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Hemimastigophora

Description of Hemimastigophora ( الإنجليزية )

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Circumscription: Multiflagellated heterotrophic protists, usually elongate body. Flagella arranged in a small number of longitudinal rows (kineties). Body surface underlain by one large dorsal organic plate and one large ventral organic plate. Ultrastructural identity: Mitochondria cristal form ambiguous but probably tubular or sacculate. With flagella arising from short basal bodies and anchored by longitudinal fibrous and microtubular elements. With dictyosomes. Cell surface folded, underlain by microtubules and organic layers. Concentric extrusomes. Synapomorphy: Mitochondriate protist with flagella in kinetics and with two subsurface organic plates.
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Hemimastigophora ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Hemimastigophora ist eine Gruppe von Lebewesenarten, die zu den Eukaryoten (Eukaryota) gehört. Sie wurde 1988 von Ilse Foissner und Wilhelm Foissner, beide Universität Salzburg, etabliert.[1][2]

Die einzige bekannte Familie Spironemidae (Ordnung Hemimastigida) zählt vier Gattungen mit zehn Arten. Hemimastix kukwesjijk wurde 2018 erstbeschrieben.[3][4]

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. Revision of the Family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), With Description of Two New Species, Spironema Terricola N. Sp. and Stereonema Geiseri N, G., N. Sp. In: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 40(4):422 - 438, May 2007
  2. Phylum Hemimastigophora Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988. In: Masanobu Kawachi et al.: The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta.
  3. Gordon Lax, Yana Eglit, Laura Eme, Erin M. Bertrand, Andrew J. Roger, Alastair G. B. Simpson: Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes. In: Nature, 14. November 2018
  4. Rare microbes lead scientists to discover new branch on the tree of life. In: CBC News, 15. November 2015
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Hemimastigophora: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Hemimastigophora ist eine Gruppe von Lebewesenarten, die zu den Eukaryoten (Eukaryota) gehört. Sie wurde 1988 von Ilse Foissner und Wilhelm Foissner, beide Universität Salzburg, etabliert.

Die einzige bekannte Familie Spironemidae (Ordnung Hemimastigida) zählt vier Gattungen mit zehn Arten. Hemimastix kukwesjijk wurde 2018 erstbeschrieben.

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Hemimastigophora ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironemidae, first identified in 1988.[1][2][3] Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes.[2][4] In 2018 Lax et al. reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms.[3][4] It is potentially related to the Telonemia.[5]

History of classification

One hypothesis of eukaryotic relationships that classifies Hemimastigophora (red branch at right) as a supra-kingdom group.

Hemimastigophora was established in 1988 by Foissner et al., as a new phylum with a single family, Spironemidae.[1] Its placement on the eukaryote tree of life was unclear, but the authors suggested that the structure of its pellicle and cell nucleus indicated a close relationship with Euglenozoa.[2] For 30 years after the description of the group, no genetic information was available. During that time, researchers proposed that it should be classified in, or near, an assortment of other groups, including the alveolates, apusomonads, ancyromonads, and Rhizaria.[3][4]

In an article published in 2018, Lax et al. announced that a new hemimastigophoran species, Hemimastix kukwesjijk, had been discovered in a Nova Scotian soil sample, and successfully cultivated in the laboratory. A second hemimastigophoran, a new species of Spironema, was found in the same sample. Phylogenomic analyses of the two organisms suggest that Hemimastigophora is a very ancient lineage, which diverged from the other eukaryotes at such an early date that the group should be classified at the supra-kingdom level.[3][4]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemimastigophora.

References

  1. ^ a b c Foissner, Wilhelm; Blatterer, H.; Foissner, Ilse (1988). "The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils". European Journal of Protistology. 23 (4): 361–383. doi:10.1016/s0932-4739(88)80027-0. PMID 23195325.
  2. ^ a b c d Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (1993). "Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 40 (4): 422–438. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04936.x. S2CID 85124745.
  3. ^ a b c d Lax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature. 564 (7736): 410–414. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..410L. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. PMID 30429611. S2CID 205570993.
  4. ^ a b c d Lambert, Jonathan (11 December 2018). "What a newfound kingdom means for the tree of life". Quanta Magazine. Abstractions Blog.
  5. ^ Tice, Alexander K.; Žihala, David; Pánek, Tomáš; Jones, Robert E.; Salomaki, Eric D.; Nenarokov, Serafim; Burki, Fabien; Eliáš, Marek; Eme, Laura; Roger, Andrew J.; Rokas, Antonis (2021-08-06). "PhyloFisher: A phylogenomic package for resolving eukaryotic relationships". PLOS Biology. 19 (8): e3001365. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001365. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 8345874. PMID 34358228.
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Hemimastigophora: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Hemimastigophora is a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms including the Spironemidae, first identified in 1988. Over the next 30 years, different authors proposed placing these organisms in various branches of the eukaryotes. In 2018 Lax et al. reported the first genetic information for Spironemidae, and suggest that they are from an ancient lineage of eukaryotes which constitute a separate clade from all other eukaryotic kingdoms. It is potentially related to the Telonemia.

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Hemimastigoodid ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Hemimastigoodid (Hemimastigophora) on rühm täpselt määratlemata taksonoomilise kuuluvusega eukarüoote.

Tegemist on üherakuliste organismidega, mille läbimõõt jääb alla 20 mikromeetri ja mis kasutavad liikumiseks keha mõlemal küljel paiknevat enam kui 12 viburit.[1]

Hemimastigoodid kasutavad saagi püüdmiseks raku ees paiknevat harpuunilaadset oga ja pärast enda haakimist ohvri külge imevad nende tsütoplasmat.[1]

Selle alla on arvatud perekonnad Hemimastix, Stereonema, Spironema ja Paramastix, mis kõik kuuluvad sugukonda Spironemidae. Teadaolevate liikide seas on näiteks 1893. aastal kirjeldatud Spironema multiciliatum (Klebs), 1988. aastal kirjeldatud Hemimastix amphikineta (Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner) ja 2018. aastal kirjeldatud Hemimastix kukwesjijk (Eglit & Simpson).

Uuemad geneetilised uuringud näitavad, et hemimastigoodid võivad paigutuda uueks eukarüootide suurrühmaks ehk riigiks.[1]

Viited

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Hemimastigoodid: Brief Summary ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Hemimastigoodid (Hemimastigophora) on rühm täpselt määratlemata taksonoomilise kuuluvusega eukarüoote.

Tegemist on üherakuliste organismidega, mille läbimõõt jääb alla 20 mikromeetri ja mis kasutavad liikumiseks keha mõlemal küljel paiknevat enam kui 12 viburit.

Hemimastigoodid kasutavad saagi püüdmiseks raku ees paiknevat harpuunilaadset oga ja pärast enda haakimist ohvri külge imevad nende tsütoplasmat.

Selle alla on arvatud perekonnad Hemimastix, Stereonema, Spironema ja Paramastix, mis kõik kuuluvad sugukonda Spironemidae. Teadaolevate liikide seas on näiteks 1893. aastal kirjeldatud Spironema multiciliatum (Klebs), 1988. aastal kirjeldatud Hemimastix amphikineta (Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner) ja 2018. aastal kirjeldatud Hemimastix kukwesjijk (Eglit & Simpson).

Uuemad geneetilised uuringud näitavad, et hemimastigoodid võivad paigutuda uueks eukarüootide suurrühmaks ehk riigiks.

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Hemimastigophora ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Hemimastigophora é um grupo de organismos eucarióticos unicelulares.[3] Foi estabelecido em 1988 por Foissner et al., como um novo filo com uma única família, Spironemidae.[4] Sua colocação na árvore-da-vida eucariota não era clara, mas os autores sugeriram que a estrutura de seu núcleo de película e célula indicava uma estreita relação com os Euglenozoa. Por trinta anos após a construção do grupo, nenhuma informação genética estava disponível. Durante esse tempo, os pesquisadores propuseram que ela deveria ser classificada em, ou perto de, uma variedade de outros grupos, incluindo os alveolados, apusomônomos, anciomônomos e Rhizaria.[3]

Em um artigo publicado em 2018, foi anunciado que uma nova espécie de hemimastigoforano, Hemimastix kukwesjijk, havia sido descoberta em uma amostra de solo da Nova Escócia e cultivada com sucesso em laboratório. Um segundo hemimastigoforano, uma nova espécie de Spironema, foi encontrado na mesma amostra. Análises filogenéticas dos dois organismos sugerem que Hemimastigophora é uma linhagem muito antiga, que divergiu dos outros eucariotos em uma data tão antiga que o grupo deveria ser classificado no nível do supra-reino.[3]

Referências

  1. Foissner, Wilhelm; Blatterer, H.; Foissner, Ilse (1988). «The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils». European Journal of Protistology. 23 (4): 361–383. PMID 23195325. doi:10.1016/s0932-4739(88)80027-0
  2. Foissner, Ilse; Foissner, Wilhelm (1993). «Revision of the family Spironemidae Doflein (Protista, Hemimastigophora), with description of two new species, Spironema terricola n. sp. and Stereonema geiseri n. g., n. sp.» (PDF). J. Euk. Microblol. 40 (4): 422–438. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04936.x
  3. a b c «Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes». Nature. 564. PMID 30429611. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8
  4. http://www.wfoissner.at/data_prot/Foissner_Foissner_1993_422-438.pdf
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Hemimastigophora: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Hemimastigophora é um grupo de organismos eucarióticos unicelulares. Foi estabelecido em 1988 por Foissner et al., como um novo filo com uma única família, Spironemidae. Sua colocação na árvore-da-vida eucariota não era clara, mas os autores sugeriram que a estrutura de seu núcleo de película e célula indicava uma estreita relação com os Euglenozoa. Por trinta anos após a construção do grupo, nenhuma informação genética estava disponível. Durante esse tempo, os pesquisadores propuseram que ela deveria ser classificada em, ou perto de, uma variedade de outros grupos, incluindo os alveolados, apusomônomos, anciomônomos e Rhizaria.

Em um artigo publicado em 2018, foi anunciado que uma nova espécie de hemimastigoforano, Hemimastix kukwesjijk, havia sido descoberta em uma amostra de solo da Nova Escócia e cultivada com sucesso em laboratório. Um segundo hemimastigoforano, uma nova espécie de Spironema, foi encontrado na mesma amostra. Análises filogenéticas dos dois organismos sugerem que Hemimastigophora é uma linhagem muito antiga, que divergiu dos outros eucariotos em uma data tão antiga que o grupo deveria ser classificado no nível do supra-reino.

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