dcsimg

Behavior

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Communication and perception are underrepresented in literature. High-pitch vocalization may be produced in high stress situations, such as hostile contacts with potential predators. As in most mammals, it is likely that these voles use some forms of tactile communication during reproduction. Visual cues may also be used.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; infrared/heat ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical

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Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Conservation Status

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Northern red-backed voles are usually common and not protected throughout their range.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Benefits

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Northern red-backed voles readily invade human structures and dwellings. In high densities they can cause damage to farm crops. Interstitial pneumonia and interstitial nephritis were documented in northern red-backed voles, but involvement of viral agents was only suggested. No published information is available on viral or bacterial health threats.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings); crop pest; household pest

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Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Benefits

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Northern red-backed voles have been used as laboratory animals, but require more care and skill in handling than mice.

Positive Impacts: research and education

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Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
author
Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Associations

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Northern red-backed voles act as plant and fungi dispersers (by caching seeds, breaking and relocating parts of vegetation, and ingestion and excretion of spores). They also play an important role as prey to many carnivorous predators, because they are active all winter long when other prey becomes less abundant.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Species Used as Host:

  • None known.
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bibliographic citation
Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Trophic Strategy

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Diet varies and includes berries, leaves, shoots, buds, and seeds of various plants, epigeous and hypogeous fungi, and lichens. Their diet includes a large variety of plant materials in the summer when plants are abundant. Voles gather and store food in their nests and the stored food comprises most of their diet during the winter months. Small invertebrates may occasionally be included in the diet and animal foods (e.g. eggs, cat/dog food) are sometimes fed in captivity.

Animal Foods: eggs; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; nectar; pollen; flowers; sap or other plant fluids; bryophytes; lichens

Other Foods: fungus

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
author
Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Distribution

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Myodes rutilus is a Holarctic species first described from Siberia. It occurs in northern Europe, Asia, Alaska, and Canada.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic ; palearctic

Other Geographic Terms: holarctic

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Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Habitat

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Northern red-backed voles are found in a wide range of terrestrial habitats. They are commonly found in tundra, taiga, and shrub forests. Greatest population densities were recorded in overgrown talus slopes and in stands of dwarf willow, alder, and dwarf birch.

Range elevation: 1800 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; polar ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; taiga ; forest ; scrub forest

Wetlands: marsh ; swamp ; bog

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

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bibliographic citation
Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
author
Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Life Expectancy

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Northern red-backed voles normally survive less than 2 years in the wild; however, average lifespan information varies among publications and is probably affected by locally and temporally varying factors, such as food availability, predation, population density, seasonal weather patterns, etc. Adult mortality is highest in winter and is directly proportional to weather severity. Based on published information, it is unclear whether mortality results mostly from predation, starvation, aging, or other causes.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
2 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
728 (high) days.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
12 (high) months.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
6 months.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
203 days.

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bibliographic citation
Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
author
Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Morphology

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Northern red-backed voles are medium mouse-sized, reaching an average total length of 130 to 158 mm and usually weighing about 30 g. The tail is 30 to 40 mm long, hind foot is 18.5 to 21.0 mm long and ears are 10 to 14 mm long. Pelage is light gray with the dorsal surface exhibiting rusty-to-reddish color. Color intensity varies with season (darkest in winter), geographic distribution, and subspecies. The tail is dark gray dorsally, yellow ventrally, and densely covered with hair. Terminal hairs on the tail are often long and dark.

At least 10 subspecies have been described, but researchers differ on the species composition and subspecies validity. Juvenile pelage is similar to adults. There are 8 mammae. The dental formula is I1/1 C0/0 P0/0 M3/3 = 16. Basal metabolic rate is not reported, but average respiratory frequency in normoxic atmosphere is 120 breaths per minute.

Myodes rutilus may sometimes be confused with Myodes gapperi along the southern boundary of the species range. The two species can be distinguished, however, because M. rutilus has brighter reddish coloration than does M. gapperi. Also, the tail of M. rutilus is shorter and thicker than that of M. gapperi.

Range mass: 20 to 40 g.

Range length: 130 to 158 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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bibliographic citation
Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Associations

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Northern red-backed voles are common prey to many carnivores and raptors. Cryptic coloration and crepuscular behavior are both antipredatory adaptations.

Known Predators:

  • Predatory birds
  • American marten
  • Arctic fox
  • red fox
  • short-tail weasel
  • coyote

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
author
Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Reproduction

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Species-specific information on the mating system is not available for wild populations. However, captive colonies in laboratory settings were reported to be promiscuous.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Northern red-backed voles breed from May until September, usually beginning breeding when the snow melts. They can be prolific, producing as many as 5 litters during this time. Postpartum estrus in females helps to increase the rate of reproduction. Winter breeding has been reported to be infrequent.

Pregnancy lasts from 17 to 19 days. Litters of M. rutilus range from 1 to 9, although litters are commonly of 6 to 8 young. The young develop rapidly, and are weaned by about 18 days of age. The young voles become independent at the time of weaning. Reproductive maturity is reached at a minimum age of 2 months. The percentage of sexually mature juveniles varies inversely with population density.

Breeding interval: Northern red-backed voles can breed up to 5 times in a year. Breeding mostly occurs in the warmer months. One study reported it takes a minimum of 20.5 days between litters.

Breeding season: Breeding season generally occurs May to September, but may be longer or shorter depending on climate and weather conditions. One study suggests that the onset of breeding season is related to timing of snow ablation.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 9.

Average number of offspring: 5.4.

Range gestation period: 17 to 19 days.

Average weaning age: 18 days.

Average time to independence: 18 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 (low) months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 (low) months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous

Males participate in copulation only and do not take any part in parental care. Captive females are reported to enlarge and improve nests prior to giving birth by collecting and modifying soft materials. Both males and females occasionally cannibalize young. It is difficult to estimate average litter sizes and numbers of weaned offspring in the wild, because weaning periods are short and weaned offspring tend to migrate as soon as they leave the nest. As a result, population recruitment rates include immigration, which makes it difficult to estimate reproduction. Captive females that produced average litters of 4.9 offspring weaned only 3.6 young per litter.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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bibliographic citation
Belik, T. 2005. "Myodes rutilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html
editor
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
author
Tom Belik, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Associated Plant Communities

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: fern, forbs, forest, lichens, shrubland

Northern red-backed voles live in a variety of northern forest and
shrubland habitats [1,6].  They occur in every major forest type in
central Alaska [21].  Plant species commonly found in areas occupied by
northern red-backed voles include black spruce (Picea mariana), white
spruce (P. glauca), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch
(Betula papyrifera), alder (Alnus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), mountain
cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), blueberry and bilberry (Vaccinium
spp.), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), and a variety of grasses and
forbs.  Important fungi, mosses and lichens include truffle (Endogone
fascilulata), Schreber's moss (Pleurozium schreberi), mountain fern moss
(Hylocomium splendens), sphagnum (Sphagnum spp.), and lichens (Cladonia
and Peltigera spp.) [2,21].


REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: tundra

northern red-backed vole
tundra vole
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, forest, presence

Northern red-backed voles inhabit areas that contain dense ground cover
for protection from weather and predation [19,21].  On the Kenai
National Wildlife Refuge in south-central Alaska, the presence of
northern red-backed voles was positively correlated with protective
cover [2].  During the winter, northern red-backed voles use layers of
thick moss or matted vegetation as thermal cover [20,21].  During the
mid-winter months in a spruce forest of central Alaska, all northern
red-backed voles on a control area aggregated in a small area of thick
moss cover, despite abundant food resources elsewhere on the trapping
grid [21].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The northern red-backed vole is a holarctic species distributed from
northern Scandinavia across the Russian Republics and, in North America,
from Alaska to the Hudson Bay [1].  The specific ranges of the
subspecies are not described in the literature.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: bog, forbs, lichens, shrubs

Northern red-backed voles eat the leaves, buds, twigs and berries of
numerous shrubs; they also eat forbs, fungi, mosses, lichens, and
occasionally insects [1,2,21].  Berries are generally the major food
item in the diet of northern red-backed voles and are eaten whenever
available.  In central Alaska, West [21] found that northern red-backed
voles relied heavily upon the fruits of several berry-producing plants
during all seasons.  These included bog blueberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum), mountain cranberry, black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum),
comandra (Comandra livida), and bunchberry.  Northern red-backed voles
primarily ate berries during the fall and winter.  Lichens were consumed
only during the winter and spring.  In early summer, when berries are
not available, mosses (unspecified spp.) were eaten.  The mid- to late
summer diet of northern red-backed voles also included a large
proportion of mosses, although berries were still the primary food [21].

Northern red-backed voles on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge fed
during the summer on berries of species such as mountain cranberry and
bunchberry.  They also ate fungi, succulent green plants, and insects.
As fungi became plentiful late in the summer, they made up a large
percentage of the diet.  Mountain cranberry consumption declined as the
summer progressed even though berry abundance increased.  This suggests
that fungi were preferred over mountain cranberries.  The amount of
truffle in the diet remained constant throughout the summer [2].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, forest, severity, shrubs, succession

Fire may result in a temporary loss of cover and food for northern
red-backed voles and increased exposure to predation [19,21].  However,
after cover and food resources recover, northern red-backed voles are
able to colonize burned areas.  Fires in black spruce communities of
Alaska and northern Canada are commonly lightning caused and tend to be
large [11,17].  Fire return intervals average 80 to 200 years [14,17].

Northern red-backed voles are eventually able to inhabit most burned
areas in central Alaska [21].  Some berry-producing shrubs, important to
northern red-backed voles, often increase in cover and vigor after low
severity fire [4]; mountain cranberry may regain prefire densities
within 2 to 6 years [16,21].  However, other species recover slowly;
black crowberry may not reach prefire densities for 20 to 30 years [10].
Severe, stand-destroying fires that consume the organic layer can kill
the roots of many berry-producing shrubs, reducing the potential for
sprouting and delaying revegetation [13,17].

In July 1971, a lightning caused fire burned 16,061 acres (6,500 ha) of
black spruce forest in the hills between Wickersham Dome and Washington
Creek 25 miles (40 km) north of Fairbanks, Alaska.  Establishment of a
permanent population of northern red-backed voles on the burned area did
not occur until 4 years after the fire.  Northern red-backed voles began
to use the burn area starting in July of 1972.  However, prior to the
summer of 1975 the use of the burned area by northern red-backed voles
was intermittent due to insufficient food and cover for overwintering.
No berries were produced in the burn until the summer of 1975, and then
berry production was considerably lower than that in the unburned
control area.  In the burned area, during winter 1975-1976, the 4-year
accumulation of calamagrostis (Calamagrostis spp.) debris may have
provided patches of matted vegetation suitable for winter cover.
Despite establishment of a resident population in 1975, recruitment was
mostly dependent upon immigrant voles, most importantly pregnant females
[21].

One year after a fire in south-central Alaska, numbers of northern
red-backed voles seemed to be nearly equal inside and outside the burn.
The fire left many islands of unburned habitat throughout the burn; much
cover was left on the burn area [25].

Following fire in the Mackenzie Delta area of the Northwest Territories,
grass-dominated communities usually predominate early succession.  These
grass communities are generally unsuitable habitat for northern
red-backed voles [19], probably due to lack of food and cover.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

    12  Black spruce
    16  Aspen
    18  Paper birch
   107  White spruce
   201  White spruce
   202  White spruce - paper birch
   204  Black spruce
   251  White spruce - aspen
   253  Black spruce - white spruce
   254  Black spruce -  paper birch
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES23 Fir-spruce
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K094  Conifer bog
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: forest

Small mammals are the primary means by which hypogeous fungal spores are
dispersed.  The extensive use of hypogeous fungi, such as truffle, by
northern red-backed voles promotes the establishment of symbiosis
between mycorrhizal fungi and higher plants in disturbed forest areas on
the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska [2].


REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals

AK



BC
MB
NT
YT

license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Some predators of northern red-backed voles include American marten
(Martes americana), Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), red fox (Vulpes
vulpes), short-tail weasel (Mustela erminea), coyote (Canis latrans)
[15,19,24], and probably most other predators of small mammals that
occur within the range of northern red-backed voles.  In Alaska,
northern red-backed voles and voles (Microtus spp.) comprised 74 percent
of the diet of American martens in the summer and 68 percent of the diet
during the winter [24].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: shrub, taiga, tundra

Northern red-backed voles are commonly found in northern shrub
vegetation or open taiga forests.  They also inhabit tundra [1,12,21].
Northern red-backed voles are abundant on early successional sites as
well as in mature forests [21].  They occasionally inhabit rock fields
and talus slopes [1].

Northern red-backed voles use surface runways through the vegetation as
travel corridors.  Nests are built in short underground burrows or under
some protective object such as a rock or root [1].  Northern red-backed
voles are active all winter and construct long tunnels under the snow.
Winter nests typically are placed on the ground among thick moss [1,21].
Northern red-backed voles frequently invade houses during the winter
[1].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
The currently accepted scientific name for the northern red-backed vole
is Myodes rutilus (Pallas). It is in the family Cricetidae [26].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: crepuscular, litter, polyestrous

Breeding season - The breeding season of northern red-backed voles
generally extends from May to August.  Females are polyestrous and
produce two or three litters during the breeding season.  The first
litter is produced in late May or early June [1].

Litter size - Information regarding the gestation period of northern
red-backed voles was not available.  Litter size ranges from four to
nine.  The average litter size is 5.93 [1].

Growth of young and sexual maturity - Young northern red-backed voles
are unable to regulate their temperature successfully until about 18
days.  At this time they are weaned and leave the nest.  Young grow
little during the winter because of low food supplies.  Age of sexual
maturity depends to some extent on time of birth.  About 20 percent of
females from the first litter breed during the summer of birth.  The
remaining 80 percent, and later litters, breed the following May [1].
Martell and Fuller [12] found that the onset of summer breeding was
related to the time of snowmelt.  A late spring was followed by a low
rate of maturation of young-of-the-year females [12].

In dense populations of northern red-backed voles, sexual maturation of
young females may be delayed, or they may migrate to a vacant breeding
space [8].  Information was not available regarding sexual maturation of
male northern red-backed voles.

Behavior - Northern red-backed voles are mainly nocturnal and
crepuscular but are of necessity about during the prolonged arctic
daylight season [1].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management

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More info for the term: fire regime

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FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Myodes rutilus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Muenn ar gournorzh ( Breton )

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Muenn ar gournorzh (Clethrionomys rutilus pe Myodes rutilus) zo ur c'hrigner bihan a vev en Alaska, hanternoz Kanada, Skandinavia ha hanternoz Rusia.

Rummatadur

Muenn ar gournorzh a c'hell bezañ renket ivez er c'herentiad Muridae.

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Muenn ar gournorzh: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Muenn ar gournorzh (Clethrionomys rutilus pe Myodes rutilus) zo ur c'hrigner bihan a vev en Alaska, hanternoz Kanada, Skandinavia ha hanternoz Rusia.

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Myodes rutilus ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Myodes rutilus és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a Noruega, Suècia, Finlàndia, Rússia, el Kazakhstan, Mongòlia, la Xina, Corea del Nord, el Japó, els Estats Units i el Canadà. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos de coníferes i els bedollars. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1] El seu nom específic, rutilus, significa 'vermell groguenc' en llatí.[2]

Referències

  1. Linzey, A. V.; Henttonen, H.; Xéftel, B.; Batsaikhan, N. Myodes rutilus. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 27 maig 2016.
  2. Entrada «Myodes» d'Animalia (en anglès).
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Myodes rutilus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Myodes rutilus és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a Noruega, Suècia, Finlàndia, Rússia, el Kazakhstan, Mongòlia, la Xina, Corea del Nord, el Japó, els Estats Units i el Canadà. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos de coníferes i els bedollars. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie. El seu nom específic, rutilus, significa 'vermell groguenc' en llatí.

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Polarrötelmaus ( German )

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Die Polarrötelmaus (Myodes rutilus) ist eine Wühlmausart, die der Gattung der Rötelmäuse (Myodes) zugeordnet ist.

Merkmale

Mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von acht bis elf Zentimetern ist die Polarrötelmaus ähnlich groß wie die Rötelmaus (Myodes glareolus). Die Länge ihres dicht behaarten Schwanzes ist mit zwei bis vier Zentimetern in der Regel geringer als 40 Prozent der Körperlänge und damit kürzer als bei der Rötelmaus. Über das Schwanzende ragt ein auffälliger, aus überstehenden Endhaaren bestehender Pinsel fünf bis acht Millimeter hinaus. Das Rückenfell der Polarrötelmaus ist deutlich röter als das der Rötelmaus. Die Flanken sind gelblichgrau gefärbt. Die Ohren sind mit elf bis 16 Millimetern groß bis mittelgroß. Ausgewachsene Polarrötelmäuse wiegen zehn bis 30 Gramm.

Fortpflanzung

Die Fortpflanzung der Polarrötelmäuse findet von Anfang Mai bis Ende September statt. Bei zu hoher Populationsdichte wird der Fortpflanzungszeitraum aber bereits in der Sommermitte beendet. Die Weibchen aus den beiden ersten Würfen beteiligen sich meist schon an der Fortpflanzung. Aufgrund der Anstrengungen, die damit verbunden sind, überleben diese Tiere den Herbst nicht. Ebenso wenig die Weibchen aus dem Vorjahr, die nach bis zu drei Würfen sterben. Die Weibchen aus den späteren Würfen überwintern und vermehren sich erst im Folgejahr. Der erste Wurf ist meist kleiner als die folgenden. In der Regel kommen fünf bis sieben Junge zur Welt.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Polarrötelmaus

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Polarrötelmaus erstreckt sich in der nördlichen Holarktis vom nördlichen Fennoskandien (Norwegen, Schweden und Finnland) über Sibirien und Alaska bis nach Kanada. Im eurasischen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes verschiebt sich die südliche Verbreitungsgrenze von Westen nach Osten weiter nach Süden. Während die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze nahezu auf dem gleichen Breitengrad bleibt. Im östlichen Asien hat das Verbreitungsgebiet auf Sachalin und Hokkaidō mit einer Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung vom 43. bis zum 73. Breitengrad die größte Breite.

In einigen Gebieten kommt die Polarrötelmaus gemeinsam mit der Rötelmaus (Myodes glareolus) vor. Während im Süden der gemeinsamen Verbreitungsgebiete die Rötelmaus dominiert, verschiebt sich das Verhältnis Richtung Norden zu Gunsten der Polarrötelmaus. In den gemeinsamen Verbreitungsgebieten mit der Graurötelmaus (Myodes rufocanus), wird die Polarrötelmaus von der Graurötelmaus so stark dominiert, dass die Polarrötelmaus bei hoher Graurötelmausdichte die Fortpflanzung einstellt. Erst wenn die Graurötelmausdichte im Spätsommer abnimmt, setzt die Fortpflanzung bei der Polarrötelmaus wieder ein.

Als Habitat bevorzugt die Polarrötelmaus meso- und eutrophe gras- und krautreiche Wälder. Nördlich der Fichtengrenze weicht die Polarrötelmaus auf flechtenreiche Kiefernwälder aus. In den Nadelwäldern bevorzugt sie moosreiche Standorte. In Sümpfen, auf Feldern oder in Schlägen ist sie selten zu finden. Die Polarrötelmaus gräbt kaum Gänge, sondern bevorzugt natürlich vorkommende Verstecke.

Ernährung

Im Vergleich mit den anderen Rötelmausarten frisst die Polarrötelmaus deutlich mehr Samen und weniger Rinden und grüne Pflanzenteile. Von Beeren und den darin enthaltenen Samen frisst die Polarrötelmaus nur das Fruchtfleisch und das Sameninnere. Die Frucht- und Samenschalen verschmäht sie. Im Winter erklimmt die Polarrötelmaus Bäume und Sträucher und frisst dort Knospen und Flechten. Als Wintervorrat sammelt die Polarrötelmaus Samen, beispielsweise von Melampyrum-Arten (Wachtelweizen).

Natürliche Feinde

Wie viele andere Kleinsäuger stellt die Polarrötelmaus ein beliebtes Beutetier für viele Beutegreifer dar. Daher ist sie in der Zeit des Tag-Nacht-Wechsels nachtaktiv. Während des Dauerlichtes im arktischen Hochsommer, siehe Polartag, treten ganztägig Wachphasen auf.

Literatur

  • Jochen Niethammer, Franz Krapp (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Band 2, Teil 1: Rodentia 2 (Cricetidae, Arvicolidae, Zapodidae, Spalacidae, Hystricidae, Capromyidae). = Nagetier II. Akademischen Verlags-Gesellschaft, Wiesbaden 1982, ISBN 3-400-00459-6 (sehr detailliertes Fachbuch).

Weblinks

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Polarrötelmaus: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Polarrötelmaus (Myodes rutilus) ist eine Wühlmausart, die der Gattung der Rötelmäuse (Myodes) zugeordnet ist.

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Lytse reade wrotmûs ( Western Frisian )

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De lytse reade wrotmûs (Latynske namme: Myodes rutilus) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae) en it skaai fan 'e reade wrotmûzen (Myodes), dat foarkomt yn noardlik Skandinaavje en noardlik Jeropeesk Ruslân, frijwol hiel Sibearje, dielen fan Kazachstan, Mongoalje en Mantsjoerije, op it Japanske eilân Hokkaido, yn hast hiel Alaska en yn noardwestlike dielen fan Kanada (de Yukon, de Noardwestlike Territoaria en Nûnavût).

Uterlike skaaimerken

De lytse reade wrotmûs hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 8-11 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 2⅓-3½ sm en in gewicht fan 15-40 g. It koarte sturtsje hat lange boarstelhierren oan 'e punt. De rêch is roastbrún fan kleur, wylst de fangen en de bealch ljochtbrunich binne. De koarte earkes binne sichtber troch de tsjûke pels hinne.

 src=
It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e lytse reade wrotmûs.

Biotoop

Lytse reade wrotmûzen libje yn in biotoop dat útinoar rint fan 'e nullewâld oant strewelleguod. Ek komme se foar op 'e toendra, en soms yn rotseftich gebiet en op berchskeanten.

Hâlden en dragen

De lytse reade wrotmûs is ornaris nachts warber. Hy leit paden oan troch boaiemfegetaasje, mar kin ek goed klimme en bringt yn wâlden in oansjenlik diel fan syn tiid yn strûken en beammen troch. Hy makket syn nêst yn in ûndjippe ûndergrûnske hoale of ûnder de iene of oare beskutting, lykas in rots of in beamwoartel. Lytse reade wrotmûzen hâlde gjin wintersliep en grave winterdeis tunnels troch de snie. De winternêsten besteane yn 'e regel út boppegrûnske bêden fan moas, dêr't se beskerme wurde tsjin rôfdieren troch it sniedek. It gefaarlikst foar lytse reade wrotmûzen binne de Amerikaanske marter, de foks, de poalfoks, de harmeling, de snie-ûle en de prêrjewolf.

De peartiid duorret by de lytse reade wrotmûs ornaris fan maaie oant augustus. De wyfkes bringe 2-3 kear jiers nei in draachtiid fan 17-20 dagen in nêst fan 1-11 (almeast 4-9) jongen te wrâld, dy't ôfwûn wurde en selsstannich libje kinne nei 17-21 dagen. Under normale omstannichheden binne wyfkes mei 4 moanne geslachtsryp. As de populaasjetichtheid heech is, kin dat lykwols it geslachtsryp wurden fan 'e wyfkes fertraagje. Ut ûndersyk hat bliken dien dat 20% fan 'e jongen har itselde jiers noch fuortplantsje.

Fretten

Lytse reade wrotmûzen frette fral de blêden, knoppen, twigen en beien fan in ferskaat oan strewelleplanten. Fierders steane ek beskate skimmels, moas- en koarstmoassoarten en út en troch ynsekten op it menu. Beien wurde fral hjerstmis en winterdeis lytsman makke, wylst moas en koarstmoas benammen oan it begjin fan 'e simmer iten wurde.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Lytse reade wrotmûs: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De lytse reade wrotmûs (Latynske namme: Myodes rutilus) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae) en it skaai fan 'e reade wrotmûzen (Myodes), dat foarkomt yn noardlik Skandinaavje en noardlik Jeropeesk Ruslân, frijwol hiel Sibearje, dielen fan Kazachstan, Mongoalje en Mantsjoerije, op it Japanske eilân Hokkaido, yn hast hiel Alaska en yn noardwestlike dielen fan Kanada (de Yukon, de Noardwestlike Territoaria en Nûnavût).

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Northern red-backed vole

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The northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus) is a small slender vole found in Alaska, northern Canada, Scandinavia and northern Russia.[2]

Description

They have short slender bodies with a rust-colored back, light brown sides and underparts and a short thick tail. Their short ears are visible through their fur. They are 14 cm long with a 3.5 cm tail and weigh about 30 to 40 g. Their dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3.[3] They are active year-round, usually at night. They can cause damage to fruit trees and stored grains.

Plant communities

Northern red-backed voles live in a variety of northern forest and shrubland habitats.[2][4] They occur in every major forest type in central Alaska.[5] Plant species commonly found in areas occupied by northern red-backed voles include black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), alder (Alnus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), blueberry and bilberry (Vaccinium spp.), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), and a variety of grasses and forbs. Important fungi, mosses and lichens include truffle (Endogone fascilulata), Schreber's moss (Pleurozium schreberi), mountain fern moss (Hylocomium splendens), sphagnum (Sphagnum spp.), and lichens (Cladonia and Peltigera spp.).[5][6]

Timing of major life events

The breeding season of northern red-backed voles generally extends from May to August. Females are polyestrous and produce two or three litters during the breeding season. The first litter is produced in late May or early June.[2]

Litter size ranges from four to nine. The average litter size is 5.93.[2] Young northern red-backed voles are unable to regulate their temperature successfully until about 18 days. At this time they are weaned and leave the nest. Young grow little during the winter because of low food supplies. Age of sexual maturity depends to some extent on time of birth. About 20% of females from the first litter breed during the summer of birth. The remaining 80%, and later litters, breed the following May.[2] Martell and Fuller [7] found that the onset of summer breeding was related to the time of snowmelt. A late spring was followed by a low rate of maturation of young-of-the-year females.[7]

In dense populations of northern red-backed voles, sexual maturation of young females may be delayed, or they may migrate to a vacant breeding space.[8]

Northern red-backed voles are mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, but remain active whenever necessary during the prolonged arctic daylight season.[2]

Preferred habitat

in Savukoski, Lapland (Lapland, Finland)

Northern red-backed voles are commonly found in northern shrub vegetation or open taiga forests. They also inhabit tundra.[2][5][7] Northern red-backed voles are abundant on early successional sites as well as in mature forests.[5] They occasionally inhabit rock fields and talus slopes.[2]

Northern red-backed voles use surface runways through the vegetation as travel corridors. Nests are built in short burrows or under some protective object such as a rock or root.[2] Northern red-backed voles are active all winter and construct long tunnels under the snow. Winter nests typically are placed on the ground among thick moss.[2][5] Northern red-backed voles frequently invade houses during the winter.[2]

Cover requirements

Northern red-backed voles inhabit areas that contain dense ground cover for protection from weather and predation.[5][9] On the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge in south-central Alaska, the presence of northern red-backed voles was positively correlated with protective cover.[6] During the winter, northern red-backed voles use layers of thick moss or matted vegetation as thermal cover.[5][10] During the mid-winter months in a spruce forest of central Alaska, all northern red-backed voles on a control area aggregated in a small area of thick moss cover, despite abundant food resources elsewhere on the trapping grid.[5]

Food habits

Northern red-backed voles eat the leaves, buds, twigs and berries of numerous shrubs; they also eat forbs, fungi, mosses, lichens, and occasionally insects.[2][5][6] Berries are generally the major food item in the diet of northern red-backed voles and are eaten whenever available. In central Alaska, West [5] found that northern red-backed voles relied heavily upon the fruits of several berry-producing plants during all seasons. These included bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), mountain cranberry, black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), comandra (Comandra livida), and bunchberry. Northern red-backed voles primarily ate berries during the fall and winter. Lichens were consumed only during the winter and spring. In early summer, when berries are not available, mosses were eaten. The mid- to late summer diet of northern red-backed voles also included a large proportion of mosses, although berries were still the primary food.[5]

Northern red-backed voles on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge fed during the summer on berries of species such as mountain cranberry and bunchberry. They also ate fungi, succulent green plants, and insects. As fungi became plentiful late in the summer, they made up a large percentage of the diet. Mountain cranberry consumption declined as the summer progressed even though berry abundance increased. This suggests that fungi were preferred over mountain cranberries. The amount of truffle in the diet remained constant throughout the summer.[6]

Predators

Some predators of northern red-backed voles include American marten (Martes americana), Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), raccoon (Procyon lotor), stoat (Mustela erminea), snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus), coyote (Canis latrans),[9][11][12] and probably most other predators of small mammals that occur within the range of northern red-backed voles. In Alaska, northern red-backed voles and voles (Microtus spp.) comprised 74% of the diet of American martens in the summer and 68% of the diet during the winter.[12]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myodes rutilus.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Myodes rutilus. United States Department of Agriculture.

  1. ^ Linzey, A.V.; Henttonen, H.; Sheftel, B.; Batsaikhan, N. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Myodes rutilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4975A164372228. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4975A164372228.en. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
  3. ^ MacDonald, David; Priscilla Barret (1993). Mammals of Britain & Europe. Vol. 1. London: HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 0-00-219779-0.
  4. ^ Galindo, Carlos; Krebs, Charles J. (1985). "Habitat use and abundance of deer mice: interactions with meadow voles and red-backed voles". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (8): 1870–1879. doi:10.1139/z85-278.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jones, Eric N. (1990). "Effects of forage availability on home range and population density of Microtus pennsylvanicus". Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (3): 382–389. doi:10.2307/1381950. JSTOR 1381950.
  6. ^ a b c d Bangs, Edward E. (1984). "Summer food habits of voles, Clethrionomys rutilus and Microtus pennsylvanicus, on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 98: 489–492. PDF copy
  7. ^ a b c Martell, A. M.; Fuller, W. A. (1979). "Comparative demography of Clethrionomys rutilus in taiga and tundra in the low Arctic". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 57 (11): 2106–2120. doi:10.1139/z79-278.
  8. ^ Gilbert, B. S.; Krebs, C. J.; Talarico, D.; Cichowski, D. B. (1986). "Do Clethrionomys rutilus females suppress maturation of juvenile females?". Journal of Animal Ecology. 55 (2): 543–552. doi:10.2307/4737. JSTOR 4737.
  9. ^ a b Wein, R. W. 1975. Vegetation recovery in arctic tundra and forest-tundra after fire. ALUR Rep. 74-75-62. Ottawa, ON: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Arctic Land Use Research Program
  10. ^ West, Stephen D. (1977). "Midwinter aggregation in the northern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 55 (9): 1404–1409. doi:10.1139/z77-183.
  11. ^ Thurber, Joanne M.; Peterson, Rolf O.; Woolington, James D.; Vucetich, John A. (1992). "Coyote coexistence with wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70 (12): 2494–2498. doi:10.1139/z92-335.
  12. ^ a b Lensink, Calvin J.; Skoog, Ronald O.; Buckley, John L. (1955). "Food habits of marten in interior Alaska and their significance". Journal of Wildlife Management. 19 (3): 364–368. doi:10.2307/3797387. JSTOR 3797387.
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Northern red-backed vole: Brief Summary

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The northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus) is a small slender vole found in Alaska, northern Canada, Scandinavia and northern Russia.

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Myodes rutilus ( Basque )

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Myodes rutilus Myodes generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Arvicolinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Pallas (1779) Cricetidae Nova Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord. 246. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Myodes rutilus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Myodes rutilus Myodes generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Arvicolinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Punamyyrä ( Finnish )

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Punamyyrä (Myodes rutilus, aiemmin Clethrionomys rutilus) on pohjoisten alueiden jyrsijä. Se on Suomessa rauhoitettu laji, ja sen laskennallinen arvo on 34 euroa.[2]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Punamyyriä tavataan pohjoisille leveysasteilla kaikilla pallonpuoliskon mantereilla: sen levinneisyysalueeseen kuuluvat Skandinavia, Suomi, Pohjois-Venäjä, Alaska ja Kanada. Punamyyrät elävät pohjoisen koivikoissa ja havumetsävyöhykkeen pohjoisosissa. Eniten punamyyriä on vanhoissa metsissä joissa on tiheä aluskasvillisuus tai tuuhea sammalpeite. Toisin kuin monet muut myyrälajit, se ei elä tunturipaljakoilla.[1]

Tuntomerkit

Punamyyrällä on hoikka vartalo, selkäpuoli punainen, kupeet ruskeat. Häntä on selvästi lyhyempi ja paksumpi kuin samankaltaisella metsämyyrällä. Pituus 14 cm, häntä 3,5 cm, paino 30 g.[3]

Ravinto

Punamyyrä syö kasvinosia (oksia ja juuria), marjoja, maanalaisia sieniä, hyönteisiä ja raatoja. Se varastoi talveksi ruokaa, etenkin naamakukkaiskasvien siemeniä.[1][3]

Lisääntyminen

Vuodessa syntyy kahdesta viiteen poikuetta, jokaisessa neljästä yhdeksään poikasta. Raskaus kestää 17-19 päivää, ja punamyyrä on sukukypsä noin kahden kuukauden ikäisenä.[3]

Elintavat

Punamyyrä on aktiivinen etenkin öiseen aikaan. Talvella se käyttää muiden lajien tekemiä käytäviä lumen alla maanpinnan tasalla, ja saattaa tehdä tuhoja puutarhassa.

Lähteet

  1. a b c Linzey, A.V., Henttonen, H., Sheftel, B. & Batsaikhan, N.: Myodes rutilus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 28.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Rauhoitettujen eläinten ja kasvien ohjeelliset arvot Ympäristöministeriö
  3. a b c Belik, T. and L. Olson. 2005. Myodes rutilus Animal Diversity Web (myös kuva)
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Punamyyrä: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Punamyyrä (Myodes rutilus, aiemmin Clethrionomys rutilus) on pohjoisten alueiden jyrsijä. Se on Suomessa rauhoitettu laji, ja sen laskennallinen arvo on 34 euroa.

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Campagnol boréal ( French )

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Myodes rutilus

Le campagnol boréal (Myodes rutilus) est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidae. Il se trouve en Alaska, dans le nord du Canada, en Scandinavie et dans le nord de la Russie.

Habitat

Sources

Références

Bibliographie

  • A.V. Linzey, H. Henttonen, B. Sheftel et N. Batsaikhan, « Myodes rutilus », sur IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008
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Campagnol boréal: Brief Summary ( French )

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Myodes rutilus

Le campagnol boréal (Myodes rutilus) est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidae. Il se trouve en Alaska, dans le nord du Canada, en Scandinavie et dans le nord de la Russie.

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Clethrionomys rutilus ( Italian )

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L'arvicola boreale (Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779)) è un roditore appartenente alla famiglia dei Cricetidi (Cricetidae).[2]

Descrizione

Con una lunghezza testa-tronco di 8-11 centimetri, l'arvicola boreale ha dimensioni simili a quelle dell'arvicola rossastra (Clethrionomys glareolus). La coda, fittamente ricoperta di pelo, misura di solito 2-4 centimetri, una lunghezza inferiore al 40% di quella del corpo, ed è pertanto più corta di quella dell'arvicola rossastra. Un vistoso «pennacchio» costituito dai peli terminali sporge per 5-8 millimetri oltre l'estremità della coda. La pelliccia del dorso dell'arvicola boreale è relativamente più rossa di quella dell'arvicola rossastra. I fianchi sono di colore grigio-giallastro. Le orecchie sono di dimensioni medio-grandi e misurano 11-16 millimetri. Gli esemplari adulti pesano 10-30 grammi.[3]

Biologia

Alimentazione

Rispetto alle altre specie di arvicola, quella boreale mangia una maggiore quantità di semi e meno corteccia e parti verdi delle piante. Delle bacche e dei semi contenuti al loro interno, mangia solo la polpa e l'interno dei semi, scartando il rivestimento del frutto e dei semi. In inverno, si arrampica su alberi e cespugli, mangiando gemme e licheni. Immagazzina come riserve invernali vari tipi di semi, come quelli delle specie del genere Melampyrum (spigarole).[3]

Comportamento

Come molti altri piccoli mammiferi, l'arvicola boreale è una preda prediletta per molti carnivori, pertanto, nelle zone caratterizzate da una normale alternanza giorno-notte, conduce vita notturna. Tuttavia, nelle condizioni di luce continua della piena estate polare, le fasi di veglia si verificano in ogni periodo del giorno.[3]

Riproduzione

Le arvicole boreali si riproducono tra l'inizio di maggio e la fine di settembre. Tuttavia, se la densità di popolazione è troppo alta, la stagione riproduttiva termina a metà estate. Le femmine delle prime due cucciolate di solito si riproducono già nel corso della stessa stagione riproduttiva, ma, a causa dello sforzo, non sopravvivono all'autunno, così come le femmine nate l'anno precedente, che muoiono dopo aver dato alla luce un massimo di tre cucciolate. Invece le femmine delle ultime cucciolate sopravvivono all'inverno e si riproducono solo l'anno successivo. La prima cucciolata è generalmente meno numerosa delle seguenti. Di solito nascono da cinque a sette piccoli.[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale dell'arvicola boreale si estende attraverso l'Olartico settentrionale dalla Fennoscandia settentrionale (Norvegia, Svezia e Finlandia) attraverso la Siberia e l'Alaska fino al Canada. Nella parte eurasiatica dell'area di distribuzione, il limite meridionale dell'areale si sposta più verso sud procedendo da ovest ad est, mentre il limite settentrionale rimane pressoché alla stessa latitudine. In Asia orientale l'areale raggiunge la massima ampiezza, con un'estensione nord-sud dal 73° al 43° di latitudine; sempre nella stessa area, la specie è presente anche nelle isole di Sachalin e di Hokkaidō.

In alcune zone l'arvicola boreale condivide l'areale con l'arvicola rossastra (Clethrionomys glareolus). Tuttavia, mentre quest'ultima è più comune nella parte meridionale dell'areale condiviso, procedendo verso nord il rapporto volge a favore dell'arvicola boreale. Nelle zone in cui condivide l'areale con l'arvicola di Sundevall (Craseomys rufocanus), l'arvicola boreale è così sottomessa a questa che smette addirittura di riprodursi quando la densità della rivale è troppo alta. Solo quando la densità dell'arvicola di Sundevall diminuisce, alla fine dell'estate, l'arvicola boreale inizia a riprodursi.

Come habitat, l'arvicola boreale preferisce le foreste mesotrofiche ed eutrofiche ricche di graminacee e altre piante erbacee. A nord dell'area dominata dall'abete rosso, popola le foreste di pini ricche di licheni. Nelle foreste di conifere preferisce i luoghi ricchi di muschio. Solo raramente si incontra in paludi, campi coltivati o terreni incolti. L'arvicola boreale scava raramente le sue tane, preferendo i nascondigli naturali.[3]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) A. V. Linzey, H. Henttonen, B. Sheftel e N. Batsaikhan, Myodes rutilus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Clethrionomys rutilus, su Mammal Diversity.
  3. ^ a b c d e Tom Belik, Northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus), su Animal Diversity Web, 2005.

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Clethrionomys rutilus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'arvicola boreale (Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779)) è un roditore appartenente alla famiglia dei Cricetidi (Cricetidae).

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Kleine rosse woelmuis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kleine rosse woelmuis (Myodes rutilus of Clethrionomys rutilus), ook wel kleine rode woelmuis of poolwoelmuis genoemd, is een soort woelmuis uit het noorden van Europa, Azië en Noord-Amerika.

Kenmerken

De kleine rosse woelmuis heeft een rossig bruine vacht. Aan de buikzijde is de vacht roomkleurig. Anders dan de meeste andere rosse woelmuizen heeft de kleine rosse geen grijs in zijn vacht. Ze zijn ietwat groter en lichter gekleurd dan de verwante rosse woelmuis. De staart is zeer kort, 23 tot 35 millimeter lang, met 10 tot 12 millimeter lange borstelharen aan de punt. De kleine rosse woelmuis wordt 8 tot 11 centimeter lang[2] en 15 tot 40 gram zwaar.

Leefwijze

De kleine rosse woelmuis is zowel overdag als 's nachts actief. 's Zomers is hij echter meer een nachtdier. De kleine rosse woelmuis legt nesten en ondergrondse holen aan. Het nest, bestaande uit gras en mos, is meestal te vinden tussen boomwortels of stenen en in struiken of boomholten.

De kleine rosse woelmuis zoekt zowel op de grond als in bomen en struiken naar voedsel. Hij eet voornamelijk groene plantendelen, noten, zaden, schors, korstmossen, paddenstoelen en insecten. Hij legt vaak in het nest voedselvoorraden aan.

Voortplanting

Na een draagtijd van 17 tot 20 dagen worden één tot elf jongen geboren. Het vrouwtje krijgt meestal twee à drie worpen per jaar. Alleen het vrouwtje zorgt voor de jongen. De jongen worden gespeend en zijn onafhankelijk na 17 tot 21 dagen. Vrouwtjes zijn na vier maanden geslachtsrijp.

Verspreiding

De kleine rosse woelmuis komt voor in Oost-Scandinavië, Rusland, Kazachstan, China, Mongolië, Korea, Hokkaido (Japan), Alaska en het noordwesten van Canada. De kleine rosse woelmuis leeft voornamelijk in pijnboom- en berkenbossen, maar hij komt ook voorbij de noordelijke boomgrens voor, in wilgenstruiken of in meer open berkenbos. 's Winters is hij ook in gebouwen te vinden.


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Kleine rosse woelmuis op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Charlotte Uhlenbroek (2008) - Animal Life, Tirion Uitgevers BV, Baarn. ISBN 978-90-5210-774-5
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Kleine rosse woelmuis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De kleine rosse woelmuis (Myodes rutilus of Clethrionomys rutilus), ook wel kleine rode woelmuis of poolwoelmuis genoemd, is een soort woelmuis uit het noorden van Europa, Azië en Noord-Amerika.

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Raudmus ( Norwegian )

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Raudmus (Myodes rutilus) er eit pattedyr i hamsterfamilien. Raudmusa lever i det nordlege Eurasia, frå Nord-Noreg i vest, aust til den russiske stillehavskysten og i Alaska og Canada.[1] Ho lever i subarktiske bjørkeskogar og den nordlege taigaen. I motsetning til andre artar i slekta Myodes finst ho ikkje i snauhogstområde. Ho er planteetar og samlar frø om hausten.

Fotnotar

  1. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species på engelsk

Kjelder

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Raudmus: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Raudmus (Myodes rutilus) er eit pattedyr i hamsterfamilien. Raudmusa lever i det nordlege Eurasia, frå Nord-Noreg i vest, aust til den russiske stillehavskysten og i Alaska og Canada. Ho lever i subarktiske bjørkeskogar og den nordlege taigaen. I motsetning til andre artar i slekta Myodes finst ho ikkje i snauhogstområde. Ho er planteetar og samlar frø om hausten.

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Rødmus ( Norwegian )

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Rødmus (Myodes rutilus) har som navnet antyder en rødbrun pels. Den er en svært nær slektning av klatremusa, som også er rødbrun på ryggen. Rødmusa kan skilles fra klatremusa bl.a på en litt kortere hale. For øvrig har de to artene nesten helt adskilte utbredelsesområder i Norge, så forvekslingsfaren er ikke så stor her. Rødmusa er utbredt fra Vesterålen og nordover. Slektskapet mellom de to artene er så nært at man kan få dem til å krysse seg med hverandre i fangenskap.

Også i levevis minner rødmusa om klatremusa. Den er bl.a. en utmerket klatrer og finner en del av føden oppe i trær. Den er hovedsakelig en planteeter, med forkjærlighet for bl.a. knopper, frø og bær. Den tar imidlertid også noe insekter og andre smådyr, og den kan til og med ta små fugleegg. Om vinteren spiser den en god del bark og skjegglav oppe i trærne. Et typisk merke etter rødmusas beiting er nedkastede småkvister som mangler endeknopp.

Rødmusbestanden varierer vanligvis sterkt i løpet av en tre-fire-års periode, slik som mange andre smågnagerbestander. Fruktbarheten hos hunnene varierer i takt med dette, slik at de er minst produktive når bestandstettheten er størst. Da er det vanlig med bare ett kull pr. hunn i løpet av hele sommerhalvåret. I andre år kan hunnene få opptil fire kull på en sesong, og med fire til ni unger pr. kull er de da svært produktive. Det er påvist yngling hos rødmus i januar, men dette er trolig sjelden. Voksne hunner okkuperer et leveområde som de forsvarer mot andre voksne hunner. Om vinteren kommer rødmusa ofte inn i hus.

Rødmusene på en del øyer på Finnmarkskysten skiller seg så markert fra hovedbestanden, bl.a i størrelse, at de av noen regnes som en egen underart (rase). En teori går ut på at disse dyrene er etterkommere etter rødmus som levde på isfrie deler av Finmarkskysten i siste istid, men det finnes ikke noe bevis for dette.

Eksterne lenker

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Rødmus: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Rødmus (Myodes rutilus) har som navnet antyder en rødbrun pels. Den er en svært nær slektning av klatremusa, som også er rødbrun på ryggen. Rødmusa kan skilles fra klatremusa bl.a på en litt kortere hale. For øvrig har de to artene nesten helt adskilte utbredelsesområder i Norge, så forvekslingsfaren er ikke så stor her. Rødmusa er utbredt fra Vesterålen og nordover. Slektskapet mellom de to artene er så nært at man kan få dem til å krysse seg med hverandre i fangenskap.

Også i levevis minner rødmusa om klatremusa. Den er bl.a. en utmerket klatrer og finner en del av føden oppe i trær. Den er hovedsakelig en planteeter, med forkjærlighet for bl.a. knopper, frø og bær. Den tar imidlertid også noe insekter og andre smådyr, og den kan til og med ta små fugleegg. Om vinteren spiser den en god del bark og skjegglav oppe i trærne. Et typisk merke etter rødmusas beiting er nedkastede småkvister som mangler endeknopp.

Rødmusbestanden varierer vanligvis sterkt i løpet av en tre-fire-års periode, slik som mange andre smågnagerbestander. Fruktbarheten hos hunnene varierer i takt med dette, slik at de er minst produktive når bestandstettheten er størst. Da er det vanlig med bare ett kull pr. hunn i løpet av hele sommerhalvåret. I andre år kan hunnene få opptil fire kull på en sesong, og med fire til ni unger pr. kull er de da svært produktive. Det er påvist yngling hos rødmus i januar, men dette er trolig sjelden. Voksne hunner okkuperer et leveområde som de forsvarer mot andre voksne hunner. Om vinteren kommer rødmusa ofte inn i hus.

Rødmusene på en del øyer på Finnmarkskysten skiller seg så markert fra hovedbestanden, bl.a i størrelse, at de av noen regnes som en egen underart (rase). En teori går ut på at disse dyrene er etterkommere etter rødmus som levde på isfrie deler av Finmarkskysten i siste istid, men det finnes ikke noe bevis for dette.

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Nornica rudogrzbieta ( Polish )

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Nornica rudogrzbieta[2] (Myodes rutilus) – gatunek niewielkiego gryzonia z rodziny chomikowatych i rodzaju Myodes zamieszkujący Rosję, Skandynawię, Alaskę i północną Kanadę[3].

Opis

Gryzoń ten posiada krótkie, smukłe ciało o rdzawo ubarwionym grzbiecie, jasnobrązowych bokach i spodzie oraz krótkim, grubym ogonie. Krótkie uszy są widoczne poprzez sierść. Osiąga 14 cm długości ciała z 3,5 cm ogonem oraz masę od około 30 do 40 g. Jego wzór zębowy to 1003 1003 {displaystyle { frac {1003}{1003}}} 	frac{1 0 0 3}{1 0 0 3}[4].

Rozmnażanie i tryb życia

Sezon rozrodczy trwa zwykle od maja do sierpnia. Samice są wielorujowe i wydają dwa do trzech miotów w sezonie, z czego pierwszy przychodzi na świat pod koniec maja lub na początku czerwca[3].

Wielkość miotu waha się od 4 do 9 młodych, średnio 5,93[3]. Młode są niezdolne do właściwej regulacji temperatury ciała przez 18 dni. Po tym okresie przestają być karmione piersią i opuszczają gniazdo. Zimą rosną niewiele z powodu niewielkiej ilości dostępnego pokarmu. Wiek uzyskania dojrzałości płciowej zależy od czasu narodzin. Około 20% samic z pierwszego miotu przystępuje do rozrodu tego samego lata. Pozostałe 80% oraz samice z kolejnych miotów rozmnażają się dopiero w maju roku następnego[3].

Martell i Fuller odkryli, że wskaźnik samic przystępujących do rozrodu tego samego lata jest uzależniony od czasu zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej. Im późniejsza wiosna, tym mniej samic osiąga dojrzałość tego samego lata, w którym przyszły na świat[5].

W zagęszczonych populacjach wiek wejścia w dojrzałość samic może być opóźniony lub mogą one migrować do miejsc o mniejszym zagęszczeniu[6].

Ekologia

Habitat

Gryzoń ten występuje w widnej tajdze i zbiorowiskach krzewiastych, ale może być także znajdowany w tundrze[3][7][5]. Bytuje zarówno w lasach młodych jak i dojrzałych[3]. Okazjonalnie spotykany też na polach skalnych i piargach[3]. Istotną rolę w jego występowaniu odgrywa grubość ściółki leśnej, która zapewnia mu ochronę przed pogodą i drapieżnikami. Preferuje obszary o grubej warstwie mchów[7][8].

Zbiorowiska roślinne

Gatunek zasiedla różne typy lasów i zakrzewień[3][9]. Na obszarach tych najczęściej rosną świerk czarny, świerk biały, topola osikowa, olsze, brzoza papierowa, wierzby, borówka brusznica, dereń kanadyjski oraz liczne mszaki, jak rokietnik pospolity, gajnik lśniący, torfowce i porosty, jak chrobotki i pawężnice[7][10].

Pożywienie

Nornica rudogrzbieta odżywia się liśćmi, pąkami, gałązkami i jagodami wielu krzewów. Zjada także rośliny zielne, grzyby, mchy, porosty, a czasem owady[3][7][10]. Głównym pokarmem są jagody, jeśli tylko są dostępne. Populacja ze środkowo-zachodniej Alaski jest silnie uzależniona od jagód dostępnych przez cały sezon, w tym borówek, bażyny czarnej, Comodora livida oraz dereni. Zwykle jednak jagody stanowią główny pokarm jesienią i zimą. Gdy te się kończą, zimą i wiosną jedzone są porosty. Latem, do czasu pojawienia się jagód, duży udział w pożywieniu mają mchy[7]. Populacja z Kenai National Wildlife Refuge obok jagód zjada także wiele grzybów (w tym trufle), sukulentów i owadów[10].

Drapieżniki

Wśród drapieżników polujących na nornice rudogrzbiete znajdują się m.in.: kuna amerykańska, lis polarny, lis rudy, gronostaj oraz kojot[8][11][12].

Tryb życia

Gryzoń ten aktywny jest głównie nocą, o zmierzchu oraz o świcie, jednak aktywność dzienna jest mu niezbędna podczas dnia polarnego[3].

Nornica rudogrzbieta wykorzystuje do przemieszczania ścieżki w ściółce jako stałe korytarze. Gniazda buduje w krótki norkach lub pod kamieniami, kłodami lub korzeniami[3]. Aktywny jest również całą zimę, kiedy to tworzy długie tunele pod śniegiem. Gniazdo zimowe zakłada w ziemi pod grubą warstwą mchów[3][7]. W okresie zimowym często odwiedza także ludzkie siedziby[3].

Przypisy

  1. Myodes rutilus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  2. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m A. W. F. Banfield: The mammals of Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.
  4. David MacDonald, Priscilla Barret: Mammals of Britain & Europe. T. 1. London: HarperCollins, 1993, s. 242. ISBN 0-00-219779-0.
  5. a b A. M. Martell, W. A. Fuller. Comparative demography of Clethrionomys rutilus in taiga and tundra in the low Arctic. „Canadian Journal of Zoology”. 57 (11), s. 2106–2120, 1979. DOI: 10.1139/z79-278.
  6. B. S. Gilbert, C. J. Krebs, D. Talarico, D. B. Cichowski. Do Clethrionomys rutilus females suppress maturation of juvenile females?. „Journal of Animal Ecology”. 55 (2), s. 543–552, 1986. DOI: 10.2307/4737.
  7. a b c d e f Eric N. Jones. Effects of forage availability on home range and population density of Microtus pennsylvanicus. „Journal of Mammalogy”. 71 (3), s. 382–389, 1990. DOI: 10.2307/1381950.
  8. a b R. W. Wein: Vegetation recovery in arctic tundra and forest-tundra after fire. ALUR Rep. 74-75-62. Ottawa, W: Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Arctic Land Use Research Program. 1975.
  9. Carlos Galindo, Charles J.Krebs. Habitat use and abundance of deer mice: interactions with meadow voles and red-backed voles. „Canadian Journal of Zoology”. 63 (8), s. 1870–1879, 1985. DOI: 10.1139/z85-278.
  10. a b c Edward E. Bangs. Summer food habits of voles, Clethrionomys rutilus and Microtus pennsylvanicus, on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. „Canadian Field-Naturalist”. 98, s. 489–492, 1984.
  11. Joanne M. Thurber, Rolf O. Peterson, James D. Woolington, John A. Vucetich. Coyote coexistence with wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. „Canadian Journal of Zoology”. 70 (12), s. 2494–2498, 1992. DOI: 10.1139/z92-335.
  12. Calvin J. Lensink, Ronald O. Skoog, John L. Buckley. Food habits of marten in interior Alaska and their significance. „Journal of Wildlife Management”. 19 (3), s. 364–368, 1955. DOI: 10.2307/3797387.
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Nornica rudogrzbieta: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Nornica rudogrzbieta (Myodes rutilus) – gatunek niewielkiego gryzonia z rodziny chomikowatych i rodzaju Myodes zamieszkujący Rosję, Skandynawię, Alaskę i północną Kanadę.

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Rödsork ( Swedish )

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Rödsork (Clethrionomys rutilus) är en art i underfamiljen sorkar och släktet skogssorkar.

Utseende

Rödsorken är mycket lik långsvansad skogssork; dock är svansen tjockare och kortare.[3] Kroppslängden ligger mellan 80 och 115 millimeter, den mellan 20 och 40 millimeter långa svansen oräknad. Vikten är mellan 10 och 30 gram. Svansen upptar knappt halva kroppslängden. Ryggsidan är rödbrun och buken är gråvitaktig. Svansens översida är brun och dess undersida gråvitaktig.[4]

Utbredning

Rödsorken är en utpräglat nordlig art och förekommer i Skandinavien endast längst i norr. Vidare finns den på Kolahalvön och i norra Asien via Sibirien och norra Kazakhstan till norra Kina, Mongoliet, Nordkorea och norra Japan (Hokkaido), samt i Alaska och norra Kanada till norra British Columbia och nordöstra Manitoba.[1]

Beteende

Rödsorken är en skicklig klättrare. Det klotformiga boet konstrueras av gräs och strån och placeras på markytan, eller, speciellt för sommarboet, under rötter och stenar. Rödsorken lever i skogsområden, hedmarker och i Sibirien även på tundran.[3] Den tenderar att föredra områden med kraftig. mossrik markvegetation. Den kan även, speciellt vintertid, söka sig till byggnader.[4]

Den är främst aktiv under natten, men kan även vara i rörelse på dagen. Den är emellertid mycket skygg och visar sig inte gärna.[3]

Rödsorken är i hög grad fröätare[4], men tar också gröna växtdelar, bark, bär, nötter, svamp, insekter och fågelägg. Den lägger gärna upp förråd.[1][3]

Fortplantning

Fortplantningstiden sträcker sig från maj till september. Fortplantning kan dock även ske under vintern. Honan föder 1-9 (vanligtvis 5-8) ungar.[5] Upp till 3 kullar kan produceras per år (Curry-Lindahl har dock rapporterat om upptill 5 kullar per år för västsibiriska sorkar).[3]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Myodes rutilus IUCN (2008). Auktorer: Linzey, A.V., Henttonen, H., Sheftel, B. & Batsaikhan, N. (engelska) Läst 2010-01-17
  2. ^ Namnet Myodes har föreslagits för släktet. Se Skogssorkar.
  3. ^ [a b c d e] Curry-Lindahl, Kai (1988). Däggdjur, groddjur & kräldjur. Stockholm: Norstedts. sid. 266-268. ISBN 91-1-864142-3
  4. ^ [a b c] Jensen, Birger (1993). Nordens däggdjur. Stockholm: Norstedts. sid. 155-156. ISBN 91-1-933262-9
  5. ^ Tom Belik & Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks (2005). Myodes rutilus (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_rutilus.html. Läst 17 januari 2010.
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Rödsork: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Rödsork (Clethrionomys rutilus) är en art i underfamiljen sorkar och släktet skogssorkar.

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Myodes rutilus ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Поширення

Країни поширення: Канада (Британська Колумбія, Манітоба, Північно-Західні території, Нунавут, Юкон), Китай, Фінляндія, Японія (Хоккайдо), Казахстан, Корейська Народно-Демократична Республіка, Монголія, Норвегія, Російська Федерація, Швеція, США (Аляска).

Середовище проживання та екологія

Мешкає в субарктичній зоні березових лісів і в північній частині зони бореальних лісів. Більше живе в лісах з щільним підліском трав. Травоїдний, харчуючись зеленими частинами трав і трав'янистих рослин, горіхами, насінням, корою, лишайниками, грибами і комахами; зберігає їжі на зиму (насіння).

Загрози та охорона

Немає серйозних загроз для цього виду. Зустрічається в багатьох природоохоронних територіях.

Ресурси Інтернету


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Myodes rutilus ( Vietnamese )

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Myodes rutilus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1779.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey, A.V., Henttonen, H., Sheftel, B. & Batsaikhan, N. (2008) Myodes rutilus Trong: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Ấn bản 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Myodes rutilus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Myodes rutilus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Myodes rutilus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1779.

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Красная полёвка ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Грызунообразные
Отряд: Грызуны
Подотряд: Мышеобразные
Семейство: Хомяковые
Подсемейство: Полёвковые
Вид: Красная полёвка
Международное научное название

Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779)

Синонимы
  • Clethrionomys rutilus
Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 970618NCBI 537920FW 104938

Красная полёвка[1] (лат. Myodes rutilus) — вид грызунов из рода лесных полёвок.

Ареал вида охватывает территорию следующих стран: Канада (Британская Колумбия, Манитоба, Северо-Западные территории, Нунавут, Юкон), Китай, Финляндия, Япония (Хоккайдо), Казахстан, Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика, Монголия, Норвегия, Российская Федерация, Швеция, США (Аляска).

Обитает в субарктической зоне берёзовых лесов и в северной части зоны бореальных лесов. Больше живёт в лесах с густым травянистым подлеском. Травоядное животное, питается зелёными частями трав и травянистых растений, орехами, семенами, корой, лишайниками, грибами и насекомыми, запасает семена на зиму.

Серьёзных угроз для этого вида не существует. Встречается во многих природоохранных территориях.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 155. — 10 000 экз.
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Красная полёвка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Красная полёвка (лат. Myodes rutilus) — вид грызунов из рода лесных полёвок.

Ареал вида охватывает территорию следующих стран: Канада (Британская Колумбия, Манитоба, Северо-Западные территории, Нунавут, Юкон), Китай, Финляндия, Япония (Хоккайдо), Казахстан, Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика, Монголия, Норвегия, Российская Федерация, Швеция, США (Аляска).

Обитает в субарктической зоне берёзовых лесов и в северной части зоны бореальных лесов. Больше живёт в лесах с густым травянистым подлеском. Травоядное животное, питается зелёными частями трав и травянистых растений, орехами, семенами, корой, лишайниками, грибами и насекомыми, запасает семена на зиму.

Серьёзных угроз для этого вида не существует. Встречается во многих природоохранных территориях.

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红背䶄 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Clethrionomys rutilus
(Pallas, 1779)[1]

红背䶄学名Clethrionomys rutilus)为仓鼠科䶄属的动物。在中国大陆,分布于新疆黑龙江辽宁内蒙古吉林等地,主要生活于针叶林、针阔混交林。该物种的模式产地在西伯利亚鄂毕河东部。[1]

亚种

  • 红背䶄阿穆尔亚种学名Clethrionomys rutilus amurensis),Schrenk于1859年命名。在中国大陆,分布于黑龙江辽宁内蒙古吉林等地。该物种的模式产地在黑龙江河口。[2]
  • 红背䶄指名亚种学名Clethrionomys rutilus rutilus),Pallas于1778年命名。在中国大陆,分布于新疆(阿尔泰山)等地。该物种的模式产地在西伯利亚鄂毕河东部。[3]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 红背䶄. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  2. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 红背䶄阿穆尔亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  3. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 红背䶄指名亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
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红背䶄: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

红背䶄(学名:Clethrionomys rutilus)为仓鼠科䶄属的动物。在中国大陆,分布于新疆黑龙江辽宁内蒙古吉林等地,主要生活于针叶林、针阔混交林。该物种的模式产地在西伯利亚鄂毕河东部。

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숲들쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

숲들쥐(학명: Myodes rutilus)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 알라스카캐나다 북부 지역, 스칸디나비아에서 발견되는 작고 가냘픈 밭쥐류이다.[2]

각주

  1. Linzey, A.V., Henttonen, H., Sheftel, B. & Batsaikhan, N. (2008). Myodes rutilus. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2009.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2010년 2월 3일에 확인함.
  2. Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
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