dcsimg
Image of African Spurred Tortoise
Creatures » » Animal » » Vertebrates » » Turtles » » Tortoises »

African Spurred Tortoise

Centrochelys sulcata (Miller 1779)

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 54.3 years (captivity)
license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
partner site
AnAge articles

Distribution

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The African spurred tortoise (Geochelone sulcata) occurs along the southern edge of the Sahara, from Senegal and Mauritania east through Mali, Niger, Chad, the Sudan, Ethiopia, along the Red Sea in Eritrea.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Geochelone sulcata is a vegetarian. It relies on succulent plants for food and much of its water. In captivity, it will eat a variety of grasses, lettuce, berseem, and morning-glory leaves.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sulcatas are popular in the pet trade due to the fact that they can breed very well in captivity.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Many populations of G. sulcata are rapidly disappearing, especially in Mali, Chad, Niger, and Ethiopia. In Senegal there are still limited populations in the north and north-east, but there is a lot of overgrazing and desertification here too that is wiping this tortoise out.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Untitled

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Some African cultures regard the Sulcata as a mediator between men and the gods. As a result, the tortoise is often kept in villages to intercede between the Head of the village and the Ancestors. In Dogon countries today, the tortoise is kept with the village leader at all times to allow him to communicate with the village ancestors.

In Senegal, these tortoises, are signs of virtue, happiness, fertility, and longevity. Therefore, it is easier to promote programs that support the conservation of the tortoise. The Senegalese respect the symbolic nature of the tortoise and are very important in helping conservationists ensure reproduction and repopulation of it.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The Sulcata tortoise lives in hot, arid environments of the Sahelian type. These areas range from desert fringes to dry savannahs. Standing water is only around for limited amounts of time. Much of it's range has been disturbed by urbanisation, domestic animal grazing, and desertification.

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
54.3 years.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology

provided by Animal Diversity Web

G. sulcata is the largest of the African mainland tortoises. Only the Galapagos tortoises are larger. These tortoises have broad, oval, flattened carapaces that are brown to yellow in color. The carapace is flattened dorsally, with abruptly descending sides and a deep cervical notch. The anterior and posterior marginals are serrated, and the posterior marginals upturned. They do not have a cervical scute. The plastron is ivory colored with divided anal scutes and paired forked gulars. They have growth rings on the scutes that are strongly marked with age. Skin color is golden to yellow-brown and very, very thick. Mature males usually develop reverted marginal scales in the front. The large scales on the front legs overlap. On the rear legs, there are spurs which are not known to serve any particular purpose.

Their head is moderate in size, with a slightly hooked upper jaw and nonprotruding snout. It is brown, with the jaws being a slightly darker brown. Externally, it is hard to tell males from females. Males have slightly longer, thicker tails and a more concave plastron, but otherwise appear similar to females.

Range mass: 36 to 50 kg.

Average mass: 0.043 kg.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sulcatas breed very well in captivity. Males reach sexual maturity when their carapace is about 35 cm in diameter. Sulcatas are very aggressive toward each other, especially during breeding time. Males ram each other repeatedly and sometimes end up with bloody limbs and heads. Copulation can take place anytime from June through March. However, it occurs most frequently after a rainy season in September through November. When mating, the male first circles the female and will occasionally ram her with his shell.

After mating, the female's body will swell with eggs and she will decrease her food intake. She becomes increasingly restless as she looks for good places to make a nest. Nesting season is in the autumn. She begins by kicking loose dirt out of the way and eventually creates a depression, which she urinates in. She digs until the depression reaches approximately 0.6 m in diameter and 7-14 cm deep. This may take her up to five hours. Four or five nests may be dug before she finally selects one to lay her eggs in. Once she selects one, an egg is laid every three minutes. Her clutch size may reach 15-30 eggs, sometimes more. The eggs are white and spherical with brittle shells. After the eggs are laid, the female will fill in her nest. It may take her more than an hour to cover all the eggs up.

The eggs incubate underground for about eight months. When they hatch, the tortoises are only 4-6 cm in carapace length. They are oval-shaped and weigh less than 25 gm. They are yellow to tan with rounded, serrated carapaces.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Harrold, A. 2001. "Geochelone sulcata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Geochelone_sulcata.html
author
Andria Harrold, Bethel College
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Biology

provided by Arkive
Most activity occurs during the rainy season (July to October), primarily at dawn and dusk, when this tortoise forages for succulent plants and annual grasses (4) (5). Like many species, the African spurred tortoise often spends the early morning basking to raise its body temperature after the night chill. During the dry season, adults often aestivate in their cool, moist burrows to prevent dehydration, while hatchlings are thought to enter small mammal burrows for the same purpose (4) (5). Mating can take place at any time from June through to March, but reportedly occurs most frequently after the rainy season from September to November (4) (5). Four or five nests may be dug before the female decides upon the one in which to lay her clutch of 15 to 30 eggs. Once deposited, these eggs incubate underground in the covered nest for approximately eight months (4) (5). From the moment they hatch, African spurred tortoises are very aggressive towards one another, and especially so at breeding times (4) (5). Males in particular can commonly be seen ramming into each other and attempting to flip one another over (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Conservation

provided by Arkive
Varying degrees of legal protection are afforded to this tortoise across its range, but illegal capture clearly continues in certain areas. Furthermore, although the African spurred tortoise is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), with a zero annual export quota for specimens removed from the wild and traded for primarily commercial purposes, it is difficult for authorities to differentiate between wild and captive-bred specimens. Enforcement against fraud and smuggling is evidently insufficient, especially between Mali, Ghana and Togo, and this problem needs to be addressed. African spurred tortoises breed fairly easily in captivity, and the United States reportedly now breeds enough specimens to supply domestic demand, while the specimens exported from the U.S. to Japan are also declared to be from breeding operations (3). Unfortunately, arid regions in which this species is found are not often proclaimed as national parks or reserves (7), but where the African spurred tortoise does occur in protected areas, it is doing well (3). This is the case for populations in the Parc du Diawling in Mauritania and the Parc du W in Niger (3). In Senegal, the African spurred tortoise is a symbol of virtue, happiness, fertility and longevity and, as such, conservation programmes have been easier to promote in this country (4). In 1993, a programme to help this tortoise was established by the Fondation Rurale pour le Developpement, a Senegalese association, supported by Station d'Observation et de Protection des Tortues des Maures (SOPTOM), a European non-governmental organisation. A breeding centre, an information centre and a protection centre were created in Sangalkam in Senegal, and a restocking project was established. Additionally, tortoises from the Netherlands have been repatriated to Senegal (3). However, with advancing desertification, the revered status of the African spurred tortoise in this country may not be enough to protect it.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Description

provided by Arkive
The African spurred tortoise is the largest tortoise of the African mainland, and is surpassed in size only by the giant island species from Aldabra and Galápagos (4) (5). This desert-dwelling tortoise is well camouflaged by its overall sandy coloration (6), having thick golden to yellow-brown skin and a brownish carapace (4) (5). The broad, oval carapace displays prominent serrations at the front and back margins and conspicuous growth rings on each scute, which become particularly marked with age (4). Large, overlapping scales cover the front surface of the forelimbs, while the hind surface of the thigh bears two or three large conical spurs, from which the species earns its name (4) (5).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Habitat

provided by Arkive
The African spurred tortoise lives in hot, arid regions ranging from desert fringes to dry savannahs, where permanent water supplies are usually lacking (4) (5) (7).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Range

provided by Arkive
Found along the southern edge of the Sahara, from Senegal and Mauritania, east through Mali, Chad, the Sudan and Ethiopia to Eritrea. This species may also be found in Niger and Somalia (1).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Status

provided by Arkive
Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Threats

provided by Arkive
African spurred tortoise populations have declined rapidly in the face of habitat loss, particularly in Mali, Chad, Niger and Ethiopia, largely as a result of urbanisation, overgrazing by domestic livestock and desertification (4). Several ethnic groups in the Sahel, especially nomadic tribes, eat this species (3). The already vulnerable position of the species has been compounded in recent years by an increase in capture for international trade, as pets and for body parts reportedly used to make longevity potions in Japan (3). It is primarily juveniles that are captured for trade and, as this species takes 15 years to reach maturity, there is grave concern that generations in the wild may be unable to renew themselves, resulting in extinction of local population (3).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Description ( French )

provided by EOL authors

C'est unetortue terrestrequi mesure, à l'âge adulte, de60cmà80cmde long pour un poids d'une centaine de kilogrammes.

Les femelles sont plus petites et ne dépassent pas les60kg.

C'est la plus grosse tortue d'Afrique, et la plus grande du monde après celles desîles Galápagoset desSeychelles.

C'est une tortue omnivore très active et qui demande beaucoup d'espace en captivité.

Elle se nourrit d'herbe, de plante, de déchets végétaux mais aussi de charogne et d’excréments.

Elle peut vivre plus de cent ans.

Reference

Wikipedia : https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortue_sillonn%C3%A9e

license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Distribution

provided by ReptileDB
Continent: Africa
Distribution: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali, S Mauritania, Senegal, Central African Republic (range generally lies along the southern perimeter of the Sahara Desert), Cameroon
Type locality: "India orientali" (in error); incorrectly listed as "Westindien" by Wermuth and Mertens 1961:224, and Wermuth and Mertens 1977:90.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Peter Uetz
original
visit source
partner site
ReptileDB

Spornschildkröte ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Spornschildkröte (Centrochelys sulcata) gehört innerhalb der Familie der Landschildkröten (Testudinidae) zur rezent monotypischen Gattung Centrochelys, früher wurde sie zur Gattung Geochelone gezählt. Spornschildkröten sind nach den Galápagos-Riesenschildkröten (Chelonoidis nigra) und den Seychellen-Riesenschildkröten der Gattung (Dipsochelys) die drittgrößten lebenden Landschildkröten und erreichen eine Rückenpanzerlänge von ungefähr 80 cm, sowie ein Gewicht von über 80 kg. Sie besiedeln ein trockenes Verbreitungsgebiet mit spärlicher Vegetation im nördlichen Zentralafrika, das sich wie ein schmales Band über 8000 km vom Atlantik bis zum Roten Meer zieht. Bislang sind keine Unterarten beschrieben.

Beschreibung

Der abgeflachte Rückenpanzer Carapax verfügt über gebogene Randschilde mit gesägtem Hinterrand. Die Wachstumsringe sind stark ausgeprägt und bleiben auch im Alter sichtbar. Markantes Merkmal für diese Art sind nach oben gebogene, gegabelte Kehlschilde (Gulare), die über den Rand des Rückenpanzers hinausragen. Die Panzerfärbung reicht von braun, oliv über gelborange bis cremefarben. Auch der Bauchpanzer weist deutlich erkennbare Wachstumsringe auf. Sehr alte Tiere sind hell, manchmal fast weiß. Die einzelnen Schilde sind an den Rändern deutlich dunkel abgesetzt. Die Haut ist beige und geht stellenweise ins Gelbliche. Namensgebend ist der bei beiden Geschlechtern vorhandene, auffällige Sporn an den Oberschenkeln der Hinterbeine.

Für wildlebende Spornschildkröten wird eine maximale Rückenpanzerlänge von 83 cm angegeben, verbunden mit einem Gewicht von bis zu 105 kg. Tiere in Gefangenschaft werden möglicherweise noch größer und schwerer. Verlässliche Angaben liegen jedoch nicht vor.

Geschlechtsunterschiede

Die Spornschildkröte zeigt einen ausgeprägten Geschlechtsdimorphismus, nur Jungtiere sind schwierig nach Geschlechtern zu unterscheiden. Männliche Tiere werden größer als weibliche, die meist nur 60–70 cm erreichen und etwa 45–60 kg wiegen. Männchen besitzen einen deutlich nach innen gewölbten Plastron und einen längeren Schwanz. Auch sind bei ihnen die Randschilde höher aufgebogen, die Oberschenkelsporne größer und die Kehlschilde stärker ausgeprägt.

Systematik

Die Spornschildkröte wurde 1779 erstmals vom englischen Tier- und Pflanzenzeichner John Frederick Miller mit einem wissenschaftlichen Namen, Testudo sulcata, belegt.[1] Später wurde sie lange Zeit der Gattung Geochelone Fitzinger, 1835 zugerechnet. Nach einem Vorschlag des französischen Herpetologen Roger Bour aus dem Jahr 1985[2] wird sie aber nun in die mittlerweile auf Gattungsrang gehobene ehemalige Untergattung Centrochelys Gray, 1872 gestellt. Unterarten sind bislang keine beschrieben.

Holotypus: inzwischen nicht mehr auffindbar
Terra typica: „India occidentali[s]“[1] (Westindien, was sich allerdings als Irrtum herausstellte)
Herkunft des Namens: kentron gr., Stachel; chelys, gr., Schildkröte; sulcatus, a, um lat., gefurcht.

Lebensweise in der Natur

 src=
Spornschildkröte vor Erdhöhle in Senegal

Spornschildkröten sind wechselwarme Reptilien, die saisonale und Tages-Temperaturschwankungen durch angemessene Verhaltensweisen minimieren müssen, um so eine geeignete Körpertemperatur aufrechterhalten zu können. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt bei dieser Art der Thermoregulation das Aufsuchen von der Jahres- und Tageszeit angemessen Unterschlupfmöglichkeiten. Dafür nutzen Spornschildkröten Wohnhöhlen im Boden, die bis zu 4 m tief und 15 m lang sein können. Wenn vorhanden, werden die verlassenen Bauten anderer Tiere genutzt. Aber ab einem Alter von 2–3 Jahren graben Spornschildkröten mit ihren kräftigen Vorderbeinen und teilweise mit den gabelförmigen Kehlschilden auch selbst unterirdische Gänge. Meist nutzen sie nicht nur eine einzige Höhle, sondern „besitzen“ mehrere, die gelegentlich mit anderen Spornschildkröten und sogar anderen Tierarten geteilt werden. In der kühleren Jahreszeit verlässt die Spornschildkröte bereits morgens ihre Höhle und wärmt sich auf, bevor sie auf Nahrungssuche geht. In der heißeren Jahreszeit wird sie dagegen oft erst in den Abendstunden aktiv. In den Zwischenperioden ist sie häufig zweiphasig aktiv, d. h., sie kehrt in der heißen Tageszeit in ihre Höhle zurück. Insbesondere die feuchtere Jahreszeit wird intensiv genutzt, wohingegen die heißen Trockenperioden zum Schutz vor Austrocknung ebenfalls inaktiv in der Erdhöhle überdauert werden müssen. Während dieser Sommerruhe werden, ähnlich der Winterstarre anderer Arten, Stoffwechsel und Herzschlag stark heruntergefahren.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Spornschildkröte ist die afrikanische Sahelzone, die im Norden an die Sahara angrenzt. CITES[3] listet Bestände in folgenden Staaten auf: Äthiopien, Ägypten, Benin, Eritrea, Mali, Mauretanien, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tschad und Togo. Sie wurde in einigen Teilen dieser Verbreitungsgebietes allerdings von Menschen eingebürgert. In Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes muss die Population als gefährdet eingestuft werden.

Die Spornschildkröte ist eine Bewohnerin von drei unterschiedlichen Vegetationszonen. Dazu zählen trocken-heißes Grasland mit Halbwüstencharakter, belaubtes Buschgebiet und Grasland mit Akazienbestand.[4] Tagestemperaturen von über 40 °C sind in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet die Regel. Selbst 50 °C können erreicht werden. Die Temperatur-Minimalwerte liegen bei 3–21 °C. In einigen Biotopen kann es aber gelegentlich auch zu Nachtfrösten kommen. Die spärliche Vegetation im Lebensraum der Spornschildkröten besteht überwiegend aus verschiedenen Akazienarten, Affenbrotbäumen, Tamarinden, Dornbuscharten, Langfäden und aus diversen wilden Hirsearten, Digitaria sp., Panicum sp., Stachelgräsern Cenchrus sp. und einem spärlichen, meist einjährigen Bewuchs an Kräutern und Gräsern.

Nahrung

Die Spornschildkröte ernährt sich überwiegend vegetarisch. Je nach Saison sind das frische, grüne Triebe von Sukkulenten, Kräutern und Gräsern, in den allermeisten Fällen aber trockene und abgestorbene Pflanzenteile, weil Niederschläge in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet selten sind und manchmal monate- bis jahrelang ausbleiben können. Zu den bevorzugten Nahrungspflanzen gehören Knopfgras, Dactyloctenium aegypticum, und Finger-, Faden- bzw. Zwerghirse Digitaria sp., Eragrostis sp., außerdem Senna (syn. Cassia) obtusifolia sowie sukkulente Pflanzen wie Tagblumen Commelina benghalensis und Sommer-Portulak Portulaca oleracea. Darüber hinaus werden auch Insekten erbeutet und Aas, Knochen und Kot von Säugetieren gefressen.

Weil ihr nur selten ausreichend Trinkwasser zur Verfügung steht, geht die Spornschildkröte sehr sparsam mit Wasser um und scheidet nur äußerst geringe Mengen an Urin aus, an Volumen sogar weniger als die wesentlich kleineren europäischen Landschildkröten.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Junge Spornschildkröte auf dem Panzer ihrer Mutter

Der Eintritt der Geschlechtsreife ist bei Schildkröten weniger an ein bestimmtes Alter als eine bestimmte Größe bzw. Gewicht gebunden. Spornschildkröten werden etwa mit 15–20 kg geschlechtsreif, ein Gewicht das Weibchen in der Natur mit etwa 10–12 Jahren erreichen, Männchen erst etwa 3 Jahre später. Bei Gefangenschaftshaltung kann die Erwachsenengröße schon wesentlich früher erreicht werden.

Die Paarungszeit ist nicht auf eine bestimmte Jahreszeit beschränkt, kühlere und feuchtere Monate werden aber bevorzugt. Die Männchen suchen aktiv nach Weibchen und müssen dazu oft sehr weite Strecken zurücklegen (10–20 km, teilweise deutlich mehr). Haben sie ein Weibchen gefunden, versuchen sie dieses durch Rammen gegen den Panzer bzw. Bisse in Kopf und Extremitäten an der Flucht zu hindern. Dabei kann es zu schweren Paarungsverletzungen kommen, teilweise mit Todesfolge. Hat es das Männchen geschafft aufzureiten, dauert die Paarung etwa 15 min, wird aber in der Regel mehrfach am Tag wiederholt. Das Männchen stößt dabei heisere Grunzlaute aus, die weithin zu hören sind. Gelegentlich kommt es zu Revierkämpfen unter den Männchen, die ähnlich heftig ablaufen wie die Paarung, mit kräftigen Bissen und Rammstößen von Panzer und Kehlschild.

Etwa einen Monat nach der Paarung kommt es zur Eiablage, bevorzugt im feuchteren Wurzelbereich von Buschwerk. Die Eiablage erfolgt in bis zu 9 Gelegen pro Jahr, meist sind es jedoch 2–3, mit bis zu 40 Eiern pro Gelege. Die Eier werden in selbst gegrabene Erdmulden gelegt, die nach erfolgter Eiablage wieder sorgfältig verschlossen werden. Die Jungtiere schlüpfen in der Natur bevorzugt kurz vor Einsetzen der Regenzeit und deshalb nach sehr unterschiedlicher Brutzeit, im Schnitt ca. 120 Tage. Aber auch wesentlich längere Inkubationszeiten sind beschrieben. Beim Schlupf wiegen die Jungtiere durchschnittlich etwa 40 g und sind etwa 5 cm lang.

Gefährdung

Die Spornschildkröte wird in der Roten Liste als gefährdet und im Washingtoner Artenschutz-Übereinkommen im Anhang II als bedrohte Art geführt. Ursachen hierfür sind Absammeln zum Eigengebrauch (Haustiere, Nahrung) und Exporte, Zerstückelung und Zersiedelung des einst riesigen Verbreitungsgebietes, Vorrücken der Wüste in das Verbreitungsgebiet. Sehr erfolgreich läuft dagegen die Zucht in menschlicher Obhut.

Galerie

Literatur

  • M. R. K. Lambert: On growth, sexual dimorphism, and the general ecology of the African spurred tortoise, Geochelone sulcata, in Mali. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 1(1) S. 37–46, 1993
  • M. R. K. Lambert: On general biology and utilization of the African spurred tortoise, Geochelone sulcata, in Mali, West Africa. – In: B. Devaux (ed.), Proceedings—International Congress of Chelonian Conservation, pp. 112–114. Gonfaron, France: Editions SOPTOM, 1996
  • Holger Vetter: Panther- und Spornschildkröte – Stigmochelys pardalis und Centrochelys sulcata. Schildkrötenbibliothek Bd. 1, Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-89973-501-3

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b John Frederick Miller: Icones Animalium et Plantarum. London 1776–1782, Tafel 26 (zugehörige Beschriftungen)
  2. Roger Bour: Les tortues terrestres géantes des îles de l’océan Indien occidental: données géographiques, taxinomiques et phylogénétiques. S. 17–76 in: F. De Broin, E. Jiménez-Fuentes (Hrsg.): Comunicaciones del I Simposium Internacional sobre Quelonios Fósiles, París, Octubre, 1983. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, Volumen Especial 1 (Studia Palaeocheloniologica 1), 1985 (PDF 2,9 MB), S. 63 ff.
  3. CITES Species Database
  4. Manfred Rogner: Schildkröten – Biologie, Haltung, Vermehrung, Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5440-1, S. 81
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Spornschildkröte: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Spornschildkröte (Centrochelys sulcata) gehört innerhalb der Familie der Landschildkröten (Testudinidae) zur rezent monotypischen Gattung Centrochelys, früher wurde sie zur Gattung Geochelone gezählt. Spornschildkröten sind nach den Galápagos-Riesenschildkröten (Chelonoidis nigra) und den Seychellen-Riesenschildkröten der Gattung (Dipsochelys) die drittgrößten lebenden Landschildkröten und erreichen eine Rückenpanzerlänge von ungefähr 80 cm, sowie ein Gewicht von über 80 kg. Sie besiedeln ein trockenes Verbreitungsgebiet mit spärlicher Vegetation im nördlichen Zentralafrika, das sich wie ein schmales Band über 8000 km vom Atlantik bis zum Roten Meer zieht. Bislang sind keine Unterarten beschrieben.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

African spurred tortoise

provided by wikipedia EN

The African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), also called the sulcata tortoise, is a species of tortoise inhabiting the southern edge of the Sahara desert in Africa. It is the largest mainland species of tortoise in the world, and the third-largest in the world. It is the last remaining species in its genus, Centrochelys, with the five other species in the family already extinct.[3]

Taxonomy and etymology

The African spurred tortoise is a part of the:

The taxonomic species name is Centrochelys sulcata and is otherwise known as C. sulcata. Its specific name sulcata is from the Latin word sulcus meaning "furrow" and refers to the furrows on the tortoise's scales.[4] At first the species was labeled as Testudo sulcata. As time has passed since the species was first classified, C. sulcata has been referred to by several different designations. There are no recognized subspecies despite there being two separate populations, one in Western Africa and the other in Eastern Africa. There are also three different, yet similar, haplotypes. One haplotype is found in and closely around Sudan, another is found in the western portion of their range, and the last haplotype is found in Senegal, Mali, and Sudan.[5]

Range and habitat

Young C. sulcata

The African spurred tortoise is native to the Sahara Desert and the Sahel, a transitional ecoregion of semiarid grasslands, savannas, and thorn shrublands found in the countries of Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen and possibly in Somalia, Algeria, Benin, and Cameroon. It is possibly extirpated from Djibouti and Togo.[1][5] They are found on hills, stable dunes, and flat areas with shrubs and high grass. They also like to settle in areas with interrupted streams or rivers.[5] In these arid regions, the tortoise excavates burrows in the ground to get to areas with higher moisture levels, and spends the hottest part of the day in these burrows.[6] This is known as aestivation. In the wild, they may burrow very deep; up to 15 m deep and 30 m long.[7] Plants such as grasses and succulents grow around their burrows if kept moist and in nature they continue to grow for the tortoise to eat if the soil is replenished with its feces.[6] Sulcata tortoises found in the Sudanese part of their range may reach significantly greater size at maturity than those found in other regions.[8]

Size and lifespan

A sulcata tortoise with a deformed shell due to the lack of proper care

C. sulcata is the largest species of tortoise in Africa and is also third-largest species of tortoise in the world after the Galapagos tortoise and Aldabra giant tortoise.[9] The species is the largest of the mainland tortoises.[7] Males have an average mass of about 81 kg, but some males have been recorded at over 100 kg with one weighing more than 120 kg. They have a straight carapace length of around 86.0 cm in males. Females have a straight carapace length of about 57.8 cm. Males of a curved carapace length of about 101.0 cm and females have approximately 67.0 cm of curved carapace length. Despite being the largest tortoise in Africa, hatchlings measure about 44 millimeters and weigh around 40 grams.[5] They grow very quickly, reaching 6–10 in (15–25 cm) within the first few years of their lives. The tortoises grow faster when there is more rainfall and slower when there is less.[5] They reach sexual maturity after 10 to 15 years. In captivity their life span is around 54 years. In the wild their lifespan is unknown but is believed to exceed 75 years.[10][5] The tortoise has no known predators when they are hatchlings or adults.[5] In fact it is believed that they are nearly immune to predators when their weight exceeds 30kg.[5] On the other hand tortoise eggs are sought after by many predators such as numerous species of lizards and potentially mongooses.[5] In the wild the leading cause of death is being unable to right themselves around after they have been flipped onto their backs.[11]

Diet

African spurred tortoise at the Las Vegas Zoo

Sulcata tortoises are mostly herbivores.[5] Primarily, their diets consist of many types of grasses, plants (especially succulent plants), and hay.[12] Their overall diet should be high in fiber and very low in protein. Too much protein will lead to the tortoise growing too fast, which can result in metabolic bone disease which is uneven growth.[13] Flowers and other plants including cactus pads can be consumed. In the wild, they have been observed to also eat plants and algae off the surface of the water.[5] African spurred tortoises are also capable of eating various vegetables such as endive, dandelion greens, and dark leafy greens. Despite being herbivores, they will occasionally eat the carcasses of dead animals. They mostly eat dead goats and zebras that have been pushed downstream during the wet season on the rivers and creeks the tortoises settle next to.[5] If a human settlement is nearby they will also feed on trash.[5]

Breeding

Copulation

Male selection

Copulation takes place right after the rainy season, during the months from September through November with breeding actions occur in the morning.[5][6] Male C. sulcata are extremely territorial.[5] Males combat each other for breeding rights with the females and are vocal during copulation.[6] Larger males tend to always win sexual combat.[5]

Female nesting

Sixty days after mating, the female begins to roam looking for suitable nesting sites.[6] For five to fifteen days, four or five nests may be excavated before she selects the perfect location in which the eggs will be laid.[6] Females tend to lay around two to three clutches of eggs with each clutch containing fourteen to forty eggs.[14]

Immature Centrochelys sulcata in East Bay Vivarium

Loose soil is kicked out of the depression, and the female may frequently urinate into the depression.[6] Once it reaches about two feet (60 cm) in diameter and 3–6 in (7–14 cm) deep, a further depression, measuring some eight inches (20 cm) across and in depth, will be dug out towards the back of the original depression.[6] The work of digging the nest may take up to five hours; the speed with which it is dug seems to be dependent upon the relative hardness of the ground.[6] It usually takes place when the ambient air temperature is at least 78°F (27°C).[6] Once the nest is dug, the female begins to lay an egg every three minutes.[6] Clutches may contain 15–30 or more eggs.[6] After the eggs are laid, the female fills in the nest, taking an hour or more to fully cover them all.[6] Incubation should be 86 to 88 °F, and will take from 90 to 120 days.

Conservation status and efforts

Status

C. sulcata is currently ranked as an endangered species.[15] Studies suggest that African spurred tortoises exist in approximately 16.7% of the area where they had previously been found. These studies also show an average of 1-5 tortoises per site canvassed which indicates a rapid decline of the species.[5] The species faces threats from livestock as they have to compete for resources.[16] The main source of resource competition African spurred tortoises face is from cattle which also graze on grass. The effects of competition for grazing land is compounded by wildfires which can destroy large portions of grass land which kills and rescues the resources available to C sulcata.[17] They also face threats from the pet trade as they are over harvested from their natural environment.[18] Approximately 9000 tortoises are taken from the wild for the pet trade.[5] Other threats that the species face are habitat loss due to climate change and predators which hunt the tortoises or their eggs.[19][20]

Efforts

The main method of conservation has been reintroduction programs. These sorts of reintroduction programs have been implemented in Ferlo, and Senegal. These programs have seen tortoise survival rates of about 80%.[11] This means that the tortoises are able to easily to adapt back into their native savanna environments from domestic environment.[11] There are also captive colonies in several countries. Most of these reintroduction programs and captive colonies can be found in protected national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.[15] There are hopes to expand reintroduction programs by involving tortoise owners since there are more African spurred tortoises living in captivity than in the wild.[5] The goal would be to establish a breeding programs with the owners where all hatchlings would be reintroduced.[21]

Life in captivity

African Spurred Tortoise at the Las Vegas Zoo

Behavior

African spurred tortoises are passive and docile pets.[22] They are almost never aggressive and barely ever show territorial behavior. This docile behavior is complemented by their slow speed and silence. Despite their docile attitude, the tortoise should not be handled often as handling will cause stress. Stress can lead to health problems and premature death. They are also very curious, and can end up stuck on their backs, needing help getting flipped back over. African Spurred Tortoises have a lifespan of around 70 years, which means that they are a long term commitment.[22]

Requirements

The ideal enclosure for the African spurred tortoise is an outdoor pen where they will be able to construct a burrow. A fence of around two feet is recommended with some parts of the fence being extended underground. They prefer high temperatures and thrive in temperatures as high as 100 degrees Fahrenheit when they have a borrow to go into to cool off. When in captivity they should also have access to heating systems to keep the temperature of an enclosure above 60 degrees Fahrenheit for when the temperature drops during the night. If the tortoise is being kept inside they need access to artificial means of sunlight.[22] The enclosure should also be kept somewhat humid. Humidity should be kept around 40-50 percent as any higher than that can lead to repository issues. These tend to be fungal infections, but shell rot is also common.[22]

They require high fiber diets (grasses and hays) as many "wet" vegetables can cause health problems in large quantities. Red leaf lettuce, prickly pear cactus pads, hibiscus leaves, hay from various grasses and dandelions are some of the better foods to make up the bulk of their diet. They will attempt to eat most types of plants eventually and some common garden plants can be very toxic to them, such as azaleas. They will eat such things as caterpillars and snails if given the opportunity, but this also should be a very small portion of their diet. Calcium should also be another small portion of their diet to help with shell growth. The tortoises should also avoid proteins and consume fruits very sparsely.[22] As the tortoises get older and their jaws stronger, it is recommended to allow them to eat hays such as Orchard and Timothy Hay.[23][24][13] Certain vegetables can lead to serious medical issues. Kale, brussel sprouts, and broccoli can be added to their diet rarely, but are known to cause hypothyroidism. Parsley, collard greens, and romaine lettuce should be excluded from their diets entirely, as they are too high in calcium oxalate.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Petrozzi, F.; Luiselli, L.; Hema, E.M.; Diagne, T.; Segniagbeto, G.H.; Eniang, E.A.; Leuteritz, T.E.J.; Rhodin, A.G.J. (2021). "Centrochelys sulcata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T163423A1006958. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T163423A1006958.en. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  2. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 279–280. ISSN 1864-5755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  3. ^ "Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  4. ^ a b ITIS (October 5, 2022). "Centrochelys sulcata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved October 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Petrozzi, Fabio; Eniang, Edem A.; Akani, Godfrey C.; Amadi, Nioking; Hema, Emmanuel M.; Diagne, Tomas; Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoudé; Chirio, Laurent; Amori, Giovanni; Luiselli, Luca (July 2018). "Exploring the main threats to the threatened African spurred tortoise Centrochelys sulcata in the West African Sahel". Oryx. 52 (3): 544–551. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001125. ISSN 0030-6053.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kaplan, Melissa. (1996)African Spurred Tortoises. Reptile and Amphibian Magazine, September/October 1996, pp. 32–45
  7. ^ a b Branch, Bill (2008). Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa. South Africa: Struik Publishers. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-77007-463-7.
  8. ^ "Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  9. ^ Petrozzi, Fabio; Emmanuel, Hema; Gift, Demaya; Benansio, John; Eniang, Edem; Diagne, Tomas; Segniagbeto, Gabriel; Luiselli, Luca (August 2020). "Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises". Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy (5): 13 – via ResearchGate.
  10. ^ "Sulcata Tortoise Care Sheet". www.reptilesmagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  11. ^ a b c garrigues, Laure; Cadi, Antoine (2011). "Global RE-introduction Prespectives: 2011" (PDF). IUCN. Retrieved November 8, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "Geochelone sulcata (African Spurred Tortoise)".
  13. ^ a b c "AFRICAN SPURRED TORTOISE CARE SHEET" (PDF). San Diego Turtle and Tortoise Society. January 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  14. ^ "Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group". Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  15. ^ a b ICUN Red List (October 12, 2022). "ICUN Red List". ICUN Red List. Retrieved October 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ ICUN Red List (October 12, 2022). "ICUN Red List". ICUN Red List. Retrieved October 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ Petrozzi, Fabio; Eniang, Edem; Akani, G.C.; Amadi, Nicking (November 2016). "Exploring the main threats to the threatened African spurred tortoise Centrochelys sulcata in the West African Sahel". Research Gate. Retrieved October 26, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ ICUN Red List (October 12, 2022). "ICUN Red List". ICUN Red List. Retrieved October 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ Petrozzi, Fabio; Eniang, Edem A.; Akani, Godfrey C.; Amadi, Nioking; Hema, Emmanuel M.; Diagne, Tomas; Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoudé; Chirio, Laurent; Amori, Giovanni; Luiselli, Luca (July 2018). "Exploring the main threats to the threatened African spurred tortoise Centrochelys sulcata in the West African Sahel". Oryx. 52 (3): 544–551. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001125. ISSN 0030-6053.
  20. ^ ICUN Red List (October 12, 2022). "ICUN Red List". ICUN Red List. Retrieved October 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ Ardjima, Lankoande; Hema, Emmanuel M.; Konate, Sidiki; Sirima, Djidama; Kabre, B. Gustave; Petrozzi, Fabio; Fa, John E.; Luiselli, Luca (2020-05-01). "Unleashing the potential of local captive populations for conservation in the West African savannahs – The case study of the African spurred tortoise". Acta Oecologica. 105: 103581. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2020.103581. ISSN 1146-609X. S2CID 219051620.
  22. ^ a b c d e "A Guide to Caring for Sulcata Tortoises as Pets". The Spruce Pets. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  23. ^ Berger, Sarah (2016-12-03). "Sulcata Tortoise Background and Care Recommendations". MedVet. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  24. ^ Gurley, Russ (2002). The African Spurred Tortoise Geochelone sulcate in Captivity. ISBN 978-1-885209-25-2.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

African spurred tortoise: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), also called the sulcata tortoise, is a species of tortoise inhabiting the southern edge of the Sahara desert in Africa. It is the largest mainland species of tortoise in the world, and the third-largest in the world. It is the last remaining species in its genus, Centrochelys, with the five other species in the family already extinct.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Centrochelys sulcata ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La tortuga de espolones africana (Centrochelys sulcata) es una especie de tortuga criptodira de la familia Testudinidae y único miembro del género Centrochelys.[2]​ Habitaba buena parte del territorio en el borde sur del desierto del Sáhara, en el Sahel, y que actualmente casi sólo sobrevive dentro de parques nacionales y reservas de fauna. Está amenazada en su hábitat debido al proceso de urbanización de su hábitat, la desertización, la agricultura, las pasturas, así como por el uso de su carne en la alimentación local y por la medicina tradicional.

Por su tamaño es la tercera mayor tortuga terrestre del mundo, y la mayor de las continentales (no originarias de archipiélagos).[3]

Taxonomía y etimología

El nombre genérico resulta de una combinación de los términos griegos geo (γαια), que significa "tierra", y chelone (χελώνη), que significa "tortuga". El nombre específico "sulcata" deriva de la palabra latina sulcus, que significa "surco, arruga" haciendo referencia a los surcos que aparecen en las escamas del caparazón de la tortuga.

Distribución y hábitat

 src=
C. sulcata saliendo de su refugio.

Geochelone sulcata es una especie afrotropical del Sahel, se distribuye por Etiopía, Malí, Chad, Mauritania, Níger, Senegal y Sudán.[1]​ Vive en las sabanas, los bosques de acacias, y en zonas áridas y secas. La temperatura de su ambiente es constante y es de alrededor de 30-31 °C en las áreas más calientes y 22 °C en las zonas más frías. Las bajas temperaturas y la alta humedad pueden causarle enfermedades respiratorias. Su metabolismo está muy adaptado a la conservación de agua, que obtiene principalmente de la vegetación. Durante las horas más cálidas excava madrigueras para defenderse del calor.[4]

Morfología

Es la mayor tortuga nativa del continente africano. Después de las tortugas gigantes de las Galápagos (Chelonoidis nigra) y de la de Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigantea) es la tortuga más grande del mundo. Tiene un caparazón de hasta 85 cm de largo y puede pesar hasta 100 kg en los machos. Tiene un pico robusto frontal con el que es capaz de derribar los obstáculos, incluso de un cierto tamaño. El espaldar es de color marrón claro que oscurece en los márgenes de las placas. La piel es de color marrón claro y las patas están protegidas por fuertes escamas muy pronunciadas. La tortuga de espolones africana debe su nombre por tener dos grandes espolones en la cara posterior de la región femoral.

Dimorfismo sexual

La diferenciación de machos y hembras (dimorfismo sexual) se efectúa por la vía de los caracteres sexuales secundarios. Los machos son más grandes que las hembras, tienen el plastrón más cóncavo y la cola es más grande, larga, robusta y gruesa en su base. Además en los machos las placas anales del plastrón forman un ángulo más amplio. El plastrón de las hembras y de los ejemplares jóvenes y subadultos es plano.

Reproducción

Cópula entre dos ejemplares de Geochelone sulcata.

Geochelone sulcata llega a la madurez sexual cuando su caparazón mide aproximadamente 35-40 cm de diámetro. Estas tortugas son especialmente agresivas durante la época de reproducción. El apareamiento es preferiblemente después de la temporada de lluvias. Los machos chocan entre sí y las peleas a menudo terminan con heridas sangrantes. El macho persigue a la hembra con golpes en su caparazón hasta que logra hacer la cópula, y emite un fuerte sonido que se puede oír a mucha distancia. Algún tiempo después del apareamiento, la hembra se vuelve cada vez más inquieta hasta otoño, cuando comienza a cavar un hoyo en un terreno suave de unos 60 cm de diámetro y 10-15 cm de profundidad para depositar sus huevos, que tardan alrededor de 80 a 180 días a eclosionar. Esta actividad puede durar hasta 5 horas. Para garantizar la humedad adecuada de los huevos (50%), antes de iniciar la deposición, orina en el nido.

 src=
Cría de G. sulcata.

La reproducción en cautividad es relativamente fácil. Es necesario proporcionar a la hembra un lugar adecuado en el que desovar, con un sustrato blando como la arena, de varios centímetros de profundidad.

Puede efectuar hasta seis puestas por año, con una media de quince huevos por puesta. Los huevos son de cáscara blanca, esférica con una frágil cubierta. Los huevos se pueden incubar a 28-30°C y necesitan entre 85 y 170 días para eclosionar. Al nacer las crías tienen un caparazón de 4.6 cm de largo, pesan unos 25 gramos y son de color amarillo-marrón.

Alimentación

Es una especie exclusivamente herbívora adaptada en ambientes áridos. Necesita una dieta con un elevado contenido en fibra y con altos niveles de calcio, a base de hierbas del campo, como diente de león, llantén, tréboles y alfalfa, pero sobre todo también las plantas espinosas de hierbas secas. Su dieta es principalmente heno, unas pocas verduras frescas, hierbas, ensalada mixta de campo, achicoria, la endibia, alfalfa, flores de hibisco,, repollo, brócoli remolacha, canónigos, berros, y tubérculos en general. Las palas de chumbera y los higos chumbos son ideales porque contienen fibra y calcio. La proteína animal es nociva. La fruta no debe darse por contener demasiado azúcar y poco calcio, y le puede producir trastornos digestivos graves, diarrea y multiplicación de parásitos internos. La falta de fibra da lugar a problemas como la diarrea y la deshidratación, pérdida de peso, colapso del intestino, una mayor susceptibilidad a los parásitos intestinales y flagelados.

También será recomendable que se les añada calcio a su alimento, para fortalecer sus huesos y su caparazón. Se deberá también tener en cuenta que necesitan tener a mano un cuenco con agua fresca. No debe tener más de 5 o 10 cm de profundidad, y el agua será renovada a diario.

Altas dosis de proteínas o de fósforo junto con una exigua ingestión de calcio provocan deformaciones permanentes de la espaldar y daños en los órganos. Un síntoma evidente de mala alimentación es un espaldar con las escamas puntiagudas y estriadas en las suturas, un fenómeno conocido como piramidalización. En cambio, un espaldar liso y de forma ovalada indica una alimentación correcta.

Etología

Teniendo en cuenta su gran tamaño, necesita mucho espacio. Es activa por la mañana y por la tarde, cuando hace demasiado calor se refugia en madrigueras o en cuevas. Son animales solitarios y territoriales que conviven con otras especies, los machos a menudo no aceptan ni siquiera la hembra fuera del período de apareamiento. Es una especie muy fuerte y resistente que pasa la mayor parte de su tiempo, exponiéndose a la luz solar, muy saludable para sus funciones metabólicas. Esta especie no hiberna ya que su clima es cálido durante todo el año.

Mantenimiento en cautividad

La reproducción y cría en cautividad de Geochelone sulcata es relativamente fácil. Es una especie fuerte y fácil de criar, aunque necesita grandes cantidades de alimentos y un gran espacio. En el hemisferio norte, en los meses más cálidos, se puede mantener al aire libre en amplios recintos resistentes, por lo general resiste muy bien y sin problemas de abril a octubre. En los meses más fríos necesita amplios recintos interiores con calefacción. Necesita mucha luz directa y calor constante, no tolera el frío ni la humedad.

Necesita una ingesta adecuada de calcio que absorbe en grandes cantidades debido al rápido crecimiento y los rayos UVB para prevenir la aparición de osteodistrofia fibrosa. La fuente de UVB es necesario para la transformación de la vitamina D2 y la vitamina D3 y para el metabolismo del calcio. En el terrario hay que disponer de agua para que pueda beber y bañarse, el agua se puede insertar 2-3 veces a la semana para evitar que el contenido de humedad sea demasiado alto. En el terrario hay que disponer diversas lámparas UVB y lamparillas calentadoras, para crear una temperatura que vaya de los 22 °C de la zona más fría a los 31 °C del punto cálido.

Conservación

Geochelone sulcata está muy afectada por la destrucción de su hábitat por la desertización y por la expansión de la agricultura y la ganadería. También es víctima de la caza, ya que es usada como alimento en muchos pueblos africanos. Actualmente se ha extinguido de la mayor parte de su antigua área de distribución, y sólo sobreviven pequeñas poblaciones aisladas en parques nacionales y en reservas de fauna. Actualmente tiene un centro de cría en cautividad, el SOPTOM de Senegal, y hay un programa de reintroducción. Legalmente está protegida por la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies en Peligro de Washington y en el CITES en el Anexo II Apéndice B.

Referencias

  1. a b Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). «Geochelone sulcata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2016.
  2. a b Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Centrochelys sulcata». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 15 de julio de 2016.
  3. Branch, Bill (2008). Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa. South Africa: Struik Publishers. p. 128. ISBN 1-77007-463-5.
  4. Kaplan, Melissa. (1996)African Spurred Tortoises. Reptile and Amphibian Magazine, septiembre/octubre 1996, pp. 32-45

Bibliografía

  • Vetter, Holger (2005.). Leopard-and African Spurred Tortoise. Edition Chimaira. ISBN 3-89973-601-X..
  • Avanzi, Marta (2004.). Las tortugas terrestres. Editorial de Vecchi. ISBN 84-315-2832-X..
  • Merchán Fornelino, Manuel (1992.). El maravilloso mundo de las tortugas. Ediciones Antiquaria. ISBN 84-86508-26-6..
  • Guía de las tortugas, Marta sobras - De Vecchi Editore, 2002 ISBN 88-412-7620-7
  • El manual de primeros auxilios para los reptiles, Marco Salvadori - Schiff Editor, 2001
  • El gran libro de las tortugas acuáticas y terrestres, Marta y desechos Millefanti Massimo De Vecchi Editore, 2003 ISBN 88-412-7651-7
  • Las tortugas, Fabricio Pirotta - Autor: [Il [Sole 24 Ore]] Edagricole, 2001 ISBN 88-506-4361-6
  • Terrario fácil, y Luciano Fabris Tom di Valentina - sas Primaris
  • Terralog (en inglés y alemán), Holger Vetter - ISBN 3930612577 Edition Chimaira

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Centrochelys sulcata: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La tortuga de espolones africana (Centrochelys sulcata) es una especie de tortuga criptodira de la familia Testudinidae y único miembro del género Centrochelys.​ Habitaba buena parte del territorio en el borde sur del desierto del Sáhara, en el Sahel, y que actualmente casi sólo sobrevive dentro de parques nacionales y reservas de fauna. Está amenazada en su hábitat debido al proceso de urbanización de su hábitat, la desertización, la agricultura, las pasturas, así como por el uso de su carne en la alimentación local y por la medicina tradicional.

Por su tamaño es la tercera mayor tortuga terrestre del mundo, y la mayor de las continentales (no originarias de archipiélagos).​

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Geochelone sulcata ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Geochelone sulcata: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Geochelone sulcata Geochelone generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Testudinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Tortue sillonnée ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Centrochelys sulcata

La Tortue sillonnée ou Tortue à éperons, Centrochelys sulcata, unique représentant du genre Centrochelys, est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Testudinidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre en Afrique sahélienne en Mauritanie, au Sénégal, au Mali, au Burkina Faso, au Niger, au Nigeria, au Tchad, en Centrafrique, au Soudan, en Éthiopie et en Érythrée[1].

Sa présence est incertaine au Bénin.

Habitat

Elle vit dans les savanes arides du sahel, caractérisées par des sols secs, des forêts d'Acacias, des journées très chaudes et des nuits froides. Elle peut creuser un terrier de 10 m de long et de 3 à 4 m de profondeur pour se protéger de la fraîcheur nocturne ou de la chaleur diurne.

Description

 src=
Centrochelys sulcata
 src=
Centrochelys sulcata

C'est une tortue terrestre qui mesure, à l'âge adulte, de 60 cm à 80 cm de long pour un poids d'une centaine de kilogrammes. Les femelles sont plus petites et ne dépassent pas les 60 kg. C'est la plus grosse tortue d'Afrique, et la plus grande du monde après celles des îles Galápagos et des Seychelles. C'est une tortue omnivore très active et qui demande beaucoup d'espace en captivité. Elle se nourrit d'herbe, de plante, de déchets végétaux mais aussi de charogne et d’excréments. Elle peut vivre plus de cent ans.

Reproduction

Le rut est violent, avec affrontements entre mâles consistant à renverser l’adversaire sur le dos (sa dossière plate l’empêche alors de se remettre à l’endroit).

La ponte comprend de 15 à 30 œufs. Les œufs sont ronds et mesurent entre 41 et 49 mm, la durée d'incubation varie entre 90 et 120 jours. Les jeunes à la naissance mesurent 45 mm de longueur pour un poids de 30 g.

Dimorphisme sexuel

Les mâles ont une écaille subjugulaire en forme de fourche à l'avant du plastron qu'ils utilisent pour retourner leurs rivaux lors d'affrontements sexuels.

La queue de la femelle est plus courte, plus étroite et l’orifice du cloaque est situé près de la base.

Statut Légal

Annexe II de la convention de Washington

Publications originales

  • Gray, 1872 : Appendix to the catalogue of shield reptiles in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). London, p. 1-28 (texte intégral).
  • Miller, 1779 : Icones Animalium et Plantarum. Various subjects of natural history, wherein are delineated birds, animals, and many curious plants. London, Letterpress, p. 1–10.

Notes et références

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Tortue sillonnée: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Centrochelys sulcata

La Tortue sillonnée ou Tortue à éperons, Centrochelys sulcata, unique représentant du genre Centrochelys, est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Testudinidae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Tartaruga de esporas africana ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

A tartaruga de esporas africana (Centrochelys sulcata) é unha especie de tartaruga criptodira da familia dos testudínidos e único membro do xénero Centrochelys. Habitaba boa parte do territorio do norte africano, no bordo sur do deserto do Sáhara, no Sahel, e que actualmente case só sobrevive dentro de parques nacionais e reservas de fauna. Está ameazada no seu hábitat por mor do proceso de urbanización do seu hábitat, a desertización, a agricultura, os pasteiros, así como polo uso da súa carne na alimentación local e pola medicina tradicional.

Polo seu tamaño é a terceira maior tartaruga terrestre do mundo, e a maior das continentais (non orixinarias de arquipélagos).[5]

Taxonomía e etimoloxía

O nome xenérico resulta dunha combinación dos termos gregos geo (γαια), que significa "terra", e chelone (χελώνη), que significa "tartaruga". O nome específico "sulcata" deriva da palabra latina sulcus, que significa "asuco, engurra" facendo referencia ós asucos que aparecen nas escamas da cunha da tartaruga.

Distribución e hábitat

 src=
G. sulcata saíndo do seu refuxio.

Geochelone sulcata é unha especie afrotropical do Sahel, distribúese por Etiopía, Malí, Chad, Mauritania, Níxer, o Senegal e o Sudán. Vive nas sabanas, os bosques de acacias, e en zonas áridas e secas. A temperatura do seu ambiente é constante e é de arredor de 30-31 °C nas áreas máis quentes e 22 °C nas zonas máis frías. As baixas temperaturas e a alta humidade poden causarlle doenzas respiratorias. O seu metabolismo está moi adaptado á conservación de auga, que obtén principalmente da vexetación. Durante as horas máis cálidas escava tobos para defenderse da calor.[6]

Notas

  1. Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Geochelone sulcata". Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas. (en inglés). Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza. Consultado o 15 de xullo de 2016.
  2. {{{genus}}} {{{species}}} na Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
  3. Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 279–280. ISSN 18640-5755. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 17 de decembro de 2010. Consultado o 29 de maio de 2012.
  4. Geochelone&species =sulcata&search_param =%28%28genus%3D%27Geochelone%27%29%29 Centrochelys sulcata en Reptile database
  5. Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa. Struik Publishers. ISBN 1-77007-463-5.
  6. Kaplan, Melissa. (1996)African Spurred Tortoises. Reptile and Amphibian Magazine, septiembre/octubre 1996, pp. 32-45

Véxase tamén

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia gl Galician

Tartaruga de esporas africana: Brief Summary ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

A tartaruga de esporas africana (Centrochelys sulcata) é unha especie de tartaruga criptodira da familia dos testudínidos e único membro do xénero Centrochelys. Habitaba boa parte do territorio do norte africano, no bordo sur do deserto do Sáhara, no Sahel, e que actualmente case só sobrevive dentro de parques nacionais e reservas de fauna. Está ameazada no seu hábitat por mor do proceso de urbanización do seu hábitat, a desertización, a agricultura, os pasteiros, así como polo uso da súa carne na alimentación local e pola medicina tradicional.

Polo seu tamaño é a terceira maior tartaruga terrestre do mundo, e a maior das continentais (non orixinarias de arquipélagos).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia gl Galician

Centrochelys sulcata ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

La testuggine africana (Centrochelys sulcata (Miller, 1779)), nota anche come testuggine sulcata, è una tartaruga di medie dimensioni appartenente alla famiglia Testudinidae, originaria del confine meridionale del deserto del Sahara, in Africa. È la terza specie di tartaruga più grande al mondo, la più grande specie di tartaruga continentale e l'unica specie vivente del genere Centrochelys.[3]

Descrizione

Geochelone sulcata è la tartaruga più grande originaria del continente africano. Ha un carapace lungo fino a 85 cm e può pesare fino a 100 kg per i maschi. È dotata di un robusto rostro anteriore con cui è in grado di abbattere ostacoli, anche di una certa consistenza.

Biologia

È attiva anche al mattino e ha abitudini prettamente diurne. Sono animali territoriali che non convivono con altre specie e spesso i maschi non accettano neanche la femmina se non insieme fin da piccoli o se al di fuori del periodo dell'accoppiamento. Specie molto rustica e resistente che trascorre gran parte del suo tempo esponendosi alla luce solare molto salutare per le sue funzioni metaboliche. Non effettua il letargo.

Riproduzione

Queste tartarughe sono aggressive specialmente durante il tempo della riproduzione. L'accoppiamento avviene preferibilmente dopo la stagione delle piogge. I maschi urtano l'un l'altro e spesso le liti finiscono con ferite sanguinanti. L'accoppiamento avviene preferibilmente dopo la stagione delle piogge e il maschio cammina intorno alla femmina urtandola col suo guscio e inducendola ad accoppiarsi. Qualche tempo dopo l'accoppiamento la femmina diventa sempre più irrequieta fino all'autunno, quando comincia a scavare una buca su un terreno morbido di circa 60 cm di diametro e profonda 10-15 cm per deporre le uova che impiegheranno circa 80-180 giorni per schiudersi. Questa attività dura anche 5 ore. Per garantire la giusta umidità alle uova (50 %), prima di iniziare la deposizione, urina nel nido. Si possono susseguire fino a 6 covate in un anno ciascuna con una media di 20 uova. Le uova sono bianche, sferiche con un guscio fragile e per ricoprirle la femmina impiega più di un'ora. Si schiudono ad una temperatura di 30°. Centrochelys sulcata raggiunge la maturità sessuale quando il loro carapace misura all'incirca 35-40 cm di diametro. Alla nascita le piccole tartarughe hanno un carapace lungo 4-6 cm, pesano all'incirca 25 grammi e sono di colore giallo-marrone chiaro.

 src=
Esemplare di Centrochelys sulcata

Alimentazione

Specie esclusivamente erbivora adattata ad ambienti aridi, s'alimenta con ogni specie vegetale commestibile in particolare di fibre con alto tasso di calcio, anche di piante spinose ma soprattutto di erbe secche. La sua dieta è principalmente di fieno, poche verdure fresche, rarissima frutta, erbe miste di campo, insalate varie, radicchi, cicoria, erba medica, fiori d'ibisco, trifogli, pomodori, cavoli, broccoli, bietole e brassicacee in generale. Fortunatamente questi ultimi prodotti non sono frequenti da trovare nel suo ambiente, perché contengono ossalati che legano il calcio e non lo rendono così più disponibile per l'assimilazione. Non necessita di proteine animali. La carenza di fibra porta a problemi come diarrea e quindi disidratazione, perdita di peso, prolassi intestinali, ad una maggiore suscettibilità ai flagellati e vermi intestinali. Questa specie di tartaruga ricava l'acqua necessaria alla sua vita dai vegetali freschi che ne contengono molta e non necessita quindi di abbeverarsi spesso.

Distribuzione e habitat

Specie afrotropicale, il suo areale comprende il Ciad, ma è presente anche in Etiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal e Sudan. Vive in boscaglie d'acacia, nelle zone desertiche ed aride, secche con escursioni termiche e scarsissima acqua. La temperatura del suo ambiente è costante e si aggira sui 30-31 gradi nelle zone più calde e 22 nelle zone più fredde. In ambienti con basse temperature e forte umidità possono provocare malattie delle vie respiratorie.

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Centrochelys sulcata come specie vulnerabile.[1]

Risente della caccia, dell'inquinamento e dei fertilizzanti lanciati dagli aerei. Lo status giuridico la comprende nella Convenzione di Washington (CITES) in Appendice II, Allegato B.

Allevamento

Non presenta grosse difficoltà di allevamento e riproduzione in cattività. Alle nostre latitudini, nei mesi più caldi, può essere tenuta all'aperto in recinti molto robusti solitamente resiste senza problemi da aprile ad ottobre. Nei mesi più freddi necessita di ambienti riscaldati, di dimensioni proporzionate alla taglia anziché di un terrario, di un adeguato apporto di calcio che assimila in grandi quantità a causa della frequente crescita e di raggi UVB per prevenire l'insorgenza dell'osteodistrofia fibrosa. La fonte di UVB è necessaria per la trasformazione della vitamina D2 in vitamina D3 e quindi per il metabolismo del calcio. Nel terrario l'acqua può essere inserita 2-3 volte alla settimana per evitare che il tasso di umidità sia troppo elevato.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) African Spurred Tortoise, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. accesso richiede url (aiuto)
  2. ^ Fritz Uwe e Peter Havaš, Checklist of Chelonians of the World (PDF), in Vertebrate Zoology, vol. 57, n. 2, 2007, pp. 279–280, ISSN 1864-5755. URL consultato il 29 maggio 2012 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º maggio 2011).
  3. ^ (EN) Centrochelys sulcata, in The Reptile Database. URL consultato l'8 ottobre 2019.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Centrochelys sulcata: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

La testuggine africana (Centrochelys sulcata (Miller, 1779)), nota anche come testuggine sulcata, è una tartaruga di medie dimensioni appartenente alla famiglia Testudinidae, originaria del confine meridionale del deserto del Sahara, in Africa. È la terza specie di tartaruga più grande al mondo, la più grande specie di tartaruga continentale e l'unica specie vivente del genere Centrochelys.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Centrochelys sulcata ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

A tartaruga-de-esporas-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) é uma espécie de tartaruga cryptodira da família Testudinidae e o único membro do gênero Centrochelys.[2] Anteriormente, fazia parte do gênero Geochelone.

Habitava grande parte do território do norte africano, na parte sul do deserto do Saara e no Sahel, mas que atualmente só pode ser vista dentro de reservas de proteção ambiental. Estão em via de extinção devido ao processo de urbanização de seu habitat, às capturas para efeitos de comércio como animal de estimação, e também pelo uso de sua carne na alimentação local e medicina tradicional[carece de fontes?].

Devido ao seu tamanho, é a terceira maior tartaruga terrestre do mundo e a maior das continentais (não nativa de arquipélagos).[3]

Referências

  1. «IUCN red list Centrochelys sulcata». Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 21 de abril de 2022
  2. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Centrochelys sulcata». Reptile Database (em inglês). Reptarium.
  3. Branch, Bill (2008). Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa. Africa do Sul: Struik Publishers. p. 128. ISBN 1-77007-463-5

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Centrochelys sulcata: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

A tartaruga-de-esporas-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) é uma espécie de tartaruga cryptodira da família Testudinidae e o único membro do gênero Centrochelys. Anteriormente, fazia parte do gênero Geochelone.

Habitava grande parte do território do norte africano, na parte sul do deserto do Saara e no Sahel, mas que atualmente só pode ser vista dentro de reservas de proteção ambiental. Estão em via de extinção devido ao processo de urbanização de seu habitat, às capturas para efeitos de comércio como animal de estimação, e também pelo uso de sua carne na alimentação local e medicina tradicional[carece de fontes?].

Devido ao seu tamanho, é a terceira maior tartaruga terrestre do mundo e a maior das continentais (não nativa de arquipélagos).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

술카타거북 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

설카타거북거북목 땅거북과에 속하는 파충류이다. 술카타거북의 등갑길이는 40 ~ 70 cm이다. 이것은 설카타 거북이라고도 한다.

주요 분포지는 아프리카 북중부이며 건조한 초원 지대, 반 사막 지대에 서식한다.

 src=
설카타거북 새끼

특징

설카타거북의 등갑은 갈색이고, 목과 다리는 노란색을 띤다. 머리는 크고, 윗턱은 이중이다. 넓적다리에 가시와 같은 강한 돌기가 있어서 가시거북이라고 한다. 꼬리 비늘이 등갑과 이어져있다. 수컷은 암컷보다 크며, 등갑 뒷부분이 움푹 패여있다. 암컷은 꼬리가 짧고 뭉특하다.

외부 링크

  •  src= 위키미디어 공용에 관련 미디어 분류가 있습니다.
  • Live Tortoise Stream : Live Tortoise Stream
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자