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Gray Bichir

Polypterus senegalus Cuvier 1829

Trophic Strategy

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It inhabits marginal swamps and freshwater lagoons (Ref. 3066). It feeds on insects, crustaceans, molluscs, fish and frogs; plant fragments and seeds are also ingested (Ref. 28714). But Polypterus senegalus senegalus is mainly insectivorous (Ref. 367). Also Ref. 52840.
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Recorder
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 811; Analspines: 1417; Vertebrae: 53 - 59
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Migration

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Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Life Cycle

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In Polypterus senegalus courtship starts with a series of leaps from the surface by usually only one of the pair at a time, followed by a slow descent through the water; after a while the male stays very close to the female and at times the female will remain motionless in the water and the male will come up to her from behind and nudge her with sidewise movements of his head; the enlarged and swollen anal fin of the male is folded in a cup-like fashion and is used to brush the female (Ref. 42791). No nest is constructed, but the eggs are laid a few at a time throughout the thick vegetation (Ref. 42791). The larvae, which move about with the male parent in a dense school, are provided with accessory gills and appear very salamander-like (Ref. 42791).
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Diseases and Parasites

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Macrogyrodactylus Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diagnostic Description

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Diagnosis: Polypterus senegalus is characterized by jaws of equal length or an upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw and a pectoral fin not reaching the first dorsal ray (Ref. 2756, 2835, 42908, 43035, 81263).Description: Polypterus senegalus senegalus has a cylindrical or faintly depressed body; its height comprised 7,1 to 10,6 times in body length and head length 5 to 7 times in body length (Ref. 2835, 42908, 81263). Head not flattened, 1,6 to 2 times longer than broad; snout acuminate and upper jaw faintly prominent or jaws of equal length; interorbital region convex; eye diameter comprised 5 to 8 times in head length (Ref. 1989, 2756, 2835, 81263). Dorsal fin with 8-11 rays, anteriorly separated from each other when folded, followed by 16-18 dorsal and caudal articulated rays; anal fin with 14-17 rays; pectoral fin rounded, not getting the level of the first dorsal ray (Ref. 2835, 42908, 81263). Ganoid scales (Ref. 42904): 53-61 in lateral line, 34-40 around body in front of dorsal fin and 14-21 predorsal scales; lateral line scales simply perforated, not grooved, without posterior notched border (Ref. 2835, 42908, 81263). Polypterus senegalus meridionalis has a cylindrical or subcylindrical body; its height comprised 7 to 9 times in body length and head length 4,5 to 6,8 times in body length (Ref. 43035). Head not flattened, 1,5 to 1,75 times longer than broad; snout acuminate and upper jaw faintly prominent or jaws of equal length; eye diameter comprised 4,25 to 8 times in head length (Ref. 43035). Dorsal fin with 9-10 rays, anteriorly separated from each other when folded; anal fin with 14-17 rays; pectoral fin not getting the level of the first dorsal ray (Ref. 42908, 43035). Ganoid scales (Ref. 42904): 55-58 in lateral line, 34-36 around body in front of dorsal fin and 15-20 predorsal scales; lateral line scales perforated, not grooved, without posterior notched border (Ref. 42908, 43035).Colouration: In alcohol, Polypterus senegalus senegalus with upper part of body uniformly grey or olive-coloured, belly whitish; young specimens with three longitudinal dark stripes on the flanks, which disappear at an early age; fins grey-coloured (Ref. 367, 2835, 81263). Polypterus senegalus meridionalis with upper part of body uniformly olive-grey coloured; juveniles with three longitudinal black stripes on the flanks (Ref. 43035, 44841).
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Biology

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This species inhabits marginal swamps and freshwater lagoons (Ref. 3066) and it appears to favor sheltered inshore habitats (Ref. 3034); it inhabits the muddy regions at the sides of rivers and swampy waters, where it lies quiet or glides about with snake-like movements (Ref. 49805). During the hottest hours of the day, it comes to the surface just on the outer edge of the vegetation, and it goes back to the bottom when disturbed (Ref. 45962). It feeds on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, frogs and fishes (Ref. 4903, Ref. 28714). Polypterus senegalus senegalus is mainly insectivorous (Ref. 367). Longevity of Polypterus senegalus in captivity can be 34 years and more (Ref. 48954).Larval fish 1.1-3.8 cm SL were found in papyrus root mat and juveniles up to 10 cm SL retaining external gills were found in fringing water hyacinth. Feeds mainly on fishes (Ref. 9695), insects, crustaceans, mollusks, frogs as well as on plant fragments and seeds.
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial
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Polypterus senegalus ( Azerbaijani )

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Polypterus senegalus (lat. Polypterus senegalus) - çoxüzgəcli cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

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Polypterus senegalus: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Polypterus senegalus (lat. Polypterus senegalus) - çoxüzgəcli cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Senegal-Flösselhecht ( German )

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Der Senegal-Flösselhecht (Polypterus senegalus) gehört zur Gattung der eigentlichen Flösselhechte (Polypterus).

Namensgebung

Abgesehen von seinem wissenschaftlichen Namen, Polypterus senegalus kennt man ihn noch unter vielen Trivialnamen wie z. B.: Gray Bichir, Senegal Bichir, Cuvier's Bichir und Dinosaurieraal. Der Name Dinosaurieraal, der wohl eher als ein Spitzname gewertet werden kann, soll wohl eine Anspielung auf seine altertümlichen Merkmale sein. Der häufig anzutreffende wissenschaftliche Name Polypterus senegalensis geht auf die Bestimmung von Steindachner im Jahr 1870 zurück und stellt ein Synonym für die Namensgebung Polypterus senegalus von Cuvier im Jahr 1829 dar. Nach der Prioritätsregel gilt jedoch der Name des Erstbeschreibers, nämlich P. senegalus.

Verbreitungsgebiet

Der Senegal-Flösselhecht ist in Westafrika und dem Nilgebiet heimisch und wird etwa 50 cm lang. Die Verbreitungsgebiete von Polypterus senegalus liegen im Weißen Nil, dem Albert- und dem Rudolfsee, dem Omo River, dem Tschadsee und dem Chari River sowie den großen Flüssen Senegal, Gambia, Volta, Niger, Bénoué und dem oberen Kongobecken.

Merkmale

Seine Erkennungsmerkmale sind eine weiße Markierung am Oberkiefer und ein schwarzer sogenannter Tränenstrich. Abgesehen davon ist Polypterus senegalus einfarbig grau am Rücken und weiß am Bauch gefärbt. Bei genauerer Betrachtung findet man zusätzlich im Rückenbereich des Fisches feine schwarze Tüpfelchen. Sehr junge Tiere erkennt man an drei den ganzen Körper in der Länge überziehenden Längsstreifen, die jedoch bei etwa 5 cm langen Tieren nicht mehr zu sehen sind.

Aquaristik

Diese als friedlich und lebhaft geltende und vergleichsweise beliebte Art ist ein pflegeleichter Aquarienfisch, den man auch regelmäßig und in großer Stückzahl im Zoofachhandel antreffen kann. Lebendimporte des Senegal-Flösselhechtes kommen aus dem Nilgebiet sowie aus speziellen in Südostasien gelegenen Zuchtfarmen.

Literatur

  • Frank Schäfer: Polypterus. Flösselhechte – Bichirs. Aqualog-Verlag A.C.S. (Aqualog), Rodgau 2004, ISBN 393602739-0

Weblinks

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Senegal-Flösselhecht: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Senegal-Flösselhecht (Polypterus senegalus) gehört zur Gattung der eigentlichen Flösselhechte (Polypterus).

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Polypterus senegalus

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[1][2][3][4][5]

Polypterus senegalus, the Senegal bichir, gray bichir or Cuvier's bichir, and sometimes called the "dinosaur eel" (a misnomer, as the creature is neither an eel nor a dinosaur), "dinosaur bichir", or "dragon fish" is in the pet trade due to its lungfish-like appearance, which was described as more primitive and prehistoric than other modern fishes. It is a prototypical species of fish in the genus Polypterus, meaning most of its features are held across the genus. It is commonly kept in captivity by hobbyists. They are native from Africa where they are the most widespread species of the genus.

Appearance

Senegal bichir
Protruding nostrils of P. senegalus.

Polypterus senegalus is an elongated fish, usually grey or beige in color, though it sometimes has shades of white, pink or blue on some of its rhomboid-shaped, multilayer scales. Most of the fish is covered in very subtle patterns with occasional darker blotches or dots. At the nose, the face is smooth and rounded, with larger scales than the rest of the fish. External nostrils protrude from the front. Eyes are on each side of the head, and they are usually pale yellow with a black pupil. P. senegalus has poor eyesight, and relies on sense of smell when hunting prey.[3] The mouth is large and appears to grin when closed. The dentary, premaxilla, and maxilla each carry one row of large, slightly recurved teeth.[1] There are multiple rows of smaller teeth, found between the rows of large teeth, on the prearticular and coronoids in the lower jaw and on the bones forming the roof of the mouth.[1]

The body is long and vaguely cylindrical; a serrated dorsal fin runs along most of the body until it meets the caudal fin, which is pointed and flat. There are 8-11 dorsal spines and 14-17 anal spines.[5] The pectoral fins attach just behind and below the gill openings, and are the primary means of locomotion, providing a slow, graceful appearance. P. senegalus is smaller than other bichirs, reaching about 35.5 cm (14 in). This fish exhibits sexual dimorphism, where the males are generally smaller than the females and have a thicker anal fin.[5]

The fish has a pair of primitive lungs instead of a swim bladder, allowing it to periodically gulp air from the surface of the water. In the aquarium, bichirs can be observed dashing to the surface for this purpose. Juvenile P. senegalus have external gills that disappear as they age.

This bichir's skin serves as a particularly effective armor, and has been studied as a model for personal armor for better combinations of protection and mobility.[9][10]

Reproduction

Polypterus senegalus breed during the rainy season in nature. During courtship, the male chases and nudges the female. The females lays 100-300 eggs within a few days. The male receives the eggs from the female by cupping his anal and caudal fins around her genitals. The male then fertilizes the eggs and scatters them in the vegetation. Egg hatching can take 3-4 days.[2]

Feeding

Polypterus senegalus feed on small vertebrates, insects, and crustaceans.[5] They use suction feeding to ingest prey from the bottom of freshwater lakes and rivers.[1] P. senegalus is said to consume anything it can swallow, which is why it is recommended that their tankmates be at least half of their size.[4] They are opportunistic ambush predators, moving slowly and cautiously, and occasionally hiding, to capture their prey.

Behavior

Albino P. senegalus.

During active hours, Polypterus senegalus swim about their environment, performing activities such as exploring, feeding, hunting, investigating changes, and scavenging. Social behavior is also observed, as P. senegalus sometimes follow each other moving about. Most individuals are inactive at night and rest low above the ground until sunrise.

Subspecies

Three subspecies of P. senegalus are recognized: P. s. senegalus, P. s. meridionalis, and a further unnamed subspecies.

  • P. s. senegalus grows to about 70 cm (28 in) in the wild, and 48 cm (19 in) in captivity. It is a uniform brownish-grey to olive color on the dorsal surface, and the ventral surface is whitish. No banding occurs on adults, but very young juveniles show three horizontal bands. The upper jaw is slightly longer than lower jaw. It has eight to 11 dorsal finlets.
  • P. s. meridionalis grows to about 110 cm (44 in) in the wild, and 81 cm (32 in) in captivity. It is a uniform olive-grey color on the dorsal surface. The upper and lower jaws are about the same length. It has 9 or 10 dorsal spines. P. s. meridionalis may be a regional variant of P. s. senegalus.

Distribution and habitat

This species of bichir is found in lakes, river margins, swamps, and floodplains of tropical Africa and the Nile river system, it occurs in at least twenty-six African countries which include Senegal, Egypt, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Sudan, Nigeria, Gambia, Uganda, and others. Its distribution is widespread, detailed to include the Nile basin and West Africa (Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Volta, and Lake Chad basins, and Congo River Basin.

Provided the skin remains moist, P. senegalus can remain out of the water indefinitely – it can even be raised on land, where it uses its large pectoral fins to walk.[11]

Captivity

Bichirs are predatory fish; in captivity they will take any live or dead animal that can be swallowed or broken apart and then swallowed. Only its lack of speed prevents a bichir from emptying an aquarium of smaller fish. The pectoral fins only allow for slow cruising, and while it can achieve amazing bursts of speed, it cannot catch fish of average speed. Given enough time, any fish that can fit in the bichir's mouth will be eaten. This fish should not be kept with any other fish smaller than three inches. It will also bite fins of other fishes if it can. P. senagalus can reach 10-15 years of age in captivity.

A juvenile bichir forages for food

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Berkovitz, Barry; Shellis, Peter (2017). The Teeth of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates. Academic Press. pp. 43–111. ISBN 9780128028506. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b Khardina, Natasha. "Polypterus senegalus". Biotope Aquarium. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Polypterus senegalus – Grey Bichir – Senegal Bichir". AquaInfo.
  4. ^ a b Milner, James. "Dinosaur Bichir: Care and Feeding for the Polypterus Senegalus Fish". The Aquarium Club. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Cruz, Tess. "Polypterus senegalus". FishBase. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  6. ^ Lalèyè, P. (2020). "Polypterus senegalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T182615A58331540. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T182615A58331540.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  7. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Polypteridae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  8. ^ "Polypteridae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  9. ^ Song J, Ortiz C, Boyce MC (July 2011). "Threat-protection mechanics of an armored fish". J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 4 (5): 699–712. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.11.011. PMID 21565718.
  10. ^ Bruet BJ, Song J, Boyce MC, Ortiz C (September 2008). "Materials design principles of ancient fish armour". Nature Materials. 7 (9): 748–56. doi:10.1038/nmat2231. PMID 18660814.
  11. ^ Standen EM, Du TY, Larsson HC (August 2014). "Developmental plasticity and the origin of tetrapods". Nature. 513 (7516): 54–8. doi:10.1038/nature13708. PMID 25162530. S2CID 1846308.

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Polypterus senegalus: Brief Summary

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Polypterus senegalus, the Senegal bichir, gray bichir or Cuvier's bichir, and sometimes called the "dinosaur eel" (a misnomer, as the creature is neither an eel nor a dinosaur), "dinosaur bichir", or "dragon fish" is in the pet trade due to its lungfish-like appearance, which was described as more primitive and prehistoric than other modern fishes. It is a prototypical species of fish in the genus Polypterus, meaning most of its features are held across the genus. It is commonly kept in captivity by hobbyists. They are native from Africa where they are the most widespread species of the genus.

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Polypterus senegalus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El bichir de senegal (Polypterus senegalus) es un pez del género Polypterus, también denominado bichir gris o de Cuvier. Es llamado erróneamente "anguila dinosaurio" por la dureza de sus escamas, aunque no se trata de una anguila.

Apariencia

Posee una morfología alargada con una aleta dorsal que recorre su cuerpo para continuarse con la aleta caudal. Las aletas pectorales se encuentran bajo las aberturas braquiales y constituyen su principal mecanismo de locomoción. Su tamaño alcanza 35,5 centímetros.

La cabeza es pequeña, con cabeza semejante a la de un herpeto (Reptil/Anfibio), situándose ambos ojos a cada lado de la boca. debido a su pobre visión, el bichir caza principalmente mediante el olfato. Sus orificios nasales externos sobresalen de su nariz.

El pez posee un par de pulmones primitivos en vez de vejiga natatoria, permitiéndole inspirar aire de la superficie. Puede sobrevivir indefinidamente fuera del agua siempre que se mantenga húmedo.

La piel del bichir sirve como protección.[1]

Subespecies

Se cree que hay tres especies de Polypterus senegalus:

  • P. senegalus senegalus de un color gris y marrón a oliva en la superficie dorsal, con la superficie dorsal blanqueada. A diferencia de los adultos, los ejemplares jóvenes poseen tres bandas horizontales. La mandíbula superior es ligeramente más pequeña que la inferior. De 8 a 11 pínulas dorsales. Alcanza 50 centímetros en estado salvaje, 25 en cautividad.
  • P. senegalus meridionalis: posee una coloración uniforme de gris verdoso. De 9 a 10 pínulas dorsales. Las mandíbula poseen la misma longitud. En estado salvaje alcanza 71 centímetros y en cautividad 35.

La tercera especie aún no posee nombre.

Cautividad

 src=
P. senegalus senegalus

Los bichires son depredadores que en cautividad acabará con cualquier animal, vivo o muerto, que pueda ingerir o despedazar para consumir posteriormente. El único aspecto que impide al bichir eliminar al resto de peces más pequeños de un acuario es su velocidad; las aletas pectorales no le permiten nadar a gran velocidad, y aunque puede impulsarse rápidamente, no puede cazar a un pez a una velocidad promedio. En este ámbito, no es recomendable que permanezca con peces menores a 8 centímetros.

Para los bichires, no importa la altura del acuario, sino la superficie de la base. Debido al tamaño que alcanzan, deberían permanecer en una pecera de más de 190 litros. Este no debe llenarse completamente de agua para que pueda respirar aire de la superficie. Si el acuario no está debidamente cerrado, puede escapar y sobrevivir hasta que se seque y muera.

Por otra parte, pueden tomar alimentos secos como larvas de mosquitos congeladas o lombrices de tierra. Es conveniente lavarlos por si han tenido contacto con pesticidas.

Referencias

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Polypterus senegalus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El bichir de senegal (Polypterus senegalus) es un pez del género Polypterus, también denominado bichir gris o de Cuvier. Es llamado erróneamente "anguila dinosaurio" por la dureza de sus escamas, aunque no se trata de una anguila.

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Polypterus senegalus ( Basque )

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Polypterus senegalus Polypterus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Polypteridae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Polypterus senegalus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Polypterus senegalus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Polypterus senegalus Polypterus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Polypteridae familian sailkatzen da.

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Polypterus senegalus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vissen

Polypterus senegalus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de kwastsnoeken (Polypteridae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1829 door Cuvier.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Polypterus senegalus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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Wielopłetwiec senegalski ( Polish )

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Wielopłetwiec senegalski[2] (Polypterus senegalus) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rodziny wielopłetwcowatych. Spotykana w dużych akwariach.

Charakterystyka

Duża ryba drapieżna, łagodna w stosunku do ryb, których nie jest w stanie pożreć, czasem agresywna w stosunku do pobratymców.

Podgatunki

  • Polypterus senegalus meridionalis Cuvier, 1829
  • Polypterus senegalus senegalus Poll, 1941

Polypterus senegalus meridionalis

Występowanie: dorzecze rzeki Kongo w Afryce.

Ciało prawie cylindryczne, oliwkowo-szare, pokryte łuskami ganoidalnymi (55-59 łusek w linii bocznej). U młodych osobników występują trzy ciemne pasy na bokach ciała. Szczęki tej samej długości. Płetwa grzbietowa podzielona na 9-10 części. Płetwa piersiowa nie sięga podstawy płetwy grzbietowej. Osiąga do 70 cm długości.

Polypterus senegalus senegalus

Występowanie: Nil i zachodnia Afryka.

Ciało cylindryczne, oliwkowe, brzuch jasny. Płetwy szare. Górna szczęka zwykle nieco wysunięta, czasem szczęki równe. Płetwa grzbietowa podzielona na 8-11 części. Płetwa piersiowa nie sięga podstawy płetwy grzbietowej. U młodych osobników występują trzy ciemne pasy na bokach ciała, zanikające z wiekiem. Osiąga do 50 cm długości.

Przypisy

  1. Polypterus senegalus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Eugeniusz Grabda, Tomasz Heese: Polskie nazewnictwo popularne krągłouste i ryby - Cyclostomata et Pisces. Koszalin: Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie, 1991.

Bibliografia

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Wielopłetwiec senegalski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Wielopłetwiec senegalski (Polypterus senegalus) – gatunek słodkowodnej ryby z rodziny wielopłetwcowatych. Spotykana w dużych akwariach.

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Polypterus senegalus ( Portuguese )

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Bichir-de-cuvier, bichir-de-senegal e bichir-cinza são nomes vulgares do Polypterus senegalus senegalus, por vezes também chamado de enguia dinossauro, embora não tenha nenhum parentesco com os anguiliformes.

É uma subespécie de peixe prototípica de Polypterus, o que significa que mantém todas as características do gênero.

Aparência

O corpo é longo e aproximadamente cilíndrico. A serrada nadadeira dorsal bem longa se encontra com a nadadeira caudal. As nadadeiras peitorais nascem imediatamente atrás e por baixo das aberturas branquiais e são os principais meios de locomoção, dando-lhe uma graciosa aparência. P. senegalus senegalus pode medir até 35,5 cm.

 src=
Um jovem bichir procurando comida

A cabeça é pequena e parecida com a de um lagarto, com uma boca grande e pequenos olhos de cada lado. Dado que a sua visão é pobre, o bichir caça por olfato e, por isso, suas narinas protrudem da cabeça.

A modificada bexiga natatória serve como "pulmão", permitindo ao peixe periodicamente engolir ar da superfície da água. Num aquário podem se observar bichires subindo até à superfície para esse fim. Desde que a pele se mantenha úmida, o bichir pode permanecer fora da água por períodos de tempo indeterminados.

Sexo

O dimorfismo sexual está nas nadadeiras anais: bichires machos possuem a nadadeira anal maior que as fêmeas; no entanto, isto só aparece em machos maduros. Os machos também parecem ter espinhos dorsais mais espessos que as fêmeas, apesar de normalmente as fêmeas tenderem a ser maiores que os machos.

Cativeiro

Bichires são predadores de peixes e, em cativeiro, podem comer qualquer animal que caiba nas suas bocas, ou que possa ser partido em pedaços de tamanho adequado. A única coisa que evita que um bichir esvazie um aquário de outros peixes é a sua pouca velocidade; as nadadeiras peitorais são apropriadas para baixa velocidade e, apesar do bichir poder ter movimentos rápidos, não consegue caçar peixes com uma velocidade média. No entanto, é necessário acautelar-se pois, ao fim de algum tempo, qualquer peixe que caiba na boca do bichir será comido. Não é, portanto, recomendável manter bichires com peixes menores que 10 cm.

Bichires necessitam de muito espaço; a altura do tanque não é importante mas, como esta espécie pode crescer mais de 30 cm, cada peixe deve ter um espaço correspondente a uma capacidade de pelo menos 160 litros. Tem que haver uma bolsa de ar no tanque, para o bichir poder respirar. Bichires são artistas em escapar e, se o aquário não tiver uma tampa segura, os peixes podem escapar e movimentar-se para longe do aquário, antes de secarem e morrerem.

Bichires podem aceitar comida seca, como flocos de camarão e ocasionalmente comida para ciclídeos. Eles podem aceitar minhocas e outras comidas congeladas.

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Polypterus senegalus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Bichir-de-cuvier, bichir-de-senegal e bichir-cinza são nomes vulgares do Polypterus senegalus senegalus, por vezes também chamado de enguia dinossauro, embora não tenha nenhum parentesco com os anguiliformes.

É uma subespécie de peixe prototípica de Polypterus, o que significa que mantém todas as características do gênero.

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Vanlig fengädda ( Swedish )

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Vanlig fengädda (Polypterus senegalus) är en art av familjen fengäddor som finns i Nilen och Västafrika.[2] Den är en populär akvariefisk. I akvariesammanhang kallas den ofta även senegalfengädda[3].

Taxonomi

Arten har två underarter:

  • P. senegalus senegalus Cuvier, 1829,[2] och
  • P. senegalus meridionalis Poll, 1941[4]

Utseende

En långsträckt fisk med cylindrisk kropp och en ryggfena som består av 8 till 11 småfenor med en mjukstråle var, som täcker större delen av ryggen. Analfenan har 11 till 17 mjukstrålar. Ovansidan är enfärgat olivgrön, undersidan vit utan några markeringar, och fenorna gråa. Ungfiskar har 3 mörka längsstrimmor på sidorna, men de markeringarna försvinner tidigt. Arten har vanligen ett lätt överbett, men käkarna kan också vara av samma längd. Högsta konstaterade längd är 50,5 cm, och maxvikt 207 g.[2]

Vanor

Den vanliga fengäddan är en sötvattensfisk som föredrar skyddade lokaler i floder, träsk och sötvattenslaguner, gärna med gyttjebotten. Den simmar med slingrande rörelser, men kan även ligga stilla. Under dagens hetaste timmar förekommer det att den går upp till ytan. Födan består av insekter, kräftdjur, blötdjur, grodor och fiskar.[2]

Utbredning

Utbredningsområdet för nominatuderarten omfattar Nilen och Senegalflodens, Gambiaflodens, Nigerflodens och Voltaflodens flodområden samt Tchadsjön i Västafrika.[2] Underarten P. senegalus meridionalis finns i Kongofloden och dess biflod Lualaba ner till Yangambi, samt biflöden i Katanga (Kongo-Kinshasa).[4]

Akvariefisk

Den vanliga fengäddan är vanlig i akvariesammanhang. Den behöver ett akvarium på minst 100 l, en vattentemperatur på 25 till 28 ºC och ett pH mellan 6,0 och 8,0. Arten är rovgirig, och bör inte hållas tillsammans med fiskar som är mindre än hälften så stora. Om fisken hålles över sandbotten finns risken att den sväljer stora mängder sand när den äter, så ett annat bottenmaterial bör övervägas. Det är lämpligt att ha stenar och rötter som gömställen på bottnen. Lämplig föda är levande eller frusen animalisk föda, gärna fisk. Små exemplar kan utfodras med blodmaskar.[5]

Forskning

Den vanliga fengäddan har observerats i forskning om evolution och hur fiskar började förflytta sig på land.[6]

Referenser

  1. ^ Polypterus senegalus (Cuvier, 1829)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=573243. Läst 29 augusti 2012.
  2. ^ [a b c d e] Cruz, Tess; Boden, Gert (3 juli 2012). Polypterus senegalus senegalus (Cuvier, 1829) Gray bichir” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Polypterus-senegalus.html. Läst 17 september 2012.
  3. ^ ”Odla fengäddor”. Aquatic Community. http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/se/rovfisk/breedingbichir.php. Läst 29 augusti 2012.
  4. ^ [a b] Sa-a, Pascualita; Binohlan, Crispina B. (3 juli 2012). Polypterus senegalus meridionalis (Poll, 1941)” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Polypterus-senegalus+meridionalis.html. Läst 5 september 2012.
  5. ^ ”Vanlig fengädda - Polypterus senegalus senegalus. Aquatic Community. http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/se/fisk/graybichir.php. Läst 29 augusti 2012.
  6. ^ Lee, Cynthia (27 augusti 2014). ”Walking fish reveal how our ancestors evolved onto land”. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-08/mu-wfr082614.php. Läst 31 augusti 2014.
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Vanlig fengädda: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Vanlig fengädda (Polypterus senegalus) är en art av familjen fengäddor som finns i Nilen och Västafrika. Den är en populär akvariefisk. I akvariesammanhang kallas den ofta även senegalfengädda.

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Senegal bişiri ( Turkish )

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Senegal bişiri, Gri bişir veya Dinozor bişir (Polypterus senegalus), Polypteridae familyasından anavatanı Senegal olan bir tatlı su balığı türü.

Genel özellikleri

Yılanımsı gövdesi ve ayaklara benzeyen yüzgeçleri ile diğer balıklardan görünüm olarak oldukça farklıdır. İlginç anatomik yapısının yanında, zor koşullarda hayatta kalabilen bir canlıdır. Su dışında kaldığı zamanlar derisi ıslak kalabildiği sürece yaşamla olan savaşına devam eder.

Açık yüzme alanlarını seven bu balık türü iyi bir avcıdır ve yutabileceği boyuttaki balıkları kolayca avlar. Avını yerken insanlar gibi baş tarafını yukarı aşağı sallayarak ve çiğneyerek çok ilginç bir görüntü oluşturur.

Akvaryumda

Senegal bişiri dünya çapında uzman akvaristler tarafından oldukça sevilen bir balıktır. Karma akvaryumlarda yiyebileceği türdeki balıklar için tehlike arz ettiğinden tek tür bakılmalıdır. Geniş yüzme alanına sahip en az 100 lt'lik akvaryumlarda bakılması gereken bu balık, canlı yemlerin yanı sıra zarı sıyrılmış tavuk ciğerine bayılır. Hazmedebileceği türden taze ciğer gibi etlere hayır demez. Ancak bu beslenme diyeti sürekli olmamalıdır. Balıkta iç parazite yol açabilir. Bu yüzden genellikle kaliteli bir kuru dip yemi ile beslenmeli, ara sıra kurutulmuş karides ya da ciğer gibi et türlerinden yiyebileceği miktarda verilmelidir. Saklanabileceği kovuklarda uzun süre vakit geçiren bu balık yoğun ve güçlü ışıktan haz etmez, doğadaki ortamı model alınarak loş bir ışıkta beslenmelidir.

Zırhı

Senegal bişiri araştırmaların gösterdiği bulgulara göre olağanüstü bir zırha sahiptir. Uzmanlarca yapılan incelemede bu balığın pullarının dört katmandan oluştuğu; ve bu dört katmanın birbiri ile olağanüstü nitelikte bir yapıda birleştiği görülmüştür. Bu da bu balığı olası tehlikelerden korumaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Senegal bişiri ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Senegal bişiri ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.
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Senegal bişiri: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Senegal bişiri, Gri bişir veya Dinozor bişir (Polypterus senegalus), Polypteridae familyasından anavatanı Senegal olan bir tatlı su balığı türü.

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Cá chình khủng long ( Vietnamese )

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Cá chình khủng long hay còn gọi là cá rồng cửu sừng hay cá bichir (tên khoa học Polypterus senegalus) là một loài cá có xương sống phân bố ở châu Phi được gọi là cá chình khủng long bởi vây lưng có răng cưa và ngoại hình giống loài bò sát. Nó gợi nhớ đến một số loài khủng long.

Đặc điểm

Cá chình khủng long dài 50 cm trong tự nhiên nhưng lại ngắn hơn khi nuôi trong bể.Đây là một loài cá châu Phi hiện đại, sở hữu phổi để hít thở không khí và các vây ngắn tũn có thể kéo lê thân trên cạn. Cá chình khủng long có nhiều đặt điểm tương tự như những gì quan sát được ở hóa thạch của các động vật 4 chân có xương sống nguyên thủy.

Chúng rất dễ nhảy và có khả năng sống không cần nước trong một thời gian cho đến khi vảy của chúng không còn ẩm nữa, điều này giúp chúng sau khi thoát ra khỏi biển có cơ hội tìm tới vùng nước tự do. Cá chình khủng long lớn lên trên cạn khác rất nhiều so với các cá thể cùng loài sinh trưởng dưới nước. Chẳng hạn như, cá nuôi trên cạn nâng đầu cao hơn, giữ các vây sát gần cơ thể chúng hơn, bước đi nhanh hơn, quẫy đuôi và ve vẩy các vây ít thường xuyên hơn cá sinh trưởng dưới nước.

Cá nuôi trên cạn cũng trải qua những thay đổi về bộ xương và hệ thống cơ, dường như mở đường cho các thay đổi về hành vi của chúng. Nhìn chung, những biến đổi này giúp chúng di chuyển hiệu quả hơn trên cạn. Cá chình khủng long dễ uốn nắn trong quá trình phát triển. Tính mềm dẻo này là yếu tố giúp loài cá này có thể lớn lên rất khác, phụ thuộc vào môi trường sống của chúng.

Thức ăn

Là loài cá dữ ăn thịt, cá chình khủng long có thể ăn được các loại thức ăn từ tôm, cá, ếch nhái, côn trùng, giáp xác hay nhuyễn thể. Dù có nguồn thức ăn đa dạng trong tự nhiên, nhưng giống như nhiều loài cá quý hiếm khác, chúng từng đứng trước nguy cơ tuyệt chủng, do môi trường sống bị xâm phạm. Sau này, cá chình khủng long được bảo vệ thông qua dự án phát triển nuôi nhốt, và từ đó trở thành giống cá cảnh được ưa thích trên thế giới.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

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Cá chình khủng long: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Cá chình khủng long hay còn gọi là cá rồng cửu sừng hay cá bichir (tên khoa học Polypterus senegalus) là một loài cá có xương sống phân bố ở châu Phi được gọi là cá chình khủng long bởi vây lưng có răng cưa và ngoại hình giống loài bò sát. Nó gợi nhớ đến một số loài khủng long.

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Сенегальский многопёр ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Кладистии (Cladistia Cope, 1870)
Отряд: Многопёрообразные (Polypteriformes Bleeker, 1859)
Семейство: Многопёровые
Вид: Сенегальский многопёр
Международное научное название

Polypterus senegalus Cuvier, 1829

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ITIS 573243NCBI 55291EOL 979299

Сенегальский многопёр (лат. Polypterus senegalus) — вид пресноводных лучепёрых рыб семейства многопёровых. Также известен как серый полиптёр, полиптёр Кювье. Распространён в Африке в бассейне Нила, в Сенегале, Гамбии, Нигере, озере Чад[1].

Описание

Polypterus senegalus senegalus headstand.jpg

Округлое длинное змеевидное тело. Зазубренный спинной плавник состоит из 8—12 отдельных шипов проходит вдоль большей части тела, до хвостового. Грудные плавники находятся позади и ниже жабр и являются основным средством передвижения. Зрение плохое. Охотится полиптёр по запаху. Максимальная длина 50 см. Голова небольшая, и маленькие глаза с обеих сторон, выступающие ноздри. Окрас: спина равномерно оливкового цвета, брюхо и бока белые или мраморные без вкраплений. У молодых экземпляров на боках присутствуют три тёмных продольных полосы, позже они пропадают.

Рыба имеет примитивные лёгкие вместо плавательного пузыря, что позволяет периодически дышать атмосферным воздухом. Если кожа остаётся влажной, полиптёр может некоторое время находиться вне воды. Кожа очень прочная, представляет собой своеобразную броню, защищающую рыбу от других плотоядных[2].

В аквариуме

С начала 20-го века полиптёры содержатся в аквариумах. Содержание не представляет особых трудностей: рыбы неприхотливы и выносливы, переносят значительное загрязнение. Для содержания требуется объёмный аквариум не менее 200 литров, накрытый крышкой. Обязательно должен быть оставлен воздушный промежуток, чтобы рыбы могли использовать для дыхания атмосферный воздух. Предпочитают живой корм: мотыль, дождевых червей, но могут есть и гранулированный для цихлид и замороженный. Поскольку полиптёры являются хищниками, то они будут нападать на всех рыб, которые могут быть проглочены. Считалось, что в неволе не размножаются[1]. В начале 2010 годов получены первые доказательства возможности воспроизводства полиптеров в аквариальных условиях [3][4].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Все об аквариумных рыбках. Атлас-справочник / А.В.Шаронов. — СЗКО «Кристалл», 2007. — С. 143. — 176 с. — 10 000 экз.ISBN 978-5-9603-0031-5.
  2. Incredible Fish Armor Could Suit Soldiers (неопр.). // foxnews.com. Проверено 20 декабря 2011. Архивировано 6 сентября 2012 года. (англ.)
  3. Леонов С. А. Нерест и разведение полиптерусов (неопр.). aquaria-info.ru (2011). Проверено 21 июня 2013. Архивировано 27 июня 2013 года.
  4. Леонов С. А. Опыт разведения сенегальского многопёра в домашнем аквариуме (неопр.). Северо-западный аквапром (2011). Проверено 21 июня 2013. Архивировано 27 июня 2013 года.
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Сенегальский многопёр: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Сенегальский многопёр (лат. Polypterus senegalus) — вид пресноводных лучепёрых рыб семейства многопёровых. Также известен как серый полиптёр, полиптёр Кювье. Распространён в Африке в бассейне Нила, в Сенегале, Гамбии, Нигере, озере Чад.

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塞內加爾多鰭魚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Polypterus senegalus senegalus
Cuvier, 1829

塞內加爾多鰭魚,俗名金恐龍,為輻鰭魚綱多鰭魚目多鰭魚科的其中一

分布

本魚分布於尼羅河西非尼日河查德湖流域。

特徵

本魚體延長呈圓柱狀,體背面為橄欖色,腹部白色,體側沒有斑塊或大理石紋,各魚鰭灰色的。雙顎約略等長,背鰭硬棘8至11枚;臀鰭硬棘11至17枚,脊椎骨53至59個,體長可達55公分。

生態

本魚棲息在沼澤潟湖等靜止水域。屬肉食性,以青蛙魚類昆蟲甲殼類等為食,能呼吸空氣而且如此能容忍溶氧量低的集中,仔魚具有外鰓。

經濟利用

在產地為食用魚,另出口為觀賞魚。

参考文献

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塞內加爾多鰭魚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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塞內加爾多鰭魚,俗名金恐龍,為輻鰭魚綱多鰭魚目多鰭魚科的其中一

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ポリプテルス・セネガルス ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ポリプテルス・セネガルス Polypterus senegalus senegalus.jpg
ポリプテルス・セネガルス
Polypterus senegalus
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii : ポリプテルス目
Polypteriformes : ポリプテルス科 Polypteridae : ポリプテルス属 Polypterus : ポリプテルス・セネガルス
P. senegalus 学名 Polypterus senegalus
Cuvier, 1829 英名 Gray bichir

ポリプテルス・セネガルス(学名:Polypterus senegalus)はポリプテルス目ポリプテルス科ポリプテルス属に分類される魚類

分布[編集]

セネガルガンビアチャドニジェールなど。

形態[編集]

野生では全長50センチメートル(cm)程に達するが、飼育下では20-30cm程度で成長が止まってしまうことが多い。上顎よりも下顎の方がやや突出するか、上顎とほぼ同じ長さである。

亜種[編集]

  • Polypterus senegalus meridionalis Poll, 1941
  • Polypterus senegalus senegalus Cuvier, 1829

生態[編集]

河川の淀みや等に生息する。

食性は動物食で、昆虫節足動物甲殻類魚類等を食べる。

繁殖形態は卵生。

人間との関係[編集]

観賞魚として飼育されることがあり、日本にも輸入されている。主に東南アジアで大量に養殖された基亜種の繁殖個体が流通する。野生個体の流通は稀。流通量は多く、時にデパートの屋上やホームセンター等で見かけることもある。価格が安価で丈夫かつ性質が温和なためポリプテルス飼育の入門種として紹介されることもあるが、大量養殖や近親交配の影響か虚弱な個体が流通することもある。アルビノや鰭が伸長する型(ロングフィン)等の品種も作出されている。

飼育方法[編集]

60cm水槽で飼育は可能だが、それ以上のサイズが望ましい。餌は生き餌や人工飼料などを偏らないように与える。

水温は摂氏26度程度。中性で軟水の水を好む。

飛び出すことがあるので、蓋は隙間ができない様にする。

関連項目[編集]

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ポリプテルス・セネガルスに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにポリプテルス・セネガルスに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、魚類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然/プロジェクト:生物)。
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ポリプテルス・セネガルス: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ポリプテルス・セネガルス(学名:Polypterus senegalus)はポリプテルス目ポリプテルス科ポリプテルス属に分類される魚類

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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語