Calvatia sculpta, commonly known as the sculpted puffball, the sculptured puffball, the pyramid puffball, and the Sierran puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Attaining dimensions of up to 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) tall by 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) wide, the pear- or egg-shaped puffball is readily recognizable because of the large pyramidal or polygonal warts covering its surface. It is edible when young, before the spores inside the fruit body disintegrate into a brownish powder. The spores are roughly spherical, and have wart-like projections on their surfaces.
Originally described from the Sierra Nevada, C. sculpta is found in mountainous areas in western North America, and was found in a Brazilian dune in 2008. It may be easily confused with Calbovista subsculpta, a similar puffball that—in addition to differences observable only with a microscope—is larger, and has slightly raised warts with a felt-like texture. Other similar species include Calvatia arctica and immature specimens of Amanita magniverrucata.
The species was first described in 1885 by American mycologist Harvey Willson Harkness, under the name Lycoperdon sculptum. Harkness, who called it "a curious and strikingly beautiful species", found fruit bodies growing at elevations between 1,800 and 2,400 meters (5,900 and 7,900 ft) in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Although he noted that "in appearance it differs so much from any species known to us, as to be almost deemed worthy of generic rank", he thought that placement in the puffball genus Lycoperdon was the most appropriate classification, despite its unusual cortex.[2] Harkness's type collections were destroyed in the fires following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[3] In 1904, Curtis Gates Lloyd considered the species better placed in Calvatia, because of the resemblance of its deeply colored capillitial threads (coarse thick-walled cells found in the gleba) to those of Calvatia caelata;[nb 1] he called the species Calvatia sculptum.[7] The mushroom is known by several common names, including the "sculpted puffball", the "sculptured puffball", the "pyramid puffball",[8] and the "Sierran puffball".[9]
In 1992, German mycologist Hanns Kreisel, in his survey of the genus Calvatia, defined the section Sculpta to contain C. sculpta and C. subcretacea.[10] Two years later he merged the section Cretacea into Sculpta[11] when it was shown that C. subcretacea was synonymous with the arctic-alpine species C. arctica.[12]
The white pear- or egg-shaped fruit body of C. sculpta may be 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) tall by 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) wide. The outer layer of tissue, known as the exoperidium, is covered on the outer surface with distinctive long, pointed, pyramid-shaped warts, either erect or bent over and sometimes connected at the tip with other warts.[13] The warts bear parallel horizontal lines towards the base. Mycologist David Arora opined that C. sculpta resembled "a cross between a geodesic dome and a giant glob of meringue."[9] In age, the peridium sloughs off and exposes a brownish spore mass. The interior of the puffball, the gleba, is firm and yellowish-white when young, but gradually becomes powdery and deep olive-brown as it matures.[13]
The spores are roughly spherical, thick-walled, 3–6 µm in diameter (although some specimens collected in the US range from 7.2 to 9.5 µm),[14] and are covered with minute spines or warts.[15] The use of scanning electron microscopy has revealed that these ornamentations on the spores are typically 0.95 µm long. Spore ultrastructure is distinctive among Calvatia species, and has been used to help verify taxonomic groupings and confirm the status of species within the genus.[16] The capillitia (coarse, thick-walled hyphae in the gleba) are septate, with branches that are narrowed towards the tips; they are 3–8 µm in diameter.[15] When grown in pure culture in the laboratory, C. sculpta is, under certain conditions, able to grow structures called mycelial strands. These are linear aggregates of hyphae whereby older "leading" hyphae become enclosed by coiled layers of newer "tendril" hyphae. Mycelial strands provide a conduit for transporting water and nutrients across non-nutrient material, allowing the fungus to reach new sources of food.[17] They are also implicated in the formation of fruit bodies and sclerotia. The mycelia of C. sculpta can be induced to form mycelial strands when there is a permeable physical barrier between it and the agar substrate.[18] The wide hyphae in the center of the mycelial strands contain protein-dense structures on their cell walls that are shaped like a torus. Their function is unknown.[19]
Calvatia sculpta is edible, and said to be "choice" by some authors.[9][13] The taste is described as "mild" and the flesh has no distinguishable odor.[13] Arora recommends eating the puffball only when it is firm and white inside, as older specimens may have a distasteful iodine-like flavor.[20] The puffball may be preserved by freezing fresh or partially cooked slices, but their flavor and texture will deteriorate unless cooked immediately after thawing. Recommended cooking techniques for puffball slices include sautéing and coating in batter before frying.[8] C. sculpta was used as a traditional food of the Plains and Sierra Miwok Indians of North America, who called the fungus potokele or patapsi.[21] Puffballs were prepared by drying them in the sun, grinding them with a mortar, and boiling them before eating with acorn soup.[22][23]
The giant western puffball, Calvatia booniana, is much larger than C. sculpta—up to 60 cm (24 in) in diameter and 30 cm (12 in) tall—and has a smoother surface.[24] Mature specimens of Calvatia arctica (synonymous with Calvatia subcretacea, Gastropila subcretacea, and Handkea subcretacea)[1][12] can resemble immature specimens of C. sculpta. It is distinguished from C. sculpta by its tough, thicker peridial wall,[15] and its scales are tipped with gray-brown.[25] Calbovista subsculpta is similar in appearance, but has more flattened and less prominent pyramidal warts. Microscopically, its capillitia are thin-walled and frequently and irregularly branched, in contrast to the thick-walled infrequently branched capillitia of C. sculpta.[13] The "possibly toxic" Amanita magniverrucata, in its embryonic stage, has a superficial resemblance as it also has pyramidal cap warts. However, it grows at different elevations and different seasons than C. sculpta. Further, slicing the fruit body of A. magniverrucata in half will reveal internal structures of cap, gills and stem not present in puffballs.[26]
The sculptured puffball grows solitarily or in small groups in forest duff. It is typically associated with coniferous forests at high elevations, greater than about 750 m (2,500 ft),[27] on western mountains like the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range.[15][20] The United States distribution includes the states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.[28] An uncommon species,[9] it fruits throughout spring, summer, and fall during wet weather.[13]
Most commonly known from western North America,[13] the species was reported growing on sandy soil in Natal Dunes State Park in the northeastern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte in 2008. The fruit bodies were associated with the roots of the native tree species Eugenia brasiliensis. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for this disjunct distribution: the species may have been present before the Americas separated; it may have been introduced to Brazil by human activity, and subsequently adapted to the environment there; or the North and South American populations may represent a cryptic species complex—appearing morphologically similar but genetically distinct. The Brazilian population has not been compared genetically with North American specimens.[14]
Calvatia sculpta, commonly known as the sculpted puffball, the sculptured puffball, the pyramid puffball, and the Sierran puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Attaining dimensions of up to 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) tall by 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) wide, the pear- or egg-shaped puffball is readily recognizable because of the large pyramidal or polygonal warts covering its surface. It is edible when young, before the spores inside the fruit body disintegrate into a brownish powder. The spores are roughly spherical, and have wart-like projections on their surfaces.
Originally described from the Sierra Nevada, C. sculpta is found in mountainous areas in western North America, and was found in a Brazilian dune in 2008. It may be easily confused with Calbovista subsculpta, a similar puffball that—in addition to differences observable only with a microscope—is larger, and has slightly raised warts with a felt-like texture. Other similar species include Calvatia arctica and immature specimens of Amanita magniverrucata.
Calvatia sculpta, comúnmente conocido como bejín esculpido, bejín escultural, bejín piramidal, y bejín sierra, es una especie de hongo que pertenece a la familia Agaricaceae. Sus dimensiones alcanzan de 8 a 15 cm (3,1 a 5,9 pulgadas) de alto por 8 a 10 cm (3,1 a 3,9 pulgadas), el bejín—en forma de huevo o pera—es fácilmente reconocible debido a la gran forma piramidal o verrugas poligonales que cubre su superficie. El hongo es comestible cuando esta en estado joven, antes de que las esporas en el interior del cuerpo fructífero se desintegre en un polvo de color marrón. Las esporas son más o menos esféricas, y salientes semejantes a verrugas en su exterior.
Se le describió originalmente en la cordillera de Sierra Nevada en California, C. sculpta se encuentra en áreas montañosas del oeste de América del Norte, y también se le encontró en una duna de Brasil en 2008. Puede ser fácilmente confundida con la especie Calbovista subsculpta, un bejín similar—Además de las diferencias observables solamente con microscopía—pero más grande, y tiene verrugas con una textura similar al fieltro ligeramente elevado. Otras especies similares incluyen Calvatia arctica y especímenes inmaduros de Amanita magniverrucata.
La especie fue descrita por primera vez en 1885 por el micólogo estadounidense Harvey Willson Harkness, bajo el nombre Lycoperdon sculptum. Harkness, quién lo llamó "una curiosa especie y de extraordinaria belleza", encontró éstos cuerpos fructíferos crecen en las elevaciones entre 1.800 y 2.400 metros (5.900 y 7.900 pies) de la cordillera de Sierra Nevada. Aunque señaló que "en apariencia se diferencia mucho de cualquier especie conocida para nosotros, como para ser casi considerados dignos de su rango genérico", él pensaba que la colocación en el género Lycoperdon fue la clasificación más apropiada, a pesar de su inusual corteza.[2]
Las colecciones de Harkness fueron destruidas en los incendios que siguieron al terremoto de San Francisco de 1906.[3] En 1904, Curtis Gates Lloyd considerada la especie mejor colocada en el género Calvatia, debido a la semejanza de sus hilos capilicios de colores intensos (células con paredes áspera y gruesas que se encuentran en la gleba) con los de la especie Calvatia caelata;[nota 1] que él llamaba Calvatia sculpta.[7] El hongo es conocido por varios nombres comunes, como "bejín esculpido", "bejín escultural", "bejín piramidal"[8] y "bejín sierra".[9]
En 1992, el micólogo alemán Hanns Kreisel, en su estudio del género Calvatia, define la sección Sculptra para contener C. sculpta y C. subcretacea.[10] Dos años más tarde, fusionó Cretacea dentro de Sculpta[11] cuando se demostró que C. subcretacea era sinónimo de la especie ártica-alpina C. arctica.[12]
El bejín—en forma de huevo o pera—es de color blanco tienen un tamaño de 8 a 15 cm de alto por 8 a 10 cm de ancho. La capa externa del tejido, conocido como el exoperidio, está cubierta en la superficie exterior con verrugas puntiagudas con forma piramidal largos y distintivos, ya sea erguido o inclinado sobre y, a veces conectados a la punta con otras verrugas.[13] Las verrugas tienen líneas horizontales paralelas hacia la base. El micólogo David Arora opinó que C. sculpta se asemejan a "un cruce entre un domo geodésico y una gota gigante de merengue".[9] En edad el Peridio se sacude y expone una masa de esporas de color marrón. El interior del bejín, la gleba, es firme y de color blanco amarillento cuando es joven, pero poco a poco llega a estar polvoriento y toma un color oliva-marrón intenso a medida que madura.[13]
Las esporas son más o menos esférico, de pared delgada, entre 3 a 6 micras de diámetro (aunque algunos especímenes recolectados se encuentren de 7,2 a 9,5 micras),[14] y están cubiertos de espinas diminutas o verrugas.[15] El uso de microscopía electrónica de barrido ha revelado que estas ornamentaciones en las esporas son típicamente de 0,95 micras de largo. La ultraestructura de las esporas se distingue entre las especies de Calvatia, y se ha utilizado para ayudar a verificar agrupaciones taxonómicas y confirmar el estado de las especies dentro del género.[16]
El capilicio (áspero, hifas de paredes gruesas en la gleba) está septado, con ramas que son más estrechas hacia las puntas; de 3-8 micras de diámetro.[15] Cuando se cultiva en un cultivo puro en el laboratorio, C. sculpta es bajo ciertas condiciones, capaz de hacer crecer estructuras llamados "hilos miceliales". Estos son agregados lineales de hifas por donde las "líderes" más viejas se acercan por capas rizadas de las nuevas en el "zarcillo".
Los hilos miceliales proporcionan un conducto para transportar agua y nutrientes a través del material no nutritivo, lo que permite al hongo alcanzar nuevas fuentes de alimento.[17] También están implicados en la formación de cuerpos fructíferos y esclerocios. El micelio de la especie C. sculpta puede ser inducida para formar los hilos miceliales cuando hay una barrera física permeable entre el mismo y el sustrato de agar.[18] Las amplias hifas en el centro de los hilos de micelio contiene estructuras de proteínas de alta densidad en sus paredes celulares que su superficie tiene forma de un toro. Su función es desconocida.[19]
Calvatia sculpta produce materia extracelular (secretado fuera de la célula), enzimas de Hidrolasa conocidas como esterasas y lipasas. Estas clases de enzimas son de interés en biotecnología debido a su uso en procesos industriales.[20]
El hongo Calvatia sculpta es comestible, y por "elección" de algunos autores.[9][13] El sabor es descrito como "leve" y la carne no tiene olor distinguible.[13] Arora recomienda comer el bejín sólo cuando es firme y blanco por dentro, como los especímenes viejos pueden tener un sabor desagradable similar al yodo.[21] Se puede conservar congelando las rebanadas frescas o parcialmente cocidas, pero su sabor y textura se deteriorará a menos que sean cocinados inmediatamente después de la descongelación. Las técnicas de cocción recomendadas para las rebanadas del bejín incluyen Salteado y revestimiento de rebozado antes de freír.[8] C. sculpta fue utilizado como un alimento tradicional de la tribu de miwok de la sierra quienes lo llamaron hongo potokele o patapsi.[22] Los bejines se prepararon mediante el secado en el sol, molerlos con un mortero, y hervirlos antes de comer con la sopa de bellotas.[23][24]
El bejín gigante occidental, Calvatia booniana, es mucho mayor que C. sculpta—de hasta 60 cm (24 pulgadas) de diámetro y 30 cm (12 pulgadas) de altura—y tiene una superficie más lisa.[25] Los especímenes maduros de Calvatia arctica (es sinónimo de Calvatia cretacea, Gastropila subcretacea, y Handkea subcretacea). [26][12] Pueden parecerse a los especímenes inmaduros de C. sculpta. Se distingue de C. sculptra por su pared peridial dura, gruesa,[15] y sus escalas se inclinan con gris-marrón [27] Calbovista subsculpta es similar en apariencia, pero tiene verrugas piramidales más aplanadas y menos prominentes. Microscópicamente, sus capilicios son de pared delgada y con frecuencia irregular y ramificado, en contraste con el Capilicio de paredes gruesas infrecuente ramificado de C. sculpta.[13] Amanita magniverrucata es "posiblemente tóxico", en su etapa embrionaria, tiene una semejanza superficial ya que también tiene verrugas piramidales. Sin embargo, crece a diferentes alturas y distintas estaciones que C. sculpta. Además, cortando el cuerpo fructífero de A. magniverrucat por la mitad revelará las estructuras internas del píleo, las láminas y el estipe no están presentes en los bejines.[1]
El bejín esculpido crece forma solitaria o en pequeños grupos en los bosques. Por lo general se asocia con bosques de coníferas en las altas elevaciones arriba de 750 metros (2.500 pies),[28] en las montañas occidentales, como la Sierra Nevada y la Cordillera de las Cascadas.[15][21] Se encuentra en los estados de California, Oregon, Washington y Idaho de Estados Unidos.[29] Es una especie poco común,[9] fructifica durante la primavera, verano y otoño durante el clima húmedo.[13]
Es mayormente conocida en el oeste de Norteamérica,[13] la especie se reportó que crecen en suelo arenoso del Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal, Rio Grande del Norte, noreste de Brasil en 2008. El cuerpo fructífero fueron asociados con las raíces de las especies de árboles natal Eugenia brasiliensis. Se han propuesto varias hipótesis para explicar esta distribución discontinua: la especie pueden haber estado presentes antes de que el continente se separara; o puede haber sido introducido a Brasil por la actividad humana, y posteriormente se adaptó al entorno; o las poblaciones de América del Norte y Sur pueden representar una especie críptica compleja de aspecto morfológicamente similar pero genéticamente distintas. La especie brasileña no se ha comparado genéticamente con los especímenes de América del Norte.[14]
|fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda) |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda) Calvatia sculpta, comúnmente conocido como bejín esculpido, bejín escultural, bejín piramidal, y bejín sierra, es una especie de hongo que pertenece a la familia Agaricaceae. Sus dimensiones alcanzan de 8 a 15 cm (3,1 a 5,9 pulgadas) de alto por 8 a 10 cm (3,1 a 3,9 pulgadas), el bejín—en forma de huevo o pera—es fácilmente reconocible debido a la gran forma piramidal o verrugas poligonales que cubre su superficie. El hongo es comestible cuando esta en estado joven, antes de que las esporas en el interior del cuerpo fructífero se desintegre en un polvo de color marrón. Las esporas son más o menos esféricas, y salientes semejantes a verrugas en su exterior.
Se le describió originalmente en la cordillera de Sierra Nevada en California, C. sculpta se encuentra en áreas montañosas del oeste de América del Norte, y también se le encontró en una duna de Brasil en 2008. Puede ser fácilmente confundida con la especie Calbovista subsculpta, un bejín similar—Además de las diferencias observables solamente con microscopía—pero más grande, y tiene verrugas con una textura similar al fieltro ligeramente elevado. Otras especies similares incluyen Calvatia arctica y especímenes inmaduros de Amanita magniverrucata.
| fotkaraktär = | sporavtrycksfärg = brun }}
Calvatia sculpta je grzib[2], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Harkn., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Lloyd 1904. Calvatia sculpta nŏleży do zorty Calvatia i familije Agaricaceae.[3][4] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[3]
| fotkaraktär = | sporavtrycksfärg = brun }}
Calvatia sculpta je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Harkn., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Lloyd 1904. Calvatia sculpta nŏleży do zorty Calvatia i familije Agaricaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.
Calvatia sculpta là một loài nấm trứng trong họ Agaricaceae. Đạt kích thước từ 8 đến 15 cm chiều cao từ 8 đến 10 cm, quả thể hình quả lê hoặc quả trứng có thể dễ dàng nhận ra do các gai lớn hình chóp hoặc đa giá lớn bao phủ bề mặt.[1][2] Nó có thể ăn được khi còn non,[3][4]
[5] trước khi các bào tử bên trong cơ thể quả tươi phân hủy thành bột màu nâu. Các bào tử có dạng hình cầu, và có các vết mụn cóc trên bề mặt của chúng. Ban đầu được mô tả từ Sierra Nevada, C. sculpta được tìm thấy ở vùng núi phía Tây Bắc Mỹ, và được tìm thấy trong một cồn Brazil vào năm 2008. Nó có thể dễ dàng bị nhầm lẫn với Calculovista subsculpta, một loài nấm có mũ hình quả bong bóng tương tự, ngoại trừ sự khác biệt chỉ quan sát được Với kính hiển vi - lớn hơn, và có một chút mụn cóc với một kết cấu cảm giác. Các loài tương tự khác bao gồm Calvatia arctica và mẫu vật chưa trưởng thành của Amanita magniverrucata.
Calvatia sculpta là một loài nấm trứng trong họ Agaricaceae. Đạt kích thước từ 8 đến 15 cm chiều cao từ 8 đến 10 cm, quả thể hình quả lê hoặc quả trứng có thể dễ dàng nhận ra do các gai lớn hình chóp hoặc đa giá lớn bao phủ bề mặt. Nó có thể ăn được khi còn non,
trước khi các bào tử bên trong cơ thể quả tươi phân hủy thành bột màu nâu. Các bào tử có dạng hình cầu, và có các vết mụn cóc trên bề mặt của chúng. Ban đầu được mô tả từ Sierra Nevada, C. sculpta được tìm thấy ở vùng núi phía Tây Bắc Mỹ, và được tìm thấy trong một cồn Brazil vào năm 2008. Nó có thể dễ dàng bị nhầm lẫn với Calculovista subsculpta, một loài nấm có mũ hình quả bong bóng tương tự, ngoại trừ sự khác biệt chỉ quan sát được Với kính hiển vi - lớn hơn, và có một chút mụn cóc với một kết cấu cảm giác. Các loài tương tự khác bao gồm Calvatia arctica và mẫu vật chưa trưởng thành của Amanita magniverrucata.
