It is used locally for cabinetwork, interior
finishing, and boat building [
5].
- bibliographic citation
- Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Persea borbonia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
In the forest cover type Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Society of
American Foresters Type 104), redbay is a major component (1).
Stocking within this type may consist of combinations of any two
or all three of these species, but locally a single species may
dominate. It is a common associate of the following cover types:
Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), Pond Pine (Type 98),
Baldcypress-Tupelo (Type 102), and Water Tupelo-Swamp Tupelo
(Type 103). Redbay is a minor component of the following cover
types: Cabbage Palmetto (Type 74), Loblolly Pine (Type 81),
Atlantic White-Cedar (Type 97), Pondcypress (Type 100), and
Baldcypress (Type 101).
Numerous species that grow on moist to wet sites may be associated
with Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay, depending on the geographic
location, site, and stand history. Common hardwoods include red
maple (Acer rubrum), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica),
loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasianthus), sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua), water oak Quercus nigra), laurel oak
(Q. laurifolia), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera), and southern magnolia (Magnolia
grandiflora). Associated conifers include slash pine (Pinus
elliottii), longleaf pine (P. palustris), loblolly
pine (P. taeda), pond pine (P. serotina),
baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), pondcypress
(T distichum var. nutans), and Atlantic
white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides). Small trees and
shrubs associated with redbay include buckwheat-tree (Cliftonia
monophylla), dahoon (Ilex cassine), yaupon (I.
vomitoria), inkberry (I. glabra), lyonia
fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), bayberry (Myrica spp.),
and poison-sumac (Toxicodendron vernix).
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Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
Redbay grows in a climate ranging from warm-temperate along the
Atlantic Coast to semitropical in southern Florida and the lower
gulf coast of Texas. The frost-free period varies from a minimum
of 200 days to a maximum of 365 days and is more than 250 in much
of its range. Average January temperatures of these coastal areas
range from 3° C (38° F) in southern Delaware to 20°
C (68° F) in south Florida, with 10° to 13° C (50°
to 56° F) characteristic of most of this region. Summers are
hot and humid. Average July temperatures range from 26° to
28° C (78° to 82° F). Temperatures above 38°
C (100° F) or below -12° C (10° F) seldom occur
over most of this species range.
Average annual rainfall within the natural range of redbay varies
from a low of 1020 mm (40 in) in southern Delaware increasing to
about 1320 mm (52 in) along the Atlantic coast of Florida and
reaches a maximum of 1630 mm (64 in) in several areas along the
gulf coast. Rainfall is quite well distributed, with about 55
percent of the total annual rainfall occurring in the warm season
(April through September). Periodic summer droughts are more
common in the western part than in the rest of this species range
(9).
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- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
provided by Silvics of North America
Fire may cause substantial damage to
redbay. Fire scarring with the associated deterioration of the
butt portion of the tree is common. It may also prevent or
forestall the establishment of reproduction.
Insects or diseases apparently do not cause serious damage to
redbay. It is the principal host of Trioza magnoliae, a
psyllid or jumping plant louse. This psyllid forms large,
unsightly galls on redbay leaves but apparently causes little
damage to the tree because a large proportion of the leaves
remain unaffected (6). A leaf spot of redbay caused by the fungus
Phyllachora perseae has been reported. Evidently this
disease is not a serious problem because only a portion of the
leaf area is affected (5).
Although some species of the genus Persea are susceptible
to a root disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora
cinnamomi, redbay is resistant. This resistance is due to a
borbonol, a preformed antifungal substance that is a component of
the roots and stems of certain species of Persea. Some
species of this genus, including several avocado cultivars highly
susceptible to this root disease, do not contain antifungal
compounds with the properties of borbonol (10).
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- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
provided by Silvics of North America
The flowers are perfect, appearing
in the spring in the axils of the new foliage. Insects, primarily
bees, are the principal pollination vector; however, pollen is
also disseminated by wind. The fruit is a small drupe about 13 mm
(0.5 in) long that is bright blue or blue-black when ripe. A thin
layer of rather dry flesh surrounds the seed or pit of the fruit
(4).
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Genetics
provided by Silvics of North America
No information on the genetics of redbay is currently available.
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Redbay is included in a list of
commercial trees of southern hardwood forests, but its growth or
the size it attains varies considerably over its range.
Presumably these differences in growth are a reflection of
variation in site quality (8).
One source (4) describes redbay as a beautiful evergreen tree,
sometimes 18 to 21 m (60 to 70 ft) in height and 61 to 91 cm (24
to 36 in) in diameter. Under forest growth conditions it develops
a clear, cylindrical bole and a dense, pyramidal crown with
ascending branches.
A second source (3) describes redbay as a small evergreen tree
seldom more than 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 ft) tall with a trunk
diameter of 31 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in). Redbay found growing in
the pocosins along the Atlantic Coast has been described as a
shrub.
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Reaction to Competition
provided by Silvics of North America
Redbay is classed as tolerant of
shade but is also found growing well in the open, and in both
young and old forest stands. Reproduction is generally erratic
and scattered in groups among swamp tupelo and sweetbay.
Overstory competition may account for the scarcity and poor form
of redbay growing under certain forest conditions (8).
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Rooting Habit
provided by Silvics of North America
Information pertaining to this aspect of
the life history of redbay could not be found in the literature.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
#NAME?
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Seedling Development
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Germination of redbay seed is
hypogeal. No further information on seedling development was
available.
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Soils and Topography
provided by Silvics of North America
Redbay is found growing on the borders of swamps and swampy drains
in the rich, moist, mucky soil of the lower Coastal Plain. Such
muck swamps are not of alluvial origin but generally originate
from impoundment of water in land-locked depressions. The water
of these swamps is usually dark brown from accumulated organic
matter. The bottoms of the swamps do not provide firm support.
Sites similar to the deep muck swamps are found in the shallow
ponds, strands, and pocosins in the longleaf, slash, and pond
pine woods but here tree growth is usually stunted (8). These
soils are most commonly found in the order Histosols.
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Special Uses
provided by Silvics of North America
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and bright red, with a thin,
lighter colored sapwood, but it has no established place in
commerce. It is used locally for cabinet making and interior
finish and for boatbuilding. Dried leaves of redbay make an
excellent substitute for those of the tropical bay and may be
used in the same way for seasoning food. The tree is occasionally
used as an ornamental because of the evergreen leaves and its
fruit.
Redbay is reported to be of significant importance to wildlife.
The fruit is eaten by several species of songbirds and wild
turkey. In order of volumetric importance, the redbay fruits were
in 15th place in a list of 63 food items. Redbay seeds may form a
sizable portion of the bobwhite diet during the fall and winter
months. The fruits and leaves of redbay are eaten by deer. It is
browsed heaviest in fall and winter but withstands such grazing
well. As much as 40 percent of the annual growth has been removed
as browse for 2- or 3-year periods without causing death of the
plants. Reports that black bear consume both the fruits and
leaves of redbay have been noted in North Carolina and Florida
(2).
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Vegetative Reproduction
provided by Silvics of North America
No information on vegetative
reproduction of redbay could be found in the literature.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Redbay is a minor hardwood of southeastern and southern United
States. It is a common but seldom an abundant component of the
swamp forests of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from
southern Delaware south through Florida and west to the lower
Texas gulf coast It also grows in the Bahamas.
-The native range of redbay.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Lauraceae -- Laurel family
R. H. Brendemuehl
Redbay (Persea borbonia), also called shorebay, is an
attractive aromatic evergreen tree or shrub of the southeastern
Coastal Plains. This tree's size and growth habit varies
considerably over its range and commercially important trees are
not common. The wood takes a fine polish and is used locally for
cabinetwork and boatbuilding. The seeds are eaten by wildlife and
deer browse the foliage. The leaves are used as a seasoning for
cooking. Redbay is also planted as an ornamental
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Persea borbonia
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Persea borbonia ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Persea innerhalb der Familie der Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae). Sie kommt nur in den südöstlichen USA vor. Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: redbay, tisswood,[1] scrubbay, shorebay, swampbay.
Beschreibung
In diesem Artikel oder Abschnitt fehlen noch folgende wichtige Informationen:
Die meisten Merkmale sind nur marginal und viele gar nicht beschrieben
Hilf der Wikipedia, indem du sie
recherchierst und
![src=]()
Zweig mit wechselständigen, gestielten, einfachen Laubblättern mit Blattoberseite und -unterseite
Vegetative Merkmale
Persea borbonia wächst als immergrüner, kleiner Baum oder großer Strauch.
Die wechselständig am Zweig angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Laubblätter riechen aromatisch, wenn sie zerrieben werden.[2] Die einfache Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 7 bis 15 Zentimetern (3 bis 6 in) lanzettlich.[3] Die Blattspreiten variieren in der Farbe von hell- bis dunkelgrün.
Generative Merkmale
Die relativ kleine Steinfrucht ist bei Reife blau oder schwarz.[4]
Ökologie
Wegen einer Invasion des Borkenkäfers Xyleborus glabratus in den Südstaaten der USA stirbt Persea borbonia vielleicht langsam aus. Dieser Borkenkäfer wurde 2002 nahe Savannah (Georgia) erstmals beobachtet. Er überträgt eine durch den Pilz Raffaelea lauricola hervorgerufene Krankheit, die sogenannte „Lorbeer-Welke“ (englisch laurel wilt), die für das Absterben der Bäume verantwortlich ist.[5]
Dieser Artikel oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit
Belegen (beispielsweise
Einzelnachweisen) ausgestattet. Angaben ohne ausreichenden Beleg könnten demnächst entfernt werden. Bitte hilf Wikipedia, indem du die Angaben recherchierst und
gute Belege einfügst. diese Förster benennen besonders wenn oben was anderes steht
Einige Förster sind sich jedoch darin einig, dass Persea borbonia nicht aussterben wird, weil sie sich bis zu einem gewissen Grad aus eigener Kraft verjüngen kann.
Hirsche und Bären fressen die Blätter und Früchte von Persea borbonia, Vögel wie Truthühner nur die Früchte.[6]
![src=]()
Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
Verbreitung
Persea borbonia wächst an den Küsten der südöstlichen Vereinigten Staaten in den Tiefländern von Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, und Ost-North Carolina. Kleine, isolierte Populationen finden sich an den Küsten von Virginia sowie nahe der Grenze zwischen Maryland und Delaware.[3] Sie wächst auch auf den Bahamas und wird auf Hawaii kultiviert.[7] Normalerweise wächst sie an den Rändern von Brüchen.
Taxonomie
Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte 1753 unter dem Namen (Basionym) Laurus borbonia durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, 1, Seite 370.[8] Die Neukombination zu Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. wurde 1825 durch Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel in Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta, 2, Seite 268 veröffentlicht.[8] Weitere Synonyme für Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. sind: Persea littoralis Small, Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf., Tamala littoralis (Small) Small.[8][1]
Nutzung
Persea borbonia wird als Zierpflanze für Gärten und Parks verwendet.
Persea borbonia wird nicht mehr sehr als Heilpflanze genutzt. Die Seminolen nutzten sie früher als Brechmittel.[9] Die getrockneten Laubblätter können als Würzmittel verwendet werden.
Das Holz ist hart und haltbar und kann zum Bootsbau, zur Täfelung und zum Fußbodenbau genutzt werden.[9] Es wird nicht im großen Maßstab gehandelt, so dass seine Verwendung auf das Verbreitungsgebiet von Persea borbonia beschränkt ist.
Forschung
Persea borbonia war im Zusammenhang mit Pfropfung und Hybridisierung mit Avocado (Persea americana) Forschungsobjekt. Es sollten mögliche Vorteile für die Resistenz gegen Krankheiten und die Toleranz gegenüber feuchten Böden und kühlen Temperaturen ermittelt werden. Beide Arten bilden wenn überhaupt, dann selten Hybride miteinander. Zur Pfropfung gab es zwei kompatible Gruppen von Persea americana und Persea borbonia, die aber keine lebensfähigen Exemplare hervorbrachten.[10][11]
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b Persea borbonia im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2019.
-
↑ Persea borbonia Fact Sheet. Virginia Tech Dendrology. Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2019.
-
↑ a b Redbay (Persea borbonia): Drifting Toward Oblivion. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources UGA. Mai 2012. Abgerufen am 19. August 2018.
-
↑ Persea borbonia. Floridata. 6. Februar 2007. Abgerufen am 16. Juni 2012.
-
↑ An Undefended Buffet: The Unnecessary Extinction of the Redbay, a Defining Southern Tree, by Susan Cerulean : Articles. Terrain.org. Abgerufen am 16. Juni 2012.
-
↑ Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.. U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. Archiviert vom Original am 21. Oktober 2012. Abgerufen am 16. Juni 2012.
-
↑ Persea borbonia. Fs.fed.us. Abgerufen am 16. Juni 2012.
-
↑ a b c Persea borbonia bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 15. Juli 2019.
-
↑ a b Persea borbonia bei Plants For A Future, abgerufen am 15. Juli 2019.
-
↑ R. S. Bringhurst: Interspecific Hybridization in and Chromosome Numbers in Persea. In: Proceedings of the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE. 63, 1954, S. 239–242.
-
↑ E. F. Frolich, C. A. Schroeder, G. A. Zentmyer: California Avocado Society (Hrsg.): Graft compatibility in the genus Persea (= Yearbook), Band 42 1958, S. 102–105. Volltext-PDF.
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Persea borbonia: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Persea borbonia ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Persea innerhalb der Familie der Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae). Sie kommt nur in den südöstlichen USA vor. Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: redbay, tisswood, scrubbay, shorebay, swampbay.
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Persea borbonia
provided by wikipedia EN
Persea borbonia or redbay[3] is a small, evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae), native to the southeastern United States. It belongs to the genus Persea, a group of evergreen trees including bays and the avocado. Persea borbonia has several common names including tisswood,[3] scrubbay, shorebay, and swampbay.
Description
Persea borbonia can be present as either a small tree or a large shrub. It has evergreen leaves that are about 3 to 6 inches long[4] with a lance shape. The leaves are arranged alternately and emit a spicy smell when crushed.[5] The leaves vary in color from bright green to dark green. These trees are capable of producing fruit that is a small, blue or black drupe.[6] Redbay is a perennial, with a non-herbaceous stem that is lignified.[7]
Distribution
Persea borbonia grows in the coastal margins of the southeastern United States. It is endemic to the lowlands of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and eastern North Carolina. Small, isolated populations can be found in coastal Virginia, and near the Maryland and Delaware state line.[8] It also grows in the Bahamas and is cultivated in Hawaii.[9] It usually grows on the borders of swamp land.
Due to an invasion of redbay ambrosia beetle in the Southern United States the tree is slowly dying out. The beetle was discovered in 2002 near Savannah, Georgia and it carries a laurel wilt fungal disease that is responsible for killing redbays.[10] However, foresters agree the species will likely not go extinct in the southeastern U.S. since it appears to rejuvenate to some degree on its own.
Uses
The plant is not widely used now for medicinal purposes, however members of the Seminole tribe formerly used it as an emetic to induce vomiting.[11] The dried-up leaves can be used as a condiment.[12]
The wood is hard and strong and can be used to build boats, cabinets and for lining the interior of structures. The wood is not traded on a large scale so it is confined to the regions where P. borbonia grows.
Cultivation
Persea borbonia is cultivated as an ornamental tree for gardens and parks.
Wildlife
Deer and bears also eat the leaves and fruits of redbay. Birds, including turkey, eat the plant's bitter fruit.[13][12]
References
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Persea borbonia: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Persea borbonia or redbay is a small, evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae), native to the southeastern United States. It belongs to the genus Persea, a group of evergreen trees including bays and the avocado. Persea borbonia has several common names including tisswood, scrubbay, shorebay, and swampbay.
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Persea borbonia
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Persea borbonia er et eviggrønt tre i laurbærfamilien som vokser på kystslettene i sørøstlige USA.
Det blir opptil 25 m høyt, og alle deler av planten dufter. Bladene er ovale til elliptiske, 6–16 cm lange og 2–5 cm brede. Bladundersiden er lys og hårete, og oversiden er skinnende grønn. Frukten er en steinfrukt som er 10 mm i diameter.
Persea borbonia vokser på kanten av sumper. Her finnes den sammen med trær som Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, rødlønn, sumptre, Gordonia lasianthus, ambratre, vasseik, tulipantre, oksemagnolia, sumpfuru, virakfuru, sumpsypress (både var. distichum og var. imbricarium) og atlantersypress. I busksjiktet finnes blant annet Cliftonia monophylla, kristtorn, Lyonia lucida og Morella. Utbredelsen omfatter kystslettene fra sørlige Delaware sørover til Florida og vestover til Texas. Arten finnes også på Bahamas.
Kilder
- R.H. Brendemuehl. «Redbay». Silvics of North America. Besøkt 17. mai 2017.
- «Persea borbonia». Flora of North America. Besøkt 17. mai 2017.
Eksterne lenker
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Persea borbonia: Brief Summary
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Persea borbonia er et eviggrønt tre i laurbærfamilien som vokser på kystslettene i sørøstlige USA.
Det blir opptil 25 m høyt, og alle deler av planten dufter. Bladene er ovale til elliptiske, 6–16 cm lange og 2–5 cm brede. Bladundersiden er lys og hårete, og oversiden er skinnende grønn. Frukten er en steinfrukt som er 10 mm i diameter.
Persea borbonia vokser på kanten av sumper. Her finnes den sammen med trær som Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, rødlønn, sumptre, Gordonia lasianthus, ambratre, vasseik, tulipantre, oksemagnolia, sumpfuru, virakfuru, sumpsypress (både var. distichum og var. imbricarium) og atlantersypress. I busksjiktet finnes blant annet Cliftonia monophylla, kristtorn, Lyonia lucida og Morella. Utbredelsen omfatter kystslettene fra sørlige Delaware sørover til Florida og vestover til Texas. Arten finnes også på Bahamas.
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Persea borbonia
(
Slovak
)
provided by wikipedia SK
Persea borbonia je rastlina z čeľade vavrínovité. Je to stálezelený strom alebo ker. Prirodzeným areálom výskytu je juhovýchod USA. Dorastá do výšky 15 metrov. Jeho obávaným škodcom je chrobák Xyleborus glabratus.[1]
Používanie
Dávnejšie sa používal v ľudovom liečiteľstve ako dávidlo.[2] Pestuje sa ako parková a okrasná drevina. Slúži aj ako potrava pre medvede, jelene a iné živočíchy.[3]
Zdroje
-
↑ The Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Scolytinae: Curculionidae) [online]. [Cit. 2020-01-03]. Dostupné online. (angličtina)
-
↑ Persea borbonia - (L.)Spreng. [online]. [Cit. 2020-01-03]. Dostupné online. (angličtina)
-
↑ Persea borbonia [online]. [Cit. 2020-01-03]. Dostupné online. (angličtina)
Iné projekty
Persea borbonia: Brief Summary
(
Slovak
)
provided by wikipedia SK
Persea borbonia je rastlina z čeľade vavrínovité. Je to stálezelený strom alebo ker. Prirodzeným areálom výskytu je juhovýchod USA. Dorastá do výšky 15 metrov. Jeho obávaným škodcom je chrobák Xyleborus glabratus.
Persea borbonia
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
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Persea borbonia: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Persea borbonia là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (L.) Spreng. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1825.
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Персея бурбонская
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Персея бурбонская
Международное научное название
Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., 1825
Синонимы Дочерние таксоны
Ареал 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 18149NCBI 3436EOL 596915GRIN t:27396IPNI 467947-1TPL tro-17801273 Персея бурбонская, или Красный лавр (лат. Persea borbonia) — вид вечнозелёных растений из рода Персея семейства Лавровые (Lauraceae), распространённых в южных районах Северной Америки, от Техаса до Флориды и Северной Каролины.
Ботаническое описание
Крупный кустарник или небольшое дерево высотой до 20 м, растущее на окраинах болот и в других переувлажнённых местах, нередко по несколько недель находящихся под водой.
Листья кожистые, узкие.
Плоды сухие, размером чуть больше сантиметра.
Одна из разновидностей этого вида, Персея приземистая (Persea borbonia var. humilis), растущая в штате Флорида, является охраняемым растением, поскольку наблюдается серьёзное сокращение её численности из-за проводимого осушения заболоченных участков[3]:191—192.
Применение
Ранее индейцы племени семинолы широко использовали части растения в своей традиционной медицинской практике, для лечения многих недугов, но прежде всего как рвотное и очищающее средство.[4]
Может культивироваться в качестве вечнозелёного декоративного растения, в США культивируется также на Гавайях.
Древесина твердая и прочная, может использоваться для постройки лодок, мебели и декорации помещений. В виду ограниченного распространения растения, его древесина не представлена на глобальном рынке.
Примечания
Персея бурбонская: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Персея бурбонская, или Красный лавр (лат. Persea borbonia) — вид вечнозелёных растений из рода Персея семейства Лавровые (Lauraceae), распространённых в южных районах Северной Америки, от Техаса до Флориды и Северной Каролины.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Persea borbonia
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Persea borbonia
Tento článok týkajúci sa botaniky je zatiaľ „výhonok“. Pomôž Wikipédii tým, že ho doplníš a rozšíriš. 
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nguyệt quế (Lauraceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 
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