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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 17.8 years (captivity) Observations: Reproductive success appears to increase with age in these animals, suggesting increasing fecundity with age (Sparkman et al. 2007).
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Amenazas ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Factores de riesgo

Una creciente perdida de superficie original, fragmentación del hábitat, fuerte presión pecuaria, caza furtiva, en la que el borrego cimarrón es el más afectado, concentración de especies en riesgo y practicas de manejo inadecuado (Arriaga et. al., 2001).

Situación actual del hábitat con respecto a las necesidades de la especie

Probablemente fuera de los pastizales húmedos, la zona esta razonablemente bien conservada; sin embargo, los pastizales húmedos se encuentran fuertemente pastoreados. Existen intereses de uso forestal, asentamientos turísticos incipientes, apertura de áreas residenciales para extranjeros, incremento en la actividad pecuaria de los valles intermontanos, fragmentación de caminos y carreteras "fuera de camino" y sin regulación en la ganadería extensiva sin control e introdución de fauna (Arriaga et. al., 2001).
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Biología de poblaciones ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Tamaño poblacional

5520 individuos en 2000 hectáreas; 2.8 serpientes por hectárea (Farr, 1988).

Antecedentes del estado de la especie o de las poblaciones principales

No se tienen hasta el momento estudios poblacionales que corroboren el status de esta especie dentro de la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, sin embargo, existen estudios de las poblaciones de Thamnophis elegans en los Estados Unidos, los cuales, nos indican que las densidades poblacionales locales de esta especie, pueden ser extremadamente altas. Farr (1988) estimó que 5520 individuos se hallaban en un área de 2000 hectáreas, en un promedio de 2.8 serpientes por hectárea (Rossman et. al., 1996).
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Biología del taxón ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Relevancia de la especie

Al tratarse de una serpiente que presenta una población aislada que solo habita la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, en el estado de Baja California Norte, como único reducto de la especie, dentro de México (Rossman et al., 1996; McPeak, 2000), hace especialmente importante a Thamnophis elegans debido a la biología intrínseca que presenta.
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Descripción ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Tamaño de 450-1070 mm. Presenta una línea medio dorsal amarilla bien definida y una línea lateral amarilla en cada lado del cuerpo. El color del cuerpo es verde olivo oscuro o café grisáceo, cubierto de manchas negras irregulares (McPeak, 2000).
El dorso es uniformemente de color negro o café, rojo o gris con dos hileras alternadas de manchas negras entre las líneas amarillas; la franja vertebral amarilla abarca inicialmente 3 escamas de ancho reduciendose a lo largo del cuerpo hasta desvanecerse por completo, generalmente en el área que comprende la cola; las franjas laterales amarillas abarcan de 2 a 3 escamas de amplitud. Escamas dorsales comúnmente en un número máximo de 19 a 21, supralabiales en un número de 8 (ocasionalmente 7); dientes maxilares de 14 a 24 (Rossman et. al., 1996).

Historia de la vida

Vivíparos, ectotermos.
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Distribución ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Actual

MEXICO / BAJA CALIFORNIA

Thamnophis elegans, presenta una distribución restringida a la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir en el estado de Baja California Norte (Stebbins, 1985; Rossman et. al., 1996; McPeak, 2000).

Histórica estimada

MEXICO

Thamnophis elegans conocida anteriormente como Thamnophis ordinoides hueyi, se distribuye dentro de la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, presumiblemente confinada a grandes altitudes (Smith y Taylor, 1945).
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Estado de conservación ( Spanish; Castilian )

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NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

A amenazada

NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010

A amenazada
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Estrategia trófica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Esta especie es altamente oportunista, y presenta una dieta muy variada, se alimenta principalmente de caracoles, lombrices, peces, ranas, sapos, lagartijas, serpientes e insectos (McPeak, 2000).
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Hábitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Estas serpientes habitan cerca de las corrientes de los ríos, riachuelos, manantiales, y en las riveras de lagos montañosos. Algunas de las subespecies de Thamnophis elegans, pueden ser halladas asociadas a riachuelos de baja profundidad y gran cantidad de sedimento, presentando en algunos casos una actividad semiacuatica; sin embargo, algunos individuos prefieren pastizales abiertos donde pueden alimentarse, asolearse y a su vez, mantenerse alertos de sus depredadores, en el caso de tener que realizar un escape (Rossman et. al., 1996).

Macroclima

Habita climas de tipo templado semifrío y árido templado como son los Cb´s, BSks y Bsok (x´) respectivamente. Altitud, entre los 0 y 3990 m (Stebbins, 1985; Rossman et. al., 1996; McPeak, 2000).
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Reproducción ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Una gran cantidad de datos sugieren que el periodo primario de crianza de esta especie es en la primavera, sin embargo, estudios realizados por Farr (1988) en la Gran Cuenca en Columbia Británica, observaron que dicho evento ocurría a principios de septiembre (Rossman et. al., 1996).

Fecundidad

El tamaño de la puesta es de 7.5 correlacionado con la LHC de la hembra (Farr, 1988).
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Ramírez Bautista, A. y Hernández Ibarra, X. 2004. Ficha técnica de Thamnophis elegans. En: Arizmendi, M. C. (compilador). Sistemática e historia natural de algunos anfibios y reptiles de México. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. . México, D.F.
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Berg-Strumpfbandnatter ( German )

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Die Berg-Strumpfbandnatter (Thamnophis elegans) ist eine Schlangenart der Gattung Strumpfbandnattern (Thamnophis).

Merkmale

Weibchen werden meist bis zu 110 cm lang, Männchen selten länger als 60 cm.

Sie haben ein für Strumpfbandnattern breites Nahrungsspektrum und fressen Amphibien, Würmer, Fisch, kleine Säugetiere und andere Reptilien.

Diese Schlangen sind lebendgebärend. Ein Wurf umfasst in der Regel fünf bis 20 Jungtiere.

Fragliche Unterarten

Zurzeit wird die Art in sechs Unterarten aufgeteilt. Wie bei anderen Arten der Strumpfbandnattern ist aber auch bei Thamnophis elegans die Zuordnung der Unterarten strittig. So ist die Upper Basin-Strumpfbandnatter (T. elegans vascotanneri) möglicherweise der Wandernden Strumpfbandnatter (T. elegans vagrans) gleichzustellen. Auch der Unterartstatus der Küsten-Strumpfbandnatter (T. elegans terrestris) und der Arizona-Strumpfbandnatter (T. elegans arizonae) wird angezweifelt.

Verbreitung

Der Lebensraum der Bergstrumpfbandnattern erstreckt sich von British Columbia und Alberta im Westen Kanadas über die Bundesstaaten Washington und Montana im Nordwesten der USA bis in den Süden Kaliforniens und Arizonas. Auch im Bundesstaat Baja California in Mexiko sind sie zu finden.

Literatur

  • Thomas Bourguignon: Strumpfbandnattern. Herkunft, Pflege, Arten. DATZ-Terrarienbücher, 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3591-4.
  • Martin Hallmen, Jürgen Chlebowy: Strumpfbandnattern. Natur und Tier – Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-931587-49-5.
  • W. P. Mara: Strumpfbandnattern im Terrarium. Bede Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-927997-79-X. (Taschenbuch, 63 Seiten)
  • Frank Mutschmann: Die Strumpfbandnattern. Biologie, Verbreitung, Haltung. Westarp-Verlag, 1995, ISBN 3-89432-427-9. (Taschenbuch, 172 Seiten)

Weblinks

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Berg-Strumpfbandnatter: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Berg-Strumpfbandnatter (Thamnophis elegans) ist eine Schlangenart der Gattung Strumpfbandnattern (Thamnophis).

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Western terrestrial garter snake

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The western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) is a western North American species of colubrid snake. At least five subspecies are recognized.

Description

Most western terrestrial garter snakes have a yellow, light orange, or white dorsal stripe, accompanied by two stripes of the same color, one on each side. Some varieties have red or black spots between the dorsal stripe and the side stripes. It is an immensely variable species, and even the most experienced herpetologists have trouble when it comes to identification. They are medium-sized snakes, usually 46–104 cm (18–41 in).

Like many species of North American garter snake, the western terrestrial garter snake possesses a mildly venomous saliva. Specimens collected from Idaho and Washington produced venom with myonecrotic (muscle tissue-killing) effects when injected into the gastrocnemius muscles of mice.[3] Several cases of mild human envenomation with local edema and other symptoms (but without any systemic symptoms) have occurred from the wandering garter snake subspecies, including in Colorado.[4][5]

This species is the only garter snake species with a well-documented tendency to constrict prey, although the constriction is inefficient when compared with the constriction of many other snakes (such as the gopher snake), involving disorganized, loose, and sometimes unstable coils and a longer time required to kill prey.[6][7] Snakes from Colorado populations of terrestrial garter snakes appear to be more efficient at killing their prey by constriction than those from Pacific Coast populations.[6]

Geographic range

Thamnophis elegans is found in central British Columbia, central Alberta, and southwestern Manitoba in Canada.[1] It can be found in the western United States, as far east as western Nebraska and the Oklahoma Panhandle. An isolated population occurs in Baja California, Mexico.[8]

Subspecies

Thamnophis elegans terrestris with dark coloring

Six subspecies have been identified, although the validity of some of them is debated.[2]

  • Thamnophis elegans arizonae Tanner & Lowe, 1989 – Arizona garter snake
  • Thamnophis elegans elegans (Baird & Girard, 1853) – mountain garter snake
  • Thamnophis elegans hueyi Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923San Pedro Mártir garter snake
  • Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951 – coastal garter snake
  • Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird & Girard, 1853) – wandering garter snake
  • Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner & Lowe, 1989 – Upper Basin garter snake

Habitat

Thamnophis elegans occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and coniferous forests, from sea level up to 3,962 m (12,999 ft). It is primarily terrestrial, although populations in the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains are semi-aquatic.[8]

Reproduction

The western terrestrial garter snake does not lay eggs, but instead is ovoviviparous, which is characteristic of natricine snakes. Broods of eight to 12 young are born in August and September.[9]

Diet

The diet of Thamnophis elegans relies heavily on the prey available in the environment, and thus varies due to geographical differences. This makes the western terrestrial garter snake an excellent example of polyphagism.[10] There are two main variants that are most prevalent: coastal and inland.[11] Since coastal T. elegans is found along the West Coast of the United States, it is found near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, if the snake population is considered to be inland, it is found near inland water sources such as streams, ponds, or lakes.

Coastal populations' food sources mainly include terrestrial prey such as slugs, salamanders, small mammals, and lizards. In contrast, inland populations indulge in a semi-aquatic diet containing frog and toad larvae, leeches, and fish.[12] Thus, aquatic food sources are a staple in the inland snake populations' diet.

Coastal snakes are less likely to respond to chemical cues received from fish, which can be inferred by less rapid tongue-flicking when around them.[11] They are also less likely to attack and ingest fish. This preference in diet is so strong that the snake will starve before eating non-preferred prey types.[11] Further, this appears to be genetically determined as this variation in diet is observed in newborn snakes from both populations.[10] When hunting, the Western Garter Snake's actions are chemically and visually mediated on land and in water.[12] Regardless the habitat in which foraging takes place, both ecotypes utilize similar techniques. This consists of attacks that are both aerial and underwater.[11] These include craning, cruising, and diving. However, coastal snakes are less likely to participate these activities.[11]

These differences in diet and foraging behavior between coastal and inland snake populations suggest that the species has undergone microevolution. Due to dietary and foraging differences between variants of T. elegans, it can be inferred that coastal populations have filled a niche in the environment that allows them to no longer rely on fish as a major food source.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b Frost, D.R.; Hammerson, G.A.; Hollingsworth, B. (2007). "Thamnophis elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63976A12732762. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63976A12732762.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Thamnophis elegans at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 12 December 2014.
  3. ^ Jansen, David W (1987). "The Myonecrotic Effect of Duvernoy's Gland secretion of the snake Thamnophis elegans vagrans". Journal of Herpetology. 21 (1): 81–83. doi:10.2307/1564384. JSTOR 1564384.
  4. ^ Gomez, H.F.; Davis, M.; Phillips, S.; McKinney, P.; Brent, J. (1984). "Human envenomation from a wandering garter snake". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 23 (5): 1119–22. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(94)70113-x. PMID 8185110.
  5. ^ Vest, DK (1981). "Envenomation following the bite of a wandering garter snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans)". Clinical Toxicology. 18 (5): 573–9. doi:10.3109/15563658108990284. PMID 7273669.
  6. ^ a b de Queiroz, Alan; Groen, Rebecca R. (2001). "The inconsistent and inefficient constricting behavior of Colorado Western Terrestrial Garter Snakes, Thamnophis elegans". Journal of Herpetology. 35 (3): 450–460. doi:10.2307/1565963. JSTOR 1565963.
  7. ^ Gregory, Patrick T.; Macartney, J. Malcolm; Rivard, Donald H. (1980). "Small mammal predation and prey handling behavior by the wandering garter snake Thamnophis elegans". Herpetologica. 36 (1): 87–93.
  8. ^ a b Stebbins, Robert C (2003). A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 377–380. ISBN 0395982723.
  9. ^ Schmidt, K.P. and D.D. Davis. (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. p. 246.
  10. ^ a b Arnold, Stevan J (August 12, 1977). "Polymorphism and Geographic Variation in the Feeding Behavior of the Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans". Science. 197 (4304): 676–678. Bibcode:1977Sci...197..676A. doi:10.1126/science.197.4304.676. PMID 17776270. S2CID 38341468.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Burghardt, Gordon M; Drummond, Hugh (1983). "Geographic Variation in the Foraging Behavior of the Garter Snake, Thamophis elegans". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 12 (1): 43–48. doi:10.1007/bf00296931. S2CID 34175574.
  12. ^ a b Whitaker, Jake. "Thamnophis elegans Western Terrestrial Garter Snake". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved October 23, 2014.

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Western terrestrial garter snake: Brief Summary

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The western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans) is a western North American species of colubrid snake. At least five subspecies are recognized.

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Thamnophis elegans ( Basque )

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Thamnophis elegans Thamnophis generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Natricidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. 2012ko urriaren 20an eskuratua.
  2. The Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Thamnophis elegans Thamnophis generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Natricidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Thamnophis elegans ( French )

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Thamnophis elegans, la couleuvre de l'Ouest, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Natricidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre[2] :

Description

Western terrestrial garter snake juvie.jpg
Snuggling garder snakes 001.JPG
Helleborus foetidus and garter snake 1.JPG

C'est un serpent ovovivipare[1].

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (12 mai 2016)[3] :

Systématique et taxinomie

La sous-espèce Thamnophis elegans errans[4] a été élevée au rang d'espèce.

Publications originales

  • Baird & Girard, 1853 : Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, p. 1-172 (texte intégral).
  • Fox, 1951 : Relationships among the garter snakes of the Thamnophis elegans rassenkreis. University of California publications in zoology, vol. 50, p. 485-530.
  • Tanner & Lowe, 1989 : Variations in Thamnophis elegans with descriptions of new subspecies. Great Basin Naturalist, vol. 49, no 4, p. 511-516 (texte intégral)
  • Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923 : Preliminary diagnoses of four new snakes from Lower California, Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, sér. 4, vol. 13, no 1, p. 1-2 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  3. Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté le 12 mai 2016
  4. Smith, 1942 : The synonymy of the garter snakes (Thamnophis), with notes on Mexican and Central American species. Zoologica, vol. 27, no 17, p. 97–123.
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Thamnophis elegans, la couleuvre de l'Ouest, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Natricidae.

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Thamnophis elegans ( Italian )

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Il serpente giarrettiera terricolo (Thamnophis elegans (Baird & Girard, 1853)) è un serpente non velenoso della famiglia Natricidae[2], diffuso in Nord America, dall'Alaska ed il Canada fino all'America Centrale. Il serpente giarrettiera è anche il rettile statale del Massachusetts[3].

Habitat

I Serpenti giarrettiera sono diffusi nel Nord America. Il serpente giarrettiera comune (Thamnophis sirtalis), è l'unica specie di serpente che si trova in Alaska, ed è una delle specie di serpente più a nord, possibilmente seconda solo alla Vipera berus. Ciò è possibile per via della sua dieta non particolare e l'adattabilità a diversi biomi e formazioni terrestri, con prossimità variabile all'acqua. Tuttavia, ad ovest del Nord America, questi serpenti amano di più l'acqua rispetto alla porzione ad est.

Stato di conservazione

Nonostante il loro declino dall'essere collezionati come animali domestici (in particolare nelle regioni più a nord dove grandi gruppi sono collezionati ad ibernazione), l'inquinamento delle aree acquatiche, e l'introduzione della Rana catesbeiana e del Persico trota come predatori, rimane comunque un serpente molto comune. È l'unico serpente immune dal veleno del Taricha granulosa (Tritone dalla pelle ruvida).

Dieta

I Serpenti giarrettiera, come tutti i serpenti, sono carnivori. La loro dieta consiste di tutte le creature che possono catturare: lumache, lombrichi, sanguisughe, lucertole, anfibi, Uccelli, pesci, rane e roditori. Quando vivono vicino all'acqua, si cibano di altri animali acquatici. Il Thamnophis sauritus in particolare preferisce rane (inclusi i girini), mangiandoli prontamente nonostante le loro difese chimiche. Il cibo è inghiottito intero. I Serpenti giarrettiera spesso si adattano per mangiare qualunque cosa trovino, e dovunque, perché il cibo può essere scarso ed abbondante. Nonostante mangino quasi del tutto animali vivi, certe volte si cibano di uova.

Tassonomia

Comprende le seguenti sottospecie:

  • Thamnophis elegans arizonae Tanner & Lowe, 1989
  • Thamnophis elegans elegans (Baird & Girard, 1853)
  • Thamnophis elegans errans Smith, 1942
  • Thamnophis elegans hueyi (Van Denburgh & Slevin, 1923
  • Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird & Girard, 1853) ou Couleuvre de l'Ouest
  • Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner & Lowe, 1989
  • Thamnophis elegans terrestrisBaird & Girard, 1853

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Frost, D.R., Hammerson, G.A. & Hollingsworth, B. 2007, Thamnophis elegans, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Thamnophis elegans, in The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 21 luglio 2014.
  3. ^ Citizen Information Service: State Symbols, su sec.state.ma.us, Massachusetts State (Secretary of the Commonwealth). URL consultato il 21 gennaio 2011.
    «The Garter Snake became the official reptile of the Commonwealth on January 3, 2007.»

Bibliografia

  • Baird & Girard, 1853 : Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents.

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Thamnophis elegans: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il serpente giarrettiera terricolo (Thamnophis elegans (Baird & Girard, 1853)) è un serpente non velenoso della famiglia Natricidae, diffuso in Nord America, dall'Alaska ed il Canada fino all'America Centrale. Il serpente giarrettiera è anche il rettile statale del Massachusetts.

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Thamnophis elegans ( Vietnamese )

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Thamnophis elegans là một loài rắn Colubridae. Loài rắn này sinh sống ở tây nam Canada và tây Hoa Kỳ. Chúng sinh sản bằng noãn thai sinh, nghĩa là đẻ con sau khi trứng nở trong bụng mẹ, đặc trưng của rắn Natricinae. Mỗi lứa đẻ 8-12 con rắn con vào tháng 8 và tháng 9.[3] Ít nhất năm phân loài được công nhận.

Phạm vi địa lý

Thamnophis elegans tìm thấy ở miền tây nam Canada và miền tây Hoa Kỳ, xa về hướng đông đến tây NebraskaOahoma Panhandle. Một quần thể độc lập tại Baja California, Mexico.[4]

Phân loài

 src=
Thamnophis elegans terrestris with dark coloring

Nhiều phân loài và nòi được công bố, dù chỉ có số ít có thực, còn lại chứa chắc chắn.[2]

  • Thamnophis elegans arizonae Tanner and Lowe, 1989 – Arizona Garter Snake
  • Thamnophis elegans elegans (Baird and Girard, 1853) – Mountain Garter Snake
  • Thamnophis elegans hueyi Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1923 – San-Pedro-Martir Garter Snake
  • Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951 – Coast Garter Snake
  • Thamnophis elegans vagrans (Baird and Girard, 1853) – Wandering Garter Snake
  • Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri Tanner and Lowe, 1989 – Upper Basin Garter Snake

Môi trường sống

Thamnophis elegans xuất hiện tại nhiều môi trường sống, gồm thảo nguyên, rừng gỗ, và rừng lá kim, từ ngang mặt nước biển đến nơi cao 3.962 m (12.999 ft). Chúng thường sống cạn, mặc dù quần thể ở Đại Bồn địaDãy Rocky sống bản thủy sinh.[4]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Frost, D.R., Hammerson, G.A. & Hollingsworth, B. (2007). Thamnophis elegans. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.3. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 12 năm 2014.
  2. ^ a ă Thamnophis elegans tại Reptarium.cz Cơ sở dữ liệu lớp Bò sát
  3. ^ Schmidt, K.P. and D.D. Davis. 1941. Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York. p. 246.
  4. ^ a ă Stebbins, Robert C (2003). A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians (ấn bản 3). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. tr. 377–380. ISBN 0395982723.

Tham khảo


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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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Thamnophis elegans: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Thamnophis elegans là một loài rắn Colubridae. Loài rắn này sinh sống ở tây nam Canada và tây Hoa Kỳ. Chúng sinh sản bằng noãn thai sinh, nghĩa là đẻ con sau khi trứng nở trong bụng mẹ, đặc trưng của rắn Natricinae. Mỗi lứa đẻ 8-12 con rắn con vào tháng 8 và tháng 9. Ít nhất năm phân loài được công nhận.

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