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Pyramidellidae ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Pyramidellidae sind eine artenreiche Familie meist sehr kleiner bis kleiner, ausschließlich mariner Schnecken innerhalb der Heterobranchia, die weltweit verbreitet sind. Sie leben als Ektoparasiten an einer Vielzahl von Wirtstieren. Mehr als 6000 Arten und 350 Gattungen sind beschrieben.

Merkmale

Die Pyramidellidae haben hohe kegelförmige Gehäuse, in die der ganze Körper der Schnecke zurückgezogen werden kann. Der Protoconch ist linksgewunden und der Rest des Gehäuses rechtsgewunden. Die Gehäusemündung, deren Form je nach Art variiert, kann mit einem Operculum verschlossen werden.

Eine Falte des Fußes, das an der Mittellinie leicht eingekerbte Mentum, ragt vorn zwischen dem Kopf und Propodium hervor. Die Fühler, zwischen denen die Augen sitzen, haben eine konkave Oberfläche.

Die Schnecken besitzen einen ausstülpbaren Rüssel mit stilettartigen Kiefern, mittels dessen Wirtstiere angebohrt werden. Eine Radula ist nicht vorhanden.

Die Tiere sind Zwitter, die gleichzeitig Spermien und Eizellen produzieren. Sie begatten sich mit ihren Penissen gegenseitig. Die befruchteten Eizellen werden in gallertigen Gelegen abgelegt, innerhalb derer sich die Veliger-Larven von Dotter ernähren oder auch nach einigen Tagen als frei schwimmende Larven die Kapsel verlassen, um bis zur Metamorphose, oft nur wenige Tage, als Plankton zu leben.

Die Pyramidellidae sind meist sehr klein mit einer Gehäuselänge von wenigen Millimetern, nur ausnahmsweise bis zu 5 Zentimetern.

Die Tiere leben als Ektoparasiten an verschiedenen Wirtstieren, insbesondere Polychaeten und Weichtieren, aber auch Spritzwürmern, Krebsen, Schwämmen und Seescheiden. Nur wenige Arten der Pyramidellidae sind wirtsspezifisch. Die meisten Arten sind bei der Wahl des Wirtes nicht wählerisch.

Systematik

Nach Bouchet und Rocroi (2005) bildet die Familie Pyramidellidae mit der Familie Amathinidae Ponder, 1987 die Überfamilie Pyramidelloidea. Die Familie Pyramidellidae hat über 6000 Arten in etwa 350 Gattungen.[1]

Literatur

  • Pyramidellidae. In: John W. Tunnell, Jean Andrews, Noe C. Barrera, Fabio Moretzsohn: Encyclopedia of Texas Seashells: Identification, Ecology, Distribution, and History. Texas A&M University Press, College Station (Texas) 2010, S. 260f.
  • V. Fretter, A. Graham: The structure and mode of life of the pyramidellidae, parasitic opisthobranchs (PDF; 15,1 MB). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Bd. 28, Nr. 2, 1949, S. 493–532.
  • Alfred Kaestner: Lehrbuch der speziellen Zoologie. Band I, Teil 3. Jena 1993, ISBN 3-334-60412-8.

Einzelnachweise

  1. World Register of Marine Species, Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840
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Pyramidellidae: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src= Pyramidella dolabrata

Die Pyramidellidae sind eine artenreiche Familie meist sehr kleiner bis kleiner, ausschließlich mariner Schnecken innerhalb der Heterobranchia, die weltweit verbreitet sind. Sie leben als Ektoparasiten an einer Vielzahl von Wirtstieren. Mehr als 6000 Arten und 350 Gattungen sind beschrieben.

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Heterostropha ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Heterostropha was a previously used taxonomic category, an order of sea snails, within the superorder Heterobranchia. In the most current gastropod taxonomy, that of Bouchet & Rocroi, this taxon is no longer in use.

The molluscs that were placed in this order have a heterostrophic protoconch. This is where the whorls at the very peak of the spire of the shell are coiled in an opposite direction to the adult whorls. The families in this order were sometimes previously classified as opisthobranchs.

References

  • Paul Martin Chambers. Channel Island Marine Molluscs. Charonia Media, 2008.
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Heterostropha: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Heterostropha was a previously used taxonomic category, an order of sea snails, within the superorder Heterobranchia. In the most current gastropod taxonomy, that of Bouchet & Rocroi, this taxon is no longer in use.

The molluscs that were placed in this order have a heterostrophic protoconch. This is where the whorls at the very peak of the spire of the shell are coiled in an opposite direction to the adult whorls. The families in this order were sometimes previously classified as opisthobranchs.

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Pyramidellidae ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Pyramidellidae, nombre común de la familia PYRAM, es una familia taxonómica voluminoso de caracoles de mar en su mayoría pequeños ectoparásitos, Mollusca, Heterobranchia y micromolúscos.

La familia se distribuye en todo el mundo PYRAM con más de 6.000 especies en más de 350 géneros y subgéneros.[1]

Subfamilias

Subfamilias incluidas dentro de la familia Pyramidellidae varían de acuerdo a la taxonomía. La taxonomía es actualmente líder en la taxonomía de Bouchet y Rocroi (2005).

Taxonomía 1997

Taxonomía de Pyramidellidae por Ponder y Lindberg (1997).[2]

Taxonomía 1999

Taxonomía de Pyramidellidae por Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999).

Taxonomía 2005

Taxonomía de Pyramidellidae por Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)

  • Subfamilia Pyramidellinae Gray, 1840
    • Tribu Pyramidellini Gray, 1840 - sinonimia: Obeliscidae A. Adams, 1863 (inv.); Plotiidae Focart, 1951 (inv.)
    • Tribu Sayellini Wise, 1996 - anteriormente subfamilia Sayellinae
  • Subfamilia Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
    • Tribu Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928 - sinonimia: Ptychostomonidae Locard, 1886; Liostomiini Schander, Halanych, Dahlgren & Sundberg, 2003 (n.a.)
    • Tribu Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958 - anteriormente subfamilia Chrysallidinae, sinonimia: Menesthinae Saurin, 1958; Pyrgulininae Saurin, 1959
    • Tribu Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966 - anteriormente subfamilia Cyclostremellinae
    • Tribu Odostomellini Saurin, 1959 - anteriormente subfamilia Odostomellinae
  • Subfamilia Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958 - anteriormente subfamilia Syrnolinae
    • Tribu Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribu Tiberiini Saurin, 1958 - anteriormente subfamilia Tiberiinae
  • Subfamilia Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
    • Tribu Turbonillini Bronn, 1849 - sinonimia: Chemnitziinae Stoliczka, 1868
    • Tribu Cingulinini Saurin, 1958 - anteriormente subfamilia Cingulininae
    • Tribu Eulimellini Saurin, 1958 - anteriormente subfamilia Eulimellinae

En 2010 la familia Pyramidellidae ha sido reconocido como monofilético

Otros géneros

Los siguientes géneros son actualmente difíciles de colocar en subtaxones existentes de la Pyramidellidae.

Referencias

  1. «Test of the monophyly of Odostomiinae and Turbonilliinae» (en inglés). ingentaconnect.com. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2011.
  2. «Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters» (en inglés). onlinelibrary.wiley.com. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2011.
  3. WoRMS (2010). Peristichia http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 on 2011-03-15

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Pyramidellidae: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Pyramidellidae, nombre común de la familia PYRAM, es una familia taxonómica voluminoso de caracoles de mar en su mayoría pequeños ectoparásitos, Mollusca, Heterobranchia y micromolúscos.

La familia se distribuye en todo el mundo PYRAM con más de 6.000 especies en más de 350 géneros y subgéneros.​

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Heterostropha ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Heterostropha est un ordre de mollusques de la classe des gastéropodes.

L'ordre des Heterostropha a été créé par Paul Henri Fischer (1835-1893) en 1884. Il est aujourd'hui considéré comme obsolète car paraphylétique[1], mais demeure utilisé pour référer à des groupes encore non reclassés, notamment les Architectonicidae et Pyramidellidae (parfois aussi dénommés « hétérobranches inférieurs »).

Liste des familles

Selon ITIS (24 octobre 2014)[2] :

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Heterostropha: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Heterostropha est un ordre de mollusques de la classe des gastéropodes.

L'ordre des Heterostropha a été créé par Paul Henri Fischer (1835-1893) en 1884. Il est aujourd'hui considéré comme obsolète car paraphylétique, mais demeure utilisé pour référer à des groupes encore non reclassés, notamment les Architectonicidae et Pyramidellidae (parfois aussi dénommés « hétérobranches inférieurs »).

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Heterostropha ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885 è un ordine di molluschi gasteropodi marini, all'interno del superordine Heterobranchia. Tale raggruppamento, contemplato dalla classificazione di Ponder e Lindberg del 1997[1], non è stato validato dalla classificazione di Bouchet & Rocroi del 2005[2] ed è in atto considerato obsoleto.[3]

Descrizione

I molluschi che venivano collocati in questo ordine hanno una protoconca eterostrofica, cioè le spirali all'apice della conchiglia, di origine embrionale, sono avvolte in una direzione opposta alle spirali della teleoconca.[4]

Tassonomia

All'ordine venivano assegnate le seguenti superfamiglie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Ponder W. & Lindberg D.R., Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs; an analysis using morphological characters, in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 119, 1997, pp. 83-265.
  2. ^ (EN) Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families, in Malacologia, 47(1-2), 2005, pp. 1-397.
  3. ^ (EN) MolluscaBase eds. 2020, Heterostropha, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 25/7/2020.
  4. ^ Protoconca, su Glossario di Malacologia, Società Italiana di Malacologia.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Paul Chambers, Channel Island Marine Molluscs, Charonia Media, 2008, ISBN 9780956065506.
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Heterostropha: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885 è un ordine di molluschi gasteropodi marini, all'interno del superordine Heterobranchia. Tale raggruppamento, contemplato dalla classificazione di Ponder e Lindberg del 1997, non è stato validato dalla classificazione di Bouchet & Rocroi del 2005 ed è in atto considerato obsoleto.

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Pyramidellidae ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Pyramidellidae (tandhorens, traliehorens e.a.) zijn een grote familie van meestal zeer kleine mollusken met torenvormige of meer kegelvormige horentjes.

Deze familie telt meer dan 6000 soorten, onderverdeeld in meer dan 350 genera, waaronder Chrysallida, Eulimella, Folinella, Kleinella, Noemiamea, Odostomia, Ondina, Pyramidella, Syrnola, Tragula en Turbonilla. Deze familie van micromollusken is nog niet zo grondig bestudeerd geweest en de phylogenetische verhoudingen binnen de familie werden nog niet goed uitgewerkt. De Pyramidellidae werden lange tijd geclassificeerd onder de Mesogastropoda, maar men ontdekte veel meer gelijkenissen met de Opisthobranchia.

Taxonomie

De Pyramidellidae worden onderverdeeld in meerder subfamilies.

Taxonomie van Ponder & Lindberg (1997)[2]

Taxonomie van Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999)[3]


Taxonomie van Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)[4]

Geslachtenlijst

Verspreiding

De dieren uit deze familie komen wereldwijd voor.

Beschrijving van de schelp

De embryonale topwindingen zijn vaak heterostroof, stomp en vaak opzij gericht, maar ze kunnen ook ingerold zijn of andere vormen hebben. Op de columella staan meestal 1, soms tot 3 krachtige tandplooien. Soms vertonen ze ook tandplooien in de binnenlip.

De meeste horentjes zijn zeer klein (micromollusken), met uitzonderingen zoals Voluspa (tot 50 mm).

Levensgewoonten

Typerend is de ectoparasitaire leefwijze. Sommige groepen hebben een lange arembole proboscis, met in plaats van een radula een spitse zuigstekel, waarmee het weefsel van uiteenlopende gastheren (onder meer vastzittende polychaeten) kan worden doorboord en met behulp van een pompsysteem in de farynx worden uitgezogen.

Soorten aan de Europese kusten

Aan de Europese kusten komen onder andere de volgende soorten voor:

Referenties

  • Graham, Molluscs: Prosobranch and Pyramidellid Gastropods, 1988
  • P.J. Hayward & J.S. Ryland, Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe, 1996, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198540558, pp. 546
  • R.H. de Bruyne, Veldgids schelpen, 2004
  • CLEMAM
  1. Gray, J. E., Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition, London, 1840, p. 370 pp.
  2. Ponder, W.F. & Lindberg, D. R. (1997). "Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119: 88–265
  3. Schander C., van Aartsen J. J. & Corgan, J. C. (1999). "Families and genera of the Pyramidelloidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". Bollettino Malacologico 34 (9-12): 145–166.
  4. Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1–397.

Externe links

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Pyramidellidae: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Pyramidellidae (tandhorens, traliehorens e.a.) zijn een grote familie van meestal zeer kleine mollusken met torenvormige of meer kegelvormige horentjes.

Deze familie telt meer dan 6000 soorten, onderverdeeld in meer dan 350 genera, waaronder Chrysallida, Eulimella, Folinella, Kleinella, Noemiamea, Odostomia, Ondina, Pyramidella, Syrnola, Tragula en Turbonilla. Deze familie van micromollusken is nog niet zo grondig bestudeerd geweest en de phylogenetische verhoudingen binnen de familie werden nog niet goed uitgewerkt. De Pyramidellidae werden lange tijd geclassificeerd onder de Mesogastropoda, maar men ontdekte veel meer gelijkenissen met de Opisthobranchia.

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小塔螺科 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

小塔螺科[2](學名:Pyramidellidae),亦作尖塔螺科或簡單只叫塔螺科,是軟體動物門腹足綱下的一個。舊屬腸紐目(Heterostropha,又譯異旋目[2],成員主要是營寄生生活的小型海螺

小塔螺科的物種分佈於整個世界,有超過六千個不同的物種,合組成超過350個屬與亞屬[3]。由於本科物種皆屬於微小貝,相關研究少,物種間支序親緣關係英语phylogenetic並不十分清楚,大眾對於各物種的歸屬也沒有共識。舉例說:單單是 Schander (1999) 就列出了超過300個屬級以上的分類單元命名,並將這些分類單元整理[4]。由於近年本科在世界各地各個屬的分類未再有可一般化的修訂,這個科內各個分類單元仍然保持是多系群,也就是說這些分類的混亂還有一段時間。然而,從整個科來看仍然是個單系群[5]

分類

本科物種主要分為11個亞科(Ponder & Lindberg 1997)[6]。An alternative interpretation is that the family Pyramidellidae is but one of six families within the superfamily Pyramidelloidea (Schander, van Aartsen & Corgan 1999).[7] 當中有不少罕見或不常紀錄的物種。

本科之下的亞科在不同年代刊行的分類學文獻都有所不同,當中最為普遍的分類是2005年的布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類[8]。以下詳列自1997年以來多個分類間的差異。

1997年分類

1997年的旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類,本科的分類如下[6]

1999年分類

Taxonomy of Pyramidellidae by Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999):[7]

2005年分類

在2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》,原來小塔螺總科之下的各科均被降級成為新的小塔螺科的亞科;而各科之下的亞科亦變成了各個亞科之下的族。這些變更總結如下[8]

  • Subfamily Pyramidellinae Gray, 1840
    • Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840 - synonyms: Obeliscidae A. Adams, 1863 (inv.); Plotiidae Focart, 1951 (inv.)
    • Tribe Sayellini Wise, 1996 - formerly subfamily Sayellinae
  • Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
    • Tribe Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928 - synonyms: Ptychostomonidae Locard, 1886; Liostomiini Schander, Halanych, Dahlgren & Sundberg, 2003 (n.a.)
    • Tribe Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Chrysallidinae, synonyms: Menesthinae Saurin, 1958; Pyrgulininae Saurin, 1959
    • Tribe Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966 - formerly subfamily Cyclostremellinae
    • Tribe Odostomellini Saurin, 1959 - formerly subfamily Odostomellinae
  • Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Syrnolinae
    • Tribe Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Tiberiini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Tiberiinae
  • Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849
    • Tribe Turbonillini Bronn, 1849 - synonym: Chemnitziinae Stoliczka, 1868
    • Tribe Cingulinini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Cingulininae
    • Tribe Eulimellini Saurin, 1958 - formerly subfamily Eulimellinae
  • Pyramidellidae incertae sedis

往後分類的轉變

2010年,本科得到確認為單系群[9]

2017年,棲息於南太平洋深海的塔螺總科新屬HelodiameaPeñas & Rolán, 2017得到確認[10]

截至2018年7月9日 (2018-07-09)[update]WoRMS紀錄小塔螺科包括下列各亞科與族[11]

  • Subfamily Cyclostremellinae D. R. Moore, 1966
  • Subfamily Odostomiinae Pelseneer, 1928
    • Tribe Chrysallidini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Cyclostremellini D. R. Moore, 1966
    • Tribe Odostomiini Pelseneer, 1928
  • Subfamily Pyramidellinae
    • Tribe Pyramidellini Gray, 1840
    • Tribe Sayellini Wise, 1996
  • Subfamily Syrnolinae Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Syrnolini Saurin, 1958
    • Tribe Tiberiini Saurin, 1958
  • Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849

有問題的分類元

The following genera are currently difficult to place within existing subtaxa of the Pyramidellidae.

The following species is of uncertain placement within Pyramidellidae.

異名

下列為本科分類單元的異名:

  • Actaeopyramis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
  • Amaura Møller, 1842: synonym of Aartsenia Warén, 1991
  • Auriculina Gray, 1847 accepted as Ondina de Folin, 1870
  • Besla Dall & Bartsch, 1904 accepted as Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
  • Brachystomia Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Chemnitzia d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Turbonilla Risso, 1826
  • Elusa A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904
  • Folinella Dall & Bartsch, 1904: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Iole A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Iolaea A. Adams, 1867
  • Iolina Baily, 1948: synonym of Iolaea A. Adams, 1867
  • Ividella Dall & Bartsch, 1909 accepted as Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Lonchaeus : synonym of Longchaeus Mörch, 1875
  • Moerchiella Thiele, 1924 : synonym of Moerchia A. Adams, 1860
  • Moerchinella Thiele, 1931 accepted as Moerchia A. Adams, 1860
  • Monoptygma: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
  • Monotygma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839: synonym of Monotigma G.B. Sowerby II, 1839
  • Noemia de Folin, 1870: synonym of Noemiamea de Folin, 1886
  • Obeliscus Gray, 1847: synonym of Pyramidella Lamarck, 1799
  • Obex Laws, 1940 accepted as Obexomia Laws, 1941
  • Odontostoma Philippi, 1853: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Odontostomia G.B. Sowerby I, 1839: synonym of Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Parthenia Lowe, 1840: synonym of Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883
  • Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Partulida Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Planipyrgiscus [sic] accepted as Planpyrgiscus Laws, 1937
  • Plotia Röding, 1798: synonym of Pyramidella Lamarck, 1799
  • Ptychostomon Locard, 1886 accepted as Odostomia Fleming, 1813
  • Pyrgulina A. Adams, 1864: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Raoulostraca Oliver, 1915 accepted as Eulimella Forbes & M'Andrew, 1846
  • Tragula Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856
  • Tropeas [sic] accepted as Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904

分佈

本物種有世界性分佈,但當中不少物種都只在相當細小範圍內分佈。在佛得角的各物種均為當地的特有種[13]

型態描述

The length of the slender, elongated (turreted or conical) shells varies between 0.5 mm and 3.5 cm, but most species in the family have shells which are smaller than 13 mm.

The texture of these shells is smooth or sculptured in various forms such as ribs and spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with red or brown lines.

The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic (i.e. whorls appear to be coiled in the opposite direction to those of the teleoconch) protoconch, which is often pointed sideways or wrapped up. The teleoconch is dextrally coiled, but the larval shells are sinistral. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch.

The columella has usually one, but sometimes several, spiral folds. The aperture is closed by an operculum.

The operculum is ovoid and paucispiral, with the apex anterior, a thread-like arcuate ridge on the proximal side, the inner margin notched in harmony with the plaits of the pillar when prominent.

習性

The Pyramidellidae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid worms, but some are known to feed on peanut worms and crustaceans.[14][15] A few species in the family Pyramidellidae, such as Otopleura mitralis, are symbiotic with sea anemones, such as Neoaiptasia morbilla.[16]

They do not have a radula. Instead their long proboscis is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. These tentacles have a concave surface. Between the head and the propodium (the foremost division of the foot), a lobed process called the mentum (= thin projection) is visible. This mentum is slightly indented in midline.

These gastropods are hermaphrodites, laying eggs in jelly-like masses on the shell of its host. Some species have spermatophores.[4][17][18]

語源

本科的學名源於金字塔的英語pyramid,而這亦是這些物種普遍的外型[19]。 準確點說:這些物種都呈正圓錐體的模樣[20],又或是正多邊形的錐體[21]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Gray, J. E. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition. London. 1840: 370 pp.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 陈志云; 张素萍. 小塔螺科系统分类学研究现状与展望. Marine Sciences. 2011, 35 (10) (中文(简体)‎).
  3. ^ Schander, Christoffer; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Dahlgren, Thomas; Sundberg, Per. Test of the monophyly of Odostomiinae and Turbonilliinae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Pyramidellidae) based on 16S mtDNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta. 2003, 32 (3): 243–254. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00112.x.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Schander, Christoffer; Hori, Shigeo; Lundberg, Joakim. Anatomy, phylogeny and biology of Odostomella and Herviera, with the description of a new species of Odostomella (Mollusca, Heterostropha, Pyramidellidae). Ophelia. 2011, 51 (1): 39–76. doi:10.1080/00785326.1999.10409399.
  5. ^ Dinapoli, A.; Zinssmeister, C.; Klussmann-Kolb, A. New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 2010, 77 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Ponder, Winston; Lindberg, David R. Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs; an analysis using morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1997, 119 (2): 83–265. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00137.x (英语).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Schander, C.; van Aartsen, J.J.; Corgan, J. X. Families and genera of the Pyramidelloidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) (PDF). Bollettino Malacologico. 1999, 34 (9-12): 145–166 [1998].
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P., 编. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  9. ^ Dinapoli, Angela; Carmen Zinnsmeister; Annette Klussmann-Kolb. New insights into the phylogeny of the Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 10 September 2010, 77 (1): 1–7 [2011-10-25]. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq027.
  10. ^ Bouchet, P. (2017). Helodiamea Peñas & Rolán, 2017. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=955936 on 2017-09-10
  11. ^ WoRMS. Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840. World Register of Marine Species. [2018-07-14].
  12. ^ WoRMS (2010). Peristichia. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415795 on 2011-03-15
  13. ^ van Aartsen, J.J.; Gittenberger, E.; Goud, J. Pyramidellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) collected during the Dutch CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean (part 2) (英语).
  14. ^ Sneli, J.-A. Odostomia turrita found on Hommarus gammarus. Nautilus. 1972, 86 (1): 23–24.
  15. ^ Robertson, R.; Mau-Lastovicka, Terry. The ectoparasitism of Boonea and Fargoa (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). Biological Bulletin (Marine Biological Laboratory). 1979, 157 (2): 320–333. JSTOR 1541058. doi:10.2307/1541058.
  16. ^ Roger H. Goodwill et. al. (2009), A sea anemone symbiotic with gastropods of eight species in the Mariana Islands; Micronesica 41(1): 117–130, 2009 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2010-06-18.
  17. ^ Høisæter, T. Spermatophores in Chrysallida obtusa (Brown) (Opisthobranchia, Pyramidellidae). Sarsia. 1965, 18: 63–68.
  18. ^ Robertson, R. The life history of Odostomia bisuturalis and Odostomia spermatophores (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae). American Philosophical Society Yearbook. 1967, 1967: 368–370.
  19. ^ Tenney, Sanborn; Tenney, Abby. Natural history of animals; Containing brief descriptions of the animals figured on Tenney's Natural history tablets, but complete without the tablets. Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1875: p. 202 (英语). The Pyramid-Shells are so named from their shape 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  20. ^ Step, Edward. Shell Life: An Introduction to the British Mollusca. F. War ne & Company. 1901: 250 (英语).
  21. ^ Robbins, Edward. [小塔螺科Google Books。 Plane and Solid Geometry] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). American Book Company. 1907: 349 (英语).
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小塔螺科: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

小塔螺科(學名:Pyramidellidae),亦作尖塔螺科或簡單只叫塔螺科,是軟體動物門腹足綱下的一個。舊屬腸紐目(Heterostropha,又譯異旋目),成員主要是營寄生生活的小型海螺

小塔螺科的物種分佈於整個世界,有超過六千個不同的物種,合組成超過350個屬與亞屬。由於本科物種皆屬於微小貝,相關研究少,物種間支序親緣關係(英语:phylogenetic)並不十分清楚,大眾對於各物種的歸屬也沒有共識。舉例說:單單是 Schander (1999) 就列出了超過300個屬級以上的分類單元命名,並將這些分類單元整理。由於近年本科在世界各地各個屬的分類未再有可一般化的修訂,這個科內各個分類單元仍然保持是多系群,也就是說這些分類的混亂還有一段時間。然而,從整個科來看仍然是個單系群

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이새목 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

이새목(Heterostropha)은 이전에 이새상목에 속하는 바다 달팽이 목으로 사용된 복족류 분류이다.[1] 1997년 폰더와 린드버그의 복족류 분류에서 사용되었다. 현재, 2005년의 부쉐 & 로크루아의 복족류 분류에서는 더 이상 사용하지 않는다.[2] 이 목에 속했던 연체동물은 일종의 종속영양 원각을 갖는다.

하위 분류

  • 비자고둥과 (Acteonidae) (Orbigny, 1842)
  • 회오리고리고둥과 (Amathinidae)
  • 수레바퀴고둥과 (Architectonicidae) (Gray, 1850)
  • 코르니로스트라과 (Cornirostridae)
  • 투명가시고둥과 (Ebalidae)
  • 마틸다과 (Mathildidae) (Dall, 1889)
  • 오말로기라과 (Omalogyridae) (P. Fischer, 1885)
  • 회오리고둥과 (Pyramidellidae) (Gray, 1840)
  • 리소엘라과 (Rissoellidae) (Gray, 1850)
  • 발바타과 (Valvatidae)

각주

  1. Paul Martin Chambers. Channel Island Marine Molluscs. Charonia Media, 2008.
  2. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.; Frýda J.; Hausdorf B.; Ponder W.; Valdés Á.; Warén A. (2005). “복족류 분류 (부쉐 & 로크루아, 2005년)”. 《Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology》 (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1–397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997.
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