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Benefits

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In the United States, mosquitoes are often thought of as a pest and a nuisance. Anopheles gambiae is much more than a simple pest, it is responsible for the transmission of malaria and other serious diseases throughout Africa. Anopheles gambiae transmits Plasmodium falciparum, which is the most severe of the four malarial agents. Although this disease was wiped out in the United States, it remains a world health hazard. There are an estimated 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year and as a result, 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths worldwide. Continental sub-Sahara Africa, however, accounts for roughly 90% of all malarial cases worldwide.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, carries human disease); household pest

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Associations

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Mosquitos are food for many types of birds, bats, frogs, lizards, and spiders.

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Morphology

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Mosquitoes, like all insects, have three body segments: a head, thorax, and abdomen. The thoracic segment possesses three pairs of legs and a pair of wings used for flight. The hind wings are modified into balancing appendages called halteres. Male antennae have significantly more hair like structures, called setae, which aid in locating females. The general coloration of this species is yellowish brown to brown with the last segment of the body normally all dark. The legs are spotted or speckled as an adult, and females normally have three pale bands on their palpi. The wings have pale scales that are creamy white and tinged with yellow. Anopheles gambiae larvae are 5-6 mm long and they are colored in much the same manner as the muddy water in which they are found. They breathe underwater through posterior spiracular plates on the 8th abdominal segment.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Habitat

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Individuals live throughout Africa, as long as water is readily available. Some species prefer fresh water, while others within the Anopheles gambiae complex live near water with high saline concentrations.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; temporary pools; brackish water

Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian ; estuarine

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Distribution

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The Anopheles gambiae complex is widely distributed throughout Africa.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Life Cycle

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Anopheles gambiae development is holometabolous, with four larval instar stages followed by a non-feeding pupal stage where the organism undergoes complete metamorphosis from the larval form to the adult morphology. All mosquito larvae and pupae are aquatic. The larvae eat small pieces of organic matter, while the pupae eat nothing and do not move.

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Conservation Status

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US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Trophic Strategy

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All Anopheles gambiae females are temporary ectoparasites, living in the environment and coming to the host to feed. The females require blood meals to mature their eggs. Males, however, are non-parasitic and feed on plant fluids. Females do not display a tremendous amount of host specificity, but research indicates Anopheles gambiae preferentially feeds on humans. Females locate their hosts using a variety of sensory receptors, but respond to movement, carbon dioxide gradients, and sweat. Also, two odorant-binding proteins (OBP) have been isolated in Anopheles gambiae, which are hypothesized to aid female's search for human hosts.

Animal Foods: blood

Plant Foods: nectar; sap or other plant fluids

Primary Diet: carnivore (Sanguivore ); herbivore (Nectarivore , Eats sap or other plant foods)

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Associations

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These mosquitoes are disease vectors, and also provide food to predators.

Ecosystem Impact: parasite

Species Used as Host:

  • Vertebrata
  • Homo sapiens
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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Behavior

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Females locate their hosts using a variety of sensory receptors, but respond to movement, carbon dioxide gradients, and sweat. Also, two odorant-binding proteins (OBP) have been isolated in Anopheles gambiae, which are hypothesized to aid female's search for human hosts.

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Untitled

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Anopheles gambiae is not a single mosquito species, but instead a species complex comprising six species that are morphologically similar but reproductively isolated.

An average person in Africa may experience 50 to 100 Anopheles gambiae bites per night.

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Benefits

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Anopheles gambiae have no known positive economic impact on humans.

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Reproduction

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Adults mate almost immediately after emerging.

Adults mate soon after emerging from their pupae. Females require blood meals to mature their fertilized eggs. Some species in the Anopheles gambiae complex are freshwater breeders while others prefer saltwater, but mosquito eggs must remain in contact with water to survive. Females lay their eggs singly on the surface of the water, up to 200 eggs at a time. The presence of water is necessary for the development of the eggs and larvae. Some species in the Anopheles gambiae complex prefer small, shaded pools and rice fields to lay their eggs, while others prefer water with a high salinity concentration. Despite the site preference, the pools of water are almost always exposed to direct sunlight.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

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Prior, J. 2003. "Anopheles gambiae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Anopheles_gambiae.html
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Anopheles gambiae ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El complex Anopheles gambiae consisteix en almenys set espècies de mosquits morfològicament indistingibles del gènere Anopheles. El complex va ser reconegut als anys seixanta i inclou els vectors més importants de la malària a l'Àfrica subsahariana, en particular un dels vectors de malària més eficients, Plasmodium falciparum.[1]

Identificació

El complex Anopheles gambiae o Anopheles gambiae sensu lato va ser reconegut com un complex d'espècies a partir de la dècada del 1960. El complex An. gambiae es compon de:

Les espècies individuals del complex són morfològicament difícils de distingir entre si, encara que és possible per a larves i femelles adultes. Les espècies presenten diferents trets conductuals. Per exemple, Anopheles quadriannulatus és una espècie d'aigua salada i d'aigua dolça. An. melas i An. merus són espècies d'aigua salada, mentre que la resta són espècies d'aigua dolça.[4]

La identificació a nivell d'espècie utilitzant els mètodes moleculars de Scott et al. (1993) pot tenir implicacions importants en les mesures de control posteriors.[5]

Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto

An. gambiae s.s. s'ha descobert que actualment es troba en un estat de divergència en dues espècies diferents: Els llinatges Mopti (M) i Savannah (S), encara que a partir de 2007, les dues soques encara es consideren com una sola espècie. El genoma d'An. gambiae s.s. s'ha seqüenciat tres cops, un cop per al llinatge M, un cop per al llinatge S, i un tercer cop per a una soca híbrida.[6][7] Actualment, ~90 miRNA s'han predit en la literatura científica (38 miRNA enumerats en miRBase) per a An. gambiae s.s. basat en seqüències conservades al miRNA descrites a Drosophila.

El mecanisme del reconeixement entre les espècies sembla ser el so emès per les ales i identificat per l'òrgan de Johnston. [8]

Fecunditat

La fecunditat d'A. gambiae depèn de la desintoxicació de les espècies reactives de l'oxigen (ROS) duta a terme per la catalasa.[9] La reducció de l'activitat de la catalasa redueix significativament la producció reproductiva dels mosquits femelles, cosa que indica que la catalasa juga un paper central en la protecció dels oòcits i dels embrions primerencs dels danys provocats per ROS .[9]

Brasil

An. gambiae va envair el nord-est de Brasil el 1930, provocant una epidèmia de malària els anys 1938/39.[10] El govern brasiler assistit per la Fundació Rockefeller en un programa encapçalat per Fred Soper va erradicar aquests mosquits d'aquesta àrea. Aquest esforç es va modelar en l'èxit anterior en l'erradicació d'Aedes aegypti com a part del programa de control de la febre groga. Les espècies exactes implicades en aquesta epidèmia s'han identificat com An. arabiensis.[11]

Notes

  1. «Anopheles gambiae complex». Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Arxivat de l'original el 2007-09-29.
  2. «Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 91, 15, July 1994, pàg. 6885–8. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.6885. PMC: 44302. PMID: 8041714.
    «IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis». Malar. J., vol. 5, 1, 2006, pàg. 125. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-125. PMC: 1769388. PMID: 17177993.
  3. Yakob L (2011) Epidemiological consequences of a newly discovered cryptic subgroup of Anopheles gambiae.Biol Lett
  4. G.B. White «Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa». Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, vol. 68, 4, 1974, pàg. 278–298. DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(74)90035-2.
  5. «Simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP». Medical and Veterinary Entomology, vol. 16, 4, 2002, pàg. 461–4. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00393.x. PMID: 12510902.
  6. «Anopheles gambiae: First genome of a vector for a parasitic disease». Genoscope.
  7. Lawniczak, M. K. «Widespread divergence between incipient Anopheles gambiae species revealed by whole genome sequences.». Science, vol. 330, 6003, Oct 22, 2010, pàg. 512–4. DOI: 10.1126/science.1195755. PMC: 3674514. PMID: 20966253.
  8. Pennetier C, Warren B, Dabiré KR, Russell IJ, Gibson G (2009) "Singing on the wing" as a mechanism for species recognition in the malarial mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Curr. Biol.
  9. 9,0 9,1 «Reactive oxygen species detoxification by catalase is a major determinant of fecundity in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 104, 7, February 2007, pàg. 2121–6. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608407104. PMC: 1892935. PMID: 17284604.
  10. Killeen GF «Following in Soper's footsteps: northeast Brazil 63 years after eradication of Anopheles gambiae». Lancet Infect Dis, vol. 3, 10, October 2003, pàg. 663–6. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00776-X. PMID: 14522266.
  11. «Historical analysis of a near disaster: Anopheles gambiae in Brazil». Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 78, 1, January 2008, pàg. 176–8. PMID: 18187802.

Enllaços externs

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Anopheles gambiae: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El complex Anopheles gambiae consisteix en almenys set espècies de mosquits morfològicament indistingibles del gènere Anopheles. El complex va ser reconegut als anys seixanta i inclou els vectors més importants de la malària a l'Àfrica subsahariana, en particular un dels vectors de malària més eficients, Plasmodium falciparum.

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Anopheles gambiae ( Danish )

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Anopheles gambiae er en stikmyg, der lever i de tropiske og subtropiske egne. Den lever dermed også i områder, hvor sygdommen malaria er udbredt. Myggen kan bære sygdommen med sig, når den har stukket nogen, hvorefter den vil komme til at smitte den næste, der stikkes. Anopheles gambiae, sammen med andre såkaldte malariamyg af slægten Anopheles som f.eks. Anopheles claviger fra Europa og Nordafrika, smitter på denne måde millioner af mennesker årligt, hvoraf flere hundredtusinder dør. Ifølge WHO's malariarapport for 2012 var tallet dette år ca. 650.000 døde.

For tiden lever ca. 40 % af Jordens befolkning i et område, hvor der er risiko for smitte med malaria. Som følge af den globale opvarmning vurderer FN's klimapanel, at dette tal i løbet af de kommende år vil stige til ca. 60 % i takt med, at malariamyggens levevilkår forbedres.[1]

Kilder

  1. ^ Lisbeth Bjerre (13. februar 2004). "Global opvarmning og vores sundhed - 2". Jyllands-Posten. Hentet 9. august 2009.
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Anopheles gambiae: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Anopheles gambiae er en stikmyg, der lever i de tropiske og subtropiske egne. Den lever dermed også i områder, hvor sygdommen malaria er udbredt. Myggen kan bære sygdommen med sig, når den har stukket nogen, hvorefter den vil komme til at smitte den næste, der stikkes. Anopheles gambiae, sammen med andre såkaldte malariamyg af slægten Anopheles som f.eks. Anopheles claviger fra Europa og Nordafrika, smitter på denne måde millioner af mennesker årligt, hvoraf flere hundredtusinder dør. Ifølge WHO's malariarapport for 2012 var tallet dette år ca. 650.000 døde.

For tiden lever ca. 40 % af Jordens befolkning i et område, hvor der er risiko for smitte med malaria. Som følge af den globale opvarmning vurderer FN's klimapanel, at dette tal i løbet af de kommende år vil stige til ca. 60 % i takt med, at malariamyggens levevilkår forbedres.

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Anopheles gambiae ( Estonian )

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Anopheles gambiae on rühm morfoloogiliselt eristamatuid liike hallasääse perekonnast. Need sääsed on peamised malaariaparasiidi kandjad.

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Anopheles gambiae ( Minangkabau )

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Anopheles gambiae adolah saikua rangik dari famili Culicidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.

Spesies iko mahisok darah dari vertebrata hiduik.

Rujuakan


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Anopheles gambiae: Brief Summary ( Minangkabau )

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Anopheles gambiae adolah saikua rangik dari famili Culicidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.

Spesies iko mahisok darah dari vertebrata hiduik.

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Anopheles gambiae ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Anopheles gambiae is een muggensoort uit de familie van de steekmuggen (Culicidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1902 door Giles.

Anopheles gambiae is de meest voorkomende Anopheles-soort in Afrika, waar ze een belangrijke overbrenger is van malaria. Het is een antropofiele soort die bij voorkeur mensen steekt en daarbij Plasmodium overbrengt.[2]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
21-06-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Anopheles gambiae ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Anopheles gambiae[1] este o specie de țânțari din genul Anopheles, descrisă de Giles în anul 1902.[1][2] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Anopheles gambiae nu are subspecii cunoscute.[1]

Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  2. ^ Systema Dipterorum. Pape T. & Thompson F.C. (eds), 2011-01-06


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Anopheles gambiae: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Anopheles gambiae este o specie de țânțari din genul Anopheles, descrisă de Giles în anul 1902. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Anopheles gambiae nu are subspecii cunoscute.

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Anopheles gambiae ( Swedish )

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Anopheles gambiae är en art i insektsordningen tvåvingar, av underordningen myggor och familjen stickmyggor. Den lever i tropiska Afrika, företrädesvis i området omkring västra Etiopien,[1] och kan bära på parasiten Plasmodium falciparum som kan orsaka malaria.

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] ”Species details” (på engelska). Catalogue of Life. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. 8 februari 2013. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/8630925. Läst 3 mars 2013.
  2. ^ Standard Report Page: Anopheles gambiae (på engelska). ITIS. 2005. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=125987. Läst 3 mars 2013.

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Anopheles gambiae: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Anopheles gambiae är en art i insektsordningen tvåvingar, av underordningen myggor och familjen stickmyggor. Den lever i tropiska Afrika, företrädesvis i området omkring västra Etiopien, och kan bära på parasiten Plasmodium falciparum som kan orsaka malaria.

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Малярійні комарі ( Ukrainian )

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  1. Anopheles gambiae complex. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Архів оригіналу за 2013-06-27. Процитовано 2009-03-07.
  2. N. J. Besansky, J. R. Powell, A. Caccone, D. M. Hamm, J. A. Scott & F. H. Collins (1994). Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors. PNAS 91 (15): 6885–6888. PMID 8041714. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6885.
 src= Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Anopheles gambiae
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甘比亞瘧蚊 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Anopheles gambiae
Giles 1902英语George Michael James Giles[1]

甘比亞瘧蚊學名Anopheles gambiae)是瘧蚊屬下的一个隱存種,至少包含7種型態上無法區分的物種。該隱存種於1960年代確認出來,包含了撒哈拉以南非洲當地傳播瘧疾的大多數病媒蚊種類,尤其該物種含有最危險的瘧疾寄生蟲惡性瘧原蟲[2]。1930年代入侵巴西,导致了1938/1939年巴西大规模疟疾爆发[3]。甘比亞瘧蚊是已知感染力最強的瘧疾病媒蚊。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Giles, G.M. (1902). A handbook of the gnats or mosquitoes giving the anatomy and life history of the Culicidae together with descriptions of all species noticed up to the present date. John Bale, Sons & Danielsson, Limited. London, United Kingdom. 530pp
  2. ^ Anopheles gambiae complex. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29).
  3. ^ Killeen GF. Following in Soper's footsteps: northeast Brazil 63 years after eradication of Anopheles gambiae. Lancet Infect Dis. October 2003, 3 (10): 663–6. PMID 14522266. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00776-X.
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甘比亞瘧蚊: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

甘比亞瘧蚊(學名:Anopheles gambiae)是瘧蚊屬下的一个隱存種,至少包含7種型態上無法區分的物種。該隱存種於1960年代確認出來,包含了撒哈拉以南非洲當地傳播瘧疾的大多數病媒蚊種類,尤其該物種含有最危險的瘧疾寄生蟲惡性瘧原蟲。1930年代入侵巴西,导致了1938/1939年巴西大规模疟疾爆发。甘比亞瘧蚊是已知感染力最強的瘧疾病媒蚊。

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维基百科作者和编辑